Journalism is one of the basic and important means of communication. By journalism, we mean the collection and editing of material of current interest Jor presentation through media or the editorial or business management of an agency engaged in the collection and dissemination of news. (1) Journalism is actually the information, education and guidance, as such information is one of the constituent parts of Journalism. Journalism is a whole unit and full-fledgec social discipline and news is the essence of Journalism, It stands for writing for the newspapers or magazines. It is the communication of in“ormation through writings in periodical newspaper (2) According to the Chambers diction: -y, Journalism means, “the collection and editing of material of current interest for presentation, publication or broadcast” (3). Accordii g to New Gem Twentieth 1Century Dictionary, Journalism means “ the profession of conducting or writing for Public Journals”(4) The word “ Journalism” is derived trom “Journal” which means a daily register or diary - book containing each. day’s business or transactions (5). ‘The word Journal also connotes a newspaper published every day or even lesser, magazine. ‘Thus Journalism means. the communication of information regarding the events of a day through written words, sounds or pictures. And a Journalist is a person employed in writing for a newspaper or magazine (6), The journalistic writing is, in fact, 4 contempora report of the changing scene in the society. It is mainly intended to inform the readers regarding what is happening around them, ‘There is a big impact of journalism and il can and afien does influence the course of events, which are being reported, because, it sometimes brings public opinion in focus and at other times even creates it, Thus the reports regarding communal riots. workers’ demonstrations, ising prices or a deteriorating crime situation can spark a reaction among the citizens and force a change in the local, state or national policies (7) In the modern age, the press is called the “Fourth Estate(S). It enjoys @ very important place in the socisty, The press protects the ordinary citizens against the injustice and ty canny of the rulers. It is thevoice of the people and watchdog of their interes in fact, the press embodies the freedom of speech and expression of the Citizens (9). JOURNALISM AND 19S ROLE IN SOCLAL CHANG ‘As we said earlier. the press plays a very important role in the modern aye. A newspaper caters to the aecds of different readers by publishing various types of news such as political, economic, social, scientific and development ete. The press helps greatly in the formation of the public opinion. Journalism, being x very effective tool ean play effective role in bringing change in a society but before proceeding in this regard, we must explain the term social change: SOCIAL CHANG No society in the world is completely static or totally changing The phenomenon of the social change is as old as civilization itself (10). ‘The process of social chanye is universal aad it is working and would be working in spite of the faw pace CH). The term “Social Change” is relatively simple, although as a sociological concept it is especially comprehensive. A social change is the difference in material objects and the attitude of using such things along the time and space (12) According to Merrifl, social change involves such ideas as interaction,movement, growth and function. He says “Social Change means that large number of persons are engaging in activities that differ from those in which they or their parents were engaged some times before (13), There is no fixed pattern for the study of Social Change (14), Nevertheless, certain theoretical descriptive and eyaluational aspects of courses in social change have beeome taditional, The interest of a Sociologist in the study of social change is lo observe fe rms, speed (high or Jow), cause (possible factors contributing to change), direction (whether it is positive or negative}, contest (whether it is balanced or imbalanced), source (origin), processes (course of action and pattern) and resistance (factots working against the growth of social change)(15) There is no single theory that could explain the most tedious and complicated phenomenon of secial nge. However, we can say that Social change is a comples «nd complicated! phenomenon, Social change means simply the process of becoming different in any sense (16) Journalisnr-being a tool of mass communication can play the role of a catalyst in the process of social change in any society. This role of mass communication is normally divided into five main ar (a) To motivate (b) To inform (c) To educate (d) To change or effect the behavior of the masses and last one is (e} fo act as a mitror to society (17).Journalism can piay vital role in motivating its reader for any targeted aim or change while making any motivating attempt, it must be clear that target is based on facts and may have relevance with the readers. For example use of mas media, mainly radio and a newspaper, in Tanzania to spread the concept of “Ujamaa” and thereby to generate support for yrass-root development within the country was successful to certain extent only because it evoked a resonant feeling among the masses of Tanzania, Whereas in the case of Pakistan during the political crises of 1969 and 1977 authoritarian governments attempted to ignore massive and visible dissatisfaction while purveying an official line (18) The information role of the journalisin is a function in which it can carry words and pictures. The educational! role ef the journalism has probably been the most widely publicized of olentials. lis aim is not only to spotlight the social, political and econom:e issue but also to educate, inform and instruct the mass (19) The potential of the newspapers to reach vast numbers of readers has given birth to a certain mythology about the effectiveness of this media in changing the behavior. There are various opinions about the f effectiveness of the Newspapers in alterin# opinions that have been hurtured and therefor ae very strongly heht by the receiving population (20). It can be seen to have changed only those opinions and those modes of behavior, which have been lightly held by the recipients of 5—_— information, Also. it can be effectiv.iy employed to make slight adjustments in the direction of action and thoughts of people. The use of newspapers and radio provide examples of successful mass media campaigns in the area of health educatio to alter behavior patterns. In Trinidad and Tobago, a six-week campaign in 1964 utilized radio and newspapers in an effort to reverse the deel ae in breast feedings (21) The fib role for the journalism is one of a mirror that would reflect the society it is part of. This rate, however, can be more of activist than suggested by mirror analogy and it involves parallel development of other social institutions (usiness, professional groups) that would support this role (22) The mirror effect works through informing “all” the members of society of what is happening in their country and thereby creating a basis for motivating them to participate in the development process be it economic, political, social or cultural. This is not an easy task since it Involves not only the participation of professionals in it but also the movers and sha kers in the parallel institutions, political, economic, social and cultural who have to push their country constantly through the Process of modernization towards an identified goal. The crucial element in this role is to 6“Allow the print media to depict the soviely as it really is, rather than, as it is perceived to be by a dominani proup or as this group would like. il to be perceived” (23) For example, in a country with sirong ethnic and linguistic diversity national unity is the very fact that il is acknowledged through the print media (24). In brief, a newspaper caters to the needs of different readers by publishing various types of news such as political, economic, social, scientific, development ete (25) SCOPE OF THE STUDY: The scope of this research is to study the process of social change and the role of Journalism (more specifically press) in the events, which took place in the province of Sindh durivg the decade of 70s. The prominent developments that shape the changes occurred during this peridd are: - (a) Approval of Sindhi Language Bill in 1972 by Sindh Assembly whose approval caused widespread farguaye riots in the province (b) Implementation of Quota system on the basis of the regional disparities and backwardness. 1t was introduced in the year 1970 and it was given constitutional cover ii: 1973 (c) New Sindhi Middle Class who was making its presence felt and struggling for the acceptance of its ro:e in the decade of 60s, now 7got significant standing and representation in federal and provincial departments during the Bluitto regime. (d) Centrifugal tendencies were also most expressive during this period. Sindhi Nationalist’ Leader G.MSyed’s book “Why Sindhudesh?” (Published in 1974) as well as the slogan of “Jeay Sindhudesh” gained currency (e) Z. A. Bhutto inwoduced land reforms in the decade of 70s. (First attempt was made in 1977 and second announcement. was made in 1977). (f) Z.A. Bhutto was deposed in July 1977 and later hanged in 1979. (g) Wide-ranging changes were seen in educational system. New professional and Vocational Institutes and Universities were added. (h) Process of Nationalization of Industrial and Financial Institutes during Bhutto regime (1972-77) left their impact on rural Sindh. ‘There are number of reasons to study the process of social change in Sindh in relation with Journalism. (a) Sindh like other parts of the ccuntry is divided into rural and urban population, but unfortunately, this bifurcation has turned into ethnic dimension as well as, leading to conflicts. Major constituent of rural Sindh population are local Sindhi whereas urban centers are dominated by the community which migrated from India in 1947 i.e. Muhajits inter alia other cor munities 8(b) Journalism in Sindh is also divided on ethnic lines, Sindhi Press largely supported the cause of rural Sindh, whereas Urdu Press by and large reflected the concerns of their own Middle Class. (c) Policies adopted by Sindhi and Urdu Journalism resulted in creation of doubts and biased feelings among both the communities, LITERATURE Ri EVIEW: Role of Journalism in shaping and focusing the important events of the decade is the main emphasis of this sesearch that makes this work different from carlier works taken on the subject, some of which are compared below: - Evolution and History of Sindhi_ Journalism, by Dr Aziz-ur- a, a PhD. Thesis. ‘This thess evplains the history and development of Sindhi Journalism. However, it lacks analytical approach to the understanding of Sindh’s lagging ‘ehind in different fields like economic, education, industrialization ete. The thesis is also silent about the impact of Journalism on the Sindhi Society In “Modern nomy of Sindh,” (1981), Dr. Ishrat_Hussain explains only the economic conditions of sindh, whereas this book tries to look out all changes along with economi aspect.In “Today's Sindh”, Muhammad Mirza (1986), analyses the grievances of the Sindhis in the historical perspective. He found the sense of deprivation felt by Sindhis have -aken them to the extreme end of isolation, and has pushed them away from the affairs of the country. The theme of the book remains attached to the political clevelopments. [In “Sindh-Voice of Silence”, Dr.Mubarak Ali (1992), a renowned historian, studies the history of Sindh from a new and liberal angle. He correctly pointed out the contradiction wethin the Sindhi Society. He gave the account of the eniergence of Sindhi Nationalism and Sindhi Middle Class ete. But the book did not explain the role of Sindhi Press in the development and nourishment of these events In “Ethnonational Moyements of Pasistan” ¢ 1988), Tahir Amin, a Ph.D. thesis, analyses the rise and decline of Nationalist Movements in Pakistan. He examined the cross border support the movement got and threat to the country from them. He confines himself to the growth of these movements and their capacity to bring about the disintegration to the country. His work is silent about the role of the press in the entire movement SOURCE MATERIAL: The period covered by this the s is relatively recent (1970-80) Due to the introduction of the One Unit in mid 50s and its continuation for the next one and half decade, exetusive data for Sindh tarely exist. loPrimary source material was Newspaper. periodicals and library books Data provided by the various agencies government department and independent associations was also relied upon, Interviews were another means to obtain new thoughts about the development, which took place decade and its relations with newspapers during addressed the role of Journalism in the process of social change in rural Sindh in totality, including eeoomic growth, infrastructure development, educational opportunities anJ political developments ete While analyzing various developments in the field of education, it has been attempted to explain whether new opportunities improved the literacy rate in rural Sindh or it was only quantily change. Impact of nationalization from the point of view of rural Sindh has been analyzed. Agriculture is the backbone of the rural Sindh, Any change in the agricultural setup, naturally, affects the life in rural Sindh. The role of Journalism in the mechanization of agriculture and pattern of agricultural products has also been examined, The role of Journalism in the implementation of Land Reforms in true sense is also part of this work One of the purposes of this research is not only to see the role of Journal: sm in various cha nes took place in rural Sindh, but also to see whether its role was positive or negative, Did it stay neutral or played a Partial role in all these developments?RURAL SIND. DEFINITION:- Generally, population is divided it rural and urban centers on the basis of several criteria, There is no standard definition of an urban place (26). Despite the UNO’s recommendation that place with a compact population of 20,000 or more inhabitants be regarded as urban and the remaining as rural, countries have adopted their own operational definitions. The United States of America for example defines an urban place asa locality with a population of 25,000 or more and others as rural, In Pakistan, the population censuses prior to 1981 have used a definition of urban that includes all Municipalities, Civil Lines, Cantonments and any other area inhabited by not less than 5000 persons and consisting of continuous collection of houses (27). Some areas with less than 5000 residents were also included among urban centers if they possessed distinct urban characteristic (28) This definition was again changed in the 1981 Census which considered, in addition to the Cantonments, all Municipal Corporations, Municipal Committees or Town Commiitiees as urban, if they were so declared by the Provincial Government (29). But in the case of Sindh, the concept of urban and tural Sindh has been misused in the prevailing Political conditionsin this research we have consideied rural Sindh comprising all those ateas, which were declared as rwal Sindh for the selection of stitutes and served as basis for the students in professional educational recruitment in government jobs. Simply rural Sindh in the present study comprises of all districts of Sindh excepi urban centers of Karachi, Hyderabad and Suk’ During this decade, Sindh was divided into following districts, brief introduction of these distziets is iver below: - Most of this district was the part of urban Sindh, except few villages of Sindhis and Balochis, which were situated in the surrounding of the district. Most of the population of this district was composed of people who migrated at the time of partition. Most of them speak Urda, However, Gujrati, Maryati ete. Is also spoken by a section of thos population, Literacy ratio of this district was about 51% as per popubition of 1972 which raised lo 55% as per census of 1981. This is considered as the Hub of industries and backbone of the country’s finance. It was the country’s only commercial seaport during the period. 2 UYDERABAD: — Hyderabad district during the decade consists of the present day Hyderabad and Badin which was later on craved out of it as a separate district. Hyderabad City was declared as Urban S ndh, whereas remaining areas “> - 13were part of rural Sindh, {twas second big industrial area in the Province after Karachi. Hyderabad City has the majority of Urdu speaking people who migrated in 1947. The Sindhis dominate rural areas. However, district Badin and other fertile areas of distriets have strong pockets of Punjabi Abadgar and retired Army officials, Literacy ratio of this district was about 27% as per census of 1972 which increased further one percent in the next census Entire district Cf Thatta is part.of rural Sindh, The rural inhabitants dominate it. There are a few industrial units in Gharo and Sujawal, Literacy rao in the district was 20% as per census of 1972 which decreased to 17% in the next census. 4. NAWABSHAH:- This distiet of Sindh has one of the best agricultural lands in the province, Nawabshah City has mixed population of Sindhis & Muhajirs. Sindhis dominated other villages. A significant portion of agricuitural lands was allotted to the Punjabi setticrs, M1 had fiteraey ratio of 22% according to the 1972 census, which increased by ane percent in the next census Bigger feudal families like Jatois, Syeds and Jamalis are political figures of the disirici. District is fi nous for its cotton production and Sugar Canei 3 DADU: This district is pit of rural Sindh. It was considered as bell of Nationalist forces. Sindh’s nationalist figure G.M. Syed belongs to this area. Dom nating population of this area is consisting of Sindhis. Literacy aio of the district was 24% according to the 1972 census, which decreased to 21% in 1981. On the one side dis known for its fertile lands like Mehar, Radhan ete. whereas on the other side it has barren hilly ranges like Kohistan and Fahnas ete. 6. THARPARKAR:- During the decade under consideration this vast district was comprising of present day three districts i.e, Mirpurkhas, Umerkot, and Tharpatl.ar. Desert areas of Umerkot and Tharparkar have stationed majo:ity of Hindu population of the province. Whereas cities and towns like Mirpurkhas, Juddu, Kot Ghulam Muhammad, Tando Jan Muhammad and Digri ete have strong pockets of Muhajits and Punjabi abadgars beside local Sindhis. Except bigger cities literacy ratio is poor and area lacked basic infrastructure, It was always: considered as a very sensitive district being a border area, During he War of 1971 a large portion of the district including important Cities like Nangarparkar, Islamkot, Chachro etc. were captared by the Indian Army and remained under their domination till the Simla accord was signed. Therefore the Muslim population cI the captured areas migrated toother safe areas and Hindus le for India temporarily, Literacy ratio of this district was 15% as per census of 1972, which increased by one percent in the next decade. 7 SANGHAR: District Sangizar is adjacent to Mirpurkhas, Nawabshah and Khairpur beside Sirdhis. {t has strong presence of the Punjabi abadgars and cities fike Shahdadpur and Tando Adam have a substantial Mubajir presence. Political arena is considered to be dominated by the Hurs of Pir Pagara. Hindus constitute about 20 percent of the total populition of the district. This area has fertile fands of ta Khipro, Shahdapur, Shahpur ete. Cotton and Sugareane are the main earniny: crops. Literacy ratio of this district was 19% as per population census of 1972, which remained stagnant in the next ten years, SURIKUR: Aller Karachi and Hyderabad, Sukkur is the third important station of the prownee. it acts as a main trade center for the upper Sindh. City population has strong presence of Urdu speaking Muhajirs beside Sindiis, whereas rural areas are. mostly Sindhis. Sukkur is part of uroan Sindh and remaining area including Ubaro, Daharki, Ghotki, Mirpur Mathelo ete. are part of rural areas. Government establishec a Cantonment area at Pano Agil, fourth one in the province, «ter Karachi, Hyderabad and Chor, despite strong protests of Sinchi Nationalist forces. Daharki 16f see and Mirpur Mathelo hrave stationed acca factories. Being situated at the river bell and on the main Raibwey track (Rohri main Junction) it enjoys multi dimensional benefits Literacy ratio of this district was 26% as per census of 1972, which remained the same at the end of the decade: 9. KHAIRPUR:- — Khairpur is the neighboring district of Sukkur, ft was the capital of Khairpur Branch of Talpur rulers of Sindh. This state joined Pakistan afier the partition and is now inerged with the province of Sindh, During one unit it was third division of the province along with Karachi and Hyderabad. This district has fertile lands and is famous for Pirs, like Pir of Rani Pur and Pir of Pagaro. This district has. alongwith the, Sindhis areas a dominating population of Batochis, but now they consider themselves a part of the Sindhi nation. The population of Shia sect has strong concentration here. Disirict is famous for its Dates. Literacy ratio of this district was 21%e as per population census of 1972 which remained almost stagnant in the next census carried outin 1981 10, SHIKARPUR:- District Shikarpur has remained famous for its trade and commerce even prior to Mughal rule in the sub- continent. The Hindu population of the area, which migrated in 1947, had developed its tinss with the Central Asia, Arabsand Europe. They had established educational institutes of best quality. The Shaikh and Soomro families of the district constitute major portion of the provincial bureaucracy of the province. It remained the pari of the rural Sindh. Literacy ratio of this distriet was 26% as per census of 1981. It was part of Sukkur district in the year 1972, i LARKANA:- The district is famous for political leadership of the Bhuitos, Khoros and the Kazi families. Along with local Sindhis Baluch tribes like Chandio, Magsi and Brohis etc, have their considerable ratio in the disiriet population, During the Bhuito government many facilities like Chandka Medical College, Rato Dero Sugar Mill (although not feasible) were added to the district. Due to (he histories! site of Moenjodaro, it is also served by an Airport, Literacy ratic of this distriet was 27% as per population census of 1972, whieh decreased to 22% as per next population census report iW JACOBS This bordering district between Sindh and Baluchistan, once called “upper.sindh Frontier District” was named after Brig, Gen. Jolin ‘'acob, who acted as its political Agent afler Sindh’s conquest in 1843. He developed this district as a buffer estate beiween Baluchistan and British India. The area has strong population of Baluch tribes like 18Khost Jakhranis and Bijranis ete. Political leadership is in the hands of these Baluch tribes. Mostly Baluch traditions are followed in the district. {t is considered one of the most backward districts of the province, it is the only area, which had no industrial infrastructure previously, and neither it was developed later on except few Rice Mills. Literacy ratio of district, was 16% as per census of 1972, which considerably decreased to 11% in the next population census. IvPOPULATION BY NUMBER OF LITERATE BY DISTRICT AND LITERACY RATIO. IN SINDH, 1972 & 1984 4972 1981 JPROVINCEIDIT TOTAL | LITERATE TCITERACY| TOTAL ~TITERATE [LITERAG STRICT |POPULATION| POPULATIO) RATIO. |PoPuLATICN|POPULATION| Ratio (10 YEARS & [1 (10 YEARS | | (00 YEARS & : ABOVE) |__ABOVE) i 2 pS Tee eee 7 y | _9,589,444| 12,832,648| 4,036,304] 31.45) i 470.388; 99.271! __ 634,011 137,353] 21.66] 5 464,256; 75,888 654,161 71,630] 10.94 i o29,e39[ 241,922] 724,590 190,868] 26.34 ) ie 600,652] 130,382 27.71 740,179| 163,758] 22.121 : ee: 487,392 94,082] 612,878] 17.047] 19.24] | i 718,932 114,034 1,020,671 167,436] 16.4] L | 528,709| 128,078] 704,856 191,822| 21.53] i 1,520,088] 410.436] 271,376,081 304,492/ 28.66) p ee 458.243] 93.084 20.31 7.586] 88,512 17.78 E ei __| 15,008] 76,404 14.83] ; EN 854,312] 103,728) 22.7| 1,056,076 242,978| 23 t re 2876443] _1.318,507[ _51.2]__3.206,152[ 2,134,090] 55.04 | NOTE. Uiteracy is defined as the ability fo read with understanding short statement of every day a of life to any language TOTAL NUMBER OF LITERATE Literagy is defined as the abitity to read with understanding shor statement of every day Literacy Rati «100 Total Population (10 years & above) Shirkarpur District is included in Sukkur District in 1972 Census, SOURCE: District Census 1972 and 1981REFER C ol 04. 05. 06. 07 08, 09, Mirza Muhammad Yousaf, —i:xploring Journalism, A-1 publications, Lahore, 1993, P-33, Ibid The Chambers Dictionary, Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd., Edinburgh, 1997, p-904 New Gem Dictionary, Collins Clea’ Type Press, Oxford,1965, p- 281 Yousaf, op-cit Oxford Dictionary, (third edition), Oxtord University Press, Oxford, 1988, p-438 Prof. Muhammad Naseer, Qatal-Wa Gharat Ka Bazzar Aur Azad-i- Izhar, /rftage, Itaqa publications, Karachi, December, 1989, p-82- 102 Dr. Mahdi Hassan, ‘The Fourth Esizie, /raqa, Intaqa publications, Karachi, March 1995, p-54 Zamie Niazi, He Press in Chains, Royal Book Company, Karachi, 1993, p-131 Muhammad Iqbal, fitrocuction fo Sociology, Dogar publications, Lahore, 1987, p-131K. Singh, Principles of Sociology, Prakashan Kandra, Lucknow, 1977, p-254 John F. Cuber, Sociology, Appleton Century Crofts, Newyork, 1955, p-139 13. FE, Merill, Society and Culture, Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood, Cliffs, N. J., 1957, p-469. 14, John Erie Nordskog, Social Change, McGraw- Hill Book Company, New York, 1960, (Preface) 15: Naseem Bano, Social Change in Society, Sindhological Studies, Institute of Sindhiology, Jamshoro, August, 2000, p-88 16. Eric, op cit, p-I. 17. Dean TJamison and Emile G.Mc Ananey, Radio for Education and Development in John Eric (ed.), op-cit, p-7 18. Shuja Nawaz, Mass Media and Development in Shahid Javed Burki and Robert Laporte Jr. (ed.), Pakistan's Development Priorities, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1986, p-326. 19. Shahwar Junaid, Communication Media and Statecraft SIC Publishing Consultant Rawalpindi, 1988 p-5 20, Elhu! Jacques, propogandes or propozanda in John Erie (ed,) op cit, p-87 21. Jamison, Emile, op cit. 22. Shuja Nawaz, op cit23. 24, 25. 26. Junaid, op cit, p-14 Shuja Nawaz, op cit Junaid, op cit, p-18. Feroze Ahmed, Ethnicity amd Politics in’ Pakistan, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1999, p-i49. Pakistan Statistical Year Book-1987, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Karachi, p-635 Feroze, op cit Ibid.