AT

THE

ENTERPRISES

CAUSES

OF
Yu.

S.

CRACKLE
Krupkin

ON
and

The effect of temperature

glazes was studied at the M. V.
search Institute of the Ceramic
rejects and a reduction in piece

PORCELAIN
M.

M.

WARE

Rotenfel'd

UDC

666.5.002.68

on several physical properties and the structure of a porcelain body and

Lomonosov
Leningrad Society in conjunction with the State Scientific-ReIndustry. The studies were conducted in connection with an increase in
quality.

It was noticed that the change to a new porcelain composition, based on Gusevskii stone with No. 6
fndustrial glaze, resulted in crackle formation on the ware after the second firing. The crackle appeared
in a thick layer - on sugar jars, cream jars, and teapots, and on the legs of saucers. Also the outside
appearance of the glazed coating became worse.
To measure the thermal expansion coefficient, samples were prepared from a body of hard porcelain
and from the glaze (see Table i). The body samples were prepared as molding 6 mm in diameter and 50
mm in length, with account being made for shrinkage; the glaze was closely packed in special fireclay
molds and then fired in a tunnel kiln at car elevation (open bottom; first, second, and fourth rack; upper
sagger). The temperature distributions at car elevation, determined by cones, were the following: upper
sagger 1380~
open bottom 1420~
In this way, fired samples of porcelain and glaze were obtained at
different temperatures.

NETsSh

The thermal expansion coefficients were measured on a 402 E electronic dilatometer made
Company
(FRG), using a measuring system which we perfected.

by the

As the measurements
indicated, the thermal expansion coefficient of the porcelain body depends to a
considerable degree on the firing temperature, Tf:
Tf = 1420~ (open bottom), a20_700o 3.10- l0 s 1/~
Tf '= 1410~ (first rack),
a20_700o= 3.20.106 1/~
Tf = 1390~ (fourth rack),
%0_7ooo=3.44.10 s 1/~
Tf = 1380~C (upper sagger),
a2o_7ooo=3.68.1061/~
=

F r o m t h e d a t a c i t e d i t f o l l o w s t h a t w i t h i n c r e a s e of f i r i n g t e m p e r a t u r e
t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t d e c r e a s e s f r o m 3.68 to 3 . 1 0 . 1 0 6 1 / ~

f r o m 1380 to 1420~

the body

A n e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n r e v e a l e d t h a t a p o r c e l a i n b o d y f i r e d at 1380~ e x h i b i t s a m o n o l i t h i c , n o n h o m o g e n e o u s s t r u c t u r e h a v i n g no v i s i b l e m u l l i t e i n c l u s i o n s , W e l l - d e v e l o p e d c l u s t e r s of m u l l i t e

are observed in a porcelain body fired at 1420~

Possibly one of the principal reasons causing the reduction in the thermal expansion coefficient with increase of firing temperature is the formation of mullite
in the porcelain body.
The results of the thermal expansion coefficient measurements
ficients do not depend on the final firing temperature:
T f = 1420~ (open bottom),
T f = 1380:C (uppersagger),

on the glazes attest that their coef-

4.55- I0 a I/~
a20__700o=4.64.106 1/cC.

ct20_700o =

The insignificant decrease observed for the glaze thermal expansion coefficient may be the result
of an error in the dilatometer. It is interesting to note that the increase in the glaze thermal expansion
coefficient with change of temperature occurs in a stepwise fashion. Thus in the temperature interval 20300~
a sharp increase occurs in the coefficient -from 3.0 - 106 at 20-i00~ to 4.5-106 at 20-200~
After
M. V. Lomonosov
Leningrad Society for Porcelain Ware
Keramika, No. 6, p. 41, June, 1971.

Production.

Translated from Steklo i

1971 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York,
N. Y. 10011. All rights reserved. This article cannot be reproduced for any purpose whatsoever without
permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00.

382

TABLE 1

C o m p o s i t i o n s of B o d i e s and G l a z e s
compositions of bodies and glazes, %
Components
body

Belogorsk feldspar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chupinski~ pulverized pegmac~te . . . . . . . . . .
Chupinskii feldspar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prosyanovskit raw kaolin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prosyanovskii fired kaolin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Glukhovetskii kaolin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gusevskii stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quartz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Druzhkovsktt clay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dolomite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Porcelain scrap from second firing . . . . . . . . .

No. 6 industrial
glaze (old)

No. 3 industrial
glaze (new)

lO
11

4.0
6.5
9.5

9.0
6.5
12.0

42.5

40.0

9.5
7.5

12.0

20.5

20.5

10
50
11
i

t h i s , the t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s h o w s a l m o s t no change.
p h a s e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s in t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e . On t h i s b a s i s ,
g l a z e t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t (in the r e g i o n we studied) i s
t h e g l a z e . T h i s i s a l s o c o n f i r m e d b y the f a c t that t h e c a l c u l a t e d
o r d e r of m a g n i t u d e l e s s than that d e t e r m i n e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y .

It i s known t h a t c r i s t o b a l i t e u n d e r g o e s
it f o l l o w s t h a t t h e s h a r p c h a n g e in t h e
a s s o c i a t e d with c r i s t o b a l i t e f o r m a t i o n in
g l a z e e x p a n s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i s n e a r l y an

An x - r a y p h a s e a n a l y s i s of a g l a z e f i r e d a t 1380~ fa c i l i t a t e d the o b s e r v a t i o n of s i g n i f i c a n t a m o u n t s of
f r e e q u a r t z a n d a s m a l l a m o u n t of e r i s L o b a l i t e , in g l a z e f i r e d a t 1420~
t h e r e i s p r a c t i c a l l y no f r e e q u a r t z ,
w h i l e t r a c e s of c r y s t o b a l [ t e a r e p r e s e n t . T h e x - r a y p h a s e a n a l y s i s d a t a a r e c o n f i r m e d by the e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p i c s t u d i e s . In g l a z e s f i r e d at 1380~
t h e r e e x i s t s a l a r g e a m o u n t of f r e e q u a r t z a s c o r r o d e d
g r a i n s h a v i n g d i f f e r e n t s h a p e s . T h e g l a z e f i r e d at 1420~ h a s a m o n o l i t h i c n o n h o m o g e n e o u s s t r u c t u r e , and
no v i s i b l e q u a r t z i n c l u s i o n s .
On c o m p a r i n g the e x p a n s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s of the p o r c e l a i n and g l a z e s a m p l e s f i r e d a t d i f f e r e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s , it i s e v i d e n t that t h e y do not c o i n c i d e o v e r the e n t i r e t e m p e r a t u r e i n t e r v M f r o m 100 to 900~C.
T h e d i f f e r e n c e in the e x p a n s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s , w h i c h i s d e p e n d e n t on c r i s t o b a l i t e f o r m a t i o n in t h e g l a z e ,
a m o u n t s to 1 . 0 - 1 . 5 . 1 0 6 1 / ~
T h i s c o u l d u n d o u b t e d l y c a u s e the r e j e c t s a n d the c r a c k l e on t h e g l a z e d
coating.
R e c e n t l y , c o - w o r k e r s a t t h e L e n i n g r a d S o c i e t y L a b o r a t o r y d e v e l o p e d a new g l a z e c o m p o s i t i o n w h i c h
h a s a l o w e r t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t 0~20_700oC 3.88 9 10 ~ 1 / ~ C ( s e e T a b l e 1). T h e a d v a n t a g e of t h i s
g l a z e i s t h a t i t h a s p r a c t i c a l l y no t e n d e n c y to f o r m c r i s t o b a l i t e , and i t s e x p a n s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i s not s u s c e p t i b l e to s h a r p c h a n g e s w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e . T h i s w a s a c h i e v e d b y r e m o v i n g m a r b l e f r o m the g l a z e c o m p o s i t i o n and b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e f e l d s p a r . T h e m a r b l e w a s p a r t i a l l y r e p l a c e d by d o l o m i t e .
-

F o l l o w i n g t h e t e s t s , t h e L e n i n g r a d S o c i e t y c h a n g e d to t h e new g l a z e c o m p o s i t i o n w h i c h s i n c e A p r i l ,
1970 h a s e n a b l e d the e l i m i n a t i o n of c r a c k l i n g o n g l a z e d c o a t i n g s .

383