FILTER (A,D)

I. General meaning
Filter
to generate a new function (y(t)) from the old one (x(t))
Examples :
a. Seismograph
a
b. Filter of electrical
network

to transfer a land movement to be seismogram

to transform an input voltage to out put voltage

So : Filter is special design of system (initial lecture)

all of physics system
have specific filter effect
Example : to change spectral character of an input x(t) to be y(t)
b d
band-pass,
l
low-pass,
hi h
high-pass
filt
filters
Filter is consist of :
a. Analog Filter
b. Digital filter
Input
TD
FD

x(t)

Physical system that designed to simulate a filter

process that
th t acquired.
i d
a numerically filtering process (by digital computer)
h(t)
Filter

X(f)

Out-put
y(t)
Y(f)

H(f)

Characters of filter (system)

I
Input
t

Out
O t putt

x(t)

y(t)

Analog

xi((t))

yi((t))

Digital
g

Linear

ai xi(t)

ai yi(t)

Stationer

x( t - )

y( t - )

| x(t) |certain

Stable
Causal

x(t) = 0
x(t)
()0

t < t1
t0

explanation
l
ti

ai = constant

| y(t) |certain
y(t) = 0

t < t1

Filter Transfer
For linear filter :

H ( ) =

Y ( )
X ( )

In complex number H ( ) = H ( ) e

H ( ) = Amplitude-Transfer function
i ( )

(Amplitude response)

( ) = phase-Transfer function
(phase response)

In time domain (Filter transfer):

h (t ) =

1
2

H ( ) e i t d

Impulse Response

Filter operation :

x(t)

y (t ) = h(t ) * x(t )
Y ( ) = H ( )). X ( )

h(t)

y(t)

In time domain
y domain
In frequency

IMPULSE and STEP RESPONSE

1. If x(t) = (t) = Delta (Dirac) function, hence y(t) = h(t) = Impulse Response
2. If x(t) = (t) = Step function, hence
t

y (t ) =

h ( ) d

Step response

Example : Transfer function of

low-pass filter

y (t ) =

h ( ) d

Separation of Transfer Function in Amplitude and Phase

I
Input,
t outt putt and
d ttransfer
f ffunction
ti in
i complex
l :

X () = X () eix ( )
x(t)

Y ( ) = Y ( ) e

i y ( )

h(t)

H ( ) = H ( ) ei ( )
y(t)

Filtering process in Amplitude and phase:

Y () = H() . X ()

y () = () +x () + 2n

n = 0, 1, 2, 3,

It means : Filtering process H() is multiplication in spectrum amplitude

and addition in spectrum phase

Examples :
1.

x (t ) = cos 0t

= harmonic oscillation with constant 0,

1 Amax and 0t phase corner

Filtering process of h(t) :

y(t ) = H (0 ) cos[0t + (0 )]

= Harmonic Oscillation

0 = constant ; Amax = multiply by |H(0)| ; phase = additional with

constant (0)
It means : after filtering happen phase shift of

( 0 )
t0 =
0

y(t ) x(t t0 )

(0 ) =

>0
<0
0

t0 =

left

>0
SHIFT =
<0
0

t0 called as phase delay

right

of x(t)

2. If x(t) = random function

Fourier theorem

So

1
x(t ) =
2

x(t) can be figured as superposition of

some (un-limited) harmonic oscillation

x( )(cost + i sin t )d

Filtered by H() :
- Amplitude multiplied by |H()|
- Phase shifted by ()
A lit d multiply
Amplitude
lti l and
d phase
h
shifting
hifti change
h
to
t frequency
f
Hence, Filter change shape of x(t) to be y(t)
F
For
analyzing
l i on transfer
t
f off energy spectral
t l only
l (without
( ith t phase)
h
):

Y ( ) = H ( ) . X ( )
2

yy (t ) = hh (t ) xx (t )

Classification of filtering :
1 Ch
1.
Character
t off filt
filtering
i
a. Filter without distortion

H ( ) = constant >0

b. Filter of Amplitude distortion (and phase delay t0)

H ( ) =

Function of

( ( ) = t0 )

c. Filter of phase distortion (and amplification by H0)

H ( ) = H 0

= constant

() = non linear in , if H0 =1

all pass-filter

2 Mechanism of filtering
2.
a. Natural filtering :
Earth transmits all of physical signal (seismic wave, EM, etc)
b. Filter of Instruments :
Electric and mechanic
analog filter (example : Seismograph)
c. Filter of Mathematic :
Mathematical simulation of filtering process (Filter digital)

3. Objective of filter
a. Filtering for eliminating noise

to get clean signal

b. Filtering for eliminating specific (certain) noise from some interference

signal
4. Filter parameters
a. Frequency filter
Filter is designed base on differences of peak spectral component
(in different band frequency)
b. Amplitude filter
the discrimination based on Amplitude difference
(Trigger Level Filter)
5. Method of Filtering
Example:
a. Multiplication in FD
b Convolution
b.
C
l ti iin TD
c. Cross correlation in TD

FT and Convolution
C
Convolution
l ti and
d FT
Matched filter

There is some other method that used for special function and
special required such as : Inverse Filtering, Matched filter, Wiener filter
(optimum filter), Shaping filter, Spiking filter and Prediction error filter

Filtering
g technique
q

not only
y time function (t)
()
can be applied also in space function x, y
and z (and its equivalent)

TD (t), sec

space Domain (x, s, y.etc), m, km,etc

FD (f), Hz

wave number D (k), 1/x (km), 1/(m)

And filtering can be also extended to multi-dimension :

It means that is not only single function ( time only or
space only),
l ) but
b t it iis a sett off ffunction
ti
in
i space and
d time
ti
as subject for a multi-dimension filter
array seismology
We only deals with single function filter according to point of 4 and 5
in classification of filter

Example of Freq. filter

A record of x(t) is consist of 2 components x1(t) and x2(t) :

x(t ) = x1 (t ) + x2 (t )

X ( ) = X1 ( ) + X 2 ( )

Assumed that X1() and X2() is different in amplitude spectrum

X1() is acquire and
X2() will be avoided

Needs filter of H() with character :

[X1() + X 2 ()].H () = X1()

So

X 1 ( )
H ( )
X 1 ( ) + X 2 ( )

Characteristic of Filter
Characteristic transfer of filter is indicated by its spectrum (FD)

Example :
Based on shape of
A
Amplitude
lit d transfer
t
f
function (FD)