LI NI U

Ngy nay, trong xu th pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh thng tin, mng v truyn
d liu l mt lnh vc then cht, l mt phn khng th thiu trong i sng, mang li
nhng li ch to ln v kinh t x hi ln an ninh, quc phng. S ra i v pht trin
nhanh chng ca mng my tnh xa b mi ro cn v khong cch a l, cho php
chia s ti nguyn, lu tr v qun l d liu tp trung, thc hin cc tnh ton phn tn,
v.v. Mng my tnh cng l nn tng cung cp cc m hnh thng mi in t, thanh
ton in t cng nh cung cp mi trng kt ni cng ng, chia s, gii tr ton cu.
Mng my tnh v Internet cng ng vai tr quan trng trong pht trin kinh t, gio
dc, v.v.
S pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh phn cng dn n s bng n ca cc thit
b thng minh kt ni mng trong giai on hin nay cng thc y s pht trin ca
mng my tnh c v phn cng, phn mm, m hnh, giao thc, v.v. iu ny dn n
cc mng my tnh ngy cng a dng, phc tp hn nhng cng trong sut vi ngi
dng.
Mng my tnh ngy cng gia tng mnh m c v phm vi, s lng, thit b, s
lng ngi dng dn n nguy c mt an ton cng cao. Do , vn an ton, an ninh
thng tin mng cng tr ln thit yu.
lm ch, vn hnh cc h thng mng phc tp, a dng, trc ht cn nm
c cc kin thc c bn, ct li v mng my tnh. Trn c s kin thc nn tng chc
chn mi c th thc hin cc k nng qun tr, gim st nng cao cng nh thc hin cc
k thut m bo an ton trong mng my tnh. Vi mc tiu cung cp kin thc c s,
nn tng cho k s cng ngh thng tin, an ton thng tin, gio trnh ny c xy dng
theo cch tip cn t di ln theo m hnh kin trc phn tng. Hai chng u cung
cp mt khung nhn tng th v mng my tnh bao gm cc khi nim c bn, phn loi,
ng dng mng v cc m hnh, kin trc mng. Cc chng tip theo s trnh by chi
tit cc k thut, dch v, giao thc theo cc tng c th. ng thi, ph hp vi c
th hng k thut i vi k s an ton thng tin v cng ngh thng tin, gio trnh
cng xy dng h thng bi tp v bi thc hnh hng thc tin cho c gi. C th,
gio trnh c cu trc theo cc ni dung chnh sau:
Chng 1: Tng quan v mng my tnh. Trnh by cc kin thc c s, khi
qut v mng my tnh nh: khi nim, cc thnh phn, giao thc thc mng, cc c
trng, thng s k thut v cc loi mng my tnh.
i

Chng 2: Cc m hnh kin trc mng my tnh. T kin thc chung v mng
my tnh trong Chng 1, ni dung chng ny nhm cung cp mt khung nhn tng th
v m hnh kin trc mng l thuyt OSI v kin trc thc t TCP/IP cng nh quy trnh
ng gi, bc tch, kt hp cc gi tin trong qu trnh truyn thng trong mng. Phn u
chng trnh by v m hnh OSI, c xem nh l mt m hnh chun, mt chin lc
pht trin cc h thng m v mt khung khi nim v giao thc v dch v. Tip theo,
trnh by v mt s b giao thc mng mang tnh c trng v c p dng ph bin.
c bit trong chng ny tm hiu su hn b giao thc TCP/IP tr thnh chun
chung cho mng my tnh ton cu, mng Internet. Cc chng cn li s chi tit ha v
trnh by chuyn su v cc tng c th theo m hnh TCP/IP.
Chng 3: Tng truy nhp mng v mng cc b. Trnh by v phng tin
truyn dn s dng trong mng my tnh cng vi cc chun kt ni vt l, a ch vt l
v cc thit b lin kt mng v tnh nng, nguyn l hot ng v ng dng trong kt ni
mng tng ny. ng thi, ni dung ca chng cng gii thiu cc m hnh, k thut
mng cc b v quy trnh thit k mng cc b.
Chng 4: Tng lin mng v vn kt ni lin mng. Cung cp kin thc v
vn ng gi, bc tch d liu v kt ni tng lin mng bao gm: thit b nh tuyn,
giao thc nh tuyn, thut ton nh tuyn, a ch IP, giao thc IP, v.v. Chng ny
cng cung cp ni dung thc hnh v xy dng, phn chia, cu hnh, kim tra mng IP.
Chng 5: Tng giao vn. Cung cp kin thc v quy trnh, k thut ng gi, bc
tch, phn chia, kt hp cc gi tin v cc cng dch v theo giao thc TCP hoc UDP.
Chng 6: Tng ng dng. Cung cp kin thc v m hnh, nguyn l lm vic
ca cc dch v mng cng nh qu trnh trao i thng ip gia cc tin trnh trong
tng dch v da trn cc giao thc tng ng dng.
Gio trnh c bin son da trn gio trnh Mng my tnh theo cch tip cn
trn xung ca Keith V. Ross, gio trnh ca cc trng i hc cng nh ni dung
chng trnh CCNA, v la chn, ci tin cho ph hp vi c th ca Hc vin. Mc d
c gng nhng do thi gian v kinh nghim bin son, gio trnh khng trnh khi
nhng khim khuyt, rt mong nhn c cc kin ng gp ca qu c gi v cc
ng nghip. Mi gp xin gi v lethihongvan86@gmail.com.
Trn trng cm n!
H Ni, ngy 15/03/2016
Ch bin: ThS. L Th Hng Vn.

ii

MC LC
LI NI U ................................................................................................................................. i
DANH MC CC BNG &HNH V ....................................................................................... vii
DANH MC CC BNG ............................................................................................................ xii
DANH MC T VIT TT ........................................................................................................ xii
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V MNG MY TNH .................................................................. 1
1.1. Khi nim ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Mc tiu ca vic kt ni mng my tnh ............................................................................ 1
1.3. Lch s pht trin Mng my tnh ........................................................................................ 2
1.4. Cc thnh phn ca mng my tnh ..................................................................................... 2
1.4.1. Thit b u cui ............................................................................................................ 5
1.4.2. Phng tin truyn dn ................................................................................................. 6
1.4.3. Giao thc mng ............................................................................................................. 6
1.5. Cc c trng k thut ca mng my tnh .......................................................................... 8
1.5.1. ng truyn ................................................................................................................ 8
1.5.2.K thut chuyn mch .................................................................................................... 8
1.5.3. Kin trc mng .............................................................................................................. 8
1.5.4. H iu hnh mng ...................................................................................................... 10
1.6. Cc thng s k thut ca mt mng my tnh .................................................................. 10
1.7. Phn loi mng my tnh .................................................................................................... 13
1.7.1. Phn loi theo khong cch a l ............................................................................... 13
1.7.2. Phn loi theo k thut chuyn mch .......................................................................... 16
1.7.3. Phn loi theo kin trc mng ..................................................................................... 19
1.7.4. Phn loi theo mi quan h gia cc my tnh trong mng ........................................ 19
Cu hi n tp chng 1 ........................................................................................................... 21
CHNG 2: CC M HNH KIN TRC MNG MY TNH ............................................. 22
2.1. Vn chun ha mng my tnh ...................................................................................... 22
2.1.1. C s xut hin kin trc a tng ................................................................................ 22
2.1.2. Cc t chc tiu chun ha mng MT ......................................................................... 22
2.2. M hnh kin trc a tng .................................................................................................. 23
2.2.1. Cc quy tc phn tng ................................................................................................. 23
2.2.2. Lu chuyn thng tin trong kin trc phn tng ......................................................... 24
2.2.3. Nguyn tc truyn thng ng tng ............................................................................ 25
2.2.4. Giao din v dch v trong mi trng cc h thng m ............................................ 26
2.3. M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI ............................................................................... 26
2.3.1. Nguyn tc nh ngha cc tng h thng m ............................................................. 27
2.3.2. Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI................................................................................ 27
2.3.3. Truyn d liu trong m hnh OSI .............................................................................. 28
iii

2.3.4. Vai tr v chc nng ch yu ca tng tng ............................................................... 28

2.4. M hnh TCP/IP ................................................................................................................. 30
2.4.1. M hnh kin trc ........................................................................................................ 31
2.4.2. Vai tr v chc nng cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP................................................. 31
2.4.3. Qu trnh ng gi v phn mnh d liu ................................................................... 32
2.4.4. Chng giao thc TCP/IP ............................................................................................. 33
2.4.5. Giao thc Internet IPv4 ............................................................................................ 36
2.5. Mt s kin trc v giao thc khc .................................................................................... 44
2.5.1. Kin trc SNA ............................................................................................................. 44
2.5.2. Kin trc Apple Talk ................................................................................................... 44
2.5.3. Kin trc DNA ............................................................................................................ 45
2.5.4. Giao thc IPX/SPX ..................................................................................................... 45
Cu hi n tp chng 2 ........................................................................................................... 46
Bi tp: ...................................................................................................................................... 46
CHNG 3: TNG TRUY NHP MNG V MNG CC B............................................. 48
3.1. Chc nng ca tng truy nhp mng .................................................................................. 48
3.1.1. Truy nhp knh truyn chung...................................................................................... 49
3.1.2. iu khin lin kt logic ............................................................................................. 50
3.2. Vn kt ni mng ti tng truy nhp mng.................................................................... 50
3.2.1. Card giao tip mng v a ch MAC .......................................................................... 50
3.2.2. C ch kim sot li ti tng truy nhp mng ............................................................. 52
3.2.3. Cc loi phng tin truyn dn ................................................................................. 56
3.2.4. Cc thit b kt ni mng............................................................................................. 69
3.3. Mng cc b ....................................................................................................................... 86
3.3.1. Khi nim v c im c bn .................................................................................... 86
3.3.2. Kin trc mng cc b ................................................................................................ 87
3.4. Cc k thut mng cc b .................................................................................................. 96
3.4.1. Ethernet v h chun IEEE 802 .................................................................................. 96
3.4.2. Token Ring ................................................................................................................ 105
3.4.3. K thut FDDI ........................................................................................................... 110
3.4.4. K thut LAN o ....................................................................................................... 112
3.5. Mng LAN khng dy v chun IEEE 802.11................................................................. 117
3.6. Thit k mng LAN.......................................................................................................... 124
3.6.1. Quy trnh thit k....................................................................................................... 125
3.6.2. V s mng v tnh ton trang thit b ................................................................. 129
Cu hi n tp chng 3: ........................................................................................................ 134
Bi tp thc hnh ..................................................................................................................... 134
CHNG 4: TNG LIN MNG V VN KT NI LIN MNG ............................. 140
iv

4.1. Gii thiu chung v lin mng ......................................................................................... 140

4.1.1. Mt s nhc im ca kt ni mng tng truy nhp mng ..................................... 140
4.1.2. Khi nim lin mng ................................................................................................. 141
4.1.3. Cc yu cu khi kt ni mng tng lin mng........................................................... 143
4.1.4. Cc m hnh dch v tng lin mng ......................................................................... 144
4.2. Tng quan v nh tuyn IP ............................................................................................. 145
4.2.1. Mt s khi nim ....................................................................................................... 145
4.2.2. Nguyn tc nh tuyn............................................................................................... 145
4.2.3. B nh tuyn IP ........................................................................................................ 145
4.2.4. Cc thut ton nh tuyn c bn .............................................................................. 146
4.2.5. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ........................................................................................... 147
4.3. Cc giao thc tng lin mng ........................................................................................... 148
4.3.1. Giao thc Internet ...................................................................................................... 148
4.3.2. Giao thc ICMP ........................................................................................................ 150
4.4. Mi lin h gia a ch MAC v a ch IP .................................................................... 151
4.4.1. Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP ............................................................................... 151
4.4.2. Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc RARP ................................................................. 153
4.4.3. Gn a ch IP cho host ............................................................................................. 153
4.5. Cc k thut kt ni mng WAN ..................................................................................... 154
4.5.1. Cng ngh mng PPP ................................................................................................ 156
4.5.2. K thut chuyn mch knh: ISDN, B_ISDN........................................................... 159
4.5.3. K thut chuyn mch gi: X.25, Frame Relay, ATM ............................................. 165
4.5.4. Kt ni WAN qua Internet: VPN .............................................................................. 176
4.6. Kin trc lin mng Internet............................................................................................. 177
4.6.1. Bi cnh lch s ca s pht trin Internet ................................................................ 177
4.6.2. Cu trc ca Internet ................................................................................................. 180
Cu hi n tp chng 4: ........................................................................................................ 184
Bi tp thc hnh: ................................................................................................................... 184
CHNG 5: TNG GIAO VN ............................................................................................... 187
5.1. Cc dch v tng giao vn ................................................................................................ 187
5.2. Giao thc TCP .................................................................................................................. 190
5.2.1. Gii thiu v giao thc hng kt ni ....................................................................... 190
5.2.2. Cu trc gi tin TCP.................................................................................................. 191
5.2.3. Cc chc nng ca giao thc TCP ............................................................................ 192
5.2.4. Mt s a ch cng TCP mc nh ........................................................................... 195
5.3. Giao thc UDP ................................................................................................................. 195
5.3.1. L do cn xy dng v s dng giao thc UDP ....................................................... 195
5.3.2. Cu trc gi tin UDP ................................................................................................. 196
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5.3.3. Cc chc nng ca giao thc UDP ............................................................................ 197

5.3.4. Mt s a ch cng UDP mc nh .......................................................................... 198
Cu hi n tp chng 5: ........................................................................................................ 199
CHNG 6: TNG NG DNG ............................................................................................. 200
6.1. Nguyn l ca tng ng dng........................................................................................... 200
6.1.1. Mt s khi nim ....................................................................................................... 201
6.1.2. Cc m hnh ng dng .............................................................................................. 204
6.2. Mt s dch v v giao thc tng ng dng ..................................................................... 207
6.2.1. Dch v Web v giao thc HTTP .............................................................................. 207
6.2.2. Dch v truyn tp v giao thc FTP ........................................................................ 213
6.2.3. Dch v th in t v cc giao thc SMTP, POP3, IMAP ...................................... 214
6.2.4. H thng tn min DNS v vn phn gii a ch ................................................ 215
6.2.5. Mt s ng dng s dng m hnh ngang hng ........................................................ 219
Cu hi n tp chng 6 ......................................................................................................... 223
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................................... 224

vi

DANH MC HNH V

Hnh 1.1. M hnh mng my tnh c bn....................................................................................... 4

Hnh 1.2. Topo im ti im ......................................................................................................... 9
Hnh 1.3. Topo im ti nhiu im ............................................................................................... 9
Hnh 1.4. Minh ha thng lng ................................................................................................... 11
Hnh 1.5. Hin tng tht c chai ................................................................................................. 11
Hnh 1.6. Minh ha thi gian tr ................................................................................................... 12
Hnh 1.7. Mng th - MAN ....................................................................................................... 14
Hnh 1.8. WAN kt ni cc LAN vi nhau ................................................................................... 15
Hnh 1.9. Chuyn mch knh ........................................................................................................ 16
Hnh 1.10. Truyn d liu trong mng chuyn mch thng bo ................................................... 17
Hnh 1.11. Chia nh d liu thnh cc gi (Packet)...................................................................... 18
Hnh 1.12. Mng chuyn mch gi o .......................................................................................... 18
Hnh 2.1. M hnh kin trc phn tng ......................................................................................... 24
Hnh 2.2. V d v lu chuyn thng tin trong kin trc N=5 tng .............................................. 25
Hnh 2.3. Minh ha giao din v dch v trong cc tng k nhau ................................................. 26
Hnh 2.4. M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI .......................................................................... 27
Hnh 2.5. Thm phn header v trailer vo thng ip & tn d liu s dng mi tng ........... 28
Hnh 2.6. Tng quan gia m hnh TCP/IP v m hnh OSI ...................................................... 31
Hnh 2.7. M hnh kin trc TCP/IP v cc giao thc tng ng ................................................ 31
Hnh 2.8. Quy trnh ng gi v bc tch d liu truyn thng trong mng ................................ 33
Hnh 2.9. Phn b cc bit phn Host_ID v Network_ID trong a ch IPv4 ............................... 37
Hnh 2.10. c im nhn bit cc lp a ch IPv4 ..................................................................... 37
Hnh 2.11. Phn b a ch IPv4 trong cc lp.............................................................................. 39
Hnh 2.12. Cc a ch dnh ring (Private Address) .................................................................... 39
Hnh 2.13. Cc kiu kin trc mng (NA Network Achitecture) ............................................... 44
Hnh 3.1. Cc tng con MAC, LLC .............................................................................................. 49
Hnh 3.2a. Card mng v a ch MAC ......................................................................................... 51
Hnh 3.2b. a ch MAC ca my tnh v thit b mng............................................................... 52
Hnh 3.3. Cu to cp ng trc (Coaxial cable) .......................................................................... 57
Hnh 3.4. Cch u ni cp ng trc gy (Thinnet) .................................................................... 58
Hnh 3.5. Cch u ni cp ng trc bo (Thicknet) .................................................................. 58
Hnh 3.6. Cu to cp xon i ..................................................................................................... 59
Hnh 3.7. Cp UTP ........................................................................................................................ 59
Hnh 3.8. Cp STP......................................................................................................................... 60
vii

Hnh 3.9. RJ45 v cch u ni cp xon i ............................................................................... 61

Hnh 3.10a. Cu to cp si quang ................................................................................................ 61
Hnh 3.10b. Cc thnh phn ca mt tuyn truyn dn si quang ................................................ 62
Hnh 3.10c. Cc ch hot ng ca cp si quang ................................................................... 62
Hnh 3.10d. Cc u ni cp si quang ......................................................................................... 62
Hnh 3.11. Chun u ni mi M12.............................................................................................. 66
Hnh 3.12. Sng nh sng (Lightwave) ......................................................................................... 69
Hnh 3.13. V tr ca cc thit b lin kt mng trong m hnh mng ........................................... 70
Hnh 3.14. Hot ng ca Repeater .............................................................................................. 70
Hnh 3.15a. Repeater kt ni 2 segment mng hnh BUS ............................................................. 71
Hnh 3.15b. Repeater kt ni 2 segment mng hnh STAR .......................................................... 71
Hnh 3.16. Hub v cch kt ni mng s dng Hub ..................................................................... 72
Hnh 3.17. Hot ng ca Hub ...................................................................................................... 73
Hnh 3.18. Tn hiu truyn trong mng s dng Hub ................................................................... 73
Hnh 3.19. Kh nng xung t trong mng s dng Hub ............................................................. 74
Hnh 3.20. V d v lut 5-4-3 ...................................................................................................... 74
Hnh 3.21a. B chuyn mch Switch v cch kt ni mng s dng Switch ............................... 75
Hnh 3.21b. Hot ng ca Switch ............................................................................................... 76
Hnh 3.21c. Bng CAM trn Switch ............................................................................................. 76
Hnh 3.22. Switch x l ng thi nhiu phin lin lc ................................................................ 77
Hnh 3.23. Modem ........................................................................................................................ 78
Hnh 3.24. B dn knh v b phn knh ..................................................................................... 79
Hnh 3.25a. Bridge ........................................................................................................................ 80
Hnh 3.25b. Hot ng ca Brigde ................................................................................................ 80
Hnh 3.26. Thit b Router, cc loi interface v kt ni mng s dng Router ........................... 82
Hnh 3.27. Patch Panel v cc thit b ph tr .............................................................................. 83
Hnh 3.28. Kt ni t my tnh n Hub/Switch s dng Patch Panel ......................................... 84
Hnh 3.29. S dng tng la trong mng .................................................................................... 84
Hnh 3.30. So snh phm vi hot ng ca cc thit b mng trong m hnh OSI ....................... 86
Hnh 3.31. M hnh phn cp trong LAN ..................................................................................... 87
Hnh 3.32a. Topo Bus v T-Connector ......................................................................................... 88
Hnh 3.32b. Topo Bus v Transceiver........................................................................................... 88
Hnh 3.33. Topo dng vng (Ring) ............................................................................................... 89
Hnh 3.34. Topo hnh sao (Star) .................................................................................................... 90
Hnh 3.35. Cc hnh trng mng c bn ca mng LAN .............................................................. 90
Hnh 3.36. Kh nng xung t (Collision) .................................................................................... 92
Hnh 3.37. V d vng logic trong mng Token Bus .................................................................... 93
Hnh 3.38. Hot ng ca phng thc Token Ring .................................................................... 94
viii

Hnh 3.39. Kt ni theo chun 10Base-5 bng cp bo v Transceiver ........................................ 97

Hnh 3.40. M rng mng 10Base-5 bng Repeater ..................................................................... 97
Hnh 3.41. Quy tc 5-4-3 ............................................................................................................... 98
Hnh 3.42. Kt ni theo chun 10Base-2 bng cp gy v T-Connector ...................................... 99
Hnh 3.43. M rng mng 10Base-2 bng Repeater ..................................................................... 99
Hnh 3.44. Cu hnh phn cng mng 10Base-T ........................................................................ 100
Hnh 3.45. M rng mng 10Base-T bng cch ni Hub ni tip hoc song song..................... 101
Hnh 3.46. M rng LAN vi 10Base-T v 10Base-5 ................................................................ 102
Hnh 3.47. Cc chun 802.x v m hnh TCP/IP ........................................................................ 105
Hnh 3.48a. Cc cng ca MAU ................................................................................................. 106
Hnh 3.48b. Kt ni cc MAU to thnh vng v Message Flow............................................... 106
Hnh 3.49. Khun dng Token Ring Frame ................................................................................ 107
Hnh 3.50. DB-9 v IBM Data Connector .................................................................................. 109
Hnh 3.51. ST Connector............................................................................................................. 109
Hnh 3.52. Cc ch lm vic ca cc trm Token Ring ......................................................... 110
Hnh 3.53. FDDI Dual Ring ........................................................................................................ 111
Hnh 3.54. V d v VLAN ......................................................................................................... 113
Hnh 3.55a. InterVLAN routing s dng mi interface ca router cho 1 VLAN ....................... 115
Hnh 3.55b. InterVLAN Routing s dng Router vi mt Trunk link ....................................... 115
Hnh 3.55c. InterVLAN routing s dng Multilayer Switch ...................................................... 115
Hnh 3.56. K thut Frame Tagging ca IEEE 802.1q ............................................................... 116
Hnh 3.57. Native VLAN Untaged.............................................................................................. 116
Hnh 3.58. Mng khng dy ........................................................................................................ 117
Hnh 3.59. Phn loi mng khng dy da trn vng ph sng ................................................. 118
Hnh 3.60. Cc c tnh ca cng ngh mng khng dy ........................................................... 119
Hnh 3.61. Kiu Ad-hoc v kiu Infrastructure ........................................................................... 121
Hnh 3.62. Cc chun IEEE 802.11 ............................................................................................ 122
Hnh 3.63. Mng WLAN 802.11................................................................................................. 123
Hnh 3.64. M chng trnh MS Visio 2010 .............................................................................. 130
Hnh 3.65. Giao din u tin ca MS Visio 2010 ..................................................................... 130
Hnh 3.66. Nhng mu (template) s dng gn y nht ........................................................... 131
Hnh 3.67. Cc th vin mu MS Visio 2010 cung cp .............................................................. 131
Hnh 3.68. Ti xung mt s s thit k sn .......................................................................... 131
Hnh 3.69. Cc loi bng thng k trang thit b......................................................................... 132
Hnh 3.70. Bng thng k phn mm v bng bo gi chi ph tng th...................................... 133
Hnh 4.1. Mng din rng WAN ................................................................................................. 142
Hnh 4.2. nh dng gi tin IPv4 ................................................................................................ 149
Hnh 4.3. Hot ng ca giao thc ARP ..................................................................................... 151
ix

Hnh 4.4. Hot ng ca giao thc RARP .................................................................................. 153

Hnh 4.5. Cc la chn kt ni WAN ......................................................................................... 154
Hnh 4.6. Cc chun v giao thc WAN trong m hnh OSI 7 tng ........................................... 155
Hnh 4.7. Cc giao thc tng lin kt d liu s dng trong kt ni WAN ................................ 155
Hnh 4.8. Cc thnh phn ca giao thc PPP .............................................................................. 156
Hnh 4.9. nh dng PPP Frame ................................................................................................. 157
Hnh 4.10. Phng thc xc thc PAP 2 chiu ........................................................................... 158
Hnh 4.11. Phng thc xc thc CHAP .................................................................................... 158
Hnh 4.12. Cc phn t c bn ca mng ISDN ......................................................................... 160
Hnh 4.13. Kin trc ISDN v m hnh OSI ............................................................................... 161
Hnh 4.14. Cu trc khung ca LAP-D ....................................................................................... 162
Hnh 4.15. C s h tng h tr B-ISDN .................................................................................... 163
Hnh 4.16. V d mt mng X25 n gin .................................................................................. 165
Hnh 4.17. X.25 v m hnh OSI................................................................................................. 166
Hnh 4.18. Cu trc mng Frame Relay ...................................................................................... 167
Hnh 4.19. V d v mng Frame-Relay ..................................................................................... 168
Hnh 4.20. Trng thi hot ng ca PVC .................................................................................. 169
Hnh 4.21. Cc loi topo mng Frame Relay .............................................................................. 169
Hnh 4.22a. Hot ng ca Inverse ARP v tn hiu LMI .......................................................... 170
Hnh 4.22b. Hot ng ca Inverse ARP v tn hiu LMI .......................................................... 171
Hnh 4.23. ATM v m hnh OSI................................................................................................ 173
Hnh 4.24. Mt mng ATM n gin in hnh ......................................................................... 174
Hnh 4.25. Mng ring o (VPN) ................................................................................................ 176
Hnh 4.26. Internet Mng ca cc mng .................................................................................. 181
Hnh 4.27. Truyn d liu trn Internet....................................................................................... 181
Hnh 4.28. Truyn thng ca my tnh c nhn .......................................................................... 182
Hnh 4.29. S lin kt ni gia cc ISP ...................................................................................... 182
Hnh 5.1. Tng giao vn cung cp ng truyn logic gia cc ng dng ................................. 188
Hnh 5.2. Ghp knh v phn knh ............................................................................................. 189
Hnh 5.3. Cu trc ca gi tin TCP segment ............................................................................... 191
Hnh 5.4. Qu trnh bt tay 3 bc ca TCP ............................................................................... 193
Hnh 5.5. Kt thc kt ni TCP ................................................................................................... 194
Hnh 5.6. ng dng v giao thc tng giao vn.......................................................................... 196
Hnh 5.7. Cu trc ca gi tin UDP segment .............................................................................. 197
Hnh 6.1. Nguyn l truyn thng gia cc nt mng tng ng dng ..................................... 201
Hnh 6.2. Socket .......................................................................................................................... 202
Hnh 6.3. M hnh khch ch (Client/Server) ............................................................................. 204
Hnh 6.4. M hnh ngang hng (Peer-to-Peer) ............................................................................ 205
x

Hnh 6.5. M hnh lai .................................................................................................................. 207

Hnh 6.6. Giao thc HTTP .......................................................................................................... 208
Hnh 6.7. Dch v WWW ............................................................................................................ 209
Hnh 6.8. M hnh Client/Server ca giao thc HTTP ............................................................... 209
Hnh 6.9. Khun dng thng ip HTTP .................................................................................... 210
Hnh 6.10. Hot ng ca HTTP 1.0........................................................................................... 211
Hnh 6.11.Hot ng ca HTTP 1.1............................................................................................ 211
Hnh 6.12. HTTP 1.1 vi Pipeline............................................................................................... 212
Hnh 6.13. Web Proxy Server ..................................................................................................... 212
Hnh 6.14. Giao thc FTP ........................................................................................................... 213
Hnh 6.15. Dch v E-mail .......................................................................................................... 215
Hnh 6.16. H thng phn cp DNS ............................................................................................ 217
Hnh 6.17. Primary DNS Server v Second DNS Server ............................................................ 218
Hnh 6.18. Truy vn quy v truy vn tun t ......................................................................... 219
Hnh 6.19. Mng Napster - Chia s file ngang hng ................................................................... 220
Hnh 6.20. Hot ng ca ng dng chia s tp tin Gnutella...................................................... 221
Hnh 6.21. Chia s file ngang hng BitTorrent ........................................................................... 221
Hnh 6.22. ng dng Skype ........................................................................................................ 222

xi

DANH MC CC BNG
Bng 1.1. K hiu cc thit b mng ph bin .....................................................................5
Bng 2.1. Chc nng cc tng trong m hnh OSI ............................................................ 30
Bng 3.1. Kim sot li 2 chiu: VRC - LRC ...................................................................53
Bng 3.1. Cc loi cp UTP ............................................................................................... 60
Bng 3.2. Thng s c bn ca cc loi cp mng ............................................................ 63
Bng 3.3. Cc cng ngh cp mng ...................................................................................63
Bng 3.4. c im ca sng Viba ....................................................................................68
Bng 3.5. c im tia hng ngoi ....................................................................................68
Bng 3.6. Thng s c bn ca chun 10Base-5 ............................................................... 98
Bng 3.7. Thng s c bn ca chun 10Base-2 .............................................................100
Bng 3.8. Cc chun Ethernet LAN ................................................................................102
Bng 3.9. Cc loi cp s dng trong mng IBM Token Ring .......................................108
Bng 3.10. So snh FDDI v IEEE 802.5 ........................................................................112
Bng 3.11. So snh mng khng dy vi mng c dy ...................................................120
Bng 4.1. Bng so snh u nhc im ca hai dch v phi kt ni v hng kt ni tng
lin mng ..........................................................................................................................144
Bng 4.2. Phn loi cc thng ip ca ICMP ................................................................151
Bng 4.3. Bng cc trng ca Frame mang gi tin ARP ...............................................152
Bng 5.1. Mt s cng TCP mc nh .............................................................................195
Bng 5.2. Mt s cng UDP mc nh ............................................................................198
Bng 6.1. Cc yu cu ca cc chng trnh ng dng mng .........................................204

xii

DANH MC T VIT TT
T vit tt
ATM
B-ISDN
DCE
DNA
DNS
DTE

FCS

Thut ng ting Anh

Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Broadband-ISDN
Data Circuit-terminating Equipment
Digital Network Architecture
Domain Name System
Data Terminal Equipment
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol
Frame Check Sequence

FDDI

Fiber Distributed Data Interface

FR
FTP
GAN
HTTP

Frame Relay
File Transfer Protocol
Global Area Network
HyperText Transfer Protocol

IAP

Internet Access Provider

ICP

Internet Content Provider

EIGRP

IDS/IPS
IEEE
IETF
IPX/SPX
ISDN
IS-IS
ISP
LAN
MAN
MPLS
NIC
NSD
OSI
OSPF

ngha
Ch truyn bt ng b
Mng ISDN bng rng
Thit b u cui knh d liu
Kin trc mng s
H thng phn gii tn min
Thit b u cui d liu
Giao thc nh tuyn cng ni
ni min nng cao
Trng kim tra li ca Frame
Chun giao din d liu phn tn
quang
Mng chuyn mch khung
Giao thc truyn tp tin
Mng ton cu
Giao thc truyn siu vn bn
Nh cung cp cng truy cp
Internet
Nh cung cp thng tin ln
Internet

Instruction Detection
H thng pht hin/ngn chn
System/Instruction Prevention
xm nhp
System
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Vin k thut in in t
Engineers
Lc lng c nhim k thut
Internet Engineering Task Force
Internet
Internetwork Packet
Exchange/Sequenced Packet
Kin trc mng IPX/SPX
Exchange
Integrated Service Digital Network
Mng tch hp dch v s
Intermediate System to Intermediate Giao thc nh tuyn gia cc h
System
thng trung gian
Internet Service Provider
Nh cung cp dch v Internet
Local Area Network
Mng cc b
Metropolitan Area Network
Mng th
Cng ngh chuyn mch a nhn
Multi Protocol Label Switching
giao thc
Network Interface adapter Card
Cc giao din mng
Ngi s dng
Open Systems Interconnection
Lin kt ni cc h thng m
Giao thc nh tuyn ng i
Open Shortest Path First
ngn nht u tin
xiii

PAN
PDA
PPP
PVC
RFC
RIP
SMDS
SMTP
SNA
SONET
SVC
TCP/IP

Personal Area Network

Persional Digital Assistant
Point-to-Point Protocol
Permanent Virtual Circuit
Request For Comment
Routing Information Protocol
Switched Multimegabit Data Service
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Systems Network Architecture
Synchronous Optical Network
Switch Virtual Circuit
Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol

UDP

User Datagram Protocol

VLAN
VPN
WAN
WEP
WLAN
WPA

Virtual LAN
Virtual Private Network
Wide Area Network
Wired Equivalent Privacy
Wireless LAN
Wifi Protected Access

Mng c nhn
Thit b k thut s c nhn
Giao thc truyn im ti im
Mch o c nh
Kin ngh xut v cng ngh
Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn
Dch v d liu SMDS
Giao thc truyn th n gin
Kin trc mng SNA
Mng quang ng b
Mch o chuyn mch
B giao thc TCP/IP
Giao thc gi d liu ngi
dng
Mng LAN o
Mng ring o
Mng din rng
Giao thc bo mt WEP
Mng cc b khng dy
Giao thc truy cp wifi an ton

xiv

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V MNG MY TNH

Mng my tnh l mt minh ha c th ca mt m hnh tnh ton phn tn trong
mi nt c th x l d liu, tnh ton c lp v cc nt c th phi hp lm vic thng
qua c ch truyn thng ip. c th lnh hi, lm ch kin thc v mng my tnh
trc ht cn nm c cc khi nim, c trng, thng s k thut ca mng my tnh.
Chng ny s trnh by kin thc c s v mng my tnh theo cu trc sau: Mc 1.1
trnh by khi nim, Mc 1.2 trnh by v mc tiu ca vic kt ni mng, Mc 1.3 s
lc v lch s ca mng my tnh, Mc 1.4 trnh by cc thnh phn c bn ca mng,
Mc 1.5 tng hp cc c trng k thut, Mc 1.6 trnh by cc thng s mng v Mc
1.7 trnh by v cc cch phn loi mng.

1.1. Khi nim

Mng my tnh (MMT) l tp hp cc my tnh c kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc
phng tin truyn dn theo mt kin trc mng xc nh nhm trao i thng tin vi
nhau.
My tnh: Cc my tnh trong khng c my no c kh nng khi ng hoc
nh ch hot ng ca mt my khc. Cc my tnh ny c th l PC, Laptop,
PDAs, Printer, Scanner, IP phone, hay cc thit b chy ng dng mng.
Phng tin truyn dn: S dng truyn ti tn hiu vt l (c th l hu tuyn
hoc v tuyn)
Kin trc mng: Bao gm hnh trng mng (Network Topology, hay cn gi l
topo mng), v giao thc mng (Network Protocol). Topo mng l cu trc hnh
hc ca cc thc th mng khi kt ni vi nhau, cn giao thc mng l tp hp cc
quy tc, cc chun m cc thc th tham gia hot ng truyn thng phi tun
theo.

1.2. Mc tiu ca vic kt ni mng my tnh

Vic kt ni cc my tnh thnh mng t lu tr thnh nhu cu khch quan, v
nhng l do sau:
Nhu cu lin lc, trao i thng tin thng qua cc my tnh

 Nhu cu chia s ti nguyn (phn cng v phn mm): Ti mt thi im c nhiu

ngi cn s dng mt ti nguyn chung nh: my in, cng, file d liu, DVD,
v.v.
C nhiu cng vic v bn cht l phn tn (v thng tin v/hoc v x l), i hi
phi c s kt hp truyn thng vi x l hoc s dng phng tin t xa.
C cc ng dng phn mm i hi ti mt thi im cn p ng truy cp ca
nhiu ngi s dng cng mt c s d liu.
V vy, vic thit lp mng my tnh nhm gii quyt cc nhu cu trn v cn t
c cc mc tiu c bn sau y:
Cng chia s cc ti nguyn chung, bt k ngi s dng no cng c quyn khai
thc, s dng ti nguyn ca mng m khng ph thuc vo v tr a l ca n.
Nng cao tin cy ca h thng nh kh nng thay th khi mt s thnh phn
ca mng xy ra s c k thut th vn duy tr s hot ng bnh thng ca h
thng.
To mi trng giao tip thun tin gia ngi vi ngi. Khng b gii hn
khong cch, con ngi c th trao i, tho lun vi nhau cch xa nhau hng
nghn km.
Tm li, mc tiu kt ni cc MMT l cung cp cc dch v mng a dng, gim
bt cc chi ph v u t trang thit b.

1.3. Lch s pht trin Mng my tnh

Vo gia nhng nm 50 khi nhng th h my tnh u tin c a vo hot
ng thc t vi nhng bng n in t th chng c kch thc rt cng knh v tn
nhiu nng lng. Hi vic nhp d liu vo cc my tnh c thng qua cc tm ba
m ngi vit chng trnh c l sn. Mi tm ba tng ng vi mt dng lnh
m mi mt ct ca n c cha tt c cc k t cn thit m ngi vit chng trnh phi
c l vo k t mnh la chn. Cc tm ba c a vo mt thit b gi l thit b
c ba m qua thng tin c a vo my tnh (hay cn gi l trung tm x l) v
sau khi tnh ton kt qu s c a ra my in. Nh vy cc thit b c ba v my in
c th hin nh cc thit b vo ra (I/O) i vi my tnh. Sau mt thi gian cc th h
my mi c a vo hot ng trong mt my tnh trung tm c th c ni vi
nhiu thit b vo ra m qua n c th thc hin lin tc ht chng trnh ny n
chng trnh khc.
Cng vi s pht trin ca nhng ng dng trn my tnh, cc phng php nng
cao kh nng giao tip vi my tnh trung tm cng c u t nghin cu rt nhiu.
Vo gia nhng nm 60 mt s nh ch to my tnh nghin cu thnh cng nhng
thit b truy cp t xa ti my tnh ca h. Mt trong nhng phng php thm nhp t
2

xa c thc hin bng vic ci t mt thit b u cui mt v tr cch xa trung tm

tnh ton, thit b u cui ny c lin kt vi trung tm bng vic s dng ng dy
in thoi vi hai thit b x l tn hiu (thng gi l Modem) gn hai u v tn hiu
c truyn thay v trc tip th thng qua ng dy in thoi.
Nhng dng u tin ca thit b u cui bao gm my c ba, my in, thit b x
l tn hiu, cc thit b cm nhn. Vic lin kt t xa c th thc hin thng qua nhng
vng khc nhau v l dng u tin ca h thng mng my tnh.
Trong lc a ra gii thiu nhng thit b u cui t xa, cc nh khoa hc trin
khai mt lot nhng thit b iu khin, nhng thit b u cui c bit cho php ngi
s dng nng cao c kh nng tng tc vi my tnh. Mt trong nhng sn phm
quan trng l h thng thit b u cui 3270 ca IBM. H thng bao gm mn
hnh, cc h thng iu khin, cc thit b truyn thng c lin kt vi cc trung tm
tnh ton. H thng 3270 c gii thiu vo nm 1971 v c s dng m rng kh
nng tnh ton ca trung tm my tnh ti cc vng xa. lm gim nhim v truyn
thng ca my tnh trung tm v s lng cc lin kt gia my tnh trung tm vi cc
thit b u cui, IBM v cc cng ty my tnh khc sn xut mt s thit b sau:
- Thit b kim sot truyn thng: C nhim v nhn cc bit tn hiu t cc knh
truyn thng, gom chng li thnh cc byte d liu v chuyn nhm cc byte ti my
tnh trung tm x l, thit b ny cng thc hin cng vic ngc li chuyn tn
hiu tr li ca my tnh trung tm ti cc trm xa. Thit b trn cho php gim bt
c thi gian x l trn my tnh trung tm v xy dng cc thit b logic c trng.
- Thit b kim sot nhiu u cui: Cho php cng mt lc kim sot nhiu thit
b u cui. My tnh trung tm ch cn lin kt vi mt thit b nh vy l c th phc
v cho tt c cc thit b u cui ang c gn vi thit b kim sot trn. iu ny c
bit c ngha khi thit b kim sot nm cch xa my tnh v ch cn s dng mt
ng in thoi l c th phc v cho nhiu thit b u cui.
Vo gia nhng nm 1970, cc thit b u cui s dng nhng phng php lin
kt qua ng cp nm trong mt khu vc c ra i. Vi nhng u im t nng
cao tc truyn d liu v qua kt hp c kh nng tnh ton ca cc my tnh li
vi nhau. thc hin vic nng cao kh nng tnh ton vi nhiu my tnh, cc nh sn
xut bt u xy dng cc mng phc tp. Vo nhng nm 1980 cc h thng ng
truyn tc cao c thit lp Bc M v Chu u v t cng xut hin cc
nh cung cp cc dch v truyn thng vi nhng ng truyn c tc cao hn nhiu
ln so vi ng dy in thoi. Vi nhng chi ph thu bao chp nhn c, ngi ta c
th s dng c cc ng truyn ny lin kt my tnh li vi nhau v bt u hnh
thnh cc mng mt cch rng khp. y cc nh cung cp dch v xy dng nhng
ng truyn d liu lin kt gia cc thnh ph v khu vc vi nhau v sau cung cp
3

cc dch v truyn d liu cho nhng ngi xy dng mng. Ngi xy dng mng lc
ny s khng cn xy dng li ng truyn ca mnh m ch cn s dng mt phn cc
nng lc truyn thng ca cc nh cung cp.
Vo nm 1974 cng ty IBM gii thiu mt lot cc thit b u cui c ch to
cho lnh vc ngn hng v thng mi, thng qua cc dy cp mng cc thit b u cui
c th truy cp cng mt lc vo mt my tnh dng chung. Vi vic lin kt cc my
tnh nm trong mt khu vc nh nh mt ta nh hay l mt khu nh th tin chi ph cho
cc thit b v phn mm l thp. T vic nghin cu kh nng s dng chung mi
trng truyn thng v cc ti nguyn ca cc my tnh nhanh chng c u t.
Vo nm 1977, cng ty Datapoint Corporation bt u bn h iu hnh ca
mnh l Attached Resource Computer Network (hay gi tt l ARCNet) ra th trng.
Mng Arcnet cho php lin kt cc my tnh v cc trm u cui li bng dy cp mng,
qua tr thnh h iu hnh mng cc b u tin.
T n nay c rt nhiu cng ty a ra cc sn phm ca mnh, c bit khi cc
my tnh c nhn c s dng mt cch rng ri. Khi s lng my vi tnh trong mt
vn phng hay c quan c tng ln nhanh chng th vic kt ni chng tr nn v cng
cn thit v s mang li nhiu hiu qu cho ngi s dng.

1.4. Cc thnh phn ca mng my tnh

T khi nim mng my tnh, ta d dng thy c mt MMT c bn gm 3 thnh
phn chnh sau: h thng thit b u cui (End system), phng tin truyn dn v
giao thc truyn thng hay giao thc mng (Network Protocol) nh minh ha trong Hnh
1.1.

Hnh 1.1. M hnh mng my tnh c bn

Cc k hiu biu tng cho cc thit b, phng tin truyn trong mng my tnh
c s dng trong gio trnh cng nh trong cc ti liu thng dng v mt s cng c
thit k mng my tnh c m t trong Bng 1.1 di y.
4

Bng 1.1. K hiu cc thit b mng ph bin

STT

Biu tng

Thit b

Host mt my tnh trong mng

Server my ch (my phc v)

Thit b di ng

Router B nh tuyn

Switch B chuyn mch

Modem Thit b iu ch/gii

iu ch

Access Point Thit b thu/pht

sng

Thit b thng minh

Trm thu pht sng

1.4.1. Thit b u cui

Thit b u cui l cc thit b tham gia vo mng khai thc cc ti nguyn
chung, c th l: my tnh, in thoi di ng (i vi mng in thoi), cc thit b cm
tay nh PDA, cc chng trnh ng dng mng, v.v Ngi ta cng dng mt thut ng
khc gi thit b u-cui trong mng l host. Trong mt s ti liu host c nh
ngha l mt my tnh chy phn mm ca ngi s dng, t trong mng truy nhp
v chia s ti nguyn trn mng. Mi host hnh thnh mt nt (node) mng.
Ni chung, thit b hay h thng u cui l ni khi pht d liu truyn thng trn
mng, v/hoc l ch n cui cng ca d liu.
5

1.4.2. Phng tin truyn dn

Phng tin truyn dn l phng tin truyn ti cc tn hiu in t gia cc thnh
phn mng vi nhau, bao gm cc phng tin hu tuyn v cc phng tin v tuyn.
Phng tin hu tuyn: L cc loi cp mng nh cp ng trc, cp xon i, cp
quang.
Phng tin v tuyn: Sng v tuyn in (Radio), Viba, tia hng ngoi (Infrared
system), sng nh sng (Lightwave), v.v.
Cc loi phng tin truyn dn ny s c trnh by Mc 3.2.3 thuc Chng 3.
1.4.3. Giao thc mng
a) Khi nim
Cc thc th trong mng mun trao i thng tin vi nhau phi bt tay, tha thun
cng thng nht v mt s th tc, quy tc truyn thng. Tp quy tc hi thoi c
gi l giao thc mng (Network Protocol). Nh vy, ta c th nh ngha giao thc mng
nh sau: Giao thc mng l tp hp cc quy tc v quy c iu khin vic trao i
thng tin (truyn thng) gia cc h thng my tnh. Cc thnh phn chnh ca mt giao
thc mng bao gm: c php v ng ngha.
C php: nh dng d liu, phng thc m ho v cc mc tn hiu.
Ng ngha: thng tin iu khin, iu khin lu lng v x l li.
b) Chc nng chnh ca cc giao thc mng
ng gi v bc tch gi tin: Trong qu trnh trao i thng tin, cc gi d liu
c thm vo mt s thng tin iu khin, bao gm a ch ngun, a ch ch,
m pht hin li, iu khin giao thc, ... Vic thm thng tin iu khin vo cc
gi d liu c gi l qu trnh ng gi (Encapsulation). Bn nhn s thc
hin ngc li, thng tin iu khin s c g b khi gi tin c chuyn t
tng di ln tng trn.
Phn on v hp li: Mng truyn thng ch chp nhn kch thc cc gi d
liu c nh. Cc giao thc tng di cn phi ct d liu thnh nhng gi c
kch thc quy nh. Qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh phn on. Ngc vi qu
trnh phn on bn gi l qu trnh hp li bn nhn. D liu phn on cn
phi c hp li thnh thng ip thch hp tng ng dng. V vy, vn
m bo th t cc gi n ch l rt quan trng. Gi d liu trao i gia hai
thc th qua giao thc gi l n v d liu giao thc PDU (Protocol Data Unit).
iu khin lin kt: Trao i thng tin gia cc thc th c th thc hin theo hai
phng thc: hng lin kt (Connection-Oriented) v khng lin kt
(Connectionless). Truyn khng lin kt khng yu cu c tin cy cao, khng
6

yu cu cht lng dch v v khng yu cu xc nhn. Ngc li, truyn theo

phng thc hng lin kt, yu cu c tin cy, m bo cht lng dch v
v c xc nhn. Trc khi hai thc th trao i thng tin vi nhau, gia chng
mt kt ni c thit lp v sau khi trao i xong, kt ni ny s c gii
phng.
Gim st: Cc gi tin PDU c th lu chuyn c lp theo cc con ng khc
nhau, khi n ch c th khng theo th t nh khi gi i. Trong phng thc
hng lin kt, cc gi tin phi c yu cu gim st. Mi mt PDU c mt m
tp hp duy nht v c ng k theo tun t. Cc thc th nhn s khi phc
th t cc gi tin nh th t bn gi.
iu khin lu lng: Lin quan n kh nng tip nhn cc gi tin ca bn thu
v s lng, tc c d liu c truyn bi bn pht, sao cho bn thu khng
b trn ngp, m bo tc cao nht. Mt dng n gin ca iu khin lu
lng l th tc dng v i (Stop-and-Wait), trong mi PDU gi cn phi
c xc nhn trc khi truyn gi tin tip theo. C tin cy cao khi truyn
mt s lng nht nh d liu m khng cn xc nhn. K thut ca s trt l
th d cho c ch ny. iu khin lu lng l mt chc nng quan trng cn
phi c thc hin trong mt s giao thc.
iu khin li: L k thut cn thit nhm bo v d liu khng b mt hoc b
hng trong qu trnh trao i thng tin. Pht hin li v sa li bao gm vic
pht hin li trn c s kim tra khung v truyn li cc PDU b li.
a ch ha cc thc th truyn thng: Cc thc th c th truyn thng c
vi nhau, cn phi nhn dng c nhau. Trong mng qung b, cc thc th
phi nhn dng nh danh ca n trong gi tin. Trong cc mng chuyn mch,
mng cn nhn bit thc th ch nh tuyn d liu trc khi thit lp kt
ni.
ng b ha trng thi kt ni gia 2 thc th: 2 thc th truyn thng trong
giao thc cn phi ng b cng mt trng thi xc nh, bao gm cc tham s
v kch thc ca s, tham s lin kt v gi tr thi gian. V d cng trng thi
khi to, im kim tra v hy b, c gi l ng b ha. ng b ha s kh
khn nu mt thc th ch xc nh c trng thi ca thc th khc khi nhn
cc gi tin. Cc gi tin khng n ngay m phi mt mt khong thi gian lu
chuyn t ngun n ch v cc gi tin PDU cng c th b tht lc trong qu
trnh truyn.

1.5. Cc c trng k thut ca mng my tnh

1.5.1. ng truyn
ng truyn l thnh phn quan trng ca mng my tnh, l phng tin
truyn cc tn hiu in t gia cc my tnh. Vi cc ng truyn vt l khc nhau th
s dng sng in t cc tn s khc nhau truyn d liu. C 2 loi ng truyn
nh sau:
Hu tuyn: S dng cc dy cp mng kt ni
V tuyn: S dng sng v tuyn (sng Radio, sng cc ngn, tia hng ngoi,
v.v.) truyn tn hiu gia cc my tnh, s dng thit b iu ch/gii iu ch
tn hiu cc u mt.
c trng c bn ca ng truyn l bng thng (Bandwidth). Bng thng l
rng di tn, cho bit phm vi tn s cao nht vi tn s thp nht trn cng mt knh
truyn thng. Bng thng c th hin bng chu k mi giy, hay Hertz (Hz), cho bit
trong 1 giy s gi c bao nhiu chu k. Do , bng thng biu th kh nng truyn
ti tn hiu ca ng truyn, i din cho tc truyn ti ti a (bng thng l thuyt)
ca mt ng truyn. n v tnh l bps, Kbps, Mbps, hay Gbps.
1.5.2.K thut chuyn mch
K thut chuyn mch l cch thc chuyn tn hiu gia cc nt trong mng, cc nt
mng c chc nng hng thng tin ti ch xc nh trong mng. Trong mng my tnh
ni chung, c 3 k thut chuyn mch c bn: Chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switching),
chuyn mch thng bo (Messege Switching), chuyn mch gi (Packet Switching).
K thut chuyn mch knh: l k thut truyn thng theo cc knh c thit
lp c nh v c duy tr kt ni cho ti khi 2 bn ngt lin lc. D liu ch
truyn i theo con ng c nh .
K thut chuyn mch thng bo: l k thut truyn thng trong d liu
c ng gi d liu theo khun dng nh trc; thng bo cha cc thng tin
iu khin (a ch ch ca thng bo); cc nt mng da vo thng tin iu
khin ny chuyn thng bo ti nt k tip trn con ng dn ti ch.
KT chuyn mch gi: l k thut truyn thng trong mi thng bo c
chia thnh nhiu gi nh hn (Packet); mi gi cha thng tin iu khin nh:
a ch ngun, ch, v.v.; cc gi ca 1 thng bo c th c gi i qua mng
theo nhiu con ng khc nhau n cng mt ch.
1.5.3. Kin trc mng
Kin trc mng th hin cch ni cc my tnh vi nhau v tp hp cc quy tc, quy
c m tt c cc thc th tham gia truyn thng trn mng phi tun theo m bo
8

mng hot ng tt. Kin trc mng c m t thng qua hai yu t l cu trc hnh hc
ca mng gi tt l topo mng (Network Topology) v giao thc mng (Network
Protocol).
Giao thc mng l tp hp cc quy c truyn thng gia cc thc th, gi l giao
thc hay nghi thc ca mng. Cc b giao thc thng gp: TCP/IP, NETBIOS,
IPX/SPX, v.v.
Topo mng ch ra cch kt ni cc my tnh vi nhau v mt hnh hc. C cc topo
mng c bn sau:
Topo im ti im (Point-to-Point): L topo m c ng truyn ni tng
cp node li vi nhau theo mt hnh hc xc nh. Mt knh truyn vt l s
c thit lp gia 2 node c nhu cu trao i thng tin. Chc nng cc node
trung gian: tip nhn, lu tr tm thi v gi tip thng tin sang node tip theo
khi ng truyn ri. Topo im-im cn gi l mng lu v chuyn tip (Store
- and - Forward). u im ca topo ny l t kh nng xung t thng tin. Nhc
im ca n l hiu sut s dng ng truyn thp.

Hnh 1.2. Topo im ti im

Topo im ti nhiu im (Point-to-MutiPoint/Broadcast): Tt c cc node

cng truy nhp chung trn mt ng truyn vt l. Mt thng ip c truyn
i t mt node no s c tt c cc node cn li tip nhn v kim tra a
ch ch trong thng ip c phi ca n hay khng. Trong topo mng ny cn
thit phi c c ch gii quyt vn xung t thng tin (Collision) hay tc
nghn thng tin trn ng truyn. Cc mng c cu trc qung b c phn
chia thnh hai loi: qung b tnh v qung b ng ph thuc vo vic cp pht
ng truyn cho cc node.

Hnh 1.3. Topo im ti nhiu im

9

1.5.4. H iu hnh mng

H iu hnh l mt b chng trnh v d liu dng iu hnh, qun l
cc thit b phn cng v cc ti nguyn phn mm trn my tnh. H iu hnh ng vai
tr trung gian trong vic giao tip gia ngi s dng v phn cng my tnh, cung cp
mt mi trng cho php ngi s dng pht trin v thc hin cc ng dng ca h mt
cch d dng.
H iu hnh mng m nhn chc nng nh cc h iu hnh thng thng v
thc hin cc chc nng sau:
Qun l ti nguyn ca ton h thng mng, gm:Ti nguyn thng tin (D liu)
v ti nguyn thit b: CPU, a, thit b ngoi vi, v.v.
Qun l ngi dng, cc thit b v cc cng vic trn h thng
Cung cp cc tin ch cho vic khai thc h thng thun li: nh dng a, sao
chp tp v th mc, in, v.v.
Cung cp cc cng c gim st hot ng ca mng, cho php trin khai cc
chng trnh ng dng, cc dch v mng, v.v.
Cc h iu hnh mng thng dng hin nay: Windows Server 2008, Windows
Server 2012, Linux, Unix, v.v.

1.6. Cc thng s k thut ca mt mng my tnh

Ngoi ra, m t v mt mng my tnh, chng ta c th tnh n cc vn v
hiu nng vn hnh v cu trc ca n. Mt s thut ng lin quan n c im ca
mng my tnh nh sau:
a) Thng lng (Throughput)
Thng lng l lng d liu i qua ng truyn trong mt n v thi gian. Hay
thng lng l bng thng thc t m cc ng dng mng c s dng trong mt thi
gian c th (thng lng c th c bin i theo thi gian).
Thng lng thng nh hn nhiu so vi bng thng ti a c th c ca mi
trng truyn dn c s dng (Throughput Bandwidth).
Thng lng ca mng my tnh ph thuc vo cc yu t nh khong cch lin kt,
mi trng truyn dn, cc cng ngh mng, dng d liu c truyn, s lng ngi
dng trn mng, my tnh ngi dng, my ch, v.v.
Thng lng thng s dng nh gi hiu nng mng, v c nh ngha nh
sau: Thng lng l tc truyn tin gia nt gi v nt nhn ti mt thi im no
. Thng lng tc thi l thng lng ti mt thi im c th. Thng lng trung
bnh l thng lng tnh trung bnh trong mt khong thi gian. Hnh 1.4 minh ha thng
lng ca cc on mng gia host A v host B. Gi s host A gi F bits d liu ti host
10

B, sau T giy host B nhn th thng lng trung bnh ca mng (k hiu l R) c
tnh theo cng thc (1.1).

Hnh 1.4. Minh ha thng lng

R= F/T

(1.1)

Trong hnh 1.4, gi s hai ng truyn c ni vi nhau thng qua mt b nh

tuyn, nu Rs< Rc th s bit chuyn qua ng truyn bn phi cng khng th vt qu
Rs do trong 1 giy ng truyn bn tri ch gi Rs bit. Ngc li, nu Rs> Rc th b nh
tuyn cng khng th chuyn tip gi tin nhanh hn Rc do mng bn phi ch c kh nng
nhn Rc bit. Do , nu mng c nhiu ng truyn kt ni qua b nh tuyn th thng
lng trung bnh s bng thng lng nh nht. Theo , thng lng trung bnh c k
hiu l Rtb v c tnh theo cng thc (1.2). ng thi, iu ny cng dn n vn
tht c chai nh minh ha trong Hnh 1.5.
Rtb = min{Rs, Rc}

(1.2)

Hnh 1.5. Hin tng tht c chai

11

b) tr
tr (Latency/End-to-End delay) l khong thi gian chuyn mt thng ip t
nt ny n nt khc trong h thng mng. Gi s gia 2 nt u cui truyn thng c N1 b nh tuyn, ti mi b nh tuyn cng nh ti nt nhn, thi gian tr c m t
nh trong Hnh 1.6 v c tnh nh cng thc (1.3).

Hnh 1.6. Minh ha thi gian tr

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

(1.3)

Trong :
dnodall tr ti mt nt
dprocl tr x l, bao gm kim tra li bit v xc nh lin kt ra
dqueue l tr hng i, ph thuc vo lng d liu trong hng i
dtrans l tr truyn tin, c th tnh dtrans = L/R vi L l kch thc d liu, R l bng
thng (thng lng cc i)
dpropl tr lan truyn, c tnh dprop = d/s vi d l di ng truyn, s l tc
lan truyn tn hiu.
Do gia ni gi v ni nhn c N-1 b nh tuyn nn sau khi d liu c gi i t
ni gi s c x l ti N nt (bao gm c ni nhn) nn thi gian tr gia ni gi v
nhn (k hiu l dsd) c tnh theo cng thc (1.4).
dsd = N * (dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop)

(1.4)

c) mt gi tin (Packet loss)

mt gi tin cng l mt thng s nh gi hiu nng v tnh tin cy ca mng.
Do trn cc b nh tuyn cng nh ti ni gi v ni nhn, kch thc hng i c gii
hn nn cc gi tin n s b hy nu kch thc hng i y. mt gi tin ph thuc
vo kch thc hng i v thng lng mng.
d) Availability (Tnh sn sng)
L o xc sut m mng c th sn sng cho vic s dng khi c yu cu. Vi
cc mng m c th s dng sut 24 gi/ngy, 7 ngy/tun, v 365 ngy/nm, th
Availability c tnh bi vic chia thi gian m n thc s kh dng vi tng thi gian
trong mt nm v sau nhn vi 100%.
12

V d, nu mng khng kh dng trong 15 pht/nm do cp mng, chng ta c th

tnh gi tr % kh dng ca mng nh sau:
*(S pht trong 1 nm thi gian khng kh dng)/(S pht trong 1 nm)+*100 %=
[(525600-15)/525600]*100% = 99.9971%
e) Tnh m rng (Scalability)
Th hin kh nng mng c th m rng h tr thm nhiu ngi s dng v
nhiu nhu cu truyn d liu hn. Khi chng ta thit k v ti u ha mng m ch quan
tm n nhng nhu cu hin ti ca mng, th khi pht trin, m rng mng s rt tn
km v chi ph v kh khn khi trin khai nhng yu cu mi.
f) tin cy (Reliability)
Th hin s ng tin cy ca cc thnh phn cu thnh mng, nh cc router,
switch, PC, v server. tin cy thng c o bng s tin cy i vi vic hng hc
(failure) hoc bng thi gian khi phc sau s c (MTBF).
Cc c im v thuc tnh trn cung cp mt cch thc so snh cc gii php
mng khc nhau.

1.7. Phn loi mng my tnh

C nhiu cch phn loi mng khc nhau tu thuc vo yu t chnh c chn
dng lm tiu ch phn loi. Thng thng ngi ta phn loi mng theo cc tiu ch
nh: khong cch a l ca mng, k thut chuyn mch m mng p dng, kin trc
mng, h iu hnh mng s dng, quan h gia cc my tnh trong mng. Tuy nhin,
trong thc t ngui ta thng ch phn loi theo hai tiu ch u tin.
1.7.1. Phn loi theo khong cch a l
a) Mng c nhn
Mng c nhn (PAN - Personal Area Network) l mng kt ni gia cc thit b c
nhn nh: laptop, PC, in thoi, thit b s cm tay (PDA - Personal Digital Assistant),
v.v. trong phm vi hp nhm trao i d liu c nhn. Cng ngh thng dng trong
mng c nhn l Bluetooth.
b) Mng cc b
Mng cc b (LAN - Local Area Network) l mt h thng mng gm mt nhm
cc my tnh v thit b truyn thng mng c kt ni vi nhau trong mt khu vc nh
bn knh di vi km, nh ta nh cao c, trng i hc, khu gii tr, phng th nghim,
v.v. c s hu bi mt c nhn hay mt t chc no . Kt ni c thc hin thng
qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao. Mng cc b thng c s dng trong ni
b mt c quan/t chc. Mng cc b c cc c trng c bn sau:

13

 Quy m mng nh, phm vi hot ng vo khong vi km, cc my trong mt

ta nh, mt c quan hay x nghip... ni li vi nhau.
Qun tr v bo dng, bo tr mng n gin
Thng do mt t chc hay mt c nhn qun l
Tc truyn d liu cao, t 10 100 Mbps n hng Gbps; thi gian tr nh
(c 10s), tin cy cao, t l li khi truyn thp (t 10-8 n 10-11)
Cng ngh truyn dn s dng trong mng LAN thng l qung b
(Broadcast), bao gm mt cp n ni tt c cc my.
Cc hnh trng mng (topo mng) a dng: Bus, Ring, Star v cc loi mng m
rng kt hp, lai ghp nhau, v.v.
Phng thc truy cp ng truyn: ALOHA, Token Passing, CSMA/CD. Cc
k thut thng dng nh Ethernet (10/100/1000Mbps), Token Ring (16Mbps),
FDDI (100Mbps).
Cc thit b kt ni s dng thng dng: Repeater, Bridge, Hub, Switch.
c) Mng th
Mng th (MAN - Metropolitan Area Network) l mng kt ni cc my tnh
trong phm vi mt thnh ph, mt c khu kinh t, c kch thc vng a l ln hn
LAN. Kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao (50100 Mbit/s), thng s dng cp ng trc hoc cp quang. Mng MAN thng cung
cp cc dch v thoi, phi thoi v truyn hnh cp.

Hnh 1.7. Mng th - MAN

14

d) Mng din rng

Mng din rng (WAN - Wide Area Network) l mng c phm vi bao ph rng
ln, c th vt bin gii quc gia, thm ch c chu lc.WAN thng l mng kt ni
cc LAN ca mt cng ty, mt t chc no t cc v tr tch bit v mt a l,
thng l kt ni gia tr s, cc chi nhnh ca cng ty, t chc cc khu vc khc
nhau. Thng thng kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng, hay mng
ca nh cung cp dch v WAN (WAN-SP: WAN Service Provider).
H thng mng kt ni gia cc quc gia, gia cc chu lc thng qua cc nh cung
cp dch v cng gi l mng WAN. Cc WAN c th c kt ni vi nhau thnh GAN
hay t n l GAN.

Hnh 1.8. WAN kt ni cc LAN vi nhau

Mng WAN c cc c trng c bn sau:

Hot ng trn phm vi mt quc gia hoc trn ton cu
Tc truyn d liu thp so vi mng cc b
T l li truyn cao.
Cc thit b mng s dng: Modem CSU/DSU, Core Router, Communication
Server, WAN bandwidth switch, v.v.
C nhiu loi WAN khc nhau tng ng vi cc cng ngh khc nhau. Mt s
WAN in hnh hin nay nh: mng s tch hp a dch v ISDN (Integrated Services
Digital Network), X.25, chuyn mch khung Frame Relay, phng thc truyn khng
ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), mng hi t - mng th h sau NGN
(Next Generation Network), v.v.
e) Mng ton cu
Mng ton cu (GAN - Global Area Network) l mt h thng mng ca cc my
tnh c kt ni vi nhau qua h thng vin thng hoc v tinh trn phm vi ton th

15

gii, gia cc chu lc khc nhau trao i thng tin. Mng GAN hin nay m chng ta
ang s dng gi l mng Internet. Cc ch th tham gia hot ng Internet bao gm:
Bc c s: Ngi s dng dch v Internet
Bc trung chuyn: ISP Internet Service Provider: Nh cung cp dch v
Internet
Bc trn cng: IAP/IXP (Internet Access Provider): Nh cung cp cng truy cp
Internet. ICP (Internet Content Provider): Nh cung cp thng tin ln Internet.
1.7.2. Phn loi theo k thut chuyn mch
a) Mng chuyn mch knh
Chuyn mch knh hay cn gi l chuyn mch mch in c cng cu trc nh cc
mng in thoi cng cng. Mi ln yu cu truyn d liu c pht ra, mt knh truyn
thng vt l c thit lp v vic truyn d liu c tin hnh. V pha gi v pha
nhn c kt ni vt l nn phng php ny p dng c cho vic truyn d liu
tng i ln, nhng b hn ch bi nhn t tc truyn v tc truyn phi nh nhau
theo c hai chiu.
Trong k thut chuyn mch knh cn thit lp knh c nh v duy tr cho n khi
mt trong hai bn ngt lin lc. Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi gm 3 giai on:
Giai on thit lp kt ni: Lin kt cc tuyn gia cc trm trn mng thnh
mt knh duy nht dnh ring cho cuc gi
Giai on truyn tin: D liu (tn hiu tng t/s) c truyn trn knh
c thit lp
Giai on gii phng (Hy b) kt ni: Sau khong thi gian truyn d liu, lin
kt c hy b bi 1 trong 2 trm

Hnh 1.9. Mng chuyn mch knh

Nhc im: Tiu tn thi gian thit lp knh truyn, do thit lp knh chm v
xc sut kt ni khng thnh cng cao. Hiu sut s dng ng truyn khng cao, v khi
16

c hai khng cn thng tin truyn m cha ngt kt ni th knh b b khng trong khi
cc thc th khc khng th chim dng knh truyn.
b) Mng chuyn mch thng bo
Chuyn mch thng bo l k thut trong tt c cc d liu nh tp v nh, v.v.
c truyn nh mt thng bo. S khc bit v chiu di d liu trong mi thng bo
gy ra vn cho tnh hiu qu v thi gian truyn, v ngy nay k thut ny t c s
dng.Thng bo l n v d liu c khun dng qui nh trc, bao gm 2 phn:
Thng tin iu khin: a ch ch ca thng bo, s hiu ca thng bo, v.v.
Thng tin (d liu) ca my ngun cn gi
K thut chuyn mch thng bo c cc c im sau:
Da vo a ch ca my ch trong phn thng tin iu khin, cc nt c th
chuyn tip thng bo ti nt tip theo trn ng dn ti ch hoc gi li
thng bo
Mi nt cn phi lu tr tm thi c thng tin iu khin trn thng bo ri
chuyn tip
Cc thng bo c th c gi i theo nhiu ng khc nhau

Hnh 1.10. Truyn d liu trong mng chuyn mch thng bo

u im: Hiu sut s dng ng truyn cao v khng b chim dng ng

truyn. Mi nt mng c th lu tr thng bo ti khi knh truyn ri, do c th gim
tnh trng tc nghn trn mng. Thm na, c th iu khin vic truyn tin bng cch
sp xp u tin cho cc thng bo v tng hiu sut gii thng.
Nhc im: Khng hn ch dung lng ca thng bo nn c th gy ph tn lu
tr tm thi cao.
ng dng: Th in t (E-mail).
c) Mng chuyn mch gi
K thut chuyn mch gi c cc c im sau:
17

 Chia nh thng bo thnh cc gi tin nh c khun dng qui nh trc v kch

thc cc gi l nh nhau.
Mi gi tin chia thnh 2 phn: Thng tin iu khin (Cha thng tin my gi,
my nhn, s hiu ca gi tin, v.v.) v phn d liu.
Cc gi tin c gi qua mng bng nhiu con ng khc nhau n cng
mt ch

Hnh 1.11. Chia nh d liu thnh cc gi (Packet)

u im: Do gi tin nh nn cc nt trung gian c th x l m khng cn phi lu

tr tm thi trn b nh ngoi. Vic nh tuyn cc gi tin qua mng nhanh hn v hiu
qu hn. Tc truyn nhanh hn chuyn mch thng bo. Mt u im na l hiu sut
ng truyn cao hn do cc gi tin lu chuyn hng n ch mt cch c lp, trn
mt ng c th chia s cho nhiu gi tin i qua. Ngoi ra, trong mng chuyn mch
gi, vi hai thc th c tc d liu khc nhau th c th trao i cc gi vi tc ph
hp.
Nhc im: Cn c c ch tp hp cc gi tin li nt nhn, v c ch nh du
gi tin trc khi chia nh. Do , mt thi gian x l nt nhn
d) Mng chuyn mch gi o
Mng chuyn mch gi o (Virtual circuit packet switching) c m rng t mng
chuyn mch gi, kt hp vi k thut mng chuyn mch knh nn cn c gi l k
thut lai. Thng tin c chia lm nhiu gi nhng c truyn trn cng 1 tuyn, tuyn
ny c xc nh lc cc my khi ng.

Hnh 1.12. Mng chuyn mch gi o

18

Trc khi trao i thng tin, hai thc th tham gia truyn thng m phn vi nhau
v cc tham s truyn thng nh kch thc ti a ca gi tin, cc ca s, ng truyn,
v.v. Mt knh o c hnh thnh thng qua lin mng v tn ti cho n khi cc thc
th ngng trao i vi nhau. Ti mt thi im, c th c nhiu knh o i v n t
nhiu hng khc nhau. Cc gi tin vn c m ti mi node v c xp hng u ra
trn mt ng truyn, cc gi tin ca cc thng ip khc trn knh o khc c th chia
s s dng ng truyn ny.
u, nhc im ca chuyn mch gi o:
Mng c th cung cp cc dch v knh o, bao gm vic iu khin li v th t
cc gi tin. Tt c cc gi tin i trn cng mt tuyn s n theo th t ban u. iu
khin li m bo khng ch cc gi n ch theo ng th t m cho tt c cc gi
khng b li. Mt u im khc l cc gi tin lu chuyn trn mng s nhanh hn v
khng cn phi nh tuyn ti cc node. Tuy nhin s kh khn hn vic thch ng vi
nghn. Nu c node b hng th tt c cc knh o qua node s b mt, vic phn pht
datagram cng kh khn hn, tin cy khng cao.
1.7.3. Phn loi theo kin trc mng
Cn c vo topo mng, c th phn chia thnh cc loi sau:
MMT: Kiu mng Point-to-Point, kiu mng Point-to-Multipoint
Trong LAN: Mng hnh ng trc (Bus), mng hnh sao (Star), mng hnh
vng (Ring)
Cn c vo phng thc truy cp v cng ngh mng:
LAN: Mng Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI
WAN: Mng ISDN, Frame-Relay, ATM, MPLS, v.v.
1.7.4. Phn loi theo mi quan h gia cc my tnh trong mng
Ty theo vai tr v chc nng, cc my tnh trong h thng mng c c phn
loi theo my ch hoc my khch:
My ch (Server): Cha d liu v ti nguyn, dch v cho cc my tnh
khc c th khai thc v truy cp (My phc v). Mt my ch c th dng cho 1
hay nhiu mc ch, tn my ch thng gn vi mc ch s dng: File Server,
Mail Server, Web Server, v.v.
My khch (Client): L my tnh dng kt ni n my ch, v khai thc ti
nguyn trn my ch. Vic kt ni ca client vi server v khai thc dch v trn
server to nn m hnh Client/Server. Trong mt mng my tnh, mt my tnh
va c th l server, va l client.

19

a) M hnh mng ngang hng

M hnh mng ngang hng l m hnh trong cc my tnh c vai tr nh nhau, c
th va l my khch, va l my ch. Mng ngang hng c mt s c im sau:
Cung cp mt phng thc kt ni n gin, chi ph thp cho cc my tnh c
nhn
Khng yu cu my ch chuyn bit, ti nguyn mng c lu tr phn tn trn
cc my trm
Cc my trm hot ng bnh ng v c vai tr nh nhau. Tt c cc my u l
my ch ng thi cng l my khch
Mng ngang hng thng c t chc thnh cc nhm lm vic Workgroup.
M hnh ny khng c qu trnh ng nhp tp trung, nu ng nhp vo
mng c th s dng tt c ti nguyn trn mng. Truy cp vo cc ti nguyn
ph thuc vo ngi chia s cc ti nguyn , v vy c th phi bit mt
khu c th truy nhp c ti cc ti nguyn c chia s.
Thng c s dng khi:
- Nhng ngi s dng chung mt khu vc
- Tnh bo mt khng phi l yu cu bt buc
Mng ngang hng c mt s nhc im:
Khng c kh nng m rng
Tnh bo mt khng nht qun
Kh khn trong vic tm kim thng tin.
b) M hnh mng khch/ch
Mng khch/ch l m hnh m mt hay nhiu my tnh cu hnh tt c s dng
cung cp cc dch v mng khc nhau (Server) v tt c cc my tnh khc (Client)
truy cp n cc dch v ny thc thi cc tc v ca ngi dng. M hnh s dng
my ch qun l tp trung h thng mng. My trm gi yu cu ti my ch, my
ch p ng thng tin hoc cho php my trm truy cp ti nguyn my ch. Mng
khch/ch c cc u im:
H thng mng c t chc, qun l nht qun
D dng tm kim ti nguyn trn mng
Kh nng bo mt cao hn (tp trung CSDL ti my ch)
C kh nng m rng cao.

20

Cu hi n tp chng 1
1. Trnh by mc tiu v li ch ca vic kt ni cc my tnh thnh mng.
2. Trnh by khi nim mng my tnh, cc thnh phn c bn ca mt mng my
tnh ni chung.
3. Trnh by khi qut v cc c trng c bn ca mng my tnh.
4. Trnh by cc hnh trng (Network Topology) c bn ca mng my tnh ni
chung.
5. Th no l giao thc mng? Vai tr v chc nng ca giao thc mng trong
truyn thng l g?
6. Hy m t ngn gn v cc dch v c bn trn mng my tnh m bn bit.
7. Lit k cc dch v c bn trn Internet m bn bit. Hy m t ngn gn v tng
dch v .
8. Xt theo quan h gia cc my tnh trong mng, c nhng m hnh mng my
tnh no? Hy nu c im ca tng loi .
9. Nu phn loi theo khong cch a l th c nhng loi mng my tnh no? Nu
c im c bn ca tng loi.
10. Trnh by cc c im c bn ca cc k thut chuyn mch trong mng my
tnh. Hy phn tch u v nhc im ca tng k thut chuyn mch.

21

CHNG 2: CC M HNH KIN TRC MNG

MY TNH
Theo cch tip cn t trn xung, sau khi nm c khi nim v cc vn tng
qut cn tm hiu v kin trc mng v qu trnh ng gi, truyn thng tin trong mng.
Chng ny tp trung trnh by v kin trc mng theo m hnh l thuyt OSI v m hnh
thc tin TCP/IP vi cc ni dung chnh sau: Mc 2.1 trnh by v vn chun ha
mng my tnh, Mc 2.2 trnh by v kin trc a tng, Mc 2.3 m t chi tit v m hnh
OSI, Mc 2.4 trnh by v m hnh TCP/IP v Mc 2.5 tm lc v mt s kin trc v
giao thc mng khc. Cc tng trong m hnh kin trc thc t TCP/IP s c trnh by
chuyn su trong cc chng tip sau.

2.1. Vn chun ha mng my tnh

2.1.1. C s xut hin kin trc a tng
S khc bit v kin trc mng gy tr ngi cho ngi s dng khi kt ni lin
mng, nh hng n sc sn xut v tiu th cc sn phm v mng, cng nh kh nng
m rng ca lin mng. Cn xy dng m hnh chun lm c s cho cc nh nghin cu
v thit k mng to ra cc sn phm m v mng v to iu kin cho vic pht trin v
s dng mng. V vy cc t chc tiu chun quc t ra i. Cc nh sn xut c
ting ni chung cho cc sn phm ca h, l cc chun, cc khuyn ngh quy nh
thit k v sn xut cc sn phm mng.
2.1.2. Cc t chc tiu chun ha mng MT
ISO (International Standards Organization): T chc quc t hot ng di s bo
tr ca Lin Hp Quc. Chia thnh nhiu ban k thut Technical Committee (TC),
trong TC97 m nhn vic nghin cu chun ha x l thng tin. Cc sn phm ca
n gi l cc chun (Standard). M hnh OSI Open System Interconnection l sn phm
in hnh ca t chc ny.
CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone): y
ban t vn in tn v in thoi quc t, nay l Hip hi Vin thng Quc t ITU
(International Telecommunication Union). L t chc bao gm cc c quan Bu chnh

22

vin thng ca cc nc. Cc sn phm ca Hip hi c gi l cc khuyn ngh

(Recommendation):
Khuyn ngh loi V: Tp cc tiu chun v truyn d liu bng Modem: V21 tc
300bps, V32 tc 9600 14.400bps, V90, V92 cho tc 56Kbps.
Khuyn ngh loi X: Tp cc tiu chun lin quan n mng truyn s liu. Quy
nh cc th tc giao din ngi s dng v giao din mng: X21, X25, v.v.
Khuyn ngh loi I: Cc tiu chun lin quan n mng ISDN.
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): Vin cc k s in v
in t. IEEE l t chc tin phong trong lnh vc chun ha mng cc b vi n
IEEE 802. Kt qu l mt lot cc chun thuc h IEEE 802.x ra i. Chi tit v cc h
chun IEEE 802 s c trnh by Chng 3.

2.2. M hnh kin trc a tng

Cc my tnh c thit k v ci t theo quan im c kin trc phn tng. Mi
thnh phn ca mng c xem nh mt h thng gm nhiu tng, v mi tng bao gm
mt s chc nng truyn thng. Cc tng c chng ln nhau, s lng v chc nng
ca cc tng ph thuc vo cc nh sn xut v thit k. Tuy nhin, quan im chung l
trong mi tng c nhiu thc th (cc tin trnh) thc hin mt s chc nng nhm cung
cp mt s dch v, th tc cho cc thc th tng trn hot ng.
2.2.1. Cc quy tc phn tng
T chc tiu chun quc t ISO quy nh cc quy tc phn tng nh sau:
Khng nh ngha qu nhiu tng, s lng tng, vai tr v chc nng ca cc
tng trong mi h thng ca mng l nh nhau, khng qu phc tp khi xc nh
v ghp ni cc tng. Chc nng cc tng c lp vi nhau v c tnh m.
Trong mi h thng, cn xc nh r mi quan h gia cc tng k nhau, mi
quan h ny gi l giao din tng (Interface). Mi quan h ny quy nh nhng
thao tc v dch v c bn m tng k di cung cp cho tng k trn v s cc
tng tc qua li gia 2 tng k nhau l nh nht.
Xc nh mi quan h gia cc ng tng thng nht v cc phng thc hot
ng trong qu trnh truyn thng, mi quan h l tp cc quy tc v cc tha
thun trong hi thoi gia cc h thng, gi l giao thc tng.
D liu khng c truyn trc tip t tng th i ca h thng pht sang tng
th i ca h thng nhn (tr tng thp nht Tng vt l) m c chuyn t
tng cao xung tng thp nht bn h thng pht v qua ng truyn vt l, d
liu l chui bt khng cu trc c truyn sang tng thp nht ca h thng
23

nhn, v t d liu c chuyn ngc ln cc tng trn. Gia cc ng tng

xc nh lin kt logic, gia cc tng vt l c lin kt vt l.
Nh vy, mi mt tng c 2 quan h: quan h theo chiu ngang v quan h theo
chiu dc.
Quan h theo chiu ngang: Phn nh hot ng ca cc ng tng. Cc ng
tng trc khi trao i thng tin vi nhau phi bt tay, hi thoi v tha thun
vi nhau bng cc tham s ca giao thc (hay th tc - Protocol)
Quan h theo chiu dc: l quan h gia cc tng k nhau trong cng mt h
thng. Gia chng tn ti giao din xc nh cc thao tc v cc dch v tng
di cung cp cho tng trn, c gi l giao din tng.

Hnh 2.1. M hnh kin trc phn tng

2.2.2. Lu chuyn thng tin trong kin trc phn tng

Hnh 2.2 minh ha cho s lu chuyn thng tin trong mng my tnh kt ni gia 2
h thng A v B gm N = 5 tng.
Ti h thng gi (A): D liu tng trn cng (5) trc khi c y ln ng
truyn i n ch s c x l qua cc tng di (4, 3, 2) bng cch thm phn
thng tin iu khin (header) ca tng tng ng. Thng tin iu khin ny c quyt
nh bi cc giao thc tng . Ti tng (3) gi tin c th b chia nh phn d liu (M =
M1M2) ri tip tc thm phn header tng (3) trc khi chuyn xung tng (2). Ti tng
(2) ngoi thng tin header, gi tin cn c b sung phn ui Trailer pha sau. Sau ,
ton b gi tin tng (2) chuyn i thnh chui bit (0, 1) truyn ln ng truyn vt l
trn ng i ti ch.

24

Hnh 2.2. V d v lu chuyn thng tin trong kin trc N=5 tng

Ti h thng nhn (B): D liu nhn c t ng truyn l chui bit (0,1) c

y ln tng tng bc tch phn header v trailer (nu c) ca tng tng thu c gi
d liu ca tng trn. C nh th cho n khi thu c d liu M tng trn cng.
M hnh kin trc 5 tng ny c s dng ph bin khi nghin cu v m hnh
TCP/IP trn Internet.
2.2.3. Nguyn tc truyn thng ng tng
truyn thng ng tng, gi tin khi chuyn xung qua cc tng s c b sung
thm vo phn u (Header) bng cc thng tin iu khin ca tng. Vic thm Header
vo u gi tin khi i qua mi tng trong qu trnh truyn d liu gi l qu trnh ng
gi (Encapsulation). Qu trnh bn nhn din ra ngc li, khi i qua cc tng, gi tin s
tch thng tin iu khin thuc tng trc khi chuyn d liu ln tng trn, gi l qu
trnh gii ng gi (De-encapsulation). n v d liu c s dng trong cc tng bao
gm:
Thng tin iu khin giao thc PCI (Protocol Control Information): Thng tin
c thm vo u cc gi tin trong qu trnh hot ng truyn thng ca cc
thc th (Entity). K hiu N_PCI l thng tin iu khin tng N.
n v d liu dch v SDU (Service Data Unit): L n v d liu truyn thng
gia cc tng k nhau. K hiu N_SDU l n v d liu t tng (N+1) xung
tng N cha thm thng tin iu khin.
n v d liu giao thc PDU (Protocol Data Unit): L n v d liu giao thc
tng. K hiu: PDU = PCI + SDU, ngha l n v d liu giao thc bao gm
thng tin iu khin PCI c thm vo u n v d liu dch v SDU.
25

2.2.4. Giao din v dch v trong mi trng cc h thng m

Chc nng ca cc tng l cung cp dch v cho tng trn k n. Trong mi tng c
mt hay nhiu thc th. Thc th tng N thc hin cc dch v m tng N+1 yu cu s
dng. Cc thc th trao i dch v vi nhau qua cc im truy cp dch v SAP (Service
Access Points). Cc thc th tng N cung cp dch v cho tng N+1 qua cc SAP trn
giao din N+1/N. Mi mt SAP c mt nhn dng duy nht.

Hnh 2.3. Minh ha giao din v dch v trong cc tng k nhau

Hai tng trao i thng tin vi nhau phi c nhng tha thun v thit lp cc quy
tc giao din. Thc th tng N+1 chuyn mt PDU ti thc th tng N qua SAP. PDU =
PCI + SDU. SDU l thng tin gi qua mng ti thc th ng tng v sau a ln tng
N+1. Nu di ca SDU ln hn di quy nh, cc thc th tng N chia SDU thnh
nhiu gi nh c di quy nh v thm PCI vo mi gi tin. Header ca PDU c cc
thc th ng tng nhn dng PDU no cha d liu, v PDU no cha thng tin iu
khin, v.v.

2.3. M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI

M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI l m hnh cn bn v cc tin trnh truyn
thng, thit lp cc tiu chun kin trc mng mc quc t, l c s chung cc h
thng khc nhau c th lin kt v truyn thng c vi nhau. M hnh OSI t chc cc
giao thc truyn thng thnh 7 tng, mi tng gii quyt mt phn ca tin trnh truyn
thng, chia tin trnh truyn thng thnh nhiu tng v trong mi tng c th c nhiu
giao thc khc nhau thc hin cc nhu cu truyn thng c th.

26

2.3.1. Nguyn tc nh ngha cc tng h thng m

Hnh 2.4. M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI

M hnh OSI tun theo cc nguyn tc phn tng nh sau:

Gm N = 7 tng. OSI l h thng m, phi c kh nng kt ni vi cc h thng
khc nhau, tng thch vi cc chun OSI.
Qu trnh x l cc ng dng c thc hin trong cc h thng m, trong khi
vn duy tr c cc hot ng kt ni gia cc h thng.
Thit lp knh logic nhm thc hin vic trao i thng tin gia cc thc th.
2.3.2. Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI
Trong m hnh OSI, c 2 loi giao thc c s dng: Giao thc hng kt ni
(Connection - Oriented) v giao thc khng kt ni (Connectionless).
Giao thc hng kt ni: Trc khi truyn d liu, cc thc th ng tng
trong 2 h thng cn phi thit lp kt ni logic. Chng thng lng vi nhau
v tp cc tham s s s dng trong giai on truyn d liu. D liu c
truyn vi cc c ch kim sot li, kim sot lung d liu, phn mnh/hp
nht d liu, nhm nng cao tin cy v hiu qu ca qu trnh truyn d liu.
Sau khi trao i d liu, lin kt c hy b. Thit lp kt ni logic s nng cao
tin cy v an ton trong qu trnh trao i d liu.
Giao thc khng kt ni: D liu c truyn c lp trn cc tuyn khc
nhau. Vi cc giao thc ny, ch c giai on duy nht l giai on truyn d
liu, khng c giai on thit lp kt ni logic hay hy b kt ni.

27

2.3.3. Truyn d liu trong m hnh OSI

Hnh 2.5. Thm phn header v trailer vo thng ip & tn d liu s dng mi tng

Tng t nh m hnh kin trc 5 tng va cp mc trn, vic ng gi d

liu qua cc tng ti u pht, vn chuyn ln ng truyn vt l, v m gi d liu ti
u thu trong m hnh OSI cng xy ra tun t nh vy. Ti mi tng, cc gi tin c tn
gi nh trnh by hnh 2.5.
2.3.4. Vai tr v chc nng ch yu ca tng tng
Tng ng dng (Application Layer): Xc nh giao din gia ngi s dng v
mi trng OSI. Bao gm nhiu giao thc ng dng cung cp cc phng tin cho ngi
s dng truy cp vo mi trng mng v cung cp cc dch v phn tn. Khi cc thc
th ng dng AE (Application Entity) c thit lp, n s gi n cc phn t dch v
ng dng ASE (Application Service Element)
Tng trnh by (Presentation Layer): Gii quyt cc vn lin quan n c php
v ng ngha ca thng tin c truyn. Biu din thng tin ngi s dng ph hp vi
thng tin lm vic ca mng v ngc li. Thng thng biu din thng tin cc ng
dng ngun v ng dng ch c th khc nhau bi cc ng dng c chy trn cc h
28

thng c th khc nhau. Tng trnh by phi chu trch nhim chuyn i d liu gi i
trn mng t mt loi biu din ny sang mt loi khc. t c iu n cung cp
mt dng biu din truyn thng chung cho php chuyn i t dng biu din cc b
sang biu din chung v ngc li.
Tng phin (Session Layer): Cho php ngi s dng trn cc my khc nhau thit
lp, duy tr, hu b v ng b phin truyn thng gia h vi nhau. Ni cch khc tng
phin thit lp "cc giao dch" gia cc thc th u cui.
Tng vn chuyn (Transport Layer): L tng cao nht c lin quan n cc giao
thc trao i d liu gia cc h thng m, kim sot vic truyn d liu t mt ti mt
(End- to -End). Tng giao vn c cc chc nng sau:
Thc hin vic chia cc gi tin ln thnh cc gi tin nh hn trc khi gi i v
nh s cc gi tin v m bo chng chuyn theo ng th t.
Vn chuyn gia cc host
Vn chuyn tin cy
Thit lp, duy tr, kt ni cc mch o
Pht hin li, phc hi thng tin v iu khin lung
Tng mng (Network Layer): Thc hin cc chc nng chn ng i cho cc gi
tin t ngun ti ch c th trong cng mt mng hoc khc mng nhau v chc nng
iu khin tc nghn (Congestion Control)
Tng lin kt d liu (Data link Layer): c cc chc nng:
Chc nng ch yu l thc hin thit lp cc lin kt, duy tr v hu b cc lin
kt d liu.
Kim sot li v kim sot lu lng
Chia thng tin thnh cc khung thng tin (Frame), truyn cc khung tun t v
x l cc thng ip xc nhn (Acknowledgement Frame) t bn my thu gi v
Tho g cc khung thnh chui bt khng cu trc chuyn xung tng vt l.
Tng 2 bn thu, ti to chui bt thnh cc khung thng tin.
Tng Vt l (Physical layer): L tng thp nht trong m hnh 7 lp OSI.
Xc nh cc chc nng, th tc v in, c, quang kch hot, duy tr v gii
phng cc kt ni vt l gia cc h thng mng.
Cung cp cc c ch v in, c hm, th tc, v.v. nhm thc hin vic kt ni
cc phn t ca mng thnh mt h thng bng cc phng php vt l.

29

M hnh phn tng v chc nng cc tng c tm lc nh trong Bng 2.1 sau:
Bng 2.1. Chc nng cc tng trong m hnh OSI
Tng

Chc nng chnh

Giao thc

7-Application

Giao tip ngi dng v mi trng mng

6-Presentation

Chuyn i c php d liu p ng yu cu truyn Giao thc

thng ca cc ng dng

5-Session

ng dng
Bin i m

Qun l cc cuc lin lc gia cc thc th bng cch Giao thc

thit lp, duy tr, ng b ha v hy b cc phin truyn phin
thng gia cc ng dng

4-Transport

Vn chuyn thng tin gia cc my ch (End to End). Giao thc vn

Kim sot li v lung d liu.

3-Network

chuyn

Thc hin chn ng v m bo trao i thng tin Giao thc

trong lin mng vi cng ngh chuyn mch tch hp

mng

2-Data Link

To/g b khung d liu (Frames), kim sot lung v Th tc kim

kim sot li
sot

1-Physical

m bo cc yu cu truyn/nhn cc chui bt qua Giao din

phng tin vt l
DTE-DCE

2.4. M hnh TCP/IP

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) l chng giao thc cng
hot ng nhm cung cp cc phng tin truyn thng lin mng, v tr thnh giao
thc chun cho Internet. Do s lan rng ca Internet, TCP/IP tr thnh giao thc mng
chun thc t. C mi quan h mt thit gia TCP/IP v Internet. TCP/IP c pht trin
nh mt phn ca ARPANET trong nhng nm 1970, v l mt chng cc giao thc linh
hot bo m tin cy cao v vic truyn tc cao. Chng cc giao thc ny bao gm
cc giao thc TCP v cc giao thc IP, nhng thng giao thc TCP/IP c xem
nh cc giao thc xc nh phng thc truyn thng c s dng trn Internet (i khi
n cn c gi l kin trc giao thc TCP/IP hoc H giao thc TCP/IP).
Nm 1981, TCP/IP phin bn 4 (IPv4) c hon thnh v s dng ph bin trn
my tnh s dng h iu hnh UNIX, tr thnh mt trong nhng giao thc c bn ca h
iu hnh Windows 9x. Nm 1994, mt phin bn mi IPv6 c hnh thnh trn c s
ci tin nhng hn ch ca IPv4.

30

2.4.1. M hnh kin trc

Hnh 2.6. Tng quan gia m hnh TCP/IP v m hnh OSI

Hnh 2.6 th hin s tng quan gia cc tng trong m hnh OSI v m hnh
TCP/IP. Qua ta thy, tng ng dng ca m hnh TCP/IP m nhn chc nng ca c
3 tng (ng dng, trnh by, phin) trong m hnh OSI, tng truy nhp mng ca m hnh
TCP/IP l s kt hp chc nng, nhim v ca 2 tng di cng ca m hnh OSI. C hai
m hnh u c tng vn chuyn (hay tng giao vn) v tng mng vi vai tr v chc
nng tng ng nhau.
M hnh TCP/IP cn c gi l m hnh DoD (Department of Defense), m hnh
ca B quc phng M, tin thn ca m hnh TCP/IP ngy nay.
2.4.2. Vai tr v chc nng cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP

Hnh 2.7. M hnh kin trc TCP/IP v cc giao thc tng ng

Tng ng dng (Process/Application Layer): H tr cc ng dng cho cc giao

thc tng vn chuyn (Transport/Host to Host Layer). Cung cp giao din cho ngi s
31

dng m hnh TCP/IP. Cc giao thc ng dng gm TELNET(truy nhp t xa), FTP
(truyn File), SMTP (th in t), v.v.
Kim sot cc giao thc lp cao, cc ch v trnh by, biu din thng tin, m
ha v iu khin hi thoi
c t cho cc ng dng ph bin.
Tng vn chuyn (Transport/Host to Host Layer): Thc hin nhng kt ni gia
hai my ch trn mng bng 2 giao thc: giao thc iu khin trao i d liu TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol) v giao thc d liu ngi s dng UDP (User
Datagram Protocol).
Cung ng dch v vn chuyn t host ngun n host ch
Thit lp mt cu ni logic gia cc u cui ca mng, gia host truyn v host
nhn.
Tng lin mng (Internet Layer):
Cung cp mt a ch logic cho giao din vt l mng
Cho php kt ni mt cch mm do v linh hot cc loi mng "vt l" khc
nhau nh: Ethernet, Token Ring, X.25, v.v.
H tr cc nh x gia a ch vt l (MAC) do tng Network Access Layer
cung cp vi a ch logic bng cc giao thc phn gii a ch ARP (Address
Resolution Protocol) v phn gii a ch o RARP (Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol).
Tng truy nhp mng (Network Access Layer):
Cung cp cc phng tin kt ni vt l cp, b chuyn i (Transceiver), Card
mng, giao thc kt ni, giao thc truy nhp ng truyn nh CSMA/CD,
Token Ring, Token Bus, v.v.).
Cung cp cc dch v cho tng Internet phn on d liu thnh cc khung.
2.4.3. Qu trnh ng gi v phn mnh d liu
a) Qu trnh ng gi d liu
Khi d liu c truyn t tng ng dng n tng truy nhp mng, qua mi tng
u c thm phn thng tin iu khin (Header) t trc phn d liu c truyn,
m bo cho vic truyn d liu chnh xc.
Vic thm Header vo u cc gi tin khi i qua mi tng trong qu trnh truyn d
liu c gi l ng gi (Encapsulation).
Qu trnh nhn d liu ti bn thu s din ra theo chiu ngc li, khi qua mi tng,
cc gi tin s c tch thng tin iu khin thuc tng trc khi chuyn d liu ln
tng trn x l, qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh bc tch hay gii ng gi (De32

encapsulation). Qu trnh ng gi, bc tch d liu truyn thng trn mng ti cc nt

u cui v cc thit b trung chuyn c minh ha nh trong Hnh 2.8.

Hnh 2.8. Quy trnh ng gi v bc tch d liu truyn thng trong mng

b) Khi nim phn mnh d liu

Trong qu trnh trao i d liu, d liu c th c truyn qua nhiu mng khc
nhau, kch thc cho php cng khc nhau.Kch thc ln nht ca gi d liu trong
mng c gi l n v truyn cc i MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit). Nu mt
mng nhn c gi d liu c kch thc ln hn MTU ca n, d liu s c phn
mnh ra thnh gi nh hn chuyn tip. Cc gi ny u c gn thm cc thng tin
iu khin (phn Header) gip qu trnh nhn d liu c chnh xc. Qu trnh ny
gi l qu trnh phn mnh d liu.
Qu trnh phn mnh lm tng thi gian x l, lm gim hiu nng ca mng v nh
hng n tc trao i d liu trong mng. Cc gi tin b phn mnh s n ch chm
hn so vi cc gi khng b phn mnh. Mt khc, v IP l giao thc khng kt ni, tin
cy khng cao, khi mt gi d liu b phn mnh b mt th tt c cc mnh s phi
truyn li. V vy, phn ln cc ng dng trnh khng s dng k thut phn mnh v
gi cc gi d liu ln nht m khng b phn mnh, gi tr ny gi l Path MTU.
2.4.4. Chng giao thc TCP/IP
a) Giao thc gi tin ngi s dng UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
UDP l giao thc khng kt ni (Connectionless). UDP s dng cho cc tin trnh
khng yu cu v tin cy cao, khng c c ch xc nhn ACK, khng m bo chuyn
33

giao cc gi tin n ch v theo ng th t v khng thc hin loi b cc gi tin trng

lp. N cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng nh danh duy nht cho cc
ng dng chy trn mt Client ca mng v thc hin vic ghp knh. UDP thng s
dng kt hp vi cc giao thc khc, ph hp cho cc ng dng yu cu x l nhanh
nh: SNMP v VoIP.
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) l giao thc qun l mng ph
bin, kh nng tng thch cao. SNMP cung cp thng tin qun tr MIB (Management
Information Base) v h tr qun l, gim st Agent.
VoIP ng dng UDP: K thut Voice over IP c tha k k thut giao vn IP.
Cc mng IP s dng hai loi giao thc nh tuyn: nh tuyn vector khong cch v
nh tuyn trng thi lin kt. H thng m bo tnh nng thi gian thc, tc truyn
cao, cc gi thoi khng c tr qu mc v tin cy cao.
b) Giao thc iu khin truyn TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
TCP l giao thc hng kt ni (Connection Oriented), tc l trc khi truyn d
liu, thc th TCP pht v thc th TCP thu s thng lng thit lp mt kt ni
logic tm thi, tn ti trong qu trnh truyn s liu. TCP nhn thng tin t tng trn, chia
d liu thnh nhiu gi theo di quy nh v chuyn giao cc gi tin xung cho cc
giao thc tng mng (IP) nh tuyn. B x l TCP xc nhn tng gi tin, nu khng
c xc nhn gi d liu s c truyn li. Thc th TCP thu s khi phc li thng tin
ban u da vo th t gi tin v chuyn d liu ln tng trn.
TCP cung cp kh nng truyn d liu mt cch an ton gia cc thnh phn trong
lin mng. Cung cp cc chc nng kim tra tnh chnh xc ca d liu khi n ch v
truyn li d liu khi c li xy ra.
TCP cung cp cc chc nng chnh sau:
Thit lp, duy tr, gii phng lin kt gia hai thc th TCP
Phn pht gi tin mt cch tin cy
To s th t (Sequencing) cho cc gi tin
iu khin li
Cung cp kh nng a kt ni cho cc qu trnh khc nhau gia thc th ngun
v thc th ch thng qua vic s dng s hiu cng.
Truyn d liu theo ch song cng (Full-Duplex)
TCP c nhng c im sau:
Hai thc th lin kt vi nhau phi trao i, m phn vi nhau v cc thng tin
lin kt. Hi thoi, m phn nhm ngn chn s trn lt v mt d liu khi
truyn.

34

 H thng nhn phi gi xc nhn cho h thng pht bit rng n nhn gi d
liu
Cc IP Datagram c th n ch khng ng theo th t, TCP nhn sp xp li
H thng ch pht li gi tin b li, khng loi b ton b dng d liu.
n v d liu s dng trong TCP c gi l Segment.
c) Giao thc lin mng IP
IP (Internet Protocol) l giao thc khng kt ni (Connectionless). Chc nng ch
yu l cung cp cc dch v Datagram v cc kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin
mng truyn d liu vi phng thc chuyn mch gi IP Datagram, thc hin tin
trnh nh a ch v chn ng.
IP Header c thm vo u cc gi tin v c giao thc tng thp truyn theo
khun dng khung d liu (Frame).
IP nh tuyn cc gi tin thng qua lin mng bng cch s dng cc bng nh
tuyn ng tham chiu ti mi hop (Bc nhy), hay Router.
Thc hin phn mnh v khi phc gi tin theo yu cu kch thc c nh
ngha cho tng Network Access thc hin.
Kim tra li thng tin iu khin, IP Header bng gi tr tng CheckSum.
a ch IP: Mi mt trm (Host) hay mt Interface c gn mt a ch duy
nht ti tng Internet, gi l a ch IP. Cc loi a ch IP s c trnh by c
th phn sau y.
d) Giao thc thng bo iu khin mng ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol)
ICMP l giao thc iu khin ca tng Internet, s dng trao i cc thng tin
iu khin dng d liu, thng bo li v cc thng tin trng thi khc ca b giao thc
TCP/IP.
Lu : Giao thc IP khng c c ch kim sot li v kim sot lung d liu. Cc
nt mng mun bit tnh trng cc nt khc, cc gi d liu pht i c ti ch hay
khng, v.v. th cn s h tr ca giao thc ICMP.
e) Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP
B giao thc TCP/IP s dng ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) tm a ch vt
l ca trm ch. V d: Khi cn gi mt IP Datagram cho mt h thng khc trn cng
mt mng vt l Ethernet, h thng gi cn bit a ch Ethernet ca h thng ch
tng lin kt d liu xy dng Frame. Thng thng, mi h thng lu tr v cp nht
bng tng ng a ch IP-MAC ti ch (cn gi l bng ARP Cache). Bng ny c
cp nht bi ngi qun tr h thng hoc t ng bi giao thc ARP sau mi ln nh x
c a ch tng ng mi.
35

f) Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc RARP

RARP l giao thc phn gii a ch ngc.Qu trnh ny ngc li vi qu trnh
ARP trn, ngha l cho trc a ch MAC, tm a ch IP tng ng. RARP (Reverse
Address Resolution Protocol) thng c s dng trong trng hp trm lm vic
khng c a cng.
2.4.5. Giao thc Internet IPv4
IPv4 l phin bn th t trong qu trnh pht trin ca cc giao thc Internet (IP).
y l phin bn u tin ca IP c s dng rng ri. IPv4 cng vi IPv6 (giao thc
Internet phin bn 6) l nng ct ca giao tip Internet. Hin ti, IPv4 vn l giao thc
c trin khai rng ri nht trong b giao thc ca lp Internet.
Giao thc ny c cng b bi IETF trong phin bn RFC 791 (thng 9 nm
1981), thay th cho phin bn RFC 760 (cng b vo thng 1 nm 1980). Giao thc ny
cng c chun ha bi B quc phng M trong phin bn MIL-STD-1777.
Biu din v phn loi a ch IPv4
Mi a ch IPv4 c di 32 bt c tch thnh 4 octet (mi octet 1 byte), c th
c biu din di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn hoc nh phn. Cch vit
ph bin nht l di dng thp phn c du chm phn tch gia cc octet.
V d:
172.16.30.56
10101100 00010000 00011110 00111000.
AC 10 1E 38
Khng gian a ch IP c chia thnh 5 lp (class) A, B, C, D v E. Cc bit u
tin ca octet u tin c dng nh danh lp a ch (0 Lp A, 10 Lp B, 110
Lp C, 1110 Lp D, v 1111 Lp E).
Cc lp A, B v C c trin khai t cho cc host trn mng Internet. Lp D
dng cho cc nhm multicast. Lp E phc v cho mc ch nghin cu.
a ch IP cc lp A, B v C u c hai phn: nh danh mng (Net_ID) v nh
danh my (Host_ID)

Cc bit phn mng (Net_ID)khng c php ng thi l 0, c s dng xc

nh phn a ch mng v xc nh lp a ch IP

36

Cc bit phn my (Host_ID) s dng xc nh phn a ch my. Cc bit Host_ID

ng thi l 0: dnh ring cho a ch mng. Cc bit Host_ID ng thi l 1: dnh ring
cho a ch qung b (broadcast).
Cc khi nim lin quan:
a ch mng (Network Address): L a ch IP c cp bi t chc INIC
(Internet Network Information Center), a ch ny xc nh mng m mt thit
b nm trong . VNNIC chu trch nhim cp tn min v a ch IP cho Vit
Nam. c im nhn bit a ch mng l: Cc bt phn Host_ID ng thi bng
0.
a ch my hay a ch host: L a ch IP c cp bi ngi qun tr mng,
a ch ny xc nh thit b (giao din - Interface) c th no trong mng. Hai
host nm cng mt mng s c cc bt phn Network_ID ging nhau v cc bt
phn Host_ID khc nhau.
a ch qung b (Broadcast Address): a ch qung b ca mt mng l a
ch IP dng i din cho tt c cc host trong mng . c im nhn bit
a ch qung b l: Tt c cc bt phn Host_ID ng thi bng 1.
Lu : Khng c s dng a ch mng hay a ch qung b cp pht cho cc
host hay cc interface trn mng.
Cc lp a ch khc nhau c s bit phn mng v s bit phn my khc nhau, c th
nh sau:

Hnh 2.9. Phn b cc bit phn Host_ID v Network_ID trong a ch IPv4

Hnh 2.10. c im nhn bit cc lp a ch IPv4

37

Cu trc mi lp c xc nh c th nh sau:
Lp A:

Dnh 1 byte cho phn network_id v 3 byte cho phn host_id.

Bit u tin ca byte u tin phi l bit 0. Dng nh phn ca octet ny l
0xxxxxxx
Nhng a ch IP c byte u tin nm trong khong t 0 (=000000002) n 127
(=011111112) s thuc lp A.
-

V d: 50.14.32.8.

Byte u tin chnh l Network_id, tr i 1 bit u tin lm bt nhn dng lp A,

cn li 7 bit nh th t cc mng, ta c 128 (=27 ) mng lp A khc nhau.
B i hai trng hp c bit l 0 v 127. Kt qu l lp A ch cn 126 a ch
mng, t 1.0.0.0 n 126.0.0.0
Phn host_id chim 24 bit, ngha l c 224 = 16.777.216 host khc nhau trong
mi mng. B i hai trng hp c bit (phn host_id cha ton cc bit 0 v bit
1). Cn li: 16.777.214 host.
- V d i vi mng 10.0.0.0 th nhng a ch IP hp l cho host l
10.0.0.1 n 10.255.255.254.
Lp B:

Dnh 2 byte cho phn network_id v 2 byte cho phn host_id

Hai bit u tin ca byte u tin phi l 10. Dng nh phn ca octet ny l
10xxxxxx
Nhng a ch IP c byte u tin nm trong khong t 128 (=100000002) n
191 (=101111112) s thuc v lp B
Phn network_id chim 16 bit b i 2 bit lm nh danh cho lp, cn li 14 bit,
cho php ta nh th t 16.384 (=214) mng khc nhau (128.0.0.0 n
191.255.0.0)
Phn host_id di 16 bit hay c 65.536 (=216) gi tr khc nhau. Tr i 2 trng
hp c bit cn li 65.534 host trong mt mng lp B.
38

V d i vi mng 172.29.0.0 th cc a ch IP hu dng cho host l t

172.29.0.1 n 172.29.255.254. a ch broadcast ca mng l
172.29.255.255.

Lp C:

Dnh 3 byte cho phn network_id v 1 byte cho phn host_id.

Ba bit u tin ca byte u tin phi l 110. Dng nh phn ca octet ny l
110xxxxx
Nhng a ch IP c byte u tin nm trong khong t 192 (=110000002) n
223 (=110111112) s thuc v lp C.
V d: 203.162.41.235
S mng thuc lp C l: 224-3 = 221 mng.
Mi mng thuc lp C c th cung cp c 28 2 = 254 a ch IP hu dng
cho host.

Hnh 2.11. Phn b a ch IPv4 trong cc lp

Lu :
Cc a ch IP c bit khng c s dng cho cc host trn mng Internet, m ch
s dng trong ni b mng LAN, gi l a ch dnh ring (Private Address).

Hnh 2.12. Cc a ch dnh ring (Private Address)

39

Cc k thut chia mng con:

Trc khi nghin cu phn ny chng ta cn phi hiu qua mt s khi nim lin
quan ti vic phn a ch cc mng con.
Default Mask (Mt n mc nh): c nh ngha trc cho tng lp a ch
A,B,C. Thc cht l gi tr thp phn cao nht trong cc Byte dnh cho nh danh mng
(cc bit phn Net ID)
Default Mask ca cc mng trong:
Lp A: 255.0.0.0
Lp B: 255.255.0.0
Lp C: 255.255.255.0
Subnet Mask (Mt n mng con): Dng xc nh mt a ch IP ca host thuc
mng con (Subnet) no. Subnet Mask l s kt hp ca mt n mc nh vi gi tr thp
phn cao nht ca cc bit ly t cc Octet ca a ch host sang phn a ch mng to
a ch mng con. Mt n mng con bao gi cng i km vi a ch mng tiu chun
cho ngi c bit a ch mng tiu chun ny nguyn lp (thuc lp A, B, C, v.v.) hay
c chia ra thnh cc mng con.
V d:
10.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 (c th vit: 10.0.0.0/8): L a ch nguyn lp A (cha chia)
170.16.0.0/255.255.128.0 (c th vit: 170.16.0.0/17): L a ch mng con
c chia t a ch mng lp B
Nh vy v mt ci t trn my tnh, mt a ch IP y phi bao gm cp gi
tr (a ch IP, subnet mask ca a ch IP). V d: 192.168.1.10/255.255.255.0 (hay
192.168.1.10/24)
Mt khc cch biu din a ch IP cng Subnet Mask ca mng tng ng cn gip
Router trong vic nh tuyn truyn d liu.
Chng ta cng tm hiu 2 k thut chia mng con: Subnetting v VLSM.
1. K thut chia mng con - Subnetting
Theo mc nh, mt mng a ch lp B s cho php ti a 65.534 a ch thit b
(a ch host). Thc t, do gii hn v cng ngh nn khng mt mng n no c th h
tr c nhiu my nh vy, mt khc, vic qun tr trn mng c qu nhiu thit b l
mt kh khn ln. Do , cn phi phn chia mng n thnh nhiu mng nh hn
(subnet)v qu trnh ny gi l phn chia thnh mng con (subnetting)
Theo ngha chung nht, mng con (subnet) l mt nhm cc thit b trn cng mt
on mng v chia s cng mt a ch mng con.
Li ch ca Subnetting:
Gim nghn mng bng cch ti nh hng cc giao vn v gii hn phm vi
ca cc thng ip qung b
40

 Gii hn trong phm vi tng mng con cc trc trc c th xy ra (khng nh

hng ti ton mng LAN)
Gim % thi gian s dng CPU do gim lu lng ca cc giao vn qung b
Tng cng bo mt (cc chnh sch bo mt c th p dng cho tng mng con)
Cho php p dng cc cu hnh khc nhau trn tng mng con
Nguyn tc chung ca k thut Subnetting:
Mn bt mt s bit ca phn nh danh host (Host_ID ban u) to nh
danh mng con (Subnet_ID)
Mn bao nhiu bit ph thuc vo s mng con cn thit (subnet mask) m nh
khai thc mng quyt nh s to ra
Cu trc ca a ch IP lc ny s gm 3 phn: network_id, subnet_id v host_id.

Lu :
S bit dng trong subnet_id tu thuc vo chin lc chia mng con. Tuy nhin
s bit ti a c th mn phi tun theo cng thc: Subnet_ID<= Host_IDban u 2
S bit trong phn subnet_id xc nh s lng mng con. Vi s bit l x th 2x l
s lng mng con c c.
Ngc li t s lng mng con cn thit theo nhu cu, tnh c phn
subnet_id cn bao nhiu bit. Nu mun chia 6 mng con th cn 3 bit (23=8), chia
12 mng con th cn 4 bit (24>=12).
V d:
hiu chi tit phng php ny chng ta cng nhau kho st chi tit mt v d v
vic phn chia mng con ca mt mng lp C, c th nh sau:
Cho a ch mng lp C: 205.131.175.0 / 255.255.255.0
Cn chia thnh 7 mng con. Xc nh Subnet Mask v a ch ca cc mng
con?
Gii:
Bc 1: Xc nh s bt mn
Gi s cn mn n bt c trng s ln nht ca phn Host_ID nh danh Subnet
n
=> 2 >= 7
=> n = 3 (bt)
41

Bc 2: Xc nh v tr cc bt mn v Subnet Mask ca cc mng con.

V mn n= 3 bt ca phn HostID lm subnet => V tr cc bt mn l:
205.131.175.(000 00000)
S bt phn Net_ID mi = Net_ID c + S bt mn (Subnet_ID)
=> S bt phn Net_ID mi = 24 + 3 = 27 (bt)
=> Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.224
Bc 3: Thay i gi tr ca cc bt mn => Thu c a ch IP ca cc mng
con
S th t

Gi tr cc

a ch mng con

bt mn
#0

000

205.131.175.(000 00000)/27 => 205.131.175.0/27

#1

001

205.131.175.(001 00000)/27 => 205.131.175.32/27

#2

010

205.131.175.(010 00000)/27 => 205.131.175.64/27

#3

011

205.131.175.(011 00000)/27 => 205.131.175.96/27

#4

100

205.131.175.(100 00000)/27 => 205.131.175.128/27

#5

101

205.131.175.(101 00000)/27 => 205.131.175.160/27

#6

110

205.131.175.(110 00000)/27 => 205.131.175.192/27

#7

111

205.131.175.(111 00000)/27 => 205.131.175.224/27

Nhn xt:
Cc mng con chia c bng k thut Subnetting c cng Subnet Mask, tc l c
khng gian a ch nh nhau (s bt phn Host_ID nh nhau).
2. K thut VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)
K thut VLSM p dng trong trng hp cn chia thnh cc mng con, tuy nhin,
cc mng con khng c cng Subnet Mask.
Thc cht, VLSM k tha Subnetting tng bc chia mng ca n.
Cc bc thc hin:
B1: Xc nh mng con Net_k c s host ln nht trong s cc mng con cn chia
B2: p dng k thut Subnetting chia a ch mng cho thnh cc mng con
c cng Subnet Mask vi Net_k
B3: Chn 1 mng con thu c dng cho mng Net_k, cc mng con cn li dng
chia tip
B4: Quay li B1 vi s mng con cn li
B5: Dng li khi chia xong cho cc mng con cn chia, lit k a ch mng con
tng ng v cc a ch d tha.
V d:
Cng ty X nhn c a ch IP lp C nh sau: 200.38.4.0/255.255.255.0.
42

Cn chia cho cc mng con c s host tng ng l: Net1: 60 hosts; Net2: 30 hosts;
Net3: 10 hosts.
Gii:
- Net1: 60 host l mng c s host ln nht => S dng k thut Subnetting chia a
ch 200.38.4.0/255.255.255.0 thnh cc mng con vi s host l 60
=> Gi s s bt phn Host_ID ca mng Net1 l m => 2m 2 >= 60 => m = 6
=> Cn mn: 32 24 6 = 2 bt phn Host_ID ca mng ban u nh danh
mng con.
=> Chia c 4 mng con nh sau:
#0: 200.38.4.0/26
#1: 200.38.4.64/26
#2: 200.38.4.128/26
#3: 200.38.4.192/26
Chn a ch 200.38.4.0/26 (mng #0) dnh cho mng Net1
Cn li 2 mng: Net2 (30 hosts) v Net3 (10 hosts). Ta s dng a ch
200.38.4.64/26 (mng #1) chia tip:
Net2 c s host ln nht trong 2 mng => Chia cho Net2 trc.
T a ch 200.38.4.64/26 chia thnh cc mng con c s host l 30. y l bi ton
vi k thut Subnetting nh cp bc trn.
=> Chia c 2 mng con:
#10: 200.38.4.64/27
#11: 200.38.4.96/27
Chn mng #10 cho Net2. Mng #11 dng chia tip cho Net3.
T a ch 200.38.4.96/27 chia thnh cc mng con c s host l 10. Lm tng t
nh trn, ta chia c 2 mng con:
#110: 200.38.4.96/28
#111: 200.38.4.112/28
Chn mng #110 cho Net3.
Kt qu:
Mng con

a ch mng

Net1

200.38.4.0/26

Net2

200.38.4.64/27

Net3

200.38.4.96/28

Cc a ch cn d d phng
#2

200.38.4.128/26

#3

200.38.4.192/26
43

#111

200.38.4.112/28

2.5. Mt s kin trc v giao thc khc

C mt s lng ln cc kin trc mng, bao gm cc kin trc ring ca nh sn
xut (SNA ca IBM, v.v.), cc kin trc c chun ha quc t, cng nh cc chun
thc t. Trong s , cc kin trc mng in hnh l OSI (Lin kt ni cc h thng m)
v TCP/IP (Giao thc iu khin truyn/Giao thc Internet).
Hnh 2.13 a ra cc kin trc mng (NA) khc nhau:

Hnh 2.13. Cc loi kin trc mng (NA Network Achitecture)

Sau y, chng ta cng tm hiu c im ca cc kin trc mng cn li.

2.5.1. Kin trc SNA
Kin trc SNA (Systems Network Architecture) c cng ty IBM thit k, c t
kin trc mng x l d liu phn tn. Giao thc nh ngha cc quy tc, cc tin trnh
cho s tng tc gia cc thnh phn trong mng nh my tnh, terminal v phn mm.
Mng SNA s dng kin trc 6 tng: Tng 1 Physical Control (X21, RS-232),
tng 2 Data Link Control (SDLC), tng 3 Path Control (chn ng v kim
sot d liu), tng 4 Transmission Control (Kim sot truyn), tng 5 Data
Flow Control (Kim sot lung) v tng 6 Function Management (qun tr).
Chc nng ca cc node trong mng: Node loi 5 Kim sot ti nguyn mng
v cc dch v mng, gi l node Host. Node loi 4 nh tuyn v iu khin
lung d liu. Node loi 2.0 v 2.1 l cc loi node ngoi vi c ni vi node
loi 4 hoc loi 5. y l node iu khin cm v l b x l phn tn.
2.5.2. Kin trc Apple Talk
L kin trc mng do hng Apple Computer pht trin cho h cc my tnh c nhn
Macintosh. Giao thc Apple Talk cng c pht trin trn tng vt l ca Ethernet v
Token Ring.
Cc vng ti a trn mt phn on mng: Phase 1 l 1, phase 2 l 255.
Cc node ti a trn mi mng: Phase 1 l 254, phase 2 khong 16 triu.
44

 a ch ng da trn cc giao thc truy nhp: Phase 1 Node ID; Phase 2

Network + Node ID; Phase 1&2 Local Talk, Phase 1: Ethernet; Phase 2: IEEE
802.2, IEEE 802.5
nh tuyn Split-horizon: Phase1 khng; phase 2 c.
2.5.3. Kin trc DNA
Kin trc mng DNA(Digital Network Architecture) l sn phm ca hng Digital
Equipment Corporation.c bit Digital kt hp vi cc hng Intel v Xerox pht trin
cc phin bn Ethernet, trong c Ethernet phin bn 2.
2.5.4. Giao thc IPX/SPX
Giao thc IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange)
c cng ty Novell thit k s dng cho cc sn phm mng ca chnh hng.
SPX hot ng trn tng Transport ca OSI, c chc nng m bo tin cy ca
lin kt truyn thng t mt n mt. N m bo chuyn giao cc gi tin ng trnh t,
ng ch nhng khng c vai tr nh tuyn.
IPX tun theo chun OSI, hot ng tng mng, chu trch nhim thit lp a ch
cho cc thit b mng. N l giao thc nh tuyn, kt hp vi cc giao thc Routing
Information Protocol (RIP) v Netware Link Services Protocol (NLSP) trao i thng
tin nh tuyn vi cc b nh tuyn ln cn.

45

Cu hi n tp chng 2
1. Trnh by khi nim kin trc a tng. Phn tch cc quy tc phn tng trong kin
trc a tng.
2. Trnh by khi nim dch v hng kt ni, v dch v khng kt ni.
3. Trnh by ngn gn vai tr v chc nng ca tng tng trong m hnh OSI.
4. Trnh by ngn gn vai tr v chc nng ca tng tng trong m hnh TCP/IP.
5. Nu cc giao thc c bn trong m hnh TCP/IP. Trnh by ngn gn chc nng,
hot ng ca mi giao thc .
6. Trnh by qu trnh ng gi v phn mnh gi tin trong m hnh TCP/IP.
7. Trnh by ngn gn v mt s m hnh kin trc mng m bn bit.
8. Th no l giao thc hng kt ni, giao thc khng kt ni?
9. Trnh by ngn gn nhng hiu bit ca bn v cc cng ngh chuyn i gia
IPv4 v IPv6 ang c s dng hin nay, v thc trng pht trin ca chng.
10. Nu c im ca cc lp a ch IPv4.

Bi tp: (Nhn bit a ch IP, chia mng con s dng k thut Subnetting/VLSM)
Bi tp dng 1: Nhn bit a ch IP
1. Cho cc a ch IPv4 sau:
100.10.0.0

223.0.32.255

170.26.0.0

20.125.37.0

198.25.100.19

150.0.255.255

- Ch r cc a ch trn thuc lp (Class) no?

- L a ch mng, a ch my, hay a ch qung b (broadcast)?
- Nu l a ch my, hy ch ra a ch mng cha host ? V a ch qung b
tng ng.
2. Cho cc a ch IPv4 sau:
100.20.0.0/14

223.0.32.63/26

162.16.0.64/27

5.108.17.0/17

150.2.100.0/19

200.20.128.0/24

- Ch r cc a ch trn l a ch mng, a ch host, hay a ch broadcast?

- Hy ch ra a ch mng con tng ng, Subnet Mask v a ch Broadcast ca n
- Di a ch IP hu dng cho host ca mi mng con tng ng?

46

Bi tp dng 2: Subnetting
1. Cho a ch IP 192.8.160.0/20. S dng k thut Subnetting chia thnh cc mng
con, mi mng con ti a 750 host. Hy cho bit:
- Subnet Mask ca cc mng con?
- Lit k danh sch cc mng con, a ch broadcast v di a ch IP hu dng cho
host ca mi mng con ?
2. Cho a ch IP 179.15.160.0/19. Cn 7 mng con. Gi s dng k thut
Subnetting chia mng con. Hy cho bit:
- Subnet Mask ca cc mng con?
- Lit k danh sch cc mng con v ch ra a ch broadcast ca mi mng con ?
3. Cho a ch IP 100.98.128.0/17. Cn 5 mng con, bit mi mng con khng qu
2000 host. Gi s dng k thut Subnetting chia mng con. Hy cho bit:
- Subnet Mask ca cc mng con?
- Lit k danh sch cc mng con, ch ra a ch broadcast ca mi mng con ?
Bi tp dng 3: VLSM
Mt cng ty X c cp pht a ch IP sau: 210.200.3.0. Ngi qun tr mng
mun chia thnh 4 mng con phn phi cho 4 chi nhnh ca cng ty vi s host tng
ng nh sau:
Chi nhnh 1 (Net1): 120 host
Chi nhnh 3 (Net3): 60 host
Chi nhnh 2 (Net2): 30 host
Chi nhnh 4 (Net4): 5 host
Hy ch ra a ch ca cc mng con Net1, Net2, Net3, Net4 v cc a ch mng cn
d?

47

CHNG 3: TNG TRUY NHP MNG V MNG

CC B
chi tit ha m hnh TCP/IP theo tng tng, chng ny s tp trung trnh by
v tng truy nhp mng. Tng truy nhp mng trong m hnh TCP/IP tng ng vi hai
tng trong m hnh OSI l tng vt l v tng lin kt d liu. Cc thit b mng hot
ng tng ny ch cho php cc my tnh kt ni ni b m khng th lin kt vi my
tnh trong mng khc v qun l cc nt mng theo a ch vt l ca card mng (MAC).
Theo , trong tng truy cp mng cn nm ccc phng tin truyn dn tng ng,
cc thit b lin kt mng thng dng, cc loi giao din dng kt ni mng cng nh
khi nim, c im, cc k thut kt ni mng cc b v quy trnh thit k cc b
(LAN). Ni dung chng ny c b cc nh sau: Mc 3.1 trnh by chc nng ca
tng truy nhp mng, Mc 3.2 trnh by vn kt ni trong tng truy nhp mng, Mc
3.3 trnh by v mng cc b, Mc 3.4 m t cc k thut mng cc b, Mc 3.5 trnh by
v mng cc b khng dy v Mc 3.6 trnh by v quy trnh v thc hnh thit k mng
cc b - y cng l mt ni dung thc hnh quan trng hng thc tin, gip ngi c
c th tip cn nhanh trong vic xy dng cc mng cc b thc t.

3.1. Chc nng ca tng truy nhp mng

Tng ny nh ra cc th tc giao tip vi phn cng mng v truy nhp mi
trng truyn. Cc chc nng ca tng ny bao gm nh x a ch IP sang a ch vt l
v ng gi cc gi IP thnh cc frame. Cn c vo dng phn cng v giao tip mng,
tng truy nhp mng s xc lp kt ni vi ng truyn vt l ca mng.
Mt v d v cu hnh tng ny l ci c Card mng. Nu c h tr bi h
iu hnh Windows th vic nhn card mng s c t cp nht, nu cha c h tr
th phi ci driver ca card mng .
Ti tng ny, c 4 vn k thut chnh sau:
Tng truy nhp mng thng tin vi cc lp trn thng qua LLC.
Dng chun a ch ha ngang bng ( l gn cc nh danh duy nht-cc a
ch vt l).
Dng k thut ng gi frame t chc hay nhm d liu.
48

 Dng MAC chn my tnh no s truyn cc d liu nh phn, t mt nhm

trong tt c cc my tnh u mun truyn cng lc.
Ngoi ra, tng truy nhp mng cn m nhn cc chc nng ca tng vt l trong
m hnh OSI: Cc chc nng ny c m t trong Chng 2.

Hnh 3.1. Cc tng con MAC, LLC

3.1.1. Truy nhp knh truyn chung

Tng truy nhp mng i khi c chia thnh hai tng con. Tng con th nht c tn
iu khin Lin kt Lgic (Logical Link Control, vit tt l LLC). Tng con ny
multiplex cc giao thc hot ng pha trn tng truy nhp mng, v theo ty chn c th
cung cp chc nng iu khin lu lng, acknowledgment, v kim sot li.
Tng con th hai c tn iu khin Truy nhp Mi trng (MAC - Media Access
Control). Tng con ny quyt nh ti mi thi im ai s c php truy nhp mi
trng truyn dn. C hai dng iu khin truy nhp mi trng: iu khin phn tn v
iu khin tp trung.
Cc c ch iu khin truy nhp ti tng con MAC cng c phn loi nh sau:
C ch dnh sn knh truyn vi k thut iu khin tp trung (Centralized
Reservation Techniques): Vi nguyn tc chung l s dng phng php hi
vng tp trung (Roll Call Polling) hoc phng php hi vng bn tp trung
(Hub Polling)
C ch dnh sn knh truyn vi k thut iu khin truy nhp phn tn
(Distributed Reservation Techniques): Giao thc Token Passing ng dng
trong mng hnh vng (Token Ring) v mng ng trc (Token Bus)
49

 C ch truy nhp ngu nhin (Random Access Techniques): ALOHA,

CSMA, CSMA/CD
Mt s c ch truy nhp ng truyn ny s c trnh by c th mc 3.3
3.1.2. iu khin lin kt logic
Tng con LLC to ra tnh nng linh hot trong vic phc v cho cc giao thc lp
mng trn n, trong khi vn lin lc hiu qu vi cc k thut khc nhau bn di n.
LLC vi vai tr l lp ph tham gia vo qu trnh ng gi. LLC nhn n v d liu
giao thc lp mng, nh l cc gi IP, v thm nhiu thng tin iu khin vo gip
phn phi gi IP n ch ca n. N thm hai thnh phn a ch ca c t 802.2 im
truy xut dch v ch DSAP (Destination Service Access Point) v im truy xut dch
v ngun SSAP (Source Service Access Point). N ng gi tr li dng IP, sau
chuyn xung lp ph MAC tin hnh cc k thut c bit c yu cu cho ng
gi tip theo. Lp ph LLC qun l hot ng thng tin gia cc thit b qua mt lin kt
n trn mt mng. LLC c nh ngha trong c t IEEE 802.2 v h tr cc dch v
kt ni c c to cu ni v khng to cu ni, c dng bi cc giao thc lp cao hn.
IEEE 802.2 nh ngha ra mt s field trong cc frame ca lp lin kt d liu cho php
nhiu giao thc lp cao hn chia s mt lin kt vt l n.
Trong cc mng cc b theo chun IEEE 802, tng lin kt d liu ca m hnh OSI
c chia thnh hai tng con MAC v LLC; iu c ngha l c th dng giao thc
LLC IEEE 802.2 cng vi mi tng MAC IEEE 802, chng hn Ethernet, Token Ring,
IEEE 802.11, v.v., cng nh cc tng MAC khng theo chun IEEE 802 chng hn
FDDI. Cc giao thc lin kt d liu khc, chng hn HDLC, c c t bao gm c
hai tng con, mc d mt s giao thc khc, chng hn Cisco HDLC, s dng HDLCs
low-level framing nh l mt tng MAC khi kt hp vi cc tng LLC khc nhau.

3.2. Vn kt ni mng ti tng truy nhp mng

3.2.1. Card giao tip mng v a ch MAC
NIC (Network Interface adapter Card) dng kt ni gia my tnh v cp mng
pht hoc nhn d liu vi cc my tnh khc thng qua mng, kim sot lung d liu
gia my tnh v h thng cp.
D liu di chuyn trong h thng bus ca my tnh dng song song vi 8, 16, 32,
64 bt. V vy khi mun pht d liu t my tnh ln h thng cp mng, NIC phi
chuyn i nhng tn hiu ny sang dng tun t (Serial form) th mi c th truyn i.
Ngc li, khi nhn c d liu t cp mng, NIC phi chuyn i t dng tun t sang
dng song song chuyn cho h thng bus my tnh x l. Hnh 3.2a minh ha mt s
loi card giao tip mng.
50

Mi NIC c mt m duy nht gi l a ch MAC (Media Access Control). MAC

address c di 6 byte, 3 byte u l m s nh sn xut, 3 byte sau l s serial ca
card. Hnh 3.2b minh ha cc a ch MAC ca my tnh v thit b mng.

Hnh 3.2a. Card mng v a ch MAC

Phn loi theo chun mng s dng:

Hu tuyn: Ethernet (10 Mbps IEEE802.3), Token Bus (IEEE 802.4), Token
Ring (IEEE 802.5), FDDI/CDDI, 100VG-AnyLAN (IEEE 802.12)
V tuyn: Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15), WiMAX (IEEE
802.16), WWAN (GPRS, UTMS, EV-DO)
H tr cc giao din kt ni nh: RJ45, BNC, AUI, ST, SC, v.v. Vi cc loi cp
tng ng: Xon i, ng trc mng, ng trc dy, cp quang, v.v.Cc loi khe cm:
ISA, PCI, PCI-X, USB, PCMCIA.

51

Hnh 3.2b. a ch MAC ca my tnh v thit b mng

3.2.2. C ch kim sot li ti tng truy nhp mng

Li truyn tin l mt hin tng kh trnh khi trong thc t do nhiu nguyn nhn:
cht lng ng truyn, thi tit, kh hu, ting n, v c do yu t con ngi. Hin
nhin ngi s dng yu cu chnh xc truyn tin cng cao cng tt v thm ch trong
nhiu trng hp cn i hi chnh xc tuyt i, v d nh cc ng dng ngn hng,
ti chnh, v.v T t ra vn kim sot li truyn tin: Tm cch pht hin li, nh
v v khc phc li mc ti a.
Cc nh thit k mng thng s dng hai chin lc kim sot li. Mt l dng
m d li (Error detecting codes) ch cho php pht hin c li xy ra nhng khng nh
v c n v phi yu cu truyn li. Hai l dng m sa li (Error correcting codes),
cho php nh v c li v do c th sa c li, khng cn yu cu truyn li.
C nhiu loi m d li v m sa li khc nhau. Nguyn l chung l thm vo
chui bit cn truyn mt chui bit kim tra (check bits) no cho php bn nhn c th
kim sot c li. Tuy nhin cch kim sot pht hin v sa li l ty thuc vo
tng phng php.
Sau y, chng ta xem xt mt s phng php kim sot li ph dng nht:
Kim tra chn l (Parity check)
Kim tra thm theo chiu dc (Longitudinal redundancy check)
Kim tra phn d tun hon (Cyclic redundancy check)
Kim tra chn l (Parity Check)
Phng php pht hin bit li n gin nht l ni mt bit chn-l vo cui ca mi
t trong khung. Mi chui bit biu din mt k t cn truyn i c thm vo mt bit,
52

gi l parity bit. Bit ny c gi tr (ty qui c) l 0 nu s lng cc bit 1 trong chui l

chn, v ngc li. Bn nhn s cn c vo pht hin li.
Mt v d tiu biu l vic truyn cc k t ASCII, m trong mt bit chn-l
c ni vo mi k t ASCII 7 bit. Gi tr ca bit ny c la chn sao cho c mt s
chn ca bit 1, vi kim tra chn (even parity) hoc mt s l ca bit 1, vi kim tra l
(odd parity).
V d, nu bn gi ang truyn mt k t ASCII G ( m ASCII l1110001) v ang
dng phng php kim tra l, n s ni mt bit 1 v truyn i 11100011. Bn nhn s
kim tra k t nhn c v nu tng ca cc bit 1 l l, n xem nh khng c li. Nu
mt bit hoc mt s l bt k cc bit b li o ngc th r rng bn nhn s pht hin
c li. Tuy nhin, nu hai hay mt s chn bt k cc bit b li o ngc th n s
khng pht hin c li. Trn thc t nhng xung nhiu li thng di c th ph
hy hn mt bit, c bit l vi tc d liu cao. Do , cn phi c mt phng php
ci thin trng hp ny.
Kim tra thm theo chiu dc (Longitudinal Redundancy Check or Checksum)
C th ci thin phng php trn bng cch dng phng php LRC. Trong
phng php ny, khung c xem nh mt khi nhiu k t c sp xp theo dng hai
chiu, v vic kim tra c thc hin c chiu ngang ln chiu dc.
Theo chiu ngang, mi k t c thm vo mt bit kim tra chn l nh trng
hp trn, v c gi l bit Kim tra chiu ngang VRC (Vertical Redundancy Check).
V tr bit
trong k t

Khi k t truyn i

11111

00000

01000

00011

00000

01100

11111

VRC

00111

ASCII

LRC

Bng 3.1. Kim sot li 2 chiu: VRC - LRC

Theo chiu dc, cung cp thm mt k t kim tra, c gi l k t Kim tra chiu
dc LRC (Longitudinal Redundancy Check) hay Checksum. Trong , bt th i ca k t
ny chnh l bit kim tra cho tt c cc bit th i ca tt c cc k t trong khi.
Cc php o ch ra rng vic dng c hai VRC v LRC gim i t l li khng pht
hin c hai n bn bc so vi dng ch VRC. Hy xem trng hp bit 1 v 3 trong k
53

t 1 ang b li. Khi bn nhn tnh ton c bit VRC cho k t 1, n s kim tra vi bit
VRC nhn, v s khng pht hin c li. Tuy nhin, khi n tnh ton c k t
LRC, bit 1 v 3 ca k t ny s khc vi nhng bit trong k t LRC nhn c, v s
pht hin c li.
Tuy nhin, ngay phng php ny cng khng phi l tht s tt. By gi, nu gi
s bit 1 v 3 ca k t 5 cng b li, phng php ny s khng pht hin c im sai.
Kim tra phn d tun hon hay kim tra vng (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
ci tin hn na cc nh thit k dng k thut mi d dng v hiu qu c
gi l kim tra phn d tun hon, trong c th s dng mt s phng php ci t
khc nhau nh: modulo 2, a thc, thanh ghi dch v cc cng Exclusive-or.
Cc th tc vi modulo 2 din ra nh sau:
Vi mt thng ip M c k bit cn gi i, bn gi s thm vo cui thng ip mt
chui F c r bit, c gi l Chui kim tra khung (FCS: Frame Check Sequence).
Chui kim tra khung s tnh ton sao cho khung kt qu T c hnh thnh t vic
ni M vi F (gm k + r bit) c th chia ht bi s G no c nh trc. Bn gi s
gi T i. Khi bn nhn nhn c T, n s thc hin php chia modulo T cho G. Nu
php chia khng ht, tc c s d, bn nhn xc nh rng khung T b li, ngc li l
khng c li. Nu khung khng c li, bn nhn s tch thng ip M t T, l k bits trng
s cao ca T.
Phng php ny dng php chia modulo 2 trong vic chia T cho G, php ton
modulo 2 dng mt php cng nh phn khng nh v cng chnh l php ton
Exclusive-or.
Phng php ny c ci tn nh vy do cc bit trong mt thng bo c dch
chuyn quay vng qua mt thanh ghi. N cng c gi l phng php m a thc
(polynomial code) v c s dng khi nim a thc i s quen thuc.
Mt thng ip M c k bit c xem nh mt tp cc h s (0 v 1) ca mt a thc
i s c bc k-1, gm k s hng t x0 n xk-1
V d:
110001 <=> x5 + x4 + x0 = x5 + x4 + 1
tm chui kim tra khung F, t tng ca phng php CRC l:
Chn trc mt a thc (gi l a thc sinh Generator polynomial) G(x)
vi h s cao nht v thp nht u bng 1 (ngha l chui bit tng ng vi
G(x) c bit cao nht v bit thp nht u bng 1)
F c tm tha mn iu kin: a thc tng ng vi chui ghp T (gm M
ni vi F) phi chia ht cho G(x) theo modulo 2.
Khi nhn tin, kim sot li, ly a thc tng ng vi chui bit nhn c
chia (modulo 2) cho G(x). Nu khng chia ht (phn d khc 0) th c ngha
l c li, trng hp ngc li th cha th khng nh l khng c li.
54

Gi s: G(x) c bc t. Chui bit cn truyn tng ng vi a thc M(x) bc m=k-1

Ta c cc bc gii thut tnh F nh sau:
1) Thm t bit 0 vo cui chui M: Chui ghp s c (m+t) bit, tng ng vi a
thc xtM(x).
2) Chia (modulo 2) chui bit tng ng vi xtM(x) cho chui bit tng ng vi
G(x).
3) Ly s b chia trong bc 2 tr (modulo 2) cho s d. Kt qu s l chui bit
c truyn i (chui M ghp vi F). K hiu a thc tng ng ca chui
l T(x). R rng l T(x) chia ht (modulo 2) cho G(x)
Khi nhn, gi s chui nhn c c a thc tng ng l T(x). Gi s T(x) =
T(x) + E(x), trong E(x) c gi l a thc li.
Lu rng, mi bit 1 trong E(x) tng ng vi mt bit ca chui gc b o
ngc (li bit n).
Php chia T(x) (modulo 2) cho G(x) tr thnh:
T(x)/mod2 G(x) = T(x)/mod2 G(x) + E(x)/mod2 G(x) = 0 + E(x)/mod2 G(x)
Nh vy, nu php chia ny cho kt qu khc 0 th c ngha l vic truyn tin b
li. Nhng ngc li (kt qu bng 0) th cha th khng nh l truyn tin khng b li
v E(x) vn c th khc 0 (cha G(x) nh l mt tha s). Suy ra rng s c cc li khng
pht hin c khi cc a thc cha G(x) nh mt tha s.
V d minh ha:
Gi s chui M: 1101011011 M(x) = x9 + x8 + x6 + x4 + x3 + x + 1 (m=9)
G(x) = x4 + x + 1 10011 (t=4)
Chui M cng 4 bit 0: 11010110110000 x4M(x)
Chia (mod 2): 11010110110000/mod210011 c thng s l 1100001010 (b qua),
v s d 1110.
Chui truyn i T(x) l: 11010110110000 mod2 1110 = 11010110111110
(Ch cc php cng, tr modulo 2 hon ton tng ng vi php Exclusive-or)
Mt s nhn xt:
a) Trng hp li bit n: E(x) = xi (i<m+t), trong I pht hin v tr ca bit li.
Nu G(x) cha 2 hay nhiu s hng th E(x) khng th chia ht cho n c, do vy,
trong trng hp ny tt c cc li bit n u b pht hin.
b) Nu c 2 li bit n ri nhau, tc l E(x) = xi + xj (i>j), ta c th vit: E(x) = xj(xij
+ 1). Nh vy cho li kp ny c pht hin, ta phi chn G(x) sao cho xi v xi-j
khng th chia ht cho n.
c) Nu E(x) cha mt s l s hng (tc l c mt s l bit li), c th chng minh
c rng: Mt a thc vi s l s hng th khng th c tha s (x + 1) c (xt trong
h modulo 2). T ch cn chn G(x) c tha s (x + 1) th c th pht hin c mi
55

li cha trong s l bit li . Trng hp n gin nht l chn G(x) = x + 1 l tr v

vi trng hp dng bit kim tra chn l.
d) Trng hp li nhm (c nh ngha l mt nhm bit trong bit u v bit
cui b li, tc bit u v bit cui ca E(x) bng 1, mi li nhm c di n c biu
din di dng xi(xn-1 + + 1). Ngi ta chng minh c rng vi a thc sinh G(x)
bc t th mi li nhm c di t u c th c pht hin, trong khi cc li nhm c
di bng t+1 hoc ln hn th vn c th b b qua, khng pht hin c).
Hin nay c 3 a thc sinh c coi l chun quc t, l:
CRC-12: x12 + x11 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
CRC-16: x16 + x15 + x2 + 1
CRC-CCITT: x16 + x12 + x5 + 1
C ba a thc u cha tha s (x + 1).
3.2.3. Cc loi phng tin truyn dn
Vic la chn phng tin truyn dn no cho vic thit lp mng c xc nh
sau khi cn nhc vn chi ph, yu cu ci t v cc c trng ca phng tin truyn
dn di y:
Bng thng (bandwidth).
Bng tn (baseband, broadband)
suy hao (attenuation): L i lng nh gi s mt mt nng lng ca tn
hiu trn ng truyn. suy hao ph thuc vo cu trc ca ng truyn v
t l vi di ca ng truyn. y l i lng quyt nh c ly thng tin.
Nhiu in t (Electronmagnetic Interference - EMI): Gy ra bi can nhiu in
t bn ngoi, lm nh hng n tn hiu trn ng truyn. can nhiu nh
hng n cht lng truyn d liu, n tc truyn v c ly thng tin. Cn
chn ng truyn thch hp v c phng php chng can nhiu trong vng
can nhiu ln.
Nhiu xuyn knh (crosstalk).
a) Cc phng tin truyn dn hu tuyn
C 3 loi cp thng dng trong kt ni mng my tnh: cp ng trc, cp xon i
v cp quang.
1. Cp ng trc (Coaxial cable)
L phng tin truyn cc tn hiu c ph rng v tc cao. Bng thng ca cp
ng trc t 2,5 Mbps (ARCnet) n 10 Mbps (Ethernet). Thng s dng lp t
mng hnh Bus (Cc loi mng LAN cc b: Thick Ethernet, Thin Ethernet) v mng
hnh sao (mng ARCnet)

56

Cu to ca cp ng trc: Li ng, lp cch in, lp v li kim loi (lp chng

nhiu), v v nha bc bn ngoi.

Hnh 3.3. Cu to cp ng trc (Coaxial cable)

Cc loi cp ng trc bao gm:

Cp RC-8 v RCA-11, 50 Ohm dng cho mng Thick Ethernet, gi l Thick
cable (cp dy/cp bo) hay Thicknet.
Cp RC-58, 50 Ohm dng cho mng Thin Ethernet, gi l Thin cable (Cp
mng/cp gy) hay Thinnet.
Cp RG-59, 75 Ohm dng cho truyn hnh cp
Cp RC-62, 93 Ohm dng cho mng ARCnet.
c im ca Thinnet v Thicknet:
Cp mng (thin cable/thinnet): c ng knh khong 6mm, thuc h RG-58.
Vi chun 10Base-2, thinnet c chiu di on cp ti a trong mt phn on
mng (segment) l 185m.
Cp dy (thick cable/thicknet): c ng knh khong 13mm thuc h RG-58.
Vi chun 10Base-5, thicknet c chiu di on cp ti a trong mt phn on
mng (segment) l 500m.
Cch lp t cp ng trc:
Thinnet: ni cc on cp ng trc gy li vi nhau ta s dng thit b u ni
T-Connector v u ni BNC. gii hn 2 u on cp, s dng 2 Terminator. (Hnh
v)
Cc T-Connector kt ni trc tip vo Card mng ca my tnh.

57

Hnh 3.4. Cch u ni cp ng trc gy (Thinnet)

Thicknet: Mun u ni cp ng trc dy ta phi dng mt u chuyn i

transceiver v kt ni vo my tnh thng qua cng AUI. C 2,5m li c nh du u
ni (nu cn), t kp ngi ta gn cc transceiver vo on cp ri u ni vi my
tnh thng qua on Transceiver cable (hay cn gi l AUI cable, on cp ny di ti
a l 50m).

Hnh 3.5. Cch u ni cp ng trc bo (Thicknet)

2. Cp xon i (Twisted Pair cable)

Cp xon i thng c s dng trong cc mng LAN, gi thnh r, d ci t, c
v bc trnh nhit , m v c loi c kh nng chng nhiu.Cu to: c 2 dy ng
bc cch in xon vo nhau nhm gim nhy ca cp vi nhiu in t EMI, gim
bc x m nhiu tn s radio.

58

Hnh 3.6. Cu to cp xon i

C 2 loi: UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) v STP (Shielded Twisted Pair).

UTP: Gm 4 cp dy bc trong cng 1 lp v nha chng m, khng c kh nng
chng nhiu, thng gi l cp trn. Tc truyn khong 100 Mbps, c tnh suy hao
nh cp ng, gii hn di ti a ca mt phn on cp l 100m. Do khng c lp v
bc chng nhiu nn nhy cm vi EMI, khng ph hp trong mi trng cc nh my.
Tuy nhin, UTP c s dng ph bin cho cc loi mng do gi thnh thp, d lp t.

Hnh 3.7. Cp UTP

59

Cp UTP c cc loi sau:

Bng 3.1. Cc loi cp UTP

STP: Gm 4 cp dy c bc kim loi ring bit chng nhiu, c bc bi lp

v nha bn ngoi.

Hnh 3.8. Cp STP

Cp STP thng c tc truyn khong 16 Mbps vi mng Token Ring. Vi chiu

di 100m, tc t 155 Mbps (l thuyt l 500 Mbps). suy hao cho php khong
100m, c tnh chng nhiu in t EMI cao, gi thnh cao hn cp Thinnet v UTP,
nhng li r hn cp Thicknet hay cp si quang. Ci t i hi tay ngh v k nng
cao.
Cch u ni cp xon i trong mng my tnh: S dng cc u ni RJ45

60

Hnh 3.9. RJ45 v cch u ni cp xon i

3. Cp si quang (Fiber Optic cable)

Cp si quang c s dng l tng cho vic truyn d liu khong cch xa,
bng thng t ti 2 Gbps, trnh nhiu tt, tc truyn 100 Mbps trn on cp di vi
km. Cp si quang c cu to gm 1 hoc nhiu si quang trung tm c bao bc bi
mt lp v nha c bit gip phn x ton phn cc tn hiu tr li, v vy hn ch c
s suy hao v mt mt tn hiu. Si quang c ch to bng cht in mi: thy tinh,
plastic, v.v.

Hnh 3.10a. Cu to cp si quang

Cp si quang ch truyn cc tn hiu quang (sng nh sng - Lightwave). Cc tn

hiu d liu c bin i thnh cc tn hiu quang trn ng truyn, v khi nhn s
chuyn i cc tn hiu quang thnh cc tn hiu d liu ph hp vi mi trng truyn
dn.
61

Hnh 3.10b. Cc thnh phn ca mt tuyn truyn dn si quang

Cp si quang hot ng 1 trong 2 ch : ch n v ch a ng (Hnh

3.10c). Trong ch n, tn hiu nh sng c truyn i theo ng thng; trong ch
a ng, c nhiu ng tn hiu nh sng c chuyn i ng thi theo cc ng
khc nhau. Cc chun u ni ca cp si quang gm: SC (Subscriber Connector) c
dng trong ch a ng , ST (Straight Tip) c dng trong ch n (Hnh
3.10d). Cp si quang c th c cc thit b sau h tr kt ni: Repeater, Fiber patch
panels, Optical Converter.

Hnh 3.10c. Cc ch hot ng ca cp si quang

Hnh 3.10d. Cc u ni cp si quang

Tm li, cc thng s c bn ca cc loi cp s dng trong kt ni mng my tnh

nh bng sau:

62

Bng 3.2. Thng s c bn ca cc loi cp mng

Cc loi cp

Cp xon i

Chi tit

Bng ng, c 4
cp dy (Cat 3,

Cp ng trc
Thinnet

Thicknet

Cp quang

Bng ng, 2 li Bng ng, 2 li

lng nhau,

lng nhau,

Li thy tinh,

4, 5, 6)

ng knh
5mm

ng knh
10mm

2 si

100m

185m

500m

1000m

30

100

Chy 10Mbps

Chy 100Mbps

Khng

Khng

Chng nhiu

STP tt, UTP

km

Tt

Rt tt

Hon ton

Lp t

D dng

Trung bnh

Kh

Kh

Khc phc li

Tt

Km

Km

Tt

Qun l

D dng

Kh

Kh

Trung bnh

Chi ph cho 1 trm

Rt thp

Thp

Trung bnh

Cao

Chiu di ti a
on cp
S u ni ti a
trn 1 on cp

4. Cc cng ngh cp
Bng 3.3. Cc cng ngh cp mng
Cng ngh cp

Tn gi

Chun

Tc

M
hnh kt
ni

Khong
cch ti
a

Thick Ethernet

10Base-5

802.3

10Mbps

Bus

500m

Thin
Ethernet/Thinnet

10Base-2

802.3a

10Mbps

Bus

185m

Broadband
Ethernet

10Broad36

802.3b

10Mbps

Bus

1800m

10-Mbps
Repeaters

Repeaters

802.3c

10Mbps

Bus

1800m

Fiber-Optic
Inter-Repeater
Link

FOIRL

802.3d

10Mbps

Star

1000m

Cc c tnh
ca cp
50-Ohm
coaxial
(Thick)
50-Ohm
coaxial
(Thin)
75-Ohm
coaxial
50-Ohm
coaxial
(Thick/Thin)
Optical Fiber
63

StarLAN

1Base-5

802.3e

1Mbps

Star

250m

StarLAN
multipoint

1Base-5

802.3f

1Mbps

Star

250m

802.3h

10Mbps

Star

250m

10Base-T

802.3i

10Mbps

Star

100m

10Base-F

802.3j

10Mbps

Star/Bus

<2000m

802.3k

10Mbps

Star

Layer
Management
Twisted-Pair
Ethernet
Fiber Ethernet
Layer
Management for
10-Mbps
Repeater
10Base-T
Protocol
Implementation
Conformace
Statement
(PICS)
Second
Maintenance
Ballot
Third
Maintenance
Ballot
Layer
Management for
MAUs
Guidelines for
Development of
Managed
Objects
10Base-5 PICS

10Base-T

10Base-5
PICS

Fourth
Mantaince Ballot
120-Ohm Cables
for 10Base-T

802.3l

10Mbps

802.3m

10Mbps

802.3n

10Mbps

802.3p

10Mbps

802.3q

10Mbps

802.3r

10Mbps

802.3s

10Mbps

802.3t

10Mbps

Star

<2000m

100m

Fast Ethernet

100BaseTX

802.3u

100Mbps

Star

100m

Fast Ethernet
Over Cat5

100BaseT4

802.3u

100Mbps

Star

100m

Fast Ethernet

100Base-

802.3u

100Mbps

Star

<2000m

100-Ohm
two-pair
Cat3-UTP
100-Ohm
two-pair
Cat3-UTP
100-Ohm
two-pair
100-Ohm
two-pair
Optical Fiber

Multimode
or singlemode fiber

120-Ohm
two-pair
Cat3-UTP
100-Ohm
two-pair
Cat5-UTP
100-Ohm
four-pair
Optical Fiber
64

Over Fiber
150-Ohm Cables
for 10Base-T
Enhanced MAC
or Binary
Logarithmic
Arbitration
Method
FullDuplex/Flow
Control
Fast Ethernet
Over Two-pair
Cat3
Gigabit Ethernet
Short Haul
Gigabit Ethernet
Long Haul
Gigabit Ethernet
Fifth Maintance
Ballot
Gigabit Ethernet
for Cat5
VLAN Frame
Extension
10 Gigabit
Ethernet
VLAN tagging

FX
802.3v

10Mbps

100m

802.3w

Cat3-UTP

FDX

802.3x

10Mbps

100BaseT2

802.3y

100Mbps

Star

802.3z

1000Mbps

Star

300m

802.3z

1000Mbps

Star

550

802.3z

1000Mbps

Star

3000m

802.aa

100Mbps

1000Base802.3ab
T

1000Mbps

Star

100m

1000BaseSX
1000BaseLX
1000BaseCX
100Base-T

VLAN
10000Base
VLAN
tagging
Secure
VLANs

100-Ohm
two-pair

802.3ac
802.ae

150-Ohm
two-pair

Multimode
Fiber
Multimode
Fiber
Single-mode
Fiber
150-Ohm
copper
Cat5-UTP
Cat5e

10000Mbps

Star

100300m
2-40km

Multimode
Single-mode

802.1Q

Secure Data
802.1O
Exchange SDE
Traffic
Priority
802.1P
Expecditing
MAC Bridges,
MAC
802.1D
Spanning Tree
Bridges
Lu : Chun 802.3ae l chun cha hon thin v cn nhiu ci tin na.
5. Cc chun giao din kt ni mng
Ngoi cc giao din kt ni trong LAN: RJ45 (vi cp UTP/STP), BNC (vi
Thinnet), AUI (vi Thicknet), ST, SC (vi cp si quang) trnh by cc mc trn, v
cc giao din ni tip kt ni WAN: EIA/TIA-232, V.35, SSIC, v.v. c trnh by trong
Chng 4, ni dung ny ca gio trnh tp trung trnh by chun mi M12.

65

Ti trin lm SPS va c t chc ti Nurnberg- c, hng Molex tuyn b t

c mt bc tin mi trong vic ch to mt kiu cp ni tc cao theo chun M12
bng vic gii thiu u ni mi c tn gi Brad Micro-Change M12 Cat 6. Khng ch l
u ni c th truyn dn tc ln ti Gigabit/s, u ni ny cn bo m tiu chun IP68 v c nh gi l c an ton cng nh tin cy rt cao trong nhng mi trng
khc nghit.
Adreas Vogt, ph ch tch ph trch k thut ca Molex, c mt ti trin lm
gii thiu vi khch tham quan v nhng u im v tnh nng bo v c bit ca loi
cp mi ny.Hu ht cc ng dng cng nghip hin nay vn ch yu chy tc
Ethernet nhanh (Fast Ethernet) vi tc ch vo khong 100 Mbits/s v thc t l cha
cn n tc Ethernet siu nhanh (c Gigabit/s). Mc d vy theo Molex, d sm hay
mun th Ethernet siu nhanh cng s ph bin v loi cp mi m h va ch to c th
coi l mt sn phm n u cng ngh.
u ni kiu M12 l chun u ni ng tin cy nht cho kiu kt ni trong mng
Ethernet, Vogt pht biu. V theo ng, vi mng Ethernet th kiu u ni RJ45 ging
nh mt cn c mng vy! i vi mng Ethernet, c th chy tc Gigabit th
phi chy trn cc dy dn ng v phi c ti 8 dy dn trong li. Khc vi kiu truyn
thng ch gm cc tn hiu logic 0 v 1, s c ti 4 mc tn hiu ca in p, ng gii
thch. l l do ti sao phi cn c 8 dy dn trong li. Tuy nhin, cc knh truyn
phi c cch ly ti mi u ni bi nu khng nhiu cross-talk gia cc knh vi nhau
s rt ln.Trong phin bn s dng si cp quang ca Ethernet siu tc , thut ton s
hon ton khc. Tuy nhin, Vogt nhn mnh rng ti cui mi u dy, vn lun phi c
mt u chuyn i bng ng.

Hnh 3.11. Chun u ni mi M12

Cu trc u ni: Trong mi u ni M12 Cat 6 u c 2 lp chng nhiu v gia

chng c mt khong cch nht nh. Lp ny s gip ngn cn nh hng ca nhiu do
s giao thoa cc tn hiu vi nhau. Trong mi u ni ny c 4 cp dy. Bn thn cc cp
dy ny cng c lp chng nhiu ngn cn nh hng sang nhau. Vic cch ly ny
66

gip cho chun u ni M12 Cat 6 c tin cy v chnh xc cao hn nhiu so vi

chun u ni RJ45 Cat 6. u ni M12 ny c u theo kiu cm male-female tng
cp nn kh chc chn v bn v mt tip xc. Hn na, n cn c chc nng chng thm
nc, chng rung rt tt. c bit, u ni c kim nghim l hot ng tt vi tc
cao trong iu kin mi trng khc nghit. Tham kho chi tit hn v cc u ni
M12 Cat 6 ca Molex theo a ch sau www.molex.com/link/m12.html
b) Cc phng tin truyn dn v tuyn
1. Sng v tuyn (Radio)
Quang ph ca in t nm trong khong 10KHz n 1GHz. C nhiu gii tn:
Sng ngn (Short Wave), VHF (Very Hight Frequency) Tivi&Radio FM v UHF (Ultra
Hight Frequency) Tivi.
c tnh truyn:
Tn s n, cng sut thp khng h tr tc d liu mng cc b LAN yu
cu.
Tn s n, cng sut cao, d ci t, bng thng cao t 1-10Mbps, suy hao
chm
Kh nng nhiu t thp, bo mt km, gi thnh trung bnh
Radio quang ph tri (Spread spectrum) tin cy cao, bo mt d liu. Bng
thng cao, tc truyn c th t theo yu cu ca cc mng cc b LAN.
2. Sng Viba
Truyn thng Viba c 2 dng: Viba mt t v v tinh. Viba mt t s dng cc
trm thu v pht mt t. Viba v tinh s dng cc trm thu mt t (cc a v tinh) v
cc v tinh. Tn hiu n v tinh v t v tinh mt lt i hoc v khong 23.000 dm.
Thi gian truyn mt tn hiu c lp vi khong cch. Thi gian truyn tn hiu t v
tinh n cc trm nm vng trn 1/3 chu vi tri t l nh nhau, gi l tr lan truyn
(Propagation Delay). Thng thng l 0,5-5 giy.

67

Bng 3.4. c im ca sng Viba

3. Sng hng ngoi (Infrared system)

C 2 phng thc kt ni mng: Point to Point v MultiPoint.Point to Point
tip sng cc tn hiu hng ngoi t thit b ny sang thit b khc, gii tn s t 100 GHz
n 1000 THz, tc truyn khong 100Kbps-16 Mbps.MultiPoint truyn ng thi cc
tn hiu hng ngoi n cc thit b, gii tn s t 100 GHz n 1000 THz nhng tc
truyn ch t ti a 1 Mbps.
Bng 3.5. c im tia hng ngoi

4. Sng nh sng
truyn tin bng sng nh sng, cn mt ngun pht sng (Laser hoc LED) ti
thit b pht. Ti thit b thu cn c u pht hin sng nh sng, l Photodetector.

68

Hnh 3.12. Sng nh sng (Lightwave)

Truyn tin bng tn hiu quang (Optical signaling) khng dy c s dng t

nhiu th k. Hin nay vic kt ni mng cc b (LAN) gia 2 ta nh cao tng c th
thc hin thng qua cc thit b laser c lp t trn mi nh nh minh ha trong Hnh
3.12 vi cc thnh phn:
Photodetector: B nhn quang
Region of turbulent seeing: Vng hn lon
Heat rising off the building: Hi nng bc ln khi ta nh (cao c)
Laser beam misses the detector: Tia laser lch khi b nhn quang
Laser: B pht tia laser.
Chuyn tin bng tn hiu quang kt ni c nh s dng tia laser vn mang tnh
n hng, do vy ti mi ta nh cn c mt thit b pht tia laser v mt thit b nhn
nh sng. S ny cho ta mt bng thng rt cao v gi thnh rt thp, tng i d lp
t v khng ging nh truyn thng bng viba, ta khng cn giy php ca FCC.
Tuy nhin c mt iu bt li l cc chm tia laser khng th i xuyn qua ma
hoc sng m dy c, m thng ch hot ng tt vo cc ngy nng. Do , ta cn
tnh n vn ny khi quyt nh trin khai mng khng dy s dng sng nh sng.
3.2.4. Cc thit b kt ni mng
Cc thit b lin kt mng l thnh phn khng th thiu khi mun thit lp v m
rng quy m cng nh phm vi ca mng my tnh. Hnh 3.13 tng hp vic s dng cc
thit b, phng tin truyn dn theo quy m v phm v ca mng. Trong mc ny,
chng ta cng tm hiu v chc nng, hot ng ca cc thit b lin kt mng nh:
Repeater, Bride, Hub, Switch, Router, Gateway, v mt s thit b, gii php m bo an
ton mng my tnh.

69

Hnh 3.13. V tr ca cc thit b lin kt mng trong m hnh mng

a) B khuch i Repeater
Tn hiu truyn i trn khong cch ln c th b suy hao. Do , mun phc hi tn
hiu c th truyn tip i trn ng truyn n cc trm xa, cn s dng thit b
Repeater.

Hnh 3.14. Hot ng ca Repeater

Chc nng ca Repeater l:

Khuch i, phc hi cc tn hiu b suy yu do tn tht nng lng trong khi
truyn.
Cho php m rng mng vt xa chiu di gii hn ca mt mi trng truyn.
70

 Ch c dng ni hai mng c cng giao thc mng (cc mng ging nhau v
kiu frame d liu nhng c th khc nhau v topo mng, kiu kt ni cp
mng).

Hnh 3.15a. Repeater kt ni 2 segment mng hnh BUS

Hnh 3.15b. Repeater kt ni 2 segment mng hnh STAR

Repeater hot ng tng vt l trong m hnh OSI, n khng th lc cc tn hiu

m ch c th khuch i tn hiu. Tuy nhin, nu trn mng c nhiu ting n hoc tn
hiu gc b mo th Repeater khng th loi b ting n hoc x l li tn hiu gc .
u im chnh ca Repeater l m rng phm vi ca mng, r v n gin, d s
dng. Tuy nhin, nu mng qu rng th thi gian tr s tng ln. V th, vic dng cc
Repeater phi tun theo quy tc 5-4-3 (quy tc ca Ethernet).
b) B tp trung Hub
Chc nng nh Repeater nhng m rng hn vi nhiu u cm (port) cho vic kt
ni n nhiu thit b vi cc loi cp mng khc nhau. Hub to ra im kt ni tp trung
kt ni mng theo kiu hnh sao.

71

Hnh 3.16. Hub v cch kt ni mng s dng Hub

Nu phn loi theo phn cng th c 3 loi Hub:

Hub n (Stand alone hub): C s cng c nh, khng c kh nng m rng
thm s cng.
Hub m un (Modular Hub): Rt ph bin cho cc h thng mng c th d dng
m rng v lun c chc nng qun l, cc modular c t 4 n 14 khe cm, c
th lp thm cc mun theo cc chun khc nhau, v d Ethernet 10BaseT,
100BaseT, v.v.
Hub phn tng (Stackable hub): L tng cho cc c quan mun u t ti thiu
ban u nhng li c k hoch pht trin LAN sau ny.
Nu phn loi theo kh nng th c 2 loi:
Hub th ng (Passive Hub): ch m bo chc nng kt ni, khng x l li tn
hiu.
Hub ch ng (Active Hub): c kh nng khuch i v x l cc tn hiu truyn
gia cc thit b ca mng. Qu trnh x l tn hiu c gi l ti sinh tn hiu,
lm cho tn hiu tr nn tt hn, t nhy cm vi li, do vy khong cch gia
cc thit b c th tng ln. Tuy nhin ko theo gi thnh cao hn nhiu so vi
Hub b ng.
Cc Hub thng minh (Intelligent Hub) l Hub ch ng nhng c thm kh nng to
ra cc gi tin thng bo hot ng ca mnh gip cho vic qun tr mng d dng hn, c
th nh dng, kim tra v cho php hoc khng cho php bi ngi qun tr mng t
trung tm qun l Hub.
Hot ng ca Hub:
Tn hiu Hub thu c s c phn phi n tt c cc cng ca n.
Ti mt thi im, ch c d liu ca mt phin lin lc c Hub x l.
Mi node chia s chung bng thng (v d: 10 Mbps). Do , trong mng s
dng cng nhiu node th tc mng cng chm.

72

Hnh 3.17. Hot ng ca Hub

Hnh 3.18. Tn hiu truyn trong mng s dng Hub

Trong mng s dng Hub, nu ti 1 thi im c 2 lung d liu c gi nhn gia

cc my tnh th s xy ra xung t (Collision), Hub khng c kh nng phn bit 2 lung
d liu ny gi nhn ng ch.

73

Hnh 3.19. Kh nng xung t trong mng s dng Hub

Quy tc 5-4-3
m bo qu trnh truyn nhn d liu c n nh trong mng, cc kt ni
mng phi tun theo quy tc 5-4-3:
5 cable segments in series
4 Repeaters, or Hubs (4 repeater hops)
3 populated segments
Hnh 3.20 minh ha mt v d v thit k mng LAN theo quy tc 5-4-3.

Hnh 3.20. V d v lut 5-4-3

74

Nh vy, kt ni gia 2 host bt k trong mt mng LAN khng c c nhiu hn

4 Repeater/Hub ni tip nhau. Nu kt ni cc Repeater/Hub song song th khng c
qu 3 cp.
c) B chuyn mch Switch
Switch l thit b ging Bridge v Hub cng li nhng thng minh hn. Switch c
kh nng ch chuyn d liu n ng thit b ch, v lm gim xung t (collision) trn
mng. Switch c tc x l nhanh hn Hub v Bridge, v c th h tr nhiu chc nng
khc nh: Phn on mng trong cc mng cc b ln thnh cc mng LAN o (Virtual
LAN - VLAN). Switch c chc nng nh tuyn gia cc VLAN gi l Switch Layer 3.
Switch hot ng tng Data Link: Lc cc frame d liu da vo thng tin iu khin
trn frame .

Hnh 3.21a. B chuyn mch Switch v cch kt ni mng s dng Switch

Switch i khi c m t nh l mt Bridge nhiu cng. Trong khi mt Bridge c

bn ch c 2 cng kt ni n 2 phn on mng (segment) khc nhau, th Switch c th
c nhiu cng ty thuc vo vic n c bao nhiu phn on mng kt ni n.
Ging nh Brigde, Switch hc cc thng tin quan trng ca cc gi d liu m n
nhn c t cc thit b khc trong mng. Switch dng nhng thng tin ny xy dng
bng lu tr cc a ch MAC ca cc thit b kt ni trc tip n cc cng (port) ca n,
gi l bng CAM, t , xc nh v chuyn gi d liu n ng ch m d liu cn
gi n, cc node mng khng phi l node ch s khng nhn c gi d liu . y
l c im khc bit ln nht gia Switch v Hub hay Bridge. m bo cc tnh nng
, switch c c ch t hc v c ch chuyn tip.

75

Hnh 3.21b. Hot ng ca Switch

Hnh 3.21c. Bng CAM trn Switch

C ch t hc:
Switch t nhn bit a ch MAC ca cc my kt ni vi n, thng qua vic lc cc
frame i qua n. Lu vo bng chuyn tip cc thng tin v a ch MAC ca my ,
cng s hiu interface ca switch m my kt ni n.
C ch chuyn tip:
Khi switch nhn c mt frame, n s thc hin nh sau:
1. Tm a ch cng vo ca frame
2. Tm a ch cng ra, bng cch dng bng chuyn tip (bng CAM)
3. IF tm thy cng ra
THEN {
IF cng ra == cng vo THEN hy b Frame
76

ELSE chuyn tip frame n cng ra

}
ELSE qung b Frame.
Switch l b chuyn mch thc s. Ti mt thi im, switch cho php nhiu cp
lin kt cng hot ng. V d, A gi d liu n B, C gi d liu n C, m khng c
xung t. Giao thc CSMA/CD c s dng trn mi link, khng b xung t vi cc
link khc. Do vy, ta ni, mi interface ca switch to nn mt vng xung t ring
(Collision Domain).

Hnh 3.22. Switch x l ng thi nhiu phin lin lc

Phn loi Switch theo ch hot ng:

Cut-through mode : Ch c a ch MAC ch v chuyn frame d liu ra port
ch. u im: Tc x l nhanh, thi gian tr nh. Nhc im: khng kim
sot li v lu lng, ch s dng cho Ethernet cng tc cc port.
Store and Forward Mode : Switch c ton b ni dung 1 frame d liu, kim
tra li ri mi truyn ra port ch. u im: Truyn d liu tin cy hn, truyn
c gia cc port khc tc v khc chun. Nhc im: Tc x l chm,
thi gian tr ln.
d) Thit b iu ch v gii iu ch MODEM
Modem l tn vit tt ca hai t iu ch (MOdulation) v gii iu ch
(DEModulation). Chc nng ban u v l chc nng chnh ca modem l iu ch tn
77

hiu s (Digital) sang tn hiu tng t (Analog) gi theo ng in thoi v ngc

li.

Hnh 3.23. Modem

Tn hiu s t my tnh n Modem, c Modem bin i thnh tn hiu tng t

c th i qua mng thoi. Tn hiu ny n Modem c bin i ngc li thnh tn
hiu s a vo my tnh.
Cc k thut iu ch c bn:
iu ch bin i bin (Amplitude Modulation)
iu ch pha (Phase Modulation)
iu ch tn s (Frequency Modulation)
Hin c rt nhiu modem hin i t loi thp: 300, 600, 1200, 2400bit/s n loi
9600, 14400, 28800, 56600 bit/s. Vi tc truyn tng i cao trn ng bin hp
nn i hi nhng k thut iu ch phc tp.
Mt c im c bn ca modem l n c th iu ch v gii iu ch cc tn hiu
mang tin thnh cc tn hiu ng dy c th truyn i xa trong kt ni WAN. Qu
trnh iu ch c th l i vi tn hiu s hoc tn hiu tng t, iu ny th Router
khng th lm c nu khng lp thm card chuyn dng. Modem khng c chc nng
nh tuyn cao cp, ko cu hnh c giao thc nh tuyn, cng nh nhiu tnh nng
khc ca router, ch c tc dng kt ni n ISP v lm gateway cho mng kt ni ra
ngoi.
Phn loi theo mi trng truyn:
Modem tng t (mng in thoi)
Modem ADSL (mng in thoi): Modem XDSL, quang, v.v.
Modem cp (mng truyn hnh cp)
Modem in lc (mng truyn thng in lc)
78

 Modem v tinh (mng v tinh)

Modem ADSL (router ADSL) c 2 ch hot ng:
Ch bridge: ch hot ng ny, modem ADSL (router ADSL) nh mt cu
ni. Khi modem ADSL (router ADSL) khng cn chc nng nh tuyn na. Modem
ADSL lc ny ch thc hin chc nng kt thc ca ng truyn ADSL. Thit b ng
vai tr gateway s do mt thit b pha sau modem m nhn (l router chng hn).
Ch route: C h tr routing (static route, RIP), tuy nhin ko h tr y cc
giao thc nh tuyn nh mt router thc s. Mt s modem cng c chc nng nh
tuyn nhng n khng h tr nhiu giao thc nh tuyn nh Router. Mt s Modem
ADSL c h tr dynamic routing (RIPv1, RIPv2), Static Routing.
e) B dn knh Multiplexer
Trong in t, mt b dn knh Multiplexer l mt thit b c kh nng la chn
mt trong nhng tn hiu u vo tng t (analog) hoc s (digital) v chuyn tip u
vo c la chn trn mt ng duy nht (line). Thng thng, mt b dn knh c
2n u vo v 1 u ra. Thng c s dng tng s lng d liu c th gi qua
mng trong mt khong thi gian vi bng thng nht nh. Cng c th gi l mt b
la chn d liu (Data selector)
Multiplexer cho php nhiu tn hiu chia s trn cng 1 thit b, thay v mi thit b
cho 1 tn hiu u vo.

Hnh 3.24. B dn knh v b phn knh

f) Thit b cu ni Bridge
Bridge dng ni 2 phn on mng s dng giao thc ging hoc khc nhau, v
d: kt ni 2 phn on mng hnh sao (Ethernet), hoc kt ni 2 phn on mng Token
Bus vi nhau, hay gia phn on mng Ethernet vi Token Bus, v.v. Bridge thng
c s dng chia mng thnh nhiu phn on (segment) nh nhm gim lu lng
trn mng. Cng ging nh Repeater, Bridge cho php m rng phm vi mng, cho php
ko di khong cch gia cc segment cng nh phm vi ton mng. Tuy nhin, khc vi

79

Repeater, Bridge c kh nng lc cc frame d liu, v ch chuyn tip cc frame c ch

l mt my tnh phn on mng khc.
Bridge hot ng lp Data Link trong m hnh OSI, vi 2 chc nng chnh l lc
v chuyn vn. thc hin cc chc nng ny, thit b bridge t hc hi, xy dng v
duy tr bng thng tin v a ch MAC ca cc my tnh kt ni n mi cng ca n.

Hnh 3.25a. Bridge

Qu trnh lm vic ca Bridge nh sau:

1. Bridge nhn mi frame d liu t c 2 phn on mng kt ni trc tip n n
2. Bridge kim tra a ch ch (a ch MAC ch) ca frame d liu, bng cch tm
kim a ch trn bng a ch ca n.
Nu my ch nm cng trn mt phn on mng vi my ngun, th gi tin c
th gi c ti ch m khng cn Bridge. Ngha l bridge khng chuyn tip
gi tin.
Ngc li, nu my ch l mt my thuc phn on mng khc th bridge s
chuyn tip gi tin sang cng tng ng vi phn on mng cha my ch.

Hnh 3.25b. Hot ng ca Brigde

80

Bridge ch ph hp vi cc mng n gin, v s dng trong mng cc b. Khi cn

kt ni nhiu mng vi nhau, m bo yu cu truyn thng lin mng th cn phi c
thit b kt ni khc m nhn vic la chn tuyn ng vn chuyn d liu gia cc
mng, l thit b Router (B dn ng, hay cn gi l b nh tuyn)
g) Thit b nh tuyn Router
Router dng ghp ni cc mng LAN li vi nhau thnh mng din rng (WAN),
hoc kt ni gia LAN vi WAN. Router c 2 chc nng chnh l nh tuyn v chuyn
tip.
nh tuyn (Routing): La chn ng i tt nht cho cc gi tin hng ra
mng bn ngoi.
Chuyn tip (Forwarding): Chuyn tip gi tin theo ng i chn n
ch.
xy dng bng thng tin v cc ng i n cc mng m n nhn bit c,
router s dng 2 phng thc nh tuyn chnh: nh tuyn tnh hoc/v nh tuyn
ng. nh tuyn tnh (Static Routing): Ngi qun tr cu hnh cc ng c nh v ci
t cc ng i ny vo bng nh tuyn ca Router. nh tuyn ng (Dynamic
Routing): S dng cc giao thc nh tuyn ng tnh ton, trao i thng tin v xy
dng bng nh tuyn (Routing Table). Cc giao thc nh tuyn thng s dng l: cc
giao thc vect khong cch (RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, v.v.) v cc giao thc trng thi ng
lin kt (OSPF, IS-IS, v.v.).
Router thng c s dng trong cc tnh hung sau:
Kt ni nhiu loi mng : LAN, MAN, WAN
Kt ni cc mng c tc tuyn khc nhau
Kt ni cc mng s dng giao thc mng khc nhau, c n v truyn ti a
(MTU Maximum Transfer Unit) khc nhau.
Hu ht cc Router u c 3 loi cng kt ni (Interface) chnh (Hnh 3.26).
LAN Interface: L cc interface s dng kt ni trc tip n mng cc b.
Cc interface ny h tr kt ni theo chun Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit
Ethernet, v.v.
Serial Interface: Hay cn gi l WAN interface, l cc interface h tr kt ni
WAN theo phng thc truyn tun t (Serial). Cc interface ny c cc giao
din kt ni l V35, EIA/TIA-232, SSIC, v.v.
Management Interface: L cc interface s dng cho mc ch qun tr thit b,
bao gm cng Console (kt ni n my tnh ca ngi qun tr cu hnh thit
b Router) v cng Auxiliary (kt ni qun tr thng qua Modem).

81

Hnh 3.26. Thit b Router, cc loi interface v kt ni mng s dng Router

C ch hot ng ca Router:
Lm vic trong tng 3 (Network) ca m hnh OSI
Cn c vo a ch logic (a ch IP mng) qun l traffic truyn gia cc
mng
Tnh ton, lu tr, duy tr v cp nht thng tin v cc ng i tt nht n cc
mng ch m n nhn bit c
Cc chc nng khc ca Router:
Kim sot tc nghn trn mng (congestion control)
Kim sot cht lng dch v trn mng (QoS), bao gm : tin cy, tr,
jitter v bng thng
Gi cc thng bo li trn mng
Tch v ghp d liu khi truyn qua cc mng c MTU khc nhau
(fragmentation)
Qun l lin mng (internetworking)
Qun l a ch mng (NAT, DHCP, ACL, cm broadcast, tch hp chc nng
Firewall, v.v.)
Qun tr, gim st, thng k trng thi hot ng cc mng v ng truyn kt
ni vo Router.
h) Thit b cng ni Gateway
Gateway l thit b mng cho php kt ni v chuyn i d liu gia cc mng
khc nhau v: Kin trc mng, giao thc mng, tiu chun mng, loi hnh mng. Cc v
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d in hnh nh: E-Mail gateway, Voice/ data gateway, LAN/ Internet gateway, PC/
Mainframe gateway, v.v.
Gateway hot ng lp Application trong m hnh OSI, tuy nhin thc t th
Gateway c th hot ng bt k tng no ca m hnh ny. Gateway c th l thit b
phn cng hoc phn mm ci t trong my tnh. Gateway thng l mt Server c 2
card mng kt ni vi 2 mng khc nhau.
i) Thit b Patch Panel
L mt thit b gm nhiu u zc (snap in) gn u RJ45 (thng c 24 hoc 48
ports). C hai loi: C sn cc port hoc empty (rng), i vi loi empty th cn phi
gn thm snap-in (c khi ngi ta gi l u ci ca RJ45).

Hnh 3.27. Patch Panel v cc thit b ph tr

S dng Patch panel:

1. Thng c gn vo t rack (T rack t cc thit b mng quan trng nh
Switch, Modem, Server, v.v.
2. ng dy (cable) s ni vi patch panel (phi c cng c gn dy cp vo
ng sau patch panel, hoc gn vo snap-in ri gn snap-in vo patch panel), sau s
dng si dy gi l dy patch cord ni t patch panel n switch (hay core switch
Switch Layer 3).
L do nn s dng Patch panel trong vic kt ni mng:
Vic bm cc u RJ45 vo dy cp UTP khng d dng (V d: Cat5e, Cat6) v
thng khng chun.
Theo thi gian u RJ45 s b oxy ho, cc tn hiu ti u s b di tn hiu v
switch lin tc phi nhn v x l nhng tn hiu li ny - hu qu h thng
mng cng chm.
Khi gn patch panel cc thao tc kt ni ti switch s rt thun tin, ng thi h
tr c cho cc thit b tester kim tra, marping h thng mng. ng thi s
dng si patch cord (l si cp c c sn 2 u RJ45 ti nh my sn xut
83

cp, s lm ti u ho ng truyn v u RJ45 c trng mt lp bo v s

oxy ho) mt u s cm vo patch panel, mt u cm vo switch.

Hnh 3.28. Kt ni t my tnh n Hub/Switch s dng Patch Panel

k) Tng la (Firewall)
Tng la l 1 gateway c chc nng gim st v lc thng tin trao i gia lin
mng nhm bo v v ngn chn cc truy cp tri php gia cc mng (packet filter). Cc
gi tin khi qua Firewall s c i chiu cc thng tin (nh a ch, giao thc, s hiu
cng, v.v.) vi cc Rule (lut) qui nh trc quyt nh cho php truyn d liu qua
hay khng.
Firewall hot ng trong cc tng 2, 3, 4, 5 v 7 ca m hnh OSI.
Cc chc nng khc ca Firewall: NAT/PAT, DHCP, VPN, URL filter (phi kt
hp vi phn mm lc URL), Routing, Xc thc bng RADIUS hay TACACS+,
Application Proxy.

Hnh 3.29. S dng tng la trong mng

84

Nhc im:
Ch ngn chn c theo a ch lp 2 (a ch MAC), a ch lp 3 (a ch IP)
v a ch lp 4 (cng dch v - Port number). Khng c kh nng chng virus
v xm nhp mng bt hp php
Ch lc c thng tin t ngun khng mong mun, khng th c v phn tch
thng tin tt xu
Khng th chng li nhng tn cng khng i qua n
Khng th chng li nhng tn cng bng d liu (v d: m c hi nh km
mail, v.v.)
Cc Firewall thng dng:
Phn mm: Microsoft ISA, Iptable trn Linux, Checkpoint FW-1
Phn cng : Cisco PIX, 3COM SonicWall, CyberGuard, Netscreen, v.v.
Mc tiu ca vic s dng tng la l to ra nhng kt ni an ton t vng mng
bn trong ra bn ngoi h thng, cng nh m bo khng c nhng truy cp tri php t
bn ngoi vo nhng my ch v thit b bn trong h thng mng
Phn loi:
C nhiu cch phn loi tng la, ty theo cch chn la tiu ch nh gi m
chng ta ccc loi tng la sau:
Tng la c nhn/Tng la h thng
Tng la da trn phn mm hay phn cng
Tng la lc trn tng mng (Packet-filtering firewalls), lc trn tng ng dng
(Application-level gateway firewall) hay lc trn tng phin
Tng la s dng cng ngh lc gi hay d trng thi.
l) H thng pht hin/ngn chn xm nhp
H thng pht hin xm nhp (IDS - Intrusion Detection Systems) v h thng ngn
chn xm nhp (IPS- Intrusion Prevention Systems) l cc h thng (phn cng hoc
phn mm) gim st mng pht hin hoc ngn chn cc truy cp tri php t bn
ngoi vo mt mng my tnh hoc mt host.
IDS/IPS lm vic n tng 7 trong m hnh OSI, thng h tr cho h thng
Firewall bo v mng trnh cc tn cng t bn ngoi.
Ni dung trong cc gi tin khi truyn qua mng s c so snh vi cc mu nhn
din bit trc hoc t suy on quyt nh d liu ny l hp l hay khng.
Nhc im: Phi cp nht thng xuyn cc rule. Vic suy on d b nhm ln.
u im: C kh nng pht hin v phng chng truy cp tri php cp ng dng
nh: E-mail, Web, FTP, v.v. C kh nng chng virus v cc hnh thc tn cng mng
khc.
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Nh vy, gii hn hot ng ca cc thit b trn cc tng theo m hnh OSI c th

c tng hp trong Hnh 3.30, trong cc thit b lm vic tng trn cng lm vic
c mi tng bn di. Do , qun tr h thng cn cn nhc trong vic la chn
thit b s dng trin khai h thng mng sao cho hp l v hiu qu nht.

Hnh 3.30. So snh phm vi hot ng ca cc thit b mng trong m hnh OSI

3.3. Mng cc b
3.3.1. Khi nim v c im c bn
Mng cc b (LAN) l mt h thng mng gm mt nhm cc my tnh v thit b
truyn thng mng c kt ni vi nhau trong mt khu vc nh bn knh di vi km,
nh ta nh cao c, trng i hc, khu gii tr, phng th nghim, v.v. c s hu bi
mt c nhn hay t chc no .
Khi nim LAN thc cht ch mang tnh cht tng i v mt khong cch a l,
tuy nhin, mi LAN c nhng c im ring v kin trc v nhng cng ngh dnh
ring cho LAN. Mt mng LAN c trin khai vi cu trc phn cp gm ba tng nh
m t trong Hnh 3.31.
Lp li (Core Layer): y l trc xng sng ca mng (Backbone) thng dng
cc b chuyn mch c tc cao (high-speed switching), thng c cc c tnh nh
tin cy cao, c cng sut d tha, c kh nng t khc phc li, c kh nng thch nghi
cao, p ng nhanh, d qun l, c kh nng lc gi, hay lc cc tin trnh ang truyn
trong mng.
Lp phn tn (Distribution Layer): L ranh gii ca lp li v lp truy nhp ca
mng. Lp phn tn thc hin cc chc nng nh: m bo gi d liu n tng phn
on mng (Segment), m bo an ninh an ton, phn on mng theo nhm cng tc,
chia min broadcast/multicast, nh tuyn gia cc VLAN (LAN o), chuyn mi trng
truyn dn, nh tuyn gia cc min, to bin gii gia cc min trong nh tuyn tnh
v ng, thc hin cc b lc gi (theo a ch, theo s hiu cng, theo dch v, v.v.),
thc hin cc c ch m bo cht lng dch v QoS (Quality of Service).
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Hnh 3.31. M hnh phn cp trong LAN

Lp truy nhp (Access Layer): L lp cung cp kh nng truy nhp cho ngi dng
cc b hay t xa truy nhp vo mng. Thng c thc hin bi cc b chuyn mch
(Switch) trong mi trng Campus, hay cc cng ngh WAN.
M hnh trin khai mng cc b c cu trc phn cp ny c nh gi l d ci
t, d m rng, gi thnh thp v d c lp li.
3.3.2. Kin trc mng cc b
a) Cc hnh trng mng
V nguyn tc mi topology ca mng my tnh ni chung u c th dng cho
mng cc b. Song do c th ca mng cc b nn ch c 3 topology thng c s
dng: topo hnh sao (star topology), topo vng (ring topology) v topo tuyn tnh (bus
topology).
1. Topo tuyn tnh(BUS)
Tt c cc trm u dng chung mt ng truyn chnh (Bus) c gii hn bi
hai u ni (terminator).
Mi trm c ni vo Bus qua mt u ni ch T (T-connector) (Hnh 3.32a)
hoc Transceiver (Hnh 3.32b)
Khi mt trm truyn d liu th tn hiu c qung b trn 2 chiu ca Bus (tt
c cc trm khc u c th nhn tn hiu)
Terminator c tc dng thu tn hiu, trnh di li trn Bus.
87

Hnh 3.32a. Topo Bus v T-Connector

Hnh 3.32b. Topo Bus v Transceiver

u im:
D dng thit k, ci t v m rng
Chi ph thp
Hn ch
Kh qun tr v tm nguyn nhn li
Gii hn chiu di cp v s lng my tnh
Hiu nng gim khi c my tnh c thm vo
Tnh n nh km, ch mt my hng l ton b mng ngng hot ng.
Mt on cp backbone b t s nh hng n ton mng.
2. Topo vng (Ring)
Tn hiu c lu chuyn theo mt chiu duy nht
Mi trm lm vic c ni vi vng qua mt b chuyn tip (repeater), c
nhim v nhn tn hiu ri chuyn n trm k tip trn vng.
tng tin cy ca mng, phi lp vng d phng, khi ng truyn trn vng
chnh b s c th vng ph c s dng vi chiu i ca tn hiu ngc vi chiu i
ca mng chnh.
88

S Kiu kt ni dng vng

My 2

My 1

My 3

My 4

My 5

My 6

Hnh 3.33. Topo dng vng (Ring)

Tn hiu lu chuyn trn vng theo mt chui lin tip cc lin kt im-im gia
cc repeater, do cn c giao thc iu khin vic cp pht quyn c truyn d liu
trn vng cho nhng trm c nhu cu.
u im:
S pht trin ca h thng khng tc ng ng k n hiu nng
Tt c cc my tnh c quyn truy cp nh nhau.
Hn ch:
Chi ph thc hin cao hn hnh trng bus v thm ch c hnh trng star
i hi giao thc truy nhp mng phc tp hn mng hnh sao
Khi mt my c s c th c th nh hng n cc my tnh khc.
3. Topo hnh sao (STAR)
Tt c cc trm c ni vo mt thit b trung tm c nhim v nhn tn hiu
t cc trm v chuyn n trm ch ca tn hiu.
Thit b trung tm c th l: B tp trung (Hub), b chuyn mch (Switch), b
dn ng (Router).
Vai tr ca thit b trung tm l thc hin vic bt tay gia cc trm cn trao i
thng tin vi nhau, thit lp cc lin kt im - im gia chng.

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S Kiu kt ni hnh sao vi HUB trung tm

My 1

My 2

My 3

My 4

My 5

My 6

Hnh 3.34. Topo hnh sao (Star)

Ngoi ra, c cc topo khc l dng m rng/kt hp ca cc loi topo c bn trn,

nh:
Topo hnh sao m rng (Extended Star Topology)
Topo phn cp hnh cy (Hierarchical Topology)
Topo hn hp (Mesh Topology)

Hnh 3.35. Cc hnh trng mng c bn ca mng LAN

b) Cc giao thc truy nhp ng truyn trong LAN

i vi topo dng hnh sao, khi mt lin kt c thit lp gia hai trm th thit b
trung tm s m bo ng truyn c dnh ring trong sut cuc truyn. Tuy nhin
i vi topo dng vng v tuyn tnh th ch c mt ng truyn duy nht ni tt c cc
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trm vi nhau bi vy cn phi c mt quy tc chung cho tt c cc trm ni vo mng

bo m rng ng truyn c truy nhp v s dng mt cch tt p.
C nhiu phng thc (hay giao thc) khc nhau truy nhp ng truyn vt l,
c phn lm hai loi: phng thc truy nhp ngu nhin, v phng thc truy nhp c
iu khin. Trong c 2 phng thc hay dng nht trong cc mng cc b hin nay l:
Giao thc CSMA/CD, Token Passing (Token Bus p dng cho topo hnh bus, Token
Ring p dng cho topo hnh ring)
1. Phng thc CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) - Phng
php a truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t. Phng php ny s dng
cho topo dng tuyn tnh, trong tt c cc trm ca mng u c ni trc tip vo
bus. Mi trm u c th truy nhp vo bus chung (a truy nhp) mt cch ngu nhin v
do vy rt c th dn n xung t (hai hoc nhiu trm ng thi truyn d liu). D
liu c truyn trn mng theo mt khun dng nh sn trong c mt vng thng
tin iu khin cha a ch trm ch
Phng php CSMA/CD l phng php ci tin t phng php CSMA hay cn
gi l LBT (Listen Before Talk - Nghe trc khi ni). T tng ca n: Mt trm cn
truyn d liu trc ht phi nghe xem ng truyn ang ri hay bn. Nu ri th
truyn d liu i theo khun dng quy nh trc. Ngc lai, nu bn (tc l c d
liu khc) th trm phi thc hin mt trong 3 gii thut sau (gi l gii thut kin tr):
Gii thut Non persistent (khng kin tr): Tm rt lui ch i trong mt thi
gian ngu nhin no ri li bt u nghe ng truyn (
Gii thut 1-persistent (1-kin tr): Tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri th
truyn d liu i vi xc sut = 1
Gii thut p- persistent (p-kin tr): Tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri th
truyn i vi xc sut p xc nh trc (0 < p <1).
Vi gii thut 1 c hiu qu trong vic trnh xung t v hai trm cn truyn khi
thy ng truyn bn s cng rt lui ch i trong cc thi on ngu nhin khc.
Nhc im c th c thi gian cht sau mi cuc truyn.
Gii thut 2: khc phc nhc im c thi gian cht bng cch cho php mt trm
c th truyn ngay sau khi mt cuc truyn kt thc. Nhc im: Nu lc c hn mt
trm ang i th kh nng xy ra xung t l rt cao.
Gii thut 3: Trung ho gia hai gii thut trn. Vi gi tr p la chn hp l c th
ti thiu ho c c kh nng xung t ln thi gian cht ca ng truyn. Xy ra xung
t l do tr ca ng truyn dn: mt trm truyn d liu i ri nhng do tr
ng truyn nn mt trm khc lc ang nghe ng truyn s tng l ri v c th
truyn d liu i dn n xung t. Nguyn nhn xy ra xung t ca phng php ny l
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cc trm ch nghe trc khi ni m khng nghe trong khi ni do vy trong thc t c
xy ra xung t m khng bit, vn c tip tc truyn d liu i gy ra chim dng ng
truyn mt cch v ch.

Hnh 3.36. Kh nng xung t (Collision)

c th pht hin xung t trong CSMA, cn ci tin thnh phng php

CSMA/CD (LWT - Listen While Talk - nghe trong khi ni) tc l b xung thm cc quy
tc:
Khi mt trm ang truyn, n vn tip tc nghe ng truyn. Nu pht hin
thy xung t th n ngng ngay vic truyn nhng vn tip tc gi sng mang
thm mt thi gian na m bo rng tt c cc trm trn mng u c th
nghe c s kin xung t .
Sau trm ch i mt thi gian ngu nhin no ri th truyn li theo cc
quy tc ca CSMA.
R rng vi CSMA/CD thi gian chim dng ng truyn v ch gim xung bng
thi gian pht hin xung t. CSMA/CD cng s dng mt trong 3 gii thut kin
nhn trn, trong gii thut 2 c a dng hn c.
2. Phng thc Token Bus
Phng php truy nhp c iu khin dng k thut chuyn th bi cp pht
quyn truy nhp ng truyn. Th bi (Token) l mt n v d liu c bit, c kch
thc v c cha cc thng tin iu khin trong cc khun dng.
Nguyn l: cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn cho cc trm ang c nhu
cu truyn d liu, mt th bi c lu chuyn trn mt vng logic thit lp bi cc
trm . Khi mt trm nhn c th bi th n c quyn s dng ng truyn trong
mt thi gian nh trc. Trong thi gian n c th truyn mt hoc nhiu n v d
liu. Khi ht d liu hay ht thi on cho php, trm phi chuyn th bi n trm
tip theo trong vng logic. Nh vy cng vic phi lm u tin l thit lp vng logic
(hay cn gi l vng o) bao gm cc trm ang c nhu cu truyn d liu c xc nh
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v tr theo mt chui th t m trm cui cng ca chui s tip lin sau bi trm u
tin. Mi trm c bit a ch ca cc trm k trc v sau n. Th t ca cc trm trn
vng logic c th c lp vi th t vt l. Cc trm khng hoc cha c nhu cu truyn
d liu th khng c a vo vng logic v chng ch c th tip nhn d liu.

Hnh 3.37. V d vng logic trong mng Token Bus

Trong hnh 3.37, cc trm A, E nm ngoi vng logic, ch c th tip nhn d liu
dnh cho chng.Vn quan trng l phi duy tr c vng logic tu theo trng thi
thc t ca mng ti thi im no . C th cn phi thc hin cc chc nng sau:
B sung mt trm vo vng logic: cc trm nm ngoi vng logic cn c xem
xt nh k nu c nhu cu truyn d liu th b sung vo vng logic.
Loi b mt trm khi vng logic: Khi mt trm khng cn nhu cu truyn d
liu cn loi n ra khi vng logic ti u ho vic iu khin truy nhp bng
th bi
Qun l li: mt s li c th xy ra, chng hn trng a ch (hai trm u ngh
rng n lt mnh) hoc t vng (khng trm no ngh n lt mnh)
Khi to vng logic: Khi ci t mng hoc sau khi t vng, cn phi khi
to li vng.
Cc gii thut cho cc chc nng trn c th lm nh sau:
B sung mt trm vo vng logic, mi trm trong vng c trch nhim nh k
to c hi cho cc trm mi nhp vo vng. Khi chuyn th bi i, trm s gi
thng bo tm trm ng sau mi cc trm (c a ch gia n v trm k
tip nu c) gi yu cu nhp vng. Nu sau mt thi gian xc nh trc m
khng c yu cu no th trm s chuyn th bi ti trm k sau n nh thng
l. Nu c yu cu th trm gi th bi s ghi nhn trm yu cu tr thnh trm
ng k sau n v chuyn th bi ti trm mi ny. Nu c hn mt trm yu
cu nhp vng th trm gi th bi s phi la chn theo gii thut no .

93

 Loi mt trm khi vng logic: Mt trm mun ra khi vng logic s i n
khi nhn c th bi s gi thng bo ni trm ng sau ti trm k trc n
yu cu trm ny ni trc tip vi trm k sau n
Qun l li: gii quyt cc tnh hung bt ng. Chng hn, trm nhn
c tn hiu cho thy c cc trm khc c th bi. Lp tc n phi chuyn
sang trng thi nghe (b ng, ch d liu hoc th bi). Hoc sau khi kt thc
truyn d liu, trm phi chuyn th bi ti trm k sau n v tip tc nghe xem
trm k sau c hot ng hay b h hng. Nu trm k sau b hng th phi
tm cch gi cc thng bo vt qua trm hng , tm trm hot ng gi
th bi.
Khi to vng logic: Khi mt trm hay nhiu trm pht hin thy ng truyn
khng hot ng trong mt khong thi gian vt qu mt gi tr ngng (time
out) cho trc - th bi b mt (c th do mng b mt ngun hoc trm gi th
bi b hng). Lc trm pht hin s gi i thng bo yu cu th bi ti mt
trm c ch nh trc c trch nhim sinh th bi mi v chuyn i theo
vng logic.
3. Phng thc Token Ring
Phng php ny da trn nguyn l dng th bi cp pht quyn truy nhp
ng truyn. Th bi lu chuyn theo vng vt l ch khng cn thit lp vng logic
nh phng php trn

Hnh 3.38. Hot ng ca phng thc Token Ring

Th bi l mt n v d liu c bit trong c mt bt biu din trng thi s

dng ca n (bn hoc ri). Mt trm mun truyn d liu th phi i n khi nhn c
mt th bi ri. Khi n s i bt trng thi thnh bn v truyn mt n v d liu
cng vi th bi i theo chiu ca vng. Gi y khng cn th bi ri trn vng na, do
94

 cc trm c d liu cn truyn buc phi i. D liu n trm ch s c sao li,

sau cng vi th bi i tip cho n khi quay v trm ngun. Trm ngun s xo b d
liu, i bt trng thi thnh ri cho lu chuyn tip trn vng cc trm khc c th
nhn c quyn truyn d liu.
S quay v trm ngun ca d liu v th bi nhm to mt c ch nhn t nhin:
trm ch c th gi vo n v d liu cc thng tin v kt qu tip nhn d liu ca
mnh.
Trm ch khng tn ti hoc khng hot ng
Trm ch tn ti nhng d liu khng sao chp c
D liu c tip nhn.
Phng php ny cn phi gii quyt hai vn c th gy ph v h thng:
Mt th bi: trn vng khng cn th bi lu chuyn na
Mt th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng trn vng
Gii php:
i vi vn mt th bi: C th quy nh trc mt trm iu khin ch ng
(Active Monitor). Trm ny s pht hin tnh trng mt th bi bng cch dng c ch
ngng thi gian (time out). Sau khong thi gian time out, nu khng nhn li c
th bi, trm s pht hin tnh trng mt th bi v phc hi bng cch pht li th bi
rimi
i vi vn th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng: Trm monitor s dng mt bit
trn th bi (gi l monitor bit) nh du t gi tr 1 khi gp th bi bn i qua n.
Nu n gp li mt th bi bn vi bt nh du th c ngha l trm ngun
khng nhn li c n v d liu ca mnh v th bi bn c quay vng mi. Lc
trm monitor s i bit trng thi ca th thnh ri v chuyn tip trn vng. Cc trm
cn li trn trm s c vai tr b ng: chng theo di pht hin tnh trng s c ca trm
monitor ch ng v thay th vai tr . Cn c mt gii thut chn trm thay th cho
trm monitor hng.
4. So snh
phc tp ca phng php dng th bi u ln hn nhiu so vi
CSMA/CD.
Nhng cng vic m mt trm phi lm trong phng php CSMA/CD n gin
hn nhiu so vi hai phng php dng th bi.
Hiu qu ca phng php dng th bi khng cao trong iu kin ti nh: mt
trm phi i kh lu mi n lt.
Tuy nhin phng php dng th bi cng c nhng u im: Kh nng iu ho
lu thng trong mng, hoc bng cch cho php cc trm truyn s lng n v d liu
95

khc nhau khi nhn c th bi, hoc bng cch lp ch u tin cp pht th bi cho
cc trm cho trc. c bit phng php dng th bi c hiu qu cao hn CSMA/CD
trong trng hp ti nng.

3.4. Cc k thut mng cc b

Cc chun LAN l cc chun cng ngh cho LAN c ph chun bi cc t chc
chun ho quc t, nhm hng dn cc nh sn xut thit b mng i n s thng nht
kh nng s dng chung cc sn phm ca h v li ch ca ngi s dng v to iu
kin cho cc nghin cu pht trin.
3.4.1. Ethernet v h chun IEEE 802
a) Ethernet
Cc chun Ethernet LAN hin ng s dng ph bin nht, n mc i khi hiu
ng ngha vi LAN. S pht trin ca n tri qua cc giai on vi tn gi l DIX
standard Ethernet v IEEE802.3 standard.
Nm 1972 cng ty Xerox trin khai nghin cu v chun LAN. 1980 chun ny
c 3 cng ty DEC (Digital), Intel, Xerox chp nhn pht trin v gi l chun DIX
Ethernet. N m bo tc truyn thng 10 Mpbs, dng mi trng truyn dn l cp
ng trc bo, c ch truyn tin CSMA/CD.
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electrionics Engineers) - mt t chc chun ho
ca M a ra chun IEEE802.3 v giao thc LAN da trn DIX Ethernet vi cc mi
trng truyn dn khc nhau, gi l IEEE802.3 10BASE-5, IEEE802.3 10BASE-2 v
IEEE802.3 10BASE-T. m bo tc truyn thng 10Mbps.
Cc thng s c bn ca cc chun Ethernet nh sau:
1. 10BASE-5
M hnhphn cng ca mng:
Topo dng BUS
Dng cp ng trc bo 50 (Thick cable), AUI connector (Attachement Unit
Interface)
Hai u cp c hai Terminator 50 , chng phn hi sng mang tn hiu. D
liu truyn thng s khng c m bo ng n nu mt trong hai
Terminator ny b thiu hoc b li.
Trn mi on cp c th lin kt ti a 100 AUI Transceiver Connector ci
(Female). Khong cch ti a gia hai AUI l 2,5 m, di ti a ca mt
segment l 500m. Trn cp c nh cc du hiu theo tng on bi s ca 2,5m
v m bo truyn thng ngi ta thng chn khong cch ti thiu gia hai
AUI l 5 m.
96

 Vic lin kt cc my tnh vo mng c thc hin bi cc on cp ni t cc

AUI connector n NIC trong my tnh, gi l cp AUI. Hai u cp AUI lin
kt vi hai AUI connector c (Male). Chiu di ti a ca mt cp AUI l 50
m.
S 5 trong tn gi 10BASE-5 l bt ngun t iu kin di ti a ca mt
phn on cp (Segment) l 500 m.

Hnh 3.39. Kt ni theo chun 10Base-5 bng cp bo v Transceiver

Quy tc 5- 4-3:
Repeater: Nh trnh by trn, trong mi on mng dng cp ng trc bo
khng c c qu 100 AUI, di ti a ca mt segment khng c vt qu 500m.
Trong trng hp mun m rng mng vi nhau bng mt thit b chuyn tip tn hiu
gi l Repeater. Repeater c hai cng, tn hiu c nhn vo cng ny th s c
pht tip ra cng kia sau khi c khuych i. Tuy nhin c nhng hn ch bt
buc v s lng cc on mng v nt mng c th c trn mt Ethernet LAN.

Hnh 3.40. M rng mng 10Base-5 bng Repeater

Quy tc 5-4-3 l quy tc tiu chun ca Ethernet c p dng trong trng hp

mun m rng mng, ngha l mun xy dng mt LAN c bn knh hot ng rng
97

hoc c nhiu trm lm vic vt qu nhng hn ch trn mt on cp mng (segment).

Quy tc 5-4-3 c p dng cho chun 10BASE-5 dng repeater nh sau:
Khng c c qu 5 on mng
Khng c c qu 4 repeater gia hai trm lm vic bt k
Khng c c qu 3 on mng c trm lm vic. Cc on mng khng c
trm lm vic gi l cc on lin kt.

Hnh 3.41. Quy tc 5-4-3

C th tm tt cc thng s c bn ca chun 10Base-5 nh bng sau:

Bng 3.6. Thng s c bn ca chun 10Base-5
Tc ti a
Chiu di ti a ca on cp trong mt phn
on (Segment)
S trm ti a trn mi on
Khong cch gia cc trm
Khong cch ti a gia my trm v ng
trc chung
Tng chiu di ti a on kt ni (c th l 1
on kt ni khi c 2 segment, hoc 2 on kt
ni khi c 3 segment)
Tng s trm + s b lp Repeater
Chiu di ti a ca mng 10BASE-5 c th t
c
2. 10BASE-2
M hnh phn cng:

10Mbps
500 m
100
>=2.5m (Bi s ca 2.5m, nhm
gim thiu hin tng giao thoa do
sng ng trn cc on)
50 m
1000 m
Khng qu 1024
3*500 + 1000 = 2500 m

Topo dng BUS

Dng cp ng trc mng 50 (Thin cable), ng knh xp x 5mm, Tconnector, BNC connector
98

 Hai u cp c hai Terminator 50 , chng phn hi sng mang d liu. D liu

truyn thng s khng c m bo ng n nu mt trong hai Terminator
ny b thiu hoc b li.
Trn mi on cp c th lin kt ti a 30 trm lm vic. Khong cch ti thiu
gia hai trm l 0.5 m. di ti a ca mt phn on cp (Segment) l 185m.
bo m cht lng truyn thng ngi ta thng chn khong cch ti thiu
gia hai trm l 5 m.
Vic lin kt cc my tnh vo mng c thc hin bi cc T - connector v
BNC connector.
S 2 trong tn gi 10BASE-2 l bt ngun t iu kin khong cch ti a gia
hai trm trn on cp l 185m 200m.

Hnh 3.42. Kt ni theo chun 10Base-2 bng cp gy v T-Connector

Hnh 3.43. M rng mng 10Base-2 bng Repeater

Quy tc 5 - 4 -3:
Quy tc 5-4-3 c p dng cho chun 10BASE-2 dng repeater cng tng t nh
i vi trng hp cho chun 10BASE-5
C th tm tt cc thng s c bn ca chun 10Base-2 nh bng sau:
99

Bng 3.7. Thng s c bn ca chun 10Base-2

Tc ti a
Chiu di ti a ca on cp trong mt phn
on (Segment)
S trm ti a trn mi on
Khong cch gia cc trm
Khong cch ti a gia my trm v ng
trc chung
S segment kt ni ti a
Tng chiu di ti a on kt ni (c th l 1
on kt ni khi c 2 segment, hoc 2 on kt
ni khi c 3 segment)
Tng s trm + s b lp Repeater
Chiu di ti a ca mng 10BASE-2 c th t
c

10Mbps
185 m
30
>=0.5 m
0m
3
1000 m
Khng qu 1024
3*185 + 1000 = 1555 m

3. 10BASE-T
M hnh phn cng ca mng:
Dng cp xon i UTP, RJ 45 connector, v mt thit b ghp ni trung tm gi
l HUB.
Mi HUB c th ni t 4 ti 24 cng RJ45, cc trm lm vic c kt ni t
NIC ti cng HUB bng cp UTP vi hai us ni RJ45. Khong cch ti a t
HUB n NIC l 100m.
V mt vt l (hnh thc) topo ca mng c dng hnh sao. Tuy nhin v bn
cht HUB l mt loi Repeater nhiu cng v vy v mt logic, mng theo chun
10BASE-T vn l mng dng BUS.
Ch T trong tn gi 10BASE-T bt ngun t ch Twisted pair cable (cp i
dy xon).

Hnh 3.44. Cu hnh phn cng mng 10Base-T

100

Quy tc m rng mng:

V HUB l mt loi Repeater nhiu cng nn m rng mng c th lin kt
ni tip cc HUB vi nhau v cng khng c c qu 4 HUB gia hai trm
lm vic bt k ca mng
HUB c kh nng xp chng: l loi HUB c cng ring lin kt chng li
vi nhau thnh nh mt HUB. Nh vy dng loi HUB ny ngi dng c th
d dng m rng s cng ca HUB trong tng lai khi cn thit. Tuy nhin s
lng HUB c th xp chng cng c gii hn v ph thuc vo tng nh sn
xut, thng thng khng vt qu 5 HUB.
Vn khong cch ti a ca mng v s trm trn mng hon ton ph thuc
vo cc thit b kt ni v cch thc m rng mng bng cc Hub, thng thng
c th kt ni cc HUB song song hoc ni tip (Hnh 3.45).

Hnh 3.45. M rng mng 10Base-T bng cch ni Hub ni tip hoc song song

10BASE-5 vi HUB: D HUB c kh nng xp chng, ngi s dng c th tng

s lng my kt ni trong mng nhng bn knh hot ng ca mng vn khng thay
i v khong cch t cng HUB n NIC khng th vt qu 100m. Mt gii php c
th m rng c bn knh hot ng ca mng l dng HUB c h tr mt cng AUI
lin kt cc HUB bng cp ng trc bo theo chun 10BASE-5. Mt cp ng trc bo
theo chun 10BASE-5 c chiu di ti a l 500m

101

Hnh 3.46. M rng LAN vi 10Base-T v 10Base-5

Tm li, cc chun Ethernet LAN nh sau:

Bng 3.8. Cc chun Ethernet LAN

b) FastEthernet
L chun c nh ngha trong chun mng 802.3u. Tc truyn ti d liu l
100 Mbps. H tr 3 chun vt l l 100Base-TX, 100Base-T4 v 100Base-FX
Cc loi cp s dng:
100BASE-T4 s dng bn i dy cn bng cp UTP Cat-3 hoc Cat-5.
100BASE-TX s dng hai i UTP Cat-5 hoc i dy STP.
100BASE-FX s dng i dy cp quang a mode.
M ha:
100Base-TX v 100Base-FX s dng k thut m ha 4B/5B.
100Base-T4 s dng k thut m ha 8B/6T.
Phng thc iu khin truy nhp CSMA/CD:
100Base-T4 s dng phng thc hot ng bn song cng.
100Base-TX s dng phng thc hot ng song cng.
100Base-FX s dng c phng thc hot ng song cng v bn song cng.

102

100VG-AnyLAN cng l cng ngh Ethernet 100Mbps, l cng ngh cnh tranh
vi Fast Ethernet, tuy nhin t c s dng.
c) Gigabit Ethernet
S ra i ca Gigabit Ethernet m ra mt k nguyn mi Ethernet tc cao.
Gigabit Ethernet c thit lp da trn cc nguyn l c bn ca 10BASE-T, Fast
Ethernet v chuyn mch Ethernet. C 3 chun Gigabit Ethernet:
Chun mng 802.3z:
C tn l mng Gigabit Ethernet
Tc truyn ti d liu l 1 Gbps
H tr 3 chun vt l l 1000Base-LX, 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-CX. Trong :
1000Base-LX, 1000Base-SX s dng cp quang; 1000Base-CX s dng dy cp
ng bc kim.
Chun 802.3ae:
C tn l mng Gigabit Ethernet qua cp si quang
Tc truyn ti d liu ln n 10 Gbps.
Chun 802.3ab:
Gigabit Ehernet trn cp ng (Gigabit Ethernet over UTP )
c trng bi chun 1000Base-T
Tc truyn ti d liu 1 Gbps
IEEE 802.3z: Mng Gigabit Ethernet trn cp quang chun ha nm 1998. Phng
tin truyn dn c bn l si quang n mode (SMF) vi ng knh li l 10 m, hay
si quang a mode vi ng knh li l 50 m hoc 62.5 m. Tn hiu c truyn dn
ch yu trn hai bc sng l 850nm (bc sng ngn) v 1310 nm (bc sng di). Nu
s dng cp ng th l loi cp bn i Cat-5 UTP, vi khong cch c th ln ti
100m.
Ti tng vt l:
1000Base-SX : chun cho cp quang bc sng ngn.
Vi cp quang a mode 62.5 m, khong cch ti a 220-275 m
Vi cp quang a mode 50 m, khong cch ti a 500-550 m
1000Base-LX : chun cho cp quang bc sng di
Vi cp quang a mode 62.5/50 m, khong cch ti a 550 m
Vi cp quang n mode 9 m, khong cch ti a 5000 m
1000Base-CX : chun cho cp ng tuyn ngn. Vi cp ng trc, khong cch ti
a l 25 m
Ti tng lin kt d liu:
Hot ng ch song cng v chuyn mch.
103

 iu khin truy nhp: CSSMA/CD trong phng thc song cng.

Trong phng thc bn song cng s dng CSMA/CD ci tin.
IEEE 802.3ab: c trng bi 1000Base-T. S dng c 4 i dy cp UTP Cat 5
(hoc Cat-6, Cat-7) vi khong cch ti a 100m. Tn hiu truyn dn song cng trc tip
2 chiu trn c 4 i vi tc 250 Mbps/1 i dy.
IEEE 802.3ae: 10 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) c trnh by trong d tho tiu chun
IEEE 802.3ae. Tc Ethernet tng t 1 Gbps ln 10 Gbps, cho php Ethernet c th
tch hp vi nhng cng ngh tc cao trn mng ng trc WAN vi tc xp x
9,5 Gbps. Ngoi ra, 10 GbE c th tng thch vi cc h thng SONET/SDH, c th h
tr cho tt c cc dch v ti cc tng 2 v 3. Nguyn tc c bn khi xy dng cc mng
chuyn mch tc cao l kt hp nhiu on mng tc thp li vi nhau. Khi mt
v s lng cc on c tc 100 Mbps trong mng tng ln th 1000BASE-X v
1000BASE-T tr thnh cng ngh truyn dn mc cao hn c s dng trn cc li
mng.
d) H chun IEEE 802
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) l t chc tin phong
trong lnh vc chun ha mng cc b vi n IEEE 802. Kt qu l mt lot cc chun
thuc h IEEE 802.x ra i
Cui nhng nm 80, ISO tip nhn h chun ny v ban hnh thnh chun quc t
di m hiu tng ng ISO 8802.x.
IEEE 802.1: l chun c t kin trc mng, kt ni gia cc mng v vic qun
tr i vi mng cc b (LAN)
IEEE 802.2: Chun c t tng dch v giao thc ca mng cc b
IEEE 802.3: Chun c t mt mng LAN da trn mng Ethernet ni ting ca
Digital, Intel v Xerox (1980)
IEEE 802.4: Chun c t LAN vi topo mng dng BUS dng th bi k
vic truy nhp ng truyn
IEEE 802.5: Chun c t LAN vi topo mng dng vng (RING) dng th bi
k vic truy nhp ng truyn
IEEE 802.6: Chun c t mng tc cao kt ni vi nhiu LAN thuc cc
khu vc khc nhau ca 1 th (Mng MAN)
IEEE 802.9: Chun c t mng tch hp d liu v ting ni
IEEE 802.10: Chun c t v an ton thng tin trong cc mng LAN c kh
nng lin tc
IEEE 802.11: Chun c t mng cc b khng dy (Wireless LAN - WLAN)
Hin ang tip tc c pht trin (a, b, g, n, ac)
104

IEEE 802.12: Chun c t mng cc b bi AT&T, IBM v HP, gi l 100

VG - AnyLAN hay 100BASE-VG. Mng s dng dng hnh sao xp tng
(Cascaded Star Topology) v phng php truy nhp ng truyn c iu
khin tranh chp. Khi c nhu cu truyn d liu, mt trm s gi yu cu n
HUB v trm ch c th truyn d liu khi HUB cho php. Chun cung cp mt
mng tc trn 100 Mb/s, c th hot ng trong cc mi trng hn hp
Ethernet v Token Ring. V th n chp nhn c hai dng Frame.

IEEE 802.14: Chun cui cng hin nay l 802.14. Chun ny dng cho truyn
d liu qua ng cp TV, nhm nng cao tc truy nhp Internet ti gia nh.

Hnh 3.47. Cc chun 802.x v m hnh TCP/IP

3.4.2. Token Ring

Chun Token Ring hay cn c gi r hn l IBM Token Ring c pht trin bi
IBM, m bo tc truyn thng qua 4 Mbps hoc 16 Mbps. Chun ny c IEEE
chun ho vi m IEEE802.5 v c ISO cng nhn vi m ISO 8802.5.
M hnh phn cng:
Topo hnh vng (Ring)
Dng cc MAU (Multistation Access Unit) nhiu cng MAU (Hnh 3.48a) v
cc loi cp (Bng 3.9) lin kt cc MAU thnh mt vng trn khp kn
(Hnh 3.48b).

105

Hnh 3.48a. Cc cng ca MAU

Hnh 3.48b. Kt ni cc MAU to thnh vng v Message Flow

Cc trm lm vic c lin kt vo mng bng cc on cp STP ni t cng

MAU ti cng ca NIC. Chiu di on cp ny c quy nh di 100m.
S lng ti a cc trm lm vic trn mt Ring l:
- Vi 16 Mbps: Nu s dng Passive Hubs kt ni cc trm th vi cp
STP s t ti a 260 trm (IBM) v 250 trm (IEEE) tc 16Mbps.
Vi cp UTP th t ti a 132 trm.
- Vi 16 Mbps: Nu s dng Active Hub (CAUs v LAMs) th t ti a
245 trm vi c STP hay UTP
- Vi 4Mbps: 72 trm.
Khong cch ti a gia MAU l 770m (4Mbps) v 346m (16Mbps).
Hin ti chun mng ny cng h tr s dng cp UTP vi connector RJ45
v cp si quang vi connector SC.
106

Phng thc truy cp ng truyn: Thm nhp theo c ch phn phi ln lt

theo th bi (Token) Token Ring.

Hnh 3.49. Khun dng Token Ring Frame

gi d liu, mt trm phi nhn c th bi ri, sau chn d liu cn gi vo

th bi to thnh khun dng Token Ring Frame gi ln vng (Hnh 3.49).
Th bi truyn quanh vng l mt frame 24 bit vi 3 trng sau: SD (Start
Delimiter), AC (Access Control) v ED (Ending Delimiter).
Cc trng trong khun dng Token Ring Frame:
SFS (Start Frame Sequence) bao gm SD v AC
- SD = Starting Delimiter (1 byte): SD ch bt u ca mt Frame hoc
Token.
- AC = Access Control (1 byte): iu khin truy nhp.
FC = Frame Conrtol (1byte): iu khin Frame cha LLC data hay l mt MAC
Control Frame.
DA = Destination Address (2/6 byte): a ch ch ca Frame.
SA = Source Address (2/6 byte): a ch ngun ca Frame.
Data Field: Trng d liu (0 hoc nhiu bytes).
FCS = Frame Check Sequence (4 bytes): M kim sot li CRC 32 bit cho cc
vng FC, DA, SA, v Data Field.
EFS (End - of - Frame Sequence) bao gm ED v FS
- ED = Ending Delimiter (1 byte): Cc k hiu kt thc Frame.
- FS = Frame Status (1 byte): Tnh trng Frame.
Gn y, cng ngh Token Ring vi tc 100 v 128 Mbps c gi l Fast
Token Ring Network.
Cc thnh phn ca mng Token Ring:
Cp mng
Cp s dng trong chun IEEE 802.5 Token Ring l cp STP 150 Ohm. Mng IBM
Token Ring s dng cc loi cp UTP, STP v cp si quang (Bng 3.9).

107

Bng 3.9. Cc loi cp s dng trong mng IBM Token Ring

Token Ring Network Interface Adapter Card (NIC)

Cung cp cc interface kt ni cc thit b trn mng Token Ring, tc 4 Mbps
v 16 Mbps. Mt Token Ring NIC 16 Mpbs c th dng trong mng 4 Mbps, tuy nhin,
mng 16 Mbps bt buc phi dng cc cc mng 16 Mbps
Multistation Access Units (MAU)
L cc Hub c bit (cn gi l Concentrator) to nn s khc bit trong mng
Token Ring. Nhng Hub ny c s sp xp dy dn bn trong cho php cc trm lm
vic c kt ni thnh mt vng lin tc. Cc MAU c kh nng b qua (bypass) khi
cc trm kt ni n vng b li. Cc MAU in hnh kt ni 8 hoc nhiu hn cc trm
lm vic, theo cc chun, c n 12 MAU c th kt ni lin tc trong vng.
Media Filter
S dng kt ni NIC ti mt wall jack RJ-11 hoc RJ-45. Mt Media Filter c
yu cu khi cp thoi Type 3 c dng hoc khi mt NIC vi interface DB-9 c dng
kt ni n Hub. Media Filter chuyn i cc tn hiu khc nhau v gim nh hng
ca nhiu.
108

Connectors
Mng Token Ring h tr nhiu loi connector. Loi connector phi tng ng vi
loi cp. Nu s dng cp UTP th c cp v connector phi cng loi (Category rating)
Cc Token Ring Connector bao gm:
DB-9 Connector: Dng cho cp STP. Thng dng cho kt ni cc thit b
hoc kt ni Trunk. Hu ht cc NIC trong mng Token Ring s dng. DB-9
i hi phi c mt Media Filter km theo nu s dng cp UTP.
STP Type 1 v UTP Cat5 thng c s dng cho kt ni cc thit b trn
vng.

Hnh 3.50. DB-9 v IBM Data Connector

RJ-45: Loi jack thoi chun 8 chn s dng kt ni cp UTP hoc STP
RJ-11: Loi Connector jack thoi loi 4 chn s dng cho cc kt ni cp
Type 3.
ST (Straight Tip): Dng vi cp si quang. i hi 2 Connector/1 port: 1
truyn v 1 nhn.

Hnh 3.51. ST Connector

Hot ng ca mng Token Ring:

Cc trm ca mng cc b Token Ring hot ng theo 4 ch sau: Ch truyn,
ch lng nghe, ch b qua v ch nhn.

109

Hnh 3.52 minh ho 4 trm hot ng: Gi s A truyn d liu n D. Trm A nhn
Token, kim tra bit T. Nu gi tr bng 0, Token bn, ngha l c trm trn mng ang
trong ch truyn. Nu gi tr bit T bng 1, ng truyn ri, trm chuyn gi tr 1 bng
0 sang trng thi bn v A bc vo ch truyn (Transmit Mode). V A truyn n D,
nn a ch ch s l D, a ch ngun l A. V a ch ch khng phi l ca B, n bc
vo ch lng nghe (Listen Mode). Trm C v khng cung cp in (gi s b mt in
chng hn), do n ch b qua (Delay bypassesMode). Trm ch D pht hin ra
rng a ch ch chnh l ca n, n bc vo ch nhn (Receive Mode). Khung d
liu c sao chp vo b nh ca trm.

Hnh 3.52. Cc ch lm vic ca cc trm Token Ring

Trong Frame c mt s c kim sot qu trnh truyn v nhn d liu. C Frame

Status nhn bit da vo phn cng, gm cc c nhn bit a ch A (Address
Recognized), c sao chp khung C (Frame Copied) v c li E (Error).
3.4.3. K thut FDDI
a) Gii thiu
c chun ho bi t chc ANSI, m bo tc ng truyn 100Mbps.
M hnh phn cng:
Topo dng vng kp
Dng i cp si quang multimode lin kt cc cp ni DAS, SAS, DAC v
SAC thnh mt vng kp khp kn. Chiu di ti a ca vng l 100 km (200km
khi vng kp chuyn thnh vng n).
Mt trong nhng c im c trng ca FDDI l vic h tr nhiu cch kt ni
khc nhau gia cc thit b trn mng FDDI. FDDI a ra bn kiu kt ni:
- Trm kt ni n SAS (Single Attachment Station) - c kt ni vo
duy nht mt Ring qua mt b tp trung.
110

Trm kt ni kp DAS (Dual Attachment Station). Mi DAS c hai port

v c kt ni vo c hai Ring.

B tp trung kt ni n SAC (Single Attachment Concentrator)

B tp trung kt ni kp DAC (Dual Attachment Concentrator)

Mi trm lm vic kt ni vi cc b kt ni qua FDDI NIC bng mt hoc hai i

cp si quang vi u ni SC. S trm lm vic ti a c th ni vo mt vng l 500.
Khong cch ti a gia hai trm l 2 km.
Nh s dng vng kp nn chun FDDI xy dng c mt c ch qun l v t
khc phc s c trn ng truyn mt cch kh hon ho. Bnh thng, mi trm lm
vic trao i thng tin vi mng ch dual vi mt ng gi v mt ng nhn
thng tin ng thi. Nu mt trong hai vng b s c, thng tin s c gi v nhn ti
mi trm trn cng mt ng truyn mt cch lun phin. Nu c hai vng cng b s
c ti mt im vng kp cng s c khi phc t ng thnh mt vng n do tn
hiu c phn x ti hai b kt ni hai v tr gn nht hai bn im xy ra s c.
Phng thc truy nhp ng truyn: Dng c ch th bi (Token Ring) vi 2
vng mng.

Hnh 3.53. FDDI Dual Ring

FDDI c s dng lm Backbone cho cc mng din rng MAN,WAN. Cu hnh

Ring cp quang, c th kt ni trc tip cc trm u cui v cc my ch trong mt
nhm lm vic hay lin kt cc mng trong phm vi mt ta nh, trong mt khu vc hay
trong mt thnh ph. Mt trong cc ng dng l kt ni cc my ch tc cao. Khi
ng vai tr l mt mng xng sng (Backbone), FDDI lin kt cc thit b mng khc
nhau nh Router, Switch, Brigde, cc b tp trung, v.v. to thnh mt mng ln hn t
cc mng con.
Mc d b thay th bi cc cng ngh LAN khc, FDDI vn c nhng u im nht
nh.
FDDI c th c cu hnh nh l hai mng Ring ngc nhau c lp. iu ny
lm tng tnh n nh h thng cao hn. Nu cu hnh (Topo) ca mng c thit k hai
111

ng quang ca c hai mng khc nhau v mt vt l th s m bo cho hai mng

khng b ph hy trong cng mt thi gian khi xy ra cc s c lin quan n h thng
cp.
g) So snh FDDI v IEEE 802.5
Bng 3.10. So snh FDDI v IEEE 802.5
FDDI

IEE 802.5

- Dng cp quang

- Dng cp xon i

- Tc 100 Mbps

- Tc 1 4 16 Mbps

- Phng php m ha NRZI 4B/5B

- Phng php m ha Manchester vi sai

- c t tin cy tng minh

- c t tin cy khng tng minh

- ng b phn tn

- ng b tp trung

- Quay vng th bi theo thi gian

- S dng cc bit Priority v Reservation

- Sinh th bi mi sau khi truyn

- Sinh th bi mi sau khi nhn

- Chim th bi bng cch thu li

- Chim th bi bng cch i bit trng thi

- Khun dng Frame FDDI

- Khun dng Frame IEEE 802.5

- Kch thc Frame ti a 4500 Bytes

- Khng quy nh kch thc Frame ti a

- Cc a ch 16 v hoc 48 bt

- Cc a ch 16 hoc 48 bt

- Chc nng phc hi phn tn cho cc - Trm iu khin (Active Monitor) m

trm
nhim chc nng phc hi
3.4.4. K thut LAN o
M hnh mng khng c VLAN gi l mt mng phng (flat network), v hot ng
chuyn mch lp 2 ca m hnh OSI. Mt mng phng l mt min qung b
(broadcast domain), mi gi tin qung b t mt host no u n c cc host cn
li trong mng. Mi cng ca Switch l mt min xung t (collision domain), v vy
ngi ta s dng Switch thay cho Hub chia nh min xung t, nhng li khng ngn
c min qung b.
Trong mng LAN c th xy ra mt s vn sau:
Min qung b ln: S lng gi tin qung b ln lm nh hng n hiu sut
mng
Vn bo mt: Mi ngi dng u c th thy cc ngi dng khc trong
mng phng, do rt kh bo mt.
Vn bng thng: Trong mt s trng hp, mt mng Campus lp 2 (m
hnh OSI) c th m rng thm mt s ta nh cao tng na, hay s ngi dng

112

tng ln, khi nhu cu s dng bng thng cng tng, do kh nng thc thi
ca mng s gim.
Vn cn bng ti (Load Blancing): Trong mt mng phng, ta khng th thc
hin nh tuyn trn nhiu ng i, v lc mng d b lp vng, to nn cn
bo qung b (broadcast storm) nh hng n bng thng ca ng truyn.
Do , khng th chia ti, hay cn gi l cn bng ti.
gii quyt cc vn trn, ta c th s dng gii php VLAN. VLAN l vit tt
ca Virtual Local Area Network hay cn gi l mng LAN o. Mt VLAN c nh
ngha l mt nhm logic cc thit b mng, c thit lp da trn cc yu t nh cng
chc nng, b phn, ng dng, v.v. ca cng ty nhm tch bit vi phn cn li ca
mng, nhm thit b ny hot ng nh trong cng mt mng cho d c t v tr a
l khc nhau, thm ch cch xa nhau. VLAN l mt min qung b c to bi Switch,
mi VLAN l mt mng v mt logic (tc l s dng 1 a ch subnet).
Hin nay, VLAN ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong cng ngh mng LAN.
thy r c li ch ca VLAN, chng ta hy xt trng hp sau:
Gi s mt cng ty c 3 b phn l: IT, HR, Sales, mi b phn trn li tri ra trn 3
tng. kt ni cc my tnh trong mt b phn vi nhau th ta c th lp cho mi tng
mt switch. iu c ngha l mi tng phi dng 3 switch cho 3 b phn, nn kt
ni 3 tng trong cng ty cn phi dng ti 9 switch. R rng cch lm trn l rt tn km
m li khng th tn dng c ht s cng (port) vn c ca mt switch. Chnh v l ,
gii php VLAN ra i nhm gii quyt vn trn mt cch n gin m vn tit kim
c ti nguyn.

Hnh 3.54. V d v VLAN

Nh hnh v trn ta thy mi tng ca cng ty ch cn dng mt switch, v switch

ny c chia VLAN. Cc my tnh b phn IT th s c gn vo VLAN IT, cc PC
113

 cc b phn khc cng c gn vo cc VLAN tng ng l HR v Sales. Cch lm

trn gip ta c th tit kim ti a s switch phi s dng ng thi tn dng c ht s
cng (port) sn c ca switch.
a) Phn loi VLAN
Port - based VLAN: l cch cu hnh VLAN n gin v ph bin. Mi cng ca
Switch c gn vi mt VLAN xc nh (mc nh l VLAN 1), do vy bt c thit b
host no gn vo cng u thuc mt VLAN no .
MAC address based VLAN: Cch cu hnh ny t c s dng do c nhiu bt tin
trong vic qun l. Mi a ch MAC c nh du vi mt VLAN xc nh.
Protocol based VLAN: Cch cu hnh ny gn ging nh MAC Address based,
nhng s dng mt a ch logic hay a ch IP thay th cho a ch MAC. Cch cu hnh
khng cn thng dng do s dng giao thc DHCP.
b) Li ch ca VLAN
Tit kim bng thng ca h thng mng: VLAN chia mng LAN thnh nhiu phn
on (segment) nh, mi phn on l mt min qung b. Khi c gi tin qung b
(broadcast), n s c truyn duy nht trong VLAN tng ng. Do vic chia VLAN
gip tit kim bng thng ca h thng mng.
Tng kh nng bo mt: Do cc thit b cc VLAN khc nhau khng th truy nhp
vo nhau (tr khi ta cu hnh nh tuyn gia cc VLAN). Nh trong v d trn, cc my
tnh trong VLAN Accounting ch c th lin lc c vi nhau, v khng th kt ni
c vi my tnh VLAN Engineering.
D dng thm hay bt my tnh vo VLAN: Vic thm mt my tnh vo VLAN rt
n gin, ch cn cu hnh cng switch dnh cho my vo VLAN mong mun.
Gip mng c tnh linh ng cao: VLAN c th d dng di chuyn cc thit b. Gi s
trong v d trn, sau mt thi gian s dng cng ty quyt nh mi b phn mt tng
ring bit. Vi VLAN, ta ch cn cu hnh li cc cng switch ri t chng vo cc
VLAN theo yu cu. VLAN c th c cu hnh tnh hay ng. Trong cu hnh tnh,
ngi qun tr mng phi cu hnh cho tng cng ca mi switch. Sau , gn cho n vo
mt VLAN no . Trong cu hnh ng mi cng ca switch c th t cu hnh VLAN
cho mnh da vo a ch MAC ca thit b c kt ni vo.
c) nh tuyn gia cc VLAN
Mt mng lp 2 c nh ngha l mt min qung b (boadcast domain), mt
VLAN bn trong mt hoc nhiu switch th xt v mt logic cng l mt mng lp 2.
Cc VLAN mc nh b c lp, d liu t mt VLAN ny khng th n mt VLAN
khc. vn chuyn d liu gia cc VLAN, phi s dng thit b nh tuyn lp 3.
l cc gii php A, B, C nh Hnh 3.55a, 3.55b, v 3.55c.
114

Thit b hay s dng nht l Router. Router phi c kt ni cng vt l hoc logic
n mi VLAN vn chuyn d liu gia cc VLAN. Qu trnh ny gi l nh tuyn
gia cc VLAN (InterVLAN Routing).
InterVLAN routing c th c thc hin trn Router bng cch kt ni mi cng
vt l ca n vi mt VLAN (Hnh 3.55a). Tuy nhin, cch ny t c s dng v tn
nhiu cng vt l trn Router.

Hnh 3.55a. InterVLAN routing s dng mi interface ca router cho 1 VLAN

Hoc s dng Router kt ni vi cc VLAN thng qua 1 ng Trunk (Trunk Link)

(Hnh 3.55b).

Hnh 3.55b. InterVLAN Routing s dng Router vi mt Trunk link

Ngoi ra, c cch khc cho php kt hp gia chc nng nh tuyn (Routing) v
chuyn mch (Switching) trong mt thit b: l b chuyn mch a tng (Multilayer
Switch). Khi nh tuyn gia cc VLAN khng cn dng n b nh tuyn. (Hnh
3.55c)

Hnh 3.55c. InterVLAN routing s dng Multilayer Switch

Mt ng Trunk l mt kt ni t Switch ny sang Switch khc h tr cc

VLAN trn cc Switch lin kt vi nhau. Mt ng c cu hnh Trunk s gp nhiu
lin kt o trn mt lin kt vt l chuyn tn hiu t cc VLAN trn cc Switch vi
nhau da trn mt ng truyn vt l.
Giao thc Trunking c pht trin nng cao hiu qu qun l vic lu chuyn
cc Frame t cc VLAN khc nhau trn mt ng truyn vt l. Giao thc Trunking
thit lp cc tho thun cho vic sp sp cc Frame vo cc cng c lin kt vi nhau
115

hai du ng Trunk. Giao thc Trunking c s dng c th l: ISL c quyn ca

Cisco hoc IEEE 802.1q.

Hnh 3.56. K thut Frame Tagging ca IEEE 802.1q

IEEE 802.1q s dng k thut Frame Tagging phn bit cc Frame v d

dng qun l v phn pht cc Frame nhanh hn. (Hnh 3.56) Cc th (tag) c thm
vo trn ng gi tin i ra vo ng Trunk v c b i khi ra khi ng Trunk.
Cc gi tin c gn tag khng phi l gi tin Broadcast.

Hnh 3.57. Native VLAN Untaged

Native VLAN l VLAN m frame ca n khng cn phi gn th (tag) khi vn

chuyn qua cng trunk (Hnh 3.57). Mc nh VLAN 1 l Native VLAN.
Mt ng vt l duy nht kt ni gia hai Switch th c th truyn ti frame cho
mi VLAN, tuy nhin cn phi cu hnh ch hot ng ca cng Switch trn link
cho ph hp. Mi cng ca Switch c mt trong 3 ch hot ng sau: Access, Trunk,
Dynamic. ch Access, cng ch thuc mt VLAN xc nh v ch vn chuyn
frame ca VLAN . Ch Trunk l ch cho php cng hot ng trn nhiu
VLAN, tc l c th x l v vn chuyn frame ca nhiu VLAN khc nhau. Cn ch
Dynamic l ch cho php cng switch t ng cu hnh ch hot ng ca n, ph
thuc vo ch hot ng ca cng cn li trn link.
Mc nh th tt c cc cng switch u hot ng ch Access, v thuc VLAN
1. lu tr, mi Frame c gn tag nhn dng trc khi gi i, Frame ca VLAN
no th i v VLAN .
116

3.5. Mng LAN khng dy v chun IEEE 802.11

Mng khng dy (Wireless Network) l mt loi mng my tnh m vic kt ni
gia cc thnh phn trong mng khng s dng cc loi cp nh mt mng my tnh
thng thng, m s dng sng v tuyn trn tn s xc nh truyn ti d liu vi
nhau, mi trng truyn thng ca cc thnh phn trong mng l khng kh.

Hnh 3.58. Mng khng dy

a) Phn loi:
Nu da trn vng ph sng th c th phn loi mng khng dy thnh 5 nhm sau:
WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network), WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network),
WMAN (Wireless Metropolitan Area Network), WWAN (Wireless Wide Area Network),
WRAN (Wireless Regional Areas Network).
WPAN Mng khng dy c nhn: L mng c to bi s kt ni v tuyens
trong tm ngn (khong vi mt) gia cc thit b ngoi vi nh tai nghe, ng h, my in,
bn phm, chut, USB, v.v. vi my tnh c nhn, in thoi di ng, v.v. Vi tc trn
1Mbps, tm ph sng ngn. ng dng trong Peer-to-Peer, Device-to-Device. S kt ni
v tuyn trong mng WPAN c th dng cng ngh Bluetooth, Wibree, UWB, Zigbee.
WLAN Mng cc b khng dy: Ni bt l cng ngh Wifi vi nhiu chun m
rng khc nhau thuc tiu ban 802.11 (a,b,g,n,h,i,ac,ad, v.v.). Vi tc truyn 2-7000
Mbps, tm ph sng trung bnh. ng dng trong cc mng doanh nghip (Enterprise
Networks) vi phm vi hp, v d trong phm vi bn knh 500m, thng c s dng
trong ni b mt cng ty, doanh nghip, trng hc, mt phng th nghim, v.v. Cc h
thng mng cc b khng dy c bng thng ln, tc truyn d liu nhanh v chi ph
trin khai thp.

117

Hnh 3.59. Phn loi mng khng dy da trn vng ph sng

WMAN Mng th khng dy: S dng chun 802.16, 802.20, 802.11

MMDS, LMDS. Tc truyn ln hn 22Mbps, tm ph sng kh xa. ng dng trong
Fixed, Last mile access. Thng trin khai trong phm vi rng hn mng cc b. V d
nh trong mt thnh ph, gia cc trng i hc, gia cc Vin nghin cu hoc gia
cc chi nhnh ca mt cng ty, v.v.
WWAN Mng din rng khng dy: Hay cn c bit n vi tn gi l mng
t bo. S dng cng ngh nh GSM, GPRS, UMTS, CDMA 2000, HSDPA, LTE,
WIMAX, v.v. Tc 10-384 Mbps, tm ph sng xa. ng dng trong PDAs, Mobile
phone, cellular. H thng trin khai trn phm vi rng. V d nh gia cc thnh ph, cc
tiu bang, hay gia cc quc gia trong khu vc hay trn ton th gii.
WRAN Mng khu vc khng dy: Mng s dng chun 802.22, c kh nng
pht sng t hng chc n hng trm kilomet, vi tc 22Mbps. Hot ng bng tn
Tivi analog VHF/UHF. H thng trin khai trn phm vi rt rng, phm vi ton cu.
Ngoi ra, c th phn loi mng khng dy da vo cng ngh s dng nh:
Bluetooth, Wifi, WiMax, GSM, GPRS, CDMA 2000, v.v. Phm vi ph sng v tc
ca mi cng ngh v chun tng ng ca n c th hin Hnh 3.60.

118

Hnh 3.60. Cc c tnh ca cng ngh mng khng dy

b) So snh vi mng c dy
Mng khng dy khng dng cp cho cc kt ni, thay vo , chng s dng sng
Radio, cng tng t nh in thoi khng dy. u th ca mng khng dy l kh nng
di ng v s t do, ngi dng khng b hn ch v khng gian v v tr kt ni. Nhng
u im ca mng khng dy bao gm :
Kh nng di ng v s t do cho php kt ni t bt k u trong phm vi
ph sng.
Khng b hn ch v khng gian v v tr kt ni.
D lp t v trin khai.
Khng cn mua cp.
Tit kim thi gian lp t cp.
D dng m rng
Bng 3.11 th hin nhng u v nhc im ni bt ca mng khng dy so vi
mng c dy.

119

Bng 3.11. So snh mng khng dy vi mng c dy

H thng

Mng Khng dy

Mng C dy

Tc

11/54/108Mbps

10/100/1000Mbps

Bo mt

Bo mt khng m bo Bo mt m bo ch b l
bng c dy do pht sng thng tin nu can thip thng
thng tin ra mi pha
vo v tr dy dn

Thi cng v trin Thi cng trin khai nhanh v Phc tp do phi thit k i dy
khai
d dng
cho ton b h thng
Kh nng
rng

i hi chi ph cao khi mun

m Kh nng m rng khong
m rng h thng mng c
cch tt vi chi ph hp l
bit l m rng bng cp quang

Tnh mm do

Cc v tr kt ni mng c Cc v tr thit k khng c

th thay i m khng cn ng phi thit k li nu thay
phi thit k li
i cc v tr kt ni mng

c) M hnh kt ni
Mt h thng mng khng dy n gin bao gm hai hoc nhiu hn cc my tnh
uc kt ni vi nhau nhm mch ch trao i d liu v cc ti nguyn khc. M hnh
cng tng t nh mt h thng in thoi khng dy bao gm mt trm chnh cng
vi nhiu cc in thoi nhnh. Kt ni mng khng dy hin ang c coi l mt gii
php rt kinh t do chng ta s khng gp nhiu tr ngi trong trin khai nh khi dng
cp v s khng mt nhiu thi gian khi c nhu cu m rng.
Cc m hnh kt ni mng khng dy c bn:
Kiu Ad-hoc: Mi my tnh trong mng giao tip trc tip vi nhau thng qua cc
thit b Card mng khng dy m khng dng n cc thit b nh tuyn (Wireless
Router) hay thu pht khng dy (Wireless Access Point).
Kiu c s h tng (Infrastructure): Cc my tnh trong h thng mng s dng
mt hoc nhiu cc thit b nh tuyn hay thit b thu pht thc hin cc hot ng
trao i d liu vi nhau v cc hot ng khc.

120

Hnh 3.61. Kiu Ad-hoc v kiu Infrastructure

Vn v tc :
Vi mt h thng mng khng dy, d liu c gi qua sng Radio nn tc c
th b nh hng bi cc tc nhn gy nhiu hoc cc vt th ln. Thit b nh tuyn
khng dy s t ng cm nhn cng tn hiu, nu thy tn hiu yu th n s t ng
iu chnh xung cc mc tc truyn thp hn (V d nh t 11 Mbps s gim xung
cn 5.5 Mbps v 2Mbps hoc thm ch l 1 Mbps).
Cc thit b cn thit khi trin khai h thng mng khng dy:
Kt ni Internet tc cao.
Modem.
Wireless Router hoc Access Point
Wireless Network Adapter
Thit b thu pht khng dy (Wireless Access Point) dng kt ni vi Switch
hoc thit b nh tuyn khng dy khc cho cc truy cp khng dy, cn thit b nh
tuyn khng dy (Wireless Access Point) va bao gm c tnh nng ca mt Access
Point bn trong, mt khc n cn c kh nng nh tuyn cho php chia s cc kt ni
bng thng rng.
121

d) Chun IEEE 802.11 (Wireless LAN & Mesh-Wifi)

IEEE 802.11 l mt tp cc tiu chun bao gm cc c im k thut lin quan n
h thng mng khng dy. Tiu chun IEEE 802.11 m t mt giao tip truyn qua
khng kh (ting Anh: over-the-air), s dng sng v tuyn truyn nhn tn hiu
gia mt thit b khng dy v tng i hoc im truy cp (access point - AP), hoc gia
hai hay nhiu thit b khng dy vi nhau. B chun ny bao gm cc tiu chun con nh
IEEE 802.11a (thng 7/1999), IEEE 802.11b (thng 7/1999), IEEE 802.11g (thng
6/2003), IEEE 802.11n (nm 2009), v.v.
Cc thit b thuc chun 802.11a ch c th lm vic vi cc thit b thuc cng
chun. Cc thit b thuc chun 802.11b v 802.11g, n c th lm vic vi nhau v hot
ng cng tn s.

Hnh 3.62. Cc chun IEEE 802.11

Kin trc ca tiu chun IEEE 802.11

Thnh phn c bn ca kin trc 802.11 l t bo (cell) vi tn gi l BSS (Basic
Service Set - Tp hp cc dch v c bn). Mi BSS thng gm mt vi my trm
khng dy v mt trm c s trung tm AP (Access point - im truy cp). Cc my
trm (nh my di ng hoc my c nh) v AP lin kt vi nhau thng qua giao thc
MAC IEEE 802.11. Cc AP kt ni vi mng bng mng hu tuyn Ethernet hoc mt
mng khng dy khc to ra mt mng li phn tn (DS Distributed System). Cc
my trm dng tiu chun IEEE 802.11 kt ni vi nhau to thnh mt mng ad-hoc
(mng khng c iu khin trung tm, khng kt ni vi bn ngoi). Mng c hnh
thnh tc thi gia mt s thit b di ng gn nhau, c nhu cu kt ni m khng tm
kim c mt trung tm AP to thnh mt BBS. V d nh hai thit b di ng cn
trao i d liu vi nhau m khng cn truy cp, tm kim mt AP. Tng t nh mng
hu tuyn 802.3, cc my trm trong mng WLAN 802.11 kt ni vi nhau phi dng
chung mt mi trng truyn dn (tn s radio), giao thc MAC IEEE 802.11 c iu
khin vic kt ni ny. Ton b lin kt mng LAN khng dy gm cc cell khc nhau,
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cc im truy cp v h thng kt ni c gi l mt tp hp dch v c m rng

(Extend Service Set - ESS) nh hnh v 3.63

Hnh 3.63. Mng WLAN 802.11

Tiu chun IEEE 802.11 nh ngha lp vt l (PHY) v lp iu khin truy cp

mi trng (MAC) cho cc mng WLAN. N nh ngha lp vt l hot ng tc d
liu 1Mbps v 2Mbps trong bng tn RF 2.4 GHz (RF- Radio Frequency) v trong hng
ngoi (IR-Infrared).
Ch tiu k thut ca lp iu khin mi trng truy cp (MAC) trong IEEE 802.11
tng t lp MAC trong IEEE 802.3 cng vi lp iu khin logic (LLC) trong tiu
chun IEEE 802.2. N lm cho khng gian a ch MAC trong IEEE 802.11 tng thch
vi khng gian a ch ca cc giao thc IEEE 802 khc. MAC trong IEEE 802.3 l
CSMA/CD(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect - a truy cp nhn bit
sng mang pht hin xung t) cn MAC trong IEEE 802.11 l CSMA/CA (Carrier
Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance - a truy cp nhn bit sng mang
trnh xung t).
Giao thc CSMA/CA lm vic nh sau:
Mt trm truyn i cc sng cm bin mi trng, nu mi trng bn, v d nh
c mt trm khc ang pht th trm s tr hon vic truyn cho ti lc mi trng t do,
trm c cho php truyn.
Trong cc trng hp xy ra xung t (cc trm pht cng lc), IEEE 802.11 s
dng mt c ch trnh xung t vi mt s Ghi nhn tnh tch cc (Positive
Acknowledge) nh sau: Mt trm mun truyn cm bin mi trng, nu mi trng bn
th n tr hon. Nu mi trng rnh ri vi thi gian c ch r (gi l DIFS Distributed Inter Frame Space (Khng gian khung lin phn tn)) th trm c php
truyn, trm thu s kim tra m CRC (Cyclic redundancy check) ca gi nhn c v
123

gi mt gi chng thc (ACK - Acknowledgment). Chng thc nhn c s ch cho

my pht bit khng c s xung t no xut hin. Nu my pht khng nhn chng thc
th n s truyn li on cho n khi n c tha nhn hoc khng c php truyn
sau mt s ln pht li cho trc.
gim bt xc sut hai trm xung t v chng khng lng nghe c nhau,
IEEE 802.11 xc nh c ch cm bin sng mang o (Virtual Carrier Sense): Mt trm
mun truyn mt gi, trc ht n s truyn mt gi iu khin ngn RTS (Request to
Send) gm ngun, ch n v khong thi gian giao dch. Trm ch s p ng (nu
mi trng t do) bng mt gi iu khin p li CTS (Clear to Send) gm cng thng
tin khong thi gian. Tt c cc trm nhn RTS hoc CTS s thit lp ch bo Cm bin
sng mang o gi l Vecto nh v mng (Network Allocation Vector), s dng thng tin
ny kt hp vi cm bin sng mang vt l (physical carrier sense) khi cm bin mi
trng. C ch ny gim bt xc sut xung t v vng my thu do mt trm n t
my pht, rt ngn khong thi gian truyn RTS, v trm s nghe thy CTS v d
tr mi trng khi bn cho n khi kt thc giao dch. Thng tin khong thi gian v
RTS cng bo v vng my pht khi cc xung t trong thi gian ACK (bi cc trm
nm ngoi phm vi trm nhn bit).
H tiu chun IEEE 802.11 c s dng ph bin trong xy dng phn cng, phn
mm cho cc thit b s dng truy cp kt ni khng dy qua Wifi.
Li ch ca mng Wi-Fi:
Chi ph gim, ph hp vi ngi dng di ng v c tnh linh hot trong m rng
truy cp, gim chi ph, v tnh di ng to c hi cho cc ng dng mi, gii php mi.
Tuy nhin, vn bo mt trong mng Wi-Fi lun cn c quan tm v pht trin.
Mt s giao thc bo mt c s dng trong mng Wi-Fi nh: WEP, WPA, WPA2, v.v.

3.6. Thit k mng LAN

Ngy nay, mng my tnh tr thnh mt h tng c s quan trng ca tt c cc
c quan, x nghip. N tr thnh mt knh trao i thng tin khng th thiu c
trong thi i cng ngh thng tin. Vi xu th gi thnh ngy cng h ca cc thit b
in t, kinh ph u t cho vic xy dng mt h thng mng khng vt ra ngoi kh
nng ca cc cng ty x nghip. Tuy nhin, vic khai thc mt h thng mng mt cch
hiu qu h tr cho cng tc nghip v ca cc c quan x nghip th cn nhiu vn
cn bn lun. Hu ht ngi ta ch ch trng n vic mua phn cng mng m khng
quan tm n yu cu khai thc s dng mng v sau. iu ny c th dn n hai trng
hp: lng ph trong u t hoc mng khng p ng cho nhu cu s dng.
C th trnh c iu ny nu ta c k hoch xy dng v khai thc mng mt
cch r rng. Thc t, tin trnh xy dng mng cng tri qua cc giai on nh vic xy
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dng v pht trin mt phn mm. N cng gm cc giai on nh: Thu thp yu cu ca
khch hng (cng ty, x nghip c yu cu xy dng mng), phn tch yu cu, thit k
gii php mng, ci t mng, kim th v cui cng l bo tr mng.
Phn ny s gii thiu s lc v nhim v ca tng giai on ta c th hnh
dung c tt c cc vn c lin quan trong tin trnh xy dng mng.
Vi mng LAN, cc yu cu thit k v mt cu trc cng tng t nh thit k
WAN, y ch nu mc bao gm cc yu cu:
Yu cu k thut.
Yu cu v hiu nng.
Yu cu v ng dng.
Yu cu v qun l mng.
Yu cu v an ninh-an ton mng.
Yu cu rng buc v ti chnh, thi gian thc hin, yu cu v chnh tr ca d
n, xc nh ngun nhn lc, xc nh cc ti nguyn sn c v c th ti s
dng.
3.6.1. Quy trnh thit k
a) Kho st v thit k h thng
Giai on ny bao gm 2 bc: Thu thp yu cu ca khch hng v phn tch yu
cu.
Bc 1: Thu thp yu cu ca khch hng
Mc ch ca giai on ny l nhm xc nh mong mun ca khch hng trn
mng m chng ta sp xy dng.
Nhng cu hi cn c tr li trong bc ny l:
Thit lp mng lm g? S dng n cho mc ch g?
Cc my tnh no s c ni mng?
Nhng ngi no s c s dng mng, mc khai thc s dng mng ca
tng ngi/nhm ngi ra sao?
Trong vng 3-5 nm ti c ni thm my tnh vo mng khng, nu c u,
s lng bao nhiu?
Lu :
Khi hi khch hng, thng thng cc i tng m chng ta phng vn khng c
chuyn mn su hoc khng c chuyn mn v mng. V vy nn trnh s dng nhng
thut ng chuyn mn trao i vi h. Chng hn nn hi khch hng bn c mun
ngi trong c quan bn gi mail c cho nhau khng? thay v hi bn c mun ci
t mail server cho mng khng?.
125

Mt cng vic cng ht sc quan trng trong giai on ny l quan st thc a

xc nh nhng ni mng s i qua, khong cch xa nht gia hai my tnh trong
mng, d kin ng i ca dy mng, quan st hin trng cng trnh kin trc ni mng
s i qua. Thc a ng vai tr quan trng trong vic chn cng ngh v nh hng ln
n chi ph mng.
Trong qu trnh phng vn v kho st thc a, ng thi ta cng cn tm hiu yu
cu trao i thng tin gia cc phng ban, b phn trong c quan khch hng, mc
thng xuyn v lng thng tin trao i. iu ny gip ch ta trong vic chn bng
thng cn thit cho cc nhnh mng sau ny.
Bc 2: Phn tch yu cu
Khi c c yu cu ca khch hng, bc k tip l ta i phn tch yu cu
xy dng bng c t yu cu h thng mng, trong xc nh r nhng
vn sau:
Nhng dch v mng no cn phi c trn mng? (dch v chia s tp tin, chia
s my in, dch v web, dch v th in t, truy cp internet hay khng?)
M hnh mng l g? (Workgoup hay client/server?)
Mc yu cu an ton mng.
Rng buc v bng thng ti thiu trn mng.
b) Xy dng gii php
Bc k tip trong tin trnh xy dng mng l thit k gii php tha mn
nhng yu cu t ra trong bng c t yu cu h thng mng. Vic chn la gii php
cho mt h thng mng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, c th lit k nh sau:
Kinh ph dnh cho h thng mng.
Cng ngh ph bin trn th trng.
Thi quen v cng ngh ca khch hng.
Yu cu v tnh n nh v bng thng ca h thng mng.
Rng buc v php l.
Ty thuc vo mi khch hng c th m th t u tin, s chi phi ca cc yu t
s khc nhau dn n gii php thit k s khc nhau. Tuy nhin cc cng vic m giai
on thit k phi lm th ging nhau. Chng c m t nh sau:
Thit k s mng mc logic:
Thit k s mng mc lun l lin quan n vic chn la m hnh mng, giao
thc mng v thit t cc cu hnh cho cc thnh phn nhn dng mng.
M hnh mng c chn phi h tr c tt c cc dch v c m t trong
bng c t yu cu h thng mng. M hnh mng c th chn l Workgroup hay
Domain (Client/Server) i km vi giao thc TCP/IP, NETBEUI hay IPX/SPX.
126

V d:
Mt h thng mng ch cn c dch v chia s my in v th mc gia nhng
ngi dng trong mng cc b v khng t nng vn an ton mng th ta
c th chn M hnh Workgroup.
Mt h thng mng ch cn c dch v chia s my in v th mc gia nhng
ngi dng trong mng cc b nhng c yu cu qun l ngi dng trn
mng th phi chn M hnh Domain.
Nu hai mng trn cn c dch v mail hoc kch thc mng c m rng,
s lng my tnh trong mng ln th cn lu thm v giao thc s dng cho
mng phi l TCP/IP.
Mi m hnh mng c yu cu thit t cu hnh ring. Nhng vn chung nht
khi thit t cu hnh cho m hnh mng l:
nh v cc thnh phn nhn dng mng, bao gm vic t tn cho Domain,
Workgroup, my tnh, nh a ch IP cho cc my, nh cng cho tng dch
v.
Phn chia mng con, thc hin vch ng i cho thng tin trn mng.
Xy dng chin lc khai thc v qun l ti nguyn mng:
Chin lc ny nhm xc nh ai c quyn lm g trn h thng mng. Thng
thng, ngi dng trong mng c nhm li thnh tng nhm v vic phn quyn
c thc hin trn cc nhm ngi dng.
Thit k s mng vt l
Cn c vo s thit k mng mc lun l, kt hp vi kt qu kho st thc a
bc k tip ta tin hnh thit k mng mc vt l. S mng mc vt l m t chi
tit v v tr i dy mng thc a, v tr ca cc thit b ni kt mng nh Hub, Switch,
Router, v tr cc my ch v cc my trm. T a ra c mt bng d tr cc thit
b mng cn mua. Trong mi thit b cn nu r: Tn thit b, thng s k thut, n v
tnh, n gi, v.v.
Chn h iu hnh mng v cc phn mm ng dng:
Mt m hnh mng c th c ci t di nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau. Chng
hn vi m hnh Domain, ta c nhiu la chn nh: Windows Server 2008, Windows
Server 20012, Netware, Unix, Linux, v.v. Tng t, cc giao thc thng dng nh
TCP/IP, NETBEUI, IPX/SPX cng c h tr trong hu ht cc h iu hnh. Chnh v
th ta c mt phm vi chn la rt ln. Quyt nh chn la h iu hnh mng thng
thng da vo cc yu t nh:
Gi thnh phn mm ca gii php.
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 S quen thuc ca khch hng i vi phn mm.

S quen thuc ca ngi xy dng mng i vi phn mm.
H iu hnh l nn tng cho cc phn mm vn hnh trn n v cung cp cc
cng c qun tr mng. Gi thnh phn mm ca gii php khng phi ch c gi thnh
ca h iu hnh c chn m n cn bao gm c gi thnh ca cc phm mm ng
dng chy trn n. Hin nay c 2 xu hng chn la h iu hnh mng: Cc h iu
hnh mng ca Microsoft Windows hoc cc phin bn ca Linux.
Sau khi chn h iu hnh mng, bc k tip l tin hnh chn cc phn mm
ng dng cho tng dch v. Cc phn mm ny phi tng thch vi h iu hnh
chn.
c) Trin khai mng
Khi bn thit k c thm nh, bc k tip l tin hnh lp t phn cng v
ci t phn mm mng theo thit k.
Lp t phn cng
Ci t phn cng lin quan n vic i dy mng v lp t cc thit b ni kt
mng (Hub, Switch, Router) vo ng v tr nh trong thit k mng mc vt l m
t.
Ci t v cu hnh phn mm
Tin trnh ci t phn mm bao gm:
Ci t h iu hnh mng cho cc server, cc my trm
Ci t v cu hnh cc dch v mng.
To ngi dng, phn quyn s dng mng cho ngi dng.
Tin trnh ci t v cu hnh phn mm phi tun th theo s thit k mng mc
lun l m t. Vic phn quyn cho ngi dng pheo theo ng chin lc khai thc
v qun l ti nguyn mng. Nu trong mng c s dng router hay phn nhnh mng
con th cn thit phi thc hin bc xy dng bng nh tuyn trn cc router v trn cc
my tnh.
d) Kim th mng
Sau khi ci t xong phn cng v cc my tnh c ni vo mng. Bc k
tip l kim tra s vn hnh ca mng.
Trc tin, kim tra s ni kt gia cc my tnh vi nhau. Sau , kim tra hot
ng ca cc dch v, kh nng truy cp ca ngi dng vo cc dch v v mc an
ton ca h thng. Ni dung kim th da vo bng c t yu cu mng c xc
nh lc u.
e) Bo tr h thng
Mng sau khi ci t xong cn c bo tr mt khong thi gian nht nh
khc phc nhng vn pht sinh xy trong tin trnh thit k v ci t mng.
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3.6.2. V s mng v tnh ton trang thit b

a) V s mng
Kt qu ca bc thit k gii php l cc bn v s mng mc logic v mc
vt l. Hin nay, c rt nhiu phn mm h tr thit k m hnh h thng mng, t phn
mm bn quyn Microsoft Visio trong b phn mm Microsoft Office ca Microsoft n
cc phn mm min ph, m ngun m nh: DIA, Diagram Designer, Gliffy, CADE,
v.v Trong phn ny chng ta cng tm hiu c bn v phn mm Microsoft Visio.
Gii thiu chung v Microsoft Office Visio
Microsoft Office Visio l mt chng trnh v s thng minh, c tch hp vo
b chng trnh Microsoft Office t phin bn 2003. MS Visio cho php bn th hin bn
v mt cch trc quan. Hn na, n cn cung cp nhiu c tnh khin cho s ca bn
ngha hn, linh ng hn v ph hp hn vi nhu cu ca bn. Ngoi ra, bn c th sao
chp bn v ca mnh qua cc phn mm khc (nh : MS. Word, MS. Excel, v.v.) tin
s dng cho cng vic ca bn.
Vi MS Visio, bn c th to cc s lin quan n cng vic nh l: biu
dng (flowcharts), s t chc (organization charts), v lch trnh d n (project
scheduling). Ngoi ra,Visio cn cho php bn to cc s mang tnh k thut, chng
hn to cc bn v xy dng, thit k nh, s mng, s phn mm, s trang web,
s my mc, v cc s k thut khc.
Tri qua nhiu phin bn t MS Visio 2003,MS Visio 2007 th mi y nht l
phin bn MS Visio 2010 vi nhng tnh nng ni bt:
Cung cp th vin m hnh kh ln, phc v v cc s mng my tnh, s
qun tr phn cp trong cng ty, s kin trc nh, s k thut, v.v.
Tm kim v truy xut vi cc cng c mt cch nhanh chng
V s nhanh hn vi cc tnh nng t ng trong MS Visio 2010 nh Quick
Shapes Mini Toolbar, Auto Size, Auto-Align, v.v.
Vi nhng s ln v phc tp, MS Visio 2010 s gip chng ta phn b r
rng bng tnh nng Subprocess and Containers.
Chia s s mt cch d dng trn Microsoft Sharepoint Server. Ti y,
ngi s dng c th ty chnh s kch thc phng to hoc thu nh.
Bo m tnh nht qun v hp l trong cu trc ca s bng tnh nng
Diagram Validation.
Chc nng Live Preview gip va p dng ch giao din va c th xem trc
tip.

129

S dng MS Visio 2010

m chng trnh Microsoft Office Visio 2010 vo Start -> All Programs >Microsoft Office -> Microsoft Office Visio 2010

Hnh 3.64. M chng trnh MS Visio 2010

Giao din u tin ca MS Visio:

Hnh 3.65. Giao din u tin ca MS Visio 2010

Ti khung Choose a Template gm 3 phn: Recently Used Template, Template

Categories v Other Ways to Get Started.
Recently Used Template: cc mu s dng gn y.

130

Hnh 3.66. Nhng mu (template) s dng gn y nht

Template Categories l nhng mu vi th vin m hnh kh ln m MS Visio

2010 cung cp. Bao gm:
Business: S qun tr kinh doanh trong doanh nghip.
Engineering: S k thut.
Flowchart: S tin .
General: S c bn.
Maps and Floor Plans: S kin trc mt bng.
Network: S mng my tnh.
Schedule: S lch lm vic.
Software and Database: S phn mm v c s d liu.

Hnh 3.67. Cc th vin mu MS Visio 2010 cung cp

v s mng my tnh, chng ta dng cc mu trong th vin Network sn c,

hoc c th t to ra Template mi s dng cho bn v ca mnh.
Other Ways to Get Started: Ti y ta c th tm thy mt s s c thit k
sn trn th vin ca Office.com v c th ti xung xem. (Hnh 3.68)

Hnh 3.68. Ti xung mt s s thit k sn

131

b) Tnh ton trang thit b

Chi ph cho d n l c hn, cc doanh nghip s ch ginh cho h thng mng ca
h nhng khon kinh ph nht nh. V vy cn chn la thit b ph hp, ln danh sch
cc thit b cn s dng trnh hin tng mua tha thit b hoc mua thit b nhng
khng dng c. lm iu ny chng ta i xy dng cc bng sau: Bng thng k
danh sch cc thit b h tng mng cn dng; bng thng tin chi tit ca cc thit b s
dng; bng thng tin cn cu hnh cho cc thit b c th. Cc loi bng ny cn c lp
vi cc thng tin nh hnh 3.69.

Hnh 3.69. Cc loi bng thng k trang thit b

Ngoi ra, t k hoch ci t h iu hnh mng v cc ng dng, cn lp bng

thng k danh sch cc phn mm s s dng cho h thng v cui cng l bng bo gi
kinh ph tng th d n (Hnh 3.70)

132

Hnh 3.70. Bng thng k phn mm v bng bo gi chi ph tng th

133

Cu hi n tp chng 3:
1. Trnh by ngn gn v cc hnh trng mng s dng trong mng LAN.
2. Trnh by c im ca phng thc truy nhp ng truyn CSMA/CD
3. Trnh by hot ng ca phng thc Token Passing trong mng hnh bus.
4. Nu c im ca mng s dng cng ngh Ethernet?
5. Nu cc chun Ethernet v ch r tng loi cp tng ng.
6. Hy m t v mng Token Ring: c im, hot ng.
7. Trnh by c im ca mng s dng k thut FDDI. Hy so snh vi mng s
dng chun IEEE 802.5
8. M t ngn gn v cc chun trong h IEEE 802
9. VLAN l g? Phn tch cc li ch khi trin khai mng s dng VLAN?
10. C cc gii php no c dng nh tuyn gia cc VLAN? Hy m t ngn
gn v tng gii php .
11. Nu nguyn l chung ca c ch kim sot li
12. Ti sao nn dng hn hp c 2 phng php VRC v LRC? Cho v d minh
ha.
13. Phn tch cch la chn a thc sinh G(x) trong phng php CRC.

Bi tp thc hnh
V s mng LAN, thc hnh to VLAN v nh tuyn gia cc VLAN
Bi tp dng 1: V s mng LAN
1. S dng phn mm Visio, v m hnh mng c bn sau:

134

2. S dng phn mm Visio, v s logic mng ca mt cng ty nh sau:

a) Hnh 1:

b) Hnh 2:

135

3. S dng phn mm Visio, v m hnh mng sau:

4. S dng phn mm Visio, v m hnh mt bng sau:

a) Hnh 1: S vt l 1 tng trong ta nh

b) Hnh 2: S vt l 1 phng c th no
136

3. Thit k h thng mng to nh A 4 tng, mi tng 4 phng, mi phng 2 nt

mng. Kch thc phng l Di x Rng x Cao = 5m x 4m x 4m
Yu cu: Chi ph tt nht v s dng topo star. Ch c 1 ng kt ni ra Internet do
ISP (Internet Service Provider) cung cp.
- Thng k s lng thit b s dng
- Tnh s mt cp dng cho s thit k
- Nu c thm to nh B cch A 400m, bn hy a ra gii php kt ni mng gia
2 to nh.
4. Thit k h thng mng to nh A 5 tng, mi tng 4 phng, mi phng 3 nt
mng. Kch thc phng l Di x Rng x Cao = 5m x 4m x 4.5m
Yu cu: Chi ph tt nht v s dng topo star. Ch c 1 ng kt ni ra Internet do
ISP (Internet Service Provider) cung cp.
- Thng k s lng thit b s dng
- Tnh s mt cp dng cho s thit k
- Nu c thm to nh B cch A 150m, bn hy a ra gii php kt ni mng gia
2 to nh

137

Bi tp dng 2: Thc hnh to VLAN v nh tuyn gia cc VLAN

1. Cho m hnh mng sau:

Yu cu:
- Hy to cc VLAN v gn cc interface ca switch vo VLAN tng ng
- t a ch IP cho cc PC nh trong m hnh.
- Kim tra kt ni: S dng tnh nng Auto Capture ca Packet Tracer quan st qu
trnh gi nhn gi tin khi:
+ Gi gi tin ICMP t PC1 n PC2
+ Gi gi tin ICMP t PC1 n PC4
2. Hy to cc VLAN v cu hnh nh tuyn gia cc VLAN s dng Router nh
m hnh mng sau:

138

3. Cho m hnh mng sau:

Yu cu: Hy to cc VLAN trn Switch0 v cu hnh nh tuyn gia cc VLAN

s dng cc Subinterface trn interface Fa0/0 ca Router0
4. Hy to cc VLAN v cu hnh nh tuyn gia cc VLAN cho m hnh mng
sau:

139

CHNG 4: TNG LIN MNG V VN KT

NI LIN MNG
tng truy nhp mng, cc my tnh ch c th kt ni trong mng cc b, s dng
a ch MAC do cc thit b kt ni lm vic n tng ny khc nhau v cc chun kt ni
v cc giao thc tng vt l. Do , c th lin kt cc mng cc b vi nhau, cc my
tnh cng nh cc thit b mng cn lm vic tng cao hn, cn c nh danh lgic v
cn nh tuyn trn cc thit b kt ni mng. nh danh lgic cho cc thit b kt ni v
cc nt mng trong tng ny chnh l a ch IP. Theo , chng ny tp trung trnh by
v cu trc gi tin, thit b nh tuyn, giao thc v thut ton nh tuyn. Ni dung ca
chng c cu trc nh sau: Mc 4.1 trnh by tng quan v tng lin mng; Mc 4.2
trnh by cc vn nh tuyn IP nh khi nim, nguyn tc, thut ton v giao thc
nh tuyn; Mc 4.3 m t chi tit v giao thc Internet v giao thc ICMP; Mc 4.4 trnh
by vic nh x a ch IP vi a ch MAC v cc giao thc phn gii a ch; Mc 4.5
trnh by v cc k thut xy dng, kt ni mng WAN; Mc 4.6 trnh by v mng
WAN khng dy; Mc 4.7 m t v mng ton cu. lm r hn cc ni dung l thuyt
trong cc mc ny, chng ny cng cung cp cc k nng thc hnh v xy dng mng,
phn chia khng gian a ch IP, cu hnh v kim tra lin mng vi cng c Packet
Tracert.

4.1. Gii thiu chung v lin mng

4.1.1. Mt s nhc im ca kt ni mng tng truy nhp mng
Vic kt ni cc my tnh thnh mng tng truy nhp mng rt n gin v nhanh
chng v tc truyn d liu cao. Tuy nhin, n cng c mt s nhc im nht nh
nh sau:
Phm vi kt ni b hn ch bi s gii hn ca phng tin truyn dn c quy
nh cc chun kt ni vt l
Vi cc k thut v phng tin truyn dn ti tng truy nhp mng, khng p
ng c nhu cu trao i d liu gia cc my tnh trn cc mng khc nhau.
Hn ch ny ch c gii quyt khi s dng cc thit b tng lin mng
(Internet) nh Router, hoc thit b c chc nng ca tng lin mng nh Switch
layer 3.
140

Vn pht sinh l c nhiu ngi, nhiu t chc mun xy dng h thng mng
ring ca h theo nhiu k thut khc nhau nhng li mun giao tip vi nhau m khng
quan tm rng h ang hot ng trn cc h thng khng ng nht. Chng ny s
trnh by v cch thc kt ni nhng mng khng ng nht li vi nhau.
4.1.2. Khi nim lin mng
Lin mng (internetworking) l mt tp cc mng ring l c ni vi nhau bi
cc thit b mng trung gian, c chc nng nh l mt mng n. Trong , cc mng
thnh phn to nn lin mng c gi l mng con (Subnetworks), cc thit b c ni
n cc mng con c gi l h thng u cui (End nodes) v nhng thit b ni cc
mng con li vi nhau c gi l cc thit b lin kt lin mng (Intermediate nodes)
Thut ng internetworking thng c s dng di dng rt gn l internet.
Mt cch chung nht, internet l mt tp hp cc mng c ni vi nhau. Khi s dng
I hoa trc, th thut ng Internet l cp n mng internetwork ton cu, bao
gm hng triu mng trn th gii lin kt vi nhau v hot ng theo chun TCP/IP.
Lin mng c th c lin kt bi LAN to LAN, LAN to WAN hay WAN to
WAN. C ba phng php lin kt lin mng ph bin tng ng vi 3 tng cui ca m
hnh OSI:
Phng php lin kt ti tng vt l, c cng cu trc v phng thc trao i
thng tin. B lp Repeater hot ng ti tng vt l, l thit b c s dng
m rng chiu di ca mt mng LAN.
Phng php lin kt ti tng lin kt d liu (Datalink), c cu trc khc nhau
v phng thc trao i thng tin khc nhau. Cu ni (Bridge) v cc b chuyn
mch (Switch) tng 2 hot ng ti tng lin kt d liu. Nhng thit b ny h
tr cho cc giao thc tng vt l khc nhau v c th lin kt gia cc mng
LAN c cu trc khc nhau.
Phng php lin kt s dng tng mng (Network Layer) hay tng Internet
(Internet Layer) cho cc mng khc nhau v phn cng, khc nhau v phn
mm, khc nhau v giao thc v thng cung cp nhng chc nng v ng dng
khc nhau. Thit b lin kt lin mng tr gip cho cc giao thc mng nh IP,
IPX, Apple Talk. Vic ni kt c thc hin bi vic nh dng gi tin t mt
mng n mt mng khc bi thng tin iu khin tng mng nh a ch ngun,
a ch ch. Thc hin chuyn i giao thc mng (Network Protocol
Translation). Mt thit b cung cp cc lin kt ti tng mng c gi l mt b
nh tuyn (Router). Chc nng ch yu ca mt Router l lin kt cc mng
khc nhau v vt l v chuyn i cc gi tin t mt mng ny sang mt mng
khc, quyt nh ng i ca cc gi tin n node ch.
141

WAN (Wide Area Networks)

WAN l mng c thit lp lin kt cc my tnh ca hai hay nhiu khu vc
khc nhau, khong cch xa v mt a l, nh gia cc qun trong mt thnh ph, hay
gia cc thnh ph hay cc min trong nc. c tnh ny ch c tnh cht c l, n
cng tr nn kh xc nh vi vic pht trin mnh ca cc cng ngh truyn dn khng
ph thuc vo khong cch. Tuy nhin vic kt ni vi khong cch a l xa buc WAN
ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: gii thng v chi ph cho gii thng, ch qun ca mng,
ng i ca thng tin trn mng.
WAN c th kt ni thnh mng ring ca mt t chc, hay c th phi kt ni qua
nhiu h tng mng cng cng v ca cc cng ty vin thng khc nhau. WAN c th
dng ng truyn c gii thng thay i trong khong rt ln t 56Kbps n T1 vi
1.544 Mbps hay E1 vi 2.048 Mbps, v.v. v n Gbps l cc ng trc ni cc quc gia
hay chu lc. y bps (Bit Per Second) l mt n v trong truyn thng tng ng
vi 1 bit c truyn trong mt giy, v d nh tc ng truyn l 1 Mbps tc l c
th truyn ti a 1 Megabit trong 1 giy trn ng truyn ).

Hnh 4.1. Mng din rng WAN

Do s phc tp trong vic xy dng, qun l, duy tr cc ng truyn dn nn khi

xy dng mng din rng WAN ngi ta thng s dng cc ng truyn c thu t
h tng vin thng cng cng, v t cc cng ty vin thng hay cc nh cung cp dch v
truyn s liu. Ty theo cu trc ca mng nhng ng truyn thuc c quan qun l
khc nhau nh cc nh cung cp ng truyn ni ht, lin tnh, lin quc gia, chng hn
Vit Nam l cng ty Vin thng lin tnh VTN, cng ty vin thng quc t - VTI. Cc
ng truyn phi tun th cc quy nh ca chnh ph cc khu vc c ng dy i
qua nh: tc , vic m ha.
Vi WAN ng i ca thng tin c th rt phc tp do vic s dng cc dch v
truyn d liu khc nhau, ca cc nh cung cp dch v khc nhau. Trong qu trnh hot
ng cc im nt c th thay i ng i ca cc thng tin khi pht hin ra c trc trc
142

trn ng truyn hay khi pht hin c qu nhiu thng tin cn truyn gia hai im nt
no . Trn WAN thng tin c th c cc con ng i khc nhau, iu cho php c
th s dng ti a cc nng lc ca ng truyn v nng cao iu kin an ton trong
truyn d liu.
Phn ln cc WAN hin nay c pht trin cho vic truyn ng thi trn ng
truyn nhiu dng thng tin khc nhau nh: video, ting ni, d liu, v.v. nhm lm gim
chi ph dch v.
4.1.3. Cc yu cu khi kt ni mng tng lin mng
C hai vn cn quan tm khi kt ni cc mng li vi nhau, l tnh khng
ng nht (heterogeneity) v phm vi (scale) khc nhau ca chng.
Gii thch mt cch n gin, tnh khng ng nht l khi ngi dng trn hai mng
khc kiu nhau mun giao tip vi nhau. Phc tp hn l vic kt ni cc host trn cc
mng khc nhau c th s i hi vic duyt qua nhiu mng trung gian, m cc mng
trung gian ny li c th c kiu khc nhau. Chng c th l mng Ethernet, Token Ring
hay mng dng im ni im, hoc nhiu kiu mng chuyn mch khc nhau, v chng
li s dng cc phng thc nh a ch ring, cc phng php truy cp ng truyn
ring, v c m hnh dch v ring na. Thch thc i vi vn khng ng nht l
lm sao cung cp cho ngi dng mt dch v kt ni host-host d hiu xuyn qua hn
n cc mng khng ng nht.
hiu v vn phm vi mng, ta ly mt v d c gi tr l s pht trin ca
mng Internet, mng c tc pht trin gn gp i sau mi nm trong sut hn 20 nm
qua. Kiu pht trin chng mt ny buc chng ta phi i mt vi nhiu thch thc. Mt
trong s l vic chn ng: Lm sao tm ra mt ng i hu hiu xuyn qua mt
mng gm c triu nt mng? Thm mt vn c lin quan n chn ng l phng
php nh a ch, l cch gn cho mi nt trn mng mt nh danh duy nht.
Tng lin mng c nhim v vn chuyn cc gi tin t my gi qua cc chng
ng n c my ch. n c ch, gi tin c th phi i tng chng qua
nhiu router trung gian. iu ny khc bit hon ton vi tng truy nhp mng, vn ch
chu trch nhim truyn ti cc khung d liu i t u ny n u kia ca mt knh
truyn vt l.
thc hin c nhim v ny, tng lin mng phi bit c hnh trng ca cc
mng con (subnet) v chn ng thch hp cho gi tin i n ch. N phi ch n
vic chn ng sao cho trnh c tnh trng tc nghn trn mt s ng truyn v
router trong khi s khc th ang rnh ri.

143

4.1.4. Cc m hnh dch v tng lin mng

Cc dch v tng lin mng cung cp cho tng truy nhp mng v tng giao vn cn
c thit k hng n cc mc tiu sau:
Cc dch v ny cn c lp vi cc k thut ca cc router
Tng giao vn cn c lp vi s lng, kiu v hnh trng ca cc router hin
hnh
a ch mng cung cp phi c s nh s nht qun cho d chng l mng
LAN hay WAN
Tng lin mng cung cp hai dch v chnh l:
Dch v phi kt ni (Connectionless Service): Cc gi tin c a vo mng con
(subnet) mt cch ring l v c vch ng mt cch c lp nhau, khng cn phi
thit lp kt ni trc khi truyn tin. Cc gi tin trong trng hp ny c gi l
Datagram, mng con c gi l Datagram subnet.
Dch v hng kt ni (Connection-Oriented Service): Mt ng kt ni gia
bn gi v bn nhn phi c thit lp trc khi cc gi tin c th c gi i. Kt ni
ny c gi l mch o tng t nh mch vt l c kt ni trong h thng in
thoi. Cc mng con trong trng hp ny c gi l mng con mch o.
Bng 4.1. Bng so snh u nhc im ca hai dch v phi kt ni v hng kt ni
tng lin mng
Vn

Datagram subnet
(Mng chuyn mch gi)

Virtual circuit subnet

(Mng chuyn mch knh)

Thit lp kt ni

Khng cn

Cn thit

nh a ch

Mi gi tin cha y a ch Mi gi tin ch cha s nhn dng

gi v nhn
kt ni c kch thc nh

Thng tin trng Router khng cn phi lu tr Mi kt ni phi c lu li trong

thi
thng tin trng thi ca cc kt bng nh tuyn ca router
ni
nh tuyn

Mi gi tin c th i cc ng ng i c chn khi mch o

i khc nhau n ch
c thit lp, sau tt c cc gi
tin u i trn ng ny

nh hng khi Khng b nh hng, ngoi tr Tt c cc mch o i qua router b

router b hng
trng hp gi tin ang trn hng u b kt thc
ng truyn b hng
Cht lng dch Kh m bo
v

Thc hin d dng nu c ti

nguyn gn trc cho tng kt ni
144

iu khin tc Kh iu khin

Thc hin d dng nu c ti

nghn

nguyn gn trc cho tng kt ni

4.2. Tng quan v nh tuyn IP

4.2.1. Mt s khi nim
nh tuyn l mt qu trnh chn la cc ng i trn mt mng my tnh gi
d liu qua .
Kt qu ca nh tuyn ch ra hng v ng i tt nht t ngun n ch ca cc
gi tin (packet) thng qua cc node trung gian l router.
ng i tt nht l ng i c chi ph (metric) thp nht trong s cc ng i t
ngun n ch. Gi tr metric c xc nh nh th no ty thuc vo tng phng
thc nh tuyn khc nhau. Vn ny chng ta s bn lun sau phn v cc phng
thc nh tuyn.
4.2.2. Nguyn tc nh tuyn
Trong hot ng nh tuyn, ngi ta chia lm 2 loi l: nh tuyn trc tip v
nh tuyn gin tip.
nh tuyn trc tip l nh tuyn gia 2 my tnh ni vi nhau trong cng mt
mng vt l. Vic nh tuyn ny s c thc hin cc thit b layer 2 trong
m hnh OSI nh switch, bridge
nh tuyn gin tip l nh tuyn gia 2 my tnh cc mng vt l khc nhau
nn chng phi thc hin thng qua cc router v gateway.
4.2.3. B nh tuyn IP
B nh tuyn IP chnh l thit b router m chng ta cp mc 3.2.4 trong
chng 3. thc hin chc nng nh tuyn v chuyn tip d liu, mi router t xy
dng, duy tr mt bng nh tuyn ca ring mnh, hay cn gi l bng chn ng
(routing table). Mi host v cc router trn mng Internet u cha mt bng nh tuyn
tnh ton cc chng ng tip theo cho gi tin.
Bng nh tuyn ny cha cc bn ghi (entry) gn tng ng mi a ch mng ch
vi mt a ch router cn chuyn gi tin n chng tip theo (next-hop router) hoc
interface m bn thn host/router s chuyn tip gi tin i trn chng tip theo
(exit/outgoing interface).
Bng nh tuyn c th to ra bi ngi qun tr mng hoc t s thay i thng tin
nh tuyn gia cc router bng cc giao thc nh tuyn ng. Bng nh tuyn c rt
nhiu dng nhng n gin v ph bin nht c th din t bng m hnh mng bao gm
cc thng tin sau:
145

 a ch mng ch, subnet mask

a ch IP ca giao din router tip theo phi n (next-hop router)
Giao tip vt l (exit/outgoing interface) trn bn thn router phi s dng
n chng tip theo
Gi tr khong cch qun tr (Administrative Distance - AD)
Thi gian (tnh theo giy) t khi router cp nht entry .
4.2.4. Cc thut ton nh tuyn c bn
a) nh tuyn theo vect khong cch
Gii thut vect khong cch da trn thut ton Bellman Ford l mt phng
php nh tuyn n gin, hiu qu v c s dng nhiu trong cc giao thc nh tuyn
nh RIP, IGRP.
Bn cht ca nh tuyn vect khong cch l mt router khng cn bit tt c cc
ng i n mng ch, m ch cn bit phi truyn packet i theo hng no n
c mng ch, v khong cch t mng ngun n mng ch. Tham s khong cch
ny chnh l s chng m packet phi i qua trn ng i n ch (hop count). Router
s dng gii thut vect khong cch ti u ha ng i bng cch gim ti a s
lng router trung gian m packet phi i qua.
nh tuyn vect khong cch da trn quan im rng mt router s thng bo cho
cc router ln cn n v tt c cc mng n bit v khong cch n mi mng ny. Khi
mt router nhn c bn tin cp nht vect khong cch t router k cn n th n s b
sung gi tr metric ca chnh n (thng cng thm 1) vo gi tr metric m n nhn c
t bn tin cp nht. Sau , router so snh gi tr metric tnh c ny vi cc thng tin
thu thp c trong cc bn tin cp nht trc . Nu metric nh hn th router cp nht
c s d liu nh tuyn vi metric mi, tnh ton mt bng nh tuyn mi, bao gm cc
router k cn va thng bo cho n thng tin metric mi.
b) nh tuyn theo trng thi lin kt
nh tuyn vect khong cch s khng cn ph hp i vi cc mng ln gm rt
nhiu router. Khi , mi router phi lu tr mt c s d liu nh tuyn ln, khng tit
kim c b nh v kh nng x l, hn na ton b bng nh tuyn ln phi c
truyn i mt cch nh k gia cc router lm chim dng bng thng ca ng truyn
cho d hu ht cc thng tin ny khng thc s cn thit trao i gia cc router.
nh tuyn trng thi lin kt ra i khc phc c cc nhc im ca nh
tuyn vect khong cch.
Bn cht ca nh tuyn trng thi lin kt l mi router t xy dng bn trong n
mt s y v cu trc mng. nh k, mi router cng gi ln mng nhng thng
ip trng thi, lit k nhng router khc trn mng kt ni trc tip vi router ang xt
146

v trng thi lin kt. Cc router s dng bn tin trng thi nhn c t cc router khc
xy dng s mng. Khi mt router chuyn tip d liu, n s chn ng i n
ch tt nht da trn nhng iu kin hin ti.
Giao thc trng thi lin kt i hi nhiu thi gian x l trn mi router nhng
gim c s tiu th bng thng v mi router khng cn gi ton b bng nh tuyn
ca mnh. Hn na, router d dng theo di li trn mng v bn tin trng thi t mt
router khng thay i khi lan truyn trn mng (ngc li vi giao thc vect khong
cch, gi tr metric, hay hop count tng ln mi khi thng tin cp nht i qua mt router
khc).
nh tuyn trng thi lin kt lm vic trn quan im rng mt router c th thng
bo vi mi router khc trong mng v trng thi ca cc tuyn c kt ni vi n,
metric ca cc tuyn v xc nh bt k router k cn no c ni vi cc tuyn ny.
Cc thng tin trng thi (Link State Packet - LSP) c cc router truyn trn khp mng.
Cc LSP thu c s c router s dng to nn mt c s d liu cu hnh ca ton
b mng (topology database). Bng nh tuyn sau c tnh ton da trn ni dung
ca c s d liu ny. Tt c cc router trn mng u cha mt s ca cu hnh mng
v t tnh ton ng i ngn nht (Least-cost path) t ngun bt k n ch bt k. Mi
router trong mng tnh ton mt cy (tree) vi gc l chnh n, phn nhnh n tt c cc
router khc da trn tiu ch ng i ngn nht hay c chi ph thp nht.
4.2.5. Cc giao thc nh tuyn
a) RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
Cc c im chnh ca giao thc RIP:
L giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch
Thng s chn ng i (metric) c tnh l s lng router trung gian (hop
count)
Nu hop count ln hn 15 th tuyn ng l khng kh dng, cc gi tin s
b hy b.
Router gi nh k ton b bng nh tuyn ca mnh cho cc router k cn, v
cp nht nh k mc nh l mi 30 giy.
b) IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
IGRP l giao thc c pht trin c quyn ca Cisco vi cc c im sau:
L giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch
S dng bng thng (bandwidth), ti trng (load), tr (delay) v tin cy
(reliability) ca ng truyn lm thng s la chn ng i.
Cp nht nh k mc nh l mi 90 giy.
147

c) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

Cc c im chnh ca OSPF:
L giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi lin kt
c nh ngha trong RFC 2328
S dng thut ton SPF tnh ton chn ng i tt nht
Ch cp nht khi cu trc mng c s thay i.
d) EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
EIGRP l giao thc c quyn ca Cisco vi cc c im sau:
L giao thc nng cao theo vect khong cch, nng cao ca IGRP
C chia ti trn cc ng i (Load balancing)
C cc u im ca nh tuyn theo vect khong cch v nh tuyn theo trng
thi lin kt.
S dng thut ton DUAL (Diffused Update Algorithm) tnh ton ng i
tt nht
Cp nht theo nh k mc nh l mi 90 giy hoc cp nht khi c thay i v
cu trc mng.

4.3. Cc giao thc tng lin mng

4.3.1. Giao thc Internet
Giao thc IP(Internet Protocol) cng vi TCP tr thnh tri tim ca b giao thc
Internet TCP/IP. IP c hai chc nng chnh:
Cung cp dch v giao vn phi kt ni vn chuyn cc gi tin tng trn qua
mt lin mng
Phn mnh v tp hp li cc gi tin h tr cho tng truy nhp mng c n
v truyn d liu ti a MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) l khc nhau.
Cc gi tin ca giao thc IP c gi l cc IP datagram.
nh dng gi tin IPv4: (Hnh 4.2)
ngha ca cc trng c m t nh sau:
Version (4 bit): Ch ra phin bn ca giao thc IP dng to ra datagram.
y l phin bn IPv4
Header length (4 bit): Cung cp thng tin v di ca phn header trong
datagram, c tnh theo n v 4 byte (t 32 bit)
Service (Type of Service 8 bit): Trng loi dch v gm 2 phn l trng u
tin (3 bit) v kiu phc v.

148

Hnh 4.2. nh dng gi tin IPv4

Total length (16 bit): Xc nh di ca ton b IP datagram

Identification (16 bit): Trng nhn dng, c my tnh dng pht hin v
nhm cc phn mnh b chia nh ra ca gi tin. Cc b nh tuyn s chia nh
cc datagram nu nh MTU ca gi tin ln hn MTU ca mi trng truyn.
Flag (3 bit): S dng cho qu trnh iu khin vic phn mnh datagram. Kt
hp vi trng Identification v Fragment offset tp hp li cc phn mnh
ng th t nhm thu c d liu gi tin datagram ban u.
Fragment offset (13 bit): Xc nh v tr tng i ca phn d liu m gi tin
mang theo so vi d liu ca gi tin ban u.
Time to live (8 bit): Thi gian sng ca gi tin, c vai tr nh b m ngc,
trnh hin tng gi tin lu chuyn qu lu trn mng, ngn chn vic cc gi
tin i lng vng trn mng. Khi trng ny v gi tr 0 th b nh tuyn s hy
b v thng bo li s c gi v trm pht gi tin.
Protocol (8 bit): Xc nhn giao thc tng k trn ang s dng dch v IP
Header checksum (16 bit): Trng tng kim tra ton b header, c tnh ton
trong tt c cc trng ca header IPv4, m bo tin cy ca thng tin nh
tuyn

149

 Source Address Destination Address (32 bit): a ch IPv4 ca trm ngun v

trm ch. Trng ny c cc b nh tuyn v cc gateway s dng nh
tuyn cc gi tin.
Option v Padding (Ty chn v m): C di thay i, dng thm thng
tin, chn v chn y gi tin m bo d liu bt u trong phm vi 32 bit.
Data: C di thay i, l d liu ca giao thc tng k trn c vn chuyn
trong IP datagram.
4.3.2. Giao thc ICMP
Nh trnh by trong Chng 2, ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) l
giao thc iu khin ca tng IP, s dng trao i thng tin iu khin dng d liu,
thng bo li v cc thng tin trng thi khc ca b giao thc TCP/IP.
Chc nng ca ICMP:
iu khin lu lng (Flow Control): Khi cc gi d liu n qu nhanh, thit b
ch hoc thit b nh tuyn trung gian s gi mt thng ip ICMP tr li thit
b gi, yu cu thit b gi tm thi ngng vic gi d liu.
Thng bo li: Trong trng hp khng ti c ch th h thng s gi mt
thng bo li Destination Unreachable.
nh hng li cc tuyn (Redirect Router): Mt Router gi mt thng ip
ICMP cho mt trm thng bo nn s dng Router khc. Thng ip ny ch
c dng khi trm ngun trn cng mt mng vi 2 thit b nh tuyn.
Kim tra cc trm xa: Mt trm c th gi mt thng ip ICMP Echo
kim tra trm xa c hot ng hay khng.
Cc thng ip ICMP c chia thnh 2 nhm: Thng ip truy vn v thng ip
thng bo li (Bng 4.2). Cc thng ip truy vn gip cho ngi qun tr mng nhn cc
thng tin xc nh t mt node mng khc. Cc thng ip thng bo li lin quan n
cc vn m b nh tuyn hay trm pht hin ra khi x l gi IP. ICMP s dng a
ch IP ngun gi thng ip thng bo li cho node ngun ca gi IP.

150

Bng 4.2. Phn loi cc thng ip ca ICMP

Loi bn tin

Kiu - Type

Hi v phc p Echo (Echo request v Echo

reply)

8/0

Hi v phc p nhn thi gian (Timestamp

13/14

Nhm

Thng ip truy vn
(ICMP Queries)

request v Timestamp reply)

Yu cu v phc p mt n a ch (Address
mask request v Address mask reply)

17/18

Yu cu qung b b nh tuyn (Router

10/9

soliciation v router advertisement)

Thng ip bo li
(ICMP Error reports)

Khng th ti ch (Destination Unreachable)

Yu cu ngng hoc gim tc pht (Source

quench)
nh hng li (Redirection)

Vt ngng thi gian (Time Exceeded)

11

4.4. Mi lin h gia a ch MAC v a ch IP

4.4.1. Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP
Trc khi trao i thng tin vi nhau, node ngun cn phi xc nh a ch vt l
MAC ca node ch bng cch tm kim trong bng lu tr ARP Cache. Nu khng tm
thy, node ngun gi qung b (Broadcast) mt gi yu cu ARP (ARP Request) c cha
a ch IP ngun, a ch IP ch cho tt c cc my trn mng. Cc my nhn, c, phn
tch v so snh a ch ca n vi a ch IP ch.

Hnh 4.3. Hot ng ca giao thc ARP

151

Nu trng a ch IP, tc l chnh node ch, th node s kim tra a ch MAC

ca n v tr li bng mt gi ARP Reply c cha a ch MAC ca n cho node ngun.
Vi cc node khc (khng trng a ch IP ch) s chuyn tip gi yu cu di dng
qung b cho tt c cc trm khc trn mng.
Tm li, tin trnh ca ARP nh sau:
IP yu cu a ch MAC
Tm kim trong bng ARP ca mnh, nu tm thy s tr li a ch MAC
Nu khng tm thy, to ra gi ARP yu cu gi ti tt c cc trm trong mng
Node ch nhn thy a ch IP ca mnh, s gi li a ch MAC ca n cho
node ngun
Cc node khc s chuyn tip yu cu di dng qung b
Cc node cp nht li bng ARP khi pht hin mt tng ng mi a ch IPMAC.
Bng 4.3. Bng cc trng ca Frame mang gi tin ARP
Tng qut

Cc trng
Ethernet
Destination

Kch
thc
(Byte)
6

Address
Ethernet
Header

Cc gi tr
a ch MAC my nhn, trong trng hp
l gi tin request th y l a ch qung
b

Ethernet
Source
Address

a ch MAC my gi thng ip

Frame Type

Kiu khung d liu, c gi tr l 0x0806

khi l gi tin ARP request, v 0x8035 khi
l gi tin ARP tr li

Operation code

Gi tr l 1 vi ARP request, 2 vi ARP

reply

Hardware
Type

Gi tr l 1 cho mng Ethernet

Gi tr l 0x0800 cho a ch IP

Chiu di ca a ch vt l, c gi tr l 6

Chiu di ca a ch IP, gi tr l 4

ARP
Protocol Type
request/Reply
Hardware
Address length
Protocol
Address length

152

4.4.2. Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc RARP

Nguyn tc hot ng ca RARP ngc vi ARP, ngha l my bit trc a ch
MAC ca mnh, cn tm a ch IP tng ng ca n. Hnh sau minh ha hot ng ca
giao thc RARP. My A cn bit a ch IP ca n, n gi gi tin RARP Request cha
a ch MAC ca mnh cho tt c cc my trm trong LAN. Ch c RARP Server mi tr
li li bng RARP Reply cha a ch IP ca my A.

Hnh 4.4. Hot ng ca giao thc RARP

Khun dng gi tin RARP tng t nh gi tin ARP trnh by mc trn, ch

khc l trng Operation Code c gi tr l 3 cho m lnh yu cu (RARP Request) v c
gi tr l 4 cho m lnh tr li (RARP Reply)
4.4.3. Gn a ch IP cho host
C 2 cch thc gn a ch IP cho mt host trong mng, l: Gn tnh v gn ng.
Gn tnh: Cu hnh a ch IP bng cch th cng cho mi host. Vic ny i hi
ngi cu hnh phi i n tng host cu hnh, v phi ghi nh tng a ch IP cp
pht, v mi a ch IP l duy nht trn ton mng, khng c nhiu hn mt thit b cng
s dng mt a ch IP khi hot ng trn mng. Tuy nhin, vic gn tnh ny s gp kh
khn khi trong mng c vi trm my tnh hoc thit b cn cp pht a ch IP, va mt
thi gian, tn cng sc li d b nhm ln a ch.
Gn ng: Trong mng s dng mt trong s cc giao thc cp pht a ch IP t
ng cho cc host. Thit b khi c bt ln s t tm n server xin cp pht a ch
IP, mi ln khi ng thit b c th c a ch IP khc nhau.
Cc giao thc cp pht a ch IP t ng nh: RARP, BOOTP (BootsTrap
Protocol), DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
153

4.5. Cc k thut kt ni mng WAN

Khi c nhu cu kt ni nhiu vng mng li vi nhau, chng ta c th la chn mt
trong s kt ni WAN sau:
Kt ni chuyn dng (Dedicated): Chnh l ng kt ni ring (Leased Line)
c cung cp bi nh cung cp dch v WAN (WAN-SP: WAN Service
Provider), s dng ng truyn chun T1/E1.
WAN chuyn mch (Switched): c 2 loi l chuyn mch knh (CircuitSwitched) v chuyn mch gi (Packet-Switched) nh Hnh 4.5.
-

Circuit-Switched: PSTN, ISDN

Packet-Switched: Frame Relay, x.25, ATM

Kt ni WAN thng qua h tng mng Internet: Broadband VPN.

Hnh 4.5. Cc la chn kt ni WAN

Cc giao thc truyn thng ca WAN

Cc cng ngh kt ni WAN thng lin quan n 3 tng u ca m hnh ISO 7
tng. l: Tng vt l lin quan n cc chun giao tip WAN, tng data link lin quan
n cc giao thc truyn thng ca WAN, v mt s giao thc WAN lin quan n tng
mng. Cc quan h ny c m t trong Hnh 4.6.

154

OSI Layer

WAN Layer

Physical
Layer

X 25 bis

SDLC

PPP

SMDS

MAC
Sublayer

HDLC

LAP B

Data Link
Layer

Frame Replay

X 25 PLP

Network
Layer

EIA/TIA-232
EIA/IA-449
V.24 V.35
HSSI G.703
EIA-530

Hnh 4.6. Cc chun v giao thc WAN trong m hnh OSI 7 tng

Hnh 4.7. Cc giao thc tng lin kt d liu s dng trong kt ni WAN

Hnh 4.7 lit k cc giao thc truyn thng ca WAN, cc giao thc ny hot ng
tng lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI.
155

Cc mc tip theo trong chng ny s ln lt trnh by v cc cng ngh WAN:

ISDN, Frame Relay, ATM, VPN, v.v.
4.5.1. Cng ngh mng PPP
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) c xy dng da trn nn tng giao thc iu khin
truyn d liu lp cao (High-Level Data link Control - HDLC), n nh ra cc chun cho
vic truyn d liu cc giao din DTE v DCE ca mng WAN nh V.35, T1, E1, HSSI,
EIA-232-D, EIA-449. PPP c ra i nh mt s thay th giao thc Serial Line Internet
Protocol (SLIP), mt dng n gin ca TCP/IP.
PPP cung cp c ch chuyn ti d liu ca nhiu giao thc trn mt ng truyn,
c ch sa li nn header, nn d liu v a lin kt (multilink). PPP c hai thnh phn:

Link Control Protocol (LCP): (c cp n trong RFC 1570) c chc nng:

thit lp, iu chnh cu hnh, v hy b mt lin kt. Hn th na LCP cn c c
ch Link Quality Monitoring (LQM) c th c cu hnh kt hp vi mt trong
hai c ch xc thc Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) hay Challenge

Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP).

Network Control Protocol (NCP): NCP lm nhim v thit lp, iu chnh cu
hnh v hy b vic truyn d liu ca cc giao thc ti lp mng (network layer)
nh: IP, IPX, AppleTalk and DECnet.

Hnh 4.8. Cc thnh phn ca giao thc PPP

C LCP v NCP u hat ng lp 2. Hin c m rng ca PPP phc v cho

vic truyn d liu s dng nhiu lin kt (link) mt lc, l Multilink PPP
(MPPP) trong s dng Multilink Protocol (MLP) lin kt cc lp LCP v NCP.
Giao thc PPP c cp tng quan trong RFC 1661.

156

a) nh dng khung d liu ca PPP:

Hnh 4.9. nh dng PPP Frame

C 5 pha trong qu trnh thit lp kt ni PPP:

Dead: Kt ni cha hat ng
Establish: Khi to LCP v sau khi nhn c bn tin Configure ACK lin
kt s chuyn sang pha sau: Authentication
Authenticate: C th la chn mt trong hai c ch PAP hay CHAP.
Network: trong pha ny, c ch truyn d liu cho cc giao thc lp Network
c h tr s c thit lp v vic truyn d liu s bt u.
Terminate: Hy kt ni.
C th s dng c ch Piggyback routing lu li cc thng tin nh tuyn v ch
truyn khi kt ni thng sut.
Trong gi LCP (c cha trong trng Information ca gi tin PPP), trng Code
s nh ra cc gi tin Configure Request (1), Configure ACK (2), Configure Nak (3)
ngha l khng chp nhn v Configure Reject (4).
Mi giao thc lp 3 u c NCP code xc nh cho n, v gi tr m ny c t
trong trng Protocol ca gi tin NCP, mt s gi tr v d nh sau:
Code

Protocol

8021

IP

8029

AT

8025

XNS, Vines

8027

DECnet

8031

Bridge

8023

OSI

Tham kho thm RFC 1662 v RFC 1549 m t c ch ng khung d liu c th

hn.
b) Xc thc PPP
Giao thc PPP cung cp 2 la chn xc thc: PAP, v CHAP
157

Password Authentication Protocol (PAP):

Trong pha LCP, khi mt kt ni PPP c yu cu bi client v PAP c chn
dng, access server s ra lnh cho client s dng PAP. Client sau s phi gi b
(username, password) ca mnh n Access Server, cc thng tin ny u c truyn
di dng clear text m khng c m ha g c v c ng gi trong cc gi d liu
ca PPP. Server sau s quyt nh chp nhn hay t chi vic thit lp kt ni. y l
c ch PAP mt chiu gia mt client v mt server.
Nu hai router ni chuyn vi nhau th Two-way PAP (PAP hai chiu) s c s
dng trong mi router s gi username v password, nh vy 2 router s xc thc ln
nhau.

Hnh 4.10. Phng thc xc thc PAP 2 chiu

Challenge Handshake Protocol (CHAP):

CHAP c s dng ph bin hn PAP, do n c kh nng m ha mt khu cng
nh d liu.

Hnh 4.11. Phng thc xc thc CHAP

Hai u kt ni chia s b m mt secret CHAP ging nhau v mi u c gn

mt tn cc b (local name) ring.
Gi s mt user A quay s truy cp vo Access server B.
158

Access server s gi qua ng truyn mt gi tin khi to xc thc Type 1 gi l

gi tin Challenge. Gi tin Challenge ny cha mt s c sinh ngu nhin, mt
s ID sequence number xc nh challenge v tn chng thc ca challenger

Bn gi (Caller) s ly ra chui authentication name, v tm trong d liu ca

mnh chui m mt CHAP ng vi user name nhn c.

Caller s nhp m mt ca CHAP, s ID sequence number v mt gi tr s c
sinh ngu nhin vo thut ton bm Message Digest 5 (MD5).

Gi tr kt qu sau khi tnh ton hm bm c gi tr li cho Challenger (Access

server) trong mt gi CHAP Response(Type 2) cha chui bm, tn xc thc ca
caller v cui cng l ID (Sequence Number) c ly t gi Challenge.

Khi nhn c gi Response Type 2, Challenger s s dng ID tm gi

Challenge nguyn thy.

Username ca caller (A) c s dng tm kim m mt CHAP t mt local

database, hay mt RADIUS server hoc mt TACACS+ server.

ID, gi tr Challenge gc c sinh ngn nhin v gi tr CHAP ngu nhin ban

u v m mt ca c a vo x l bi hm bm MD5.
Chui bm kt qu sau khi tnh ton sau c so snh vi gi tr nhn c
trong gi Response.
Nu 2 chui l ging nhau th qu trnh xc thc CHAP thnh cng v cc
gi Type 3 c gi n caller cha ID. iu ny c ngha l kt ni c xc
thc hp l.

Nu chng thc CHAP tht bi, mt gi tin Type 4 s c gi n caller trong

cha original ID, xc nhn qu trnh chng thc l khng thnh cng.
Vic bm (Hashing) hon ton khc vi vic m ha thng tin bi v thng tin s
khng th c khi phc li sau khi thc hin hm bm. Trong cc router ca Nortel
Networks Code C223 xc nh hat ng ca CHAP. RFC 1994 m t chi tit v CHAP
trong khi RFC 1334 m t cc giao thc chng thc khc.

4.5.2. K thut chuyn mch knh: ISDN, B_ISDN

a) Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)
Khi nim
Khi nim v mng tch hp a dch v s c CCITT nh ngha l: Mt mng
vin thng, da trn k thut chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi, cung cp cc
ng truyn s, c kh nng phc v nhiu loi dch v khc nhau, bao gm dch v
thoi v phi thoi. Cc thu bao lin kt mng phi tun theo cc chun
Mng ISDN c nhng c im sau:

159

L mt mng a dch v, thay th nhiu mng vin thng khc nhau ang cng tn
ti bng mt mng duy nht c kh nng cung cp tt c cc dch v hin ti v cc
dch v tng lai vi mt giao tip thu bao duy nht.

ISDN c h thng bo hiu s 7 v cc node chuyn mch thng minh.

Kin trc ISDN tng thch vi m hnh OSI. Cc giao thc c pht trin c
lin quan ti cc ng dng ca m hnh OSI c th s dng c trong ISDN. Cc
giao thc c th pht trin s dng mt cch c lp cho cc tng khc nhau, cho
cc chc nng ring ca tng tng m khng nh hng n cc tng k nhau.
Mc tiu chnh ca mng l chun ho tt c cc thit b u cui, cho php cc

phng tin nh m thanh, hnh nh, vn bn, v.v. c tch hp chung vo mt mng
duy nht nhm s dng c hiu qu cc ti nguyn ca mng.
Nguyn l chung ca ISDN l lin kt cc thit b u cui khc nhau ln cng mt
ng dy thu bao v c th ng thi truyn thng s gia thu bao v mng. Cc ph
c tnh theo dung lng thng tin truyn i, khng tnh ring cho mi loi dch v s
dng. Cc dch v khc nhau c h tr bi h thng bo hiu s 7 gia mng v bo
hiu DSS1 thu bao.

Hnh 4.12. Cc phn t c bn ca mng ISDN

Cc phn t c bn
TE1 (Termination Equipment 1) l cc thit b u cui c cc thuc tnh ISDN
nh: in thoi s ISDN, cc u cui thoi, s liu, digital fax, v.v.
TE2 (Termination Equipment 2) l cc thit b u cui khng c tnh nng ISDN,
c th lin kt vi ISDN phi c thm cc b phi ghp u cui TA (Terminal
Adapter).

160

NT1 (Network Termination 1): Thc hin cc chc nng thuc tng vt l ca m
hnh OSI, tc l cc tnh nng v in, v giao tip gia ISDN v ngi s dng,
cc chc nng kim sot cht lng ng truyn, u vng, v.v.

NT2 (Network Termination 2) l mt thit b thng minh c kh nng p ng cc

chc nng n tng mng ca m hnh OSI. NT2 c th l tng i ring PBAX,
b iu khin u cui hoc l mng cc b LAN.
R, S, T, U : Cc im chun phn cch (R: rate, S: system, T: terminal, U: user)

Hnh 4.13. Kin trc ISDN v m hnh OSI

Chc nng cc tng trong kin trc ISDN

Mng ISDN l s tch hp k thut chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi, trn c
s s ho ton b mng li. V vy n c u th v dch v m cha mt mng no c
c.

Tng vt l trong ISDN: Cu trc trong tng ny ph thuc vo hng lin kt t

thit b u cui n mng hay t mng n thit b u cui. Giao din ca tng
gm:
- NT Frame (Network to Terminal)
- TE Frame (Terminal to Network)
Tng 2 trong ISDN: Tng ng vi tng lin kt d liu (Data Link Layer) ca
m hnh OSI. Hot ng trong tng ny c giao thc LAP-D (Link Access
Protocol - D channel). LAP-D c dn xut t giao thc HDLC (High Level
Data Link Control). LAP-D thc hin cc chc nng sau y:
- Cung cp dch v thit lp mt hay nhiu lin kt Data Link trn cng knh
D cho cc hot ng ca cc thc th tng 3.
- To khung (Frame).
- Kim sot ng b.
- Pht hin li v t ng pht li khung c li.
- Ghi nhn cc sai st v th tc.
161

Kim sot lung.

Cc chc nng gim st tng 2.

Hnh 4.14. Cu trc khung ca LAP-D

Cu trc khung ca LAP-D:

Flag: biu th s bt u hay kt thc ca khung.

Address: a ch ISDN.
- SAPI (Service Access Point Identifier): im truy nhp dch v cho tng 3 (6
bit).
- C/R (Command/ Response): Khung ny l mt lnh hay mt p ng (1 bit).
-

EA (Extended Address - Higher/Lower Order) bt u hay kt thc ca

trng a ch (bng 1 l byte cui ca a ch) (2 bit).
TEI (Terminal Endpoint Identifier):a ch c bit hoc ID cho mi thit b
u/cui ISDN lin kt vi mng ISDN thng qua giao din S/T (7 bit ).

Control: Trng iu khin.

Information: Trng d liu
- PD (Protocol Discriminator) (1 byte).
- L (Length) cho bit chiu di ca trng CRV (1 byte).
- CRV (Call Reference Value) thit lp s hiu cho mi cuc gi (1 hoc 2
byte).
- MT (Message Type) Loi Message (1byte).
- MOIE (Mandatory/ Optional Information Elements)
CRC : Trng kim tra.

Tng 3 trong ISDN: Chc nng ca tng ny l thit lp, duy tr v gii phng cc
lin kt. Cc thc th tng 3 s cung cp cc thng ip (Message) truyn trong cc
trng tng 2. Cc thng ip thng c di 8 bit v c nhiu loi thng ip s dng
trong cc trng hp khc nhau. V d nh thng ip SETUP (00000101) thit lp cuc
gi.
Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN khi c trin khai thc s l mt cuc cch
mng trong cng ngh thng tin. T mt mng duy nht n c th cung cp cc dch v
khc nhau m hin nay ang c cung cp bi cc mng vin thng khc nhau. Vic
162

trin khai ISDN khng ch dng li vic nng cp cc h thng vin thng hin c
c kh nng truyn ti c nhng dng d liu ln vi tc nhanh m cn phi tin
hnh ng b v pha ngi dng v v pha cc nh cung cp dch v.
b) Mng bng thng rng B_ISDN
Gia thp k 80, CCITT trin khai nghin cu m hnh mng vin thng mi gi
l ISDN bng rng (Broadband- ISDN). B-ISDN l mng thng tin s a dch v, tr
gip tt c cc ng dng a dch v trn cng mt h thng mng. Ngha l mng phi c
kh nng cung cp cc dch v truyn thng vi tc thay i t mt vi Kbps n hng
trm Gbps cho cc loi knh Analog v knh Digital bao gm nhng dch v ang c v
nhng dch v s c trong tng lai. Cng ngh truyn dn khng ng b ATM da trn
nguyn l truyn dn v chuyn mch gi c CCITT chn lm gii php cho B-ISDN.
u nhng nm 90 cc khuyn ngh cho B-ISDN da trn cng ngh ATM c ban
hnh.
Giao tip B-ISDN ban u cung cp tc truyn 51 Mbps, 155 Mbps hoc 622
Mbps trn ng cp quang. Tng vt l h tr B-ISDN c cung cp bi SONET
(Synchronous Optical Network) v ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Tng Client c
th h tr Frame Relay, SMDS hoc IEEE 802.2
B-ISDN c th c xem nh mt mng thng tin c pht trin t mng ISDN
bng hp hin ang c s dng.

Hnh 4.15. C s h tng h tr B-ISDN

c im
Mc tiu ca B-ISDN l kt hp tt c cc dch v hin c vo mt mng truyn
thng duy nht. V c bn n cung cp cc dch v bng hp. Ngoi ra, n c kh nng
cung cp nhiu dch v bng rng nh in thoi thy hnh, hi ngh t xa, truyn s liu
tc cao, v.v.
B-ISDN c kh nng cung cp dch v bng rng tc n Mbit/s, cn cc tn s
m n s dng v phn b thi gian s dng th c phm vi rt rng.
c tnh phn b khc ca tn hiu dch v B-ISDN l cc tn hiu lin tc. Cc tn
hiu ting ni v hnh nh c th cng "sng chung" vi cc tn hiu nhm nh s liu
163

u cui. Tuy nhin, cc tn hiu d liu khc nhau c cc tc bin i rt rng. Mt

khc, cc tn hiu hnh nh v m thanh i hi phi x l theo thi gian thc.
K thut chuyn mch gi l tng i vi tc thp hoc s liu nhm, trong khi
, i vi tn hiu thoi v hnh nh th chuyn mch knh l thch hp. Ngoi ra vi cc
tn hiu thoi cng thch hp chuyn mch phn chia thi gian v vi cc tn hiu video
tc cao th thch hp vi chuyn mch knh phn chia theo khng gian.
V vy, tm c mt h thng truyn dn c kh nng trao i cc tn hiu tc
thp/cao v cc tn hiu lin tc/ nhm l cc k kh khn.
Cu trc chc nng
M hnh cu trc chc nng chung ca ISDN bng rng v c bn ging nh ISDN
bng hp. C ngha l v mt cu hnh tiu chun, nhm chc nng v im gc, c hai
cu trc l nh nhau. N ch ra rng B-ISDN c hnh thnh trn c s khi nim
ca ISDN. Cu trc ca ISDN bng rng bao gm kh nng mc cao v kh nng mc
thp.
Kh nng mc cao l chc nng lin quan n thit b u cui (TE) v kh nng
mc thp bao gm kh nng ISDN bng hp da trn kh nng bng rng, 64 bit/s v kh
nng bo hiu lin tng i.
So snh ISDN v B_ISDN
B-ISDN l mt mng s lin kt a dch v nh ISDN, nhng vic thit lp B-ISDN
thc hin khc vi thit lp ISDN. B-ISDN n bo m lin kt cc tn hiu bng rng v
c kh nng ng thi x l cc tn hiu bng rng bng hp. M hnh cu trc c bn
ca B-ISDN v ISDN nh nhau. Tuy nhin, chng ch tng t nhau v mt khi nim
m khng tng thch v mt hot ng. Cc thit b B-ISDN khng th hot ng nu
u ni vo mng ISDN hoc TE ca ISDN khng th u ni ti NT ca B-ISDN.
Trong thc t B-ISDN khc rt xa vi ISDN, v ISDN tch hp k thut chuyn mch
knh v k thut chuyn mch gi, trong khi B-ISDN s dng cng ngh ATM hon
ton khc vi cc h thng ca ISDN. Ngha l, trong khi ISDN ch yu iu khin h
thng thng tin chuyn mch knh th B-ISDN ch yu s dng h thng thng tin
chuyn mch gi, ng thi vn iu khin h thng thng tin knh. B-ISDN khc hn so
vi ISDN.
S pht trin ca ISDN v B-ISDN l bc m cho s ra i cc k thut mng
vin thng mi vi mc ch cung cp a dch v trn cng mt mng vin thng duy
nht. Mng th h sau NGN ang c nghin cu v pht trin p ng nhu cu ngy
cng cao ca x hi, l mt bc tin mi trong k thut mng vin thng? Mt cu
hi c gii p trong tng lai khng xa.

164

4.5.3. K thut chuyn mch gi: X.25, Frame Relay, ATM

a) K thut mng X25
X25 nh ngha chun giao din gia cc thit b u cui s liu ca ngi s dng
DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) vi thit b kt ni cui knh d liu DCE (Data Circuit
Terminating). X25 c chc nng va iu khin giao din DTE/DCE va thc hin chc
nng truyn d liu gia DTE vi node ca mng chuyn mch gi. Cc mng X.25 cung
cp cc la chn cho chuyn mch o hoc c nh. X.25 cung cp cc dch v tin cy
cng nh iu khin lung d liu t node ti node (End to End).
Cc mng X25 c tc ti a 64 Kbps. Tc ny thch hp vi cc tin trnh
truyn thng chuyn giao tp v cc thit b u cui c lng lu thng ln. Tuy nhin
vi tc nh vy khng thch hp vi vic cung cp cc dch v i hi t 1 Mbps tr
ln. V vy cc mng X25 khng hp dn khi cung cp cc dch v ng dng LAN trong
mi trng WAN. Nm 1976, CCITT cng b khuyn ngh loi X v giao thc X25
trong cc mng chuyn mch gi cng cng (Public Packet Switched Networks).

Hnh 4.16. V d mt mng X25 n gin

Giao thc X.25 v hot ng

X25 hot ng trn 3 tng: tng vt l, tng lin kt d liu v tng mng.
Tng vt l: Tng ng vi tng vt l m hnh OSI, giao thc X25.1 xc nh cc
vn v in, hm, th tc v kiu cc b u chuyn c s dng. Bao gm cc
chun ca CCITT X26/27 v EIA (USA Electronic Institue Association), RS :X.21, X.21
Bis, V.32, v.v.

165

Hnh 4.17. X.25 v m hnh OSI

Tng lin kt d liu: X.25.2 cung cp cc lin kt gia hai thit b u cui ca
mt tuyn thng tin c tin cy cao, kim sot lung v kim sot li. LAP-B (Link
Access Procedure Balanced) l giao thc LLC tng con ca Lin kt d liu, chun
hng bit, hot ng theo ch song cng v ng b.
Tng mng: X.25.3 l giao thc gia mt DTE v mt DCE. DTE c th l mt
PAD cn DCE c th l mt thit b X.25. Giao thc X.25 cung cp cc kh nng chn
mch o thng trc hay theo nhu cu. X.25 yu cu cung cp dch v tin cy v tnh
nng iu khin lung d liu End to End. Do cc thit b trn mng c th hot ng
theo nhiu mch o, nn X25 phi cung cp tnh nng iu khin lung cho mi mch
Hot ng ca giao thc X.25
X25 hot ng da trn c s knh c nh PVC (Permanent Virtual Chanel) v
knh o chuyn mch SCV (Switch Virtual Chanel). PCV thay th chc nng cho knh
lin kt im-im c nh gia cc thit b u cui. S dng loi knh ny, giao din c
hiu qu hn nh s lin kt c m bo v khng b tr cuc gi. SVC s dng ti a
s mm do linh hot ca chuyn mch gi trong thc t.
Hot ng ca X25 theo cc giai on: giai on thit lp knh o, giai on trao
i thng tin v giai on gii phng knh o. Ngay sau khi thit lp knh o, mt thng
bo tm tt ca cu trc gi tin s c node ngun gi i n node ch. Nu chp nhn,
node ch s hin th v thng bo li cho node ngun. ng truyn song hng c
thit lp. Giai on trao i d liu: Node ngun gi khung thng tin, node ch s tin
hnh kim tra tnh hp l ca khung thng qua cc bit FCS. Nu khng hp l th loi b
khung v gi thng bo li cho node ngun bit, yu cu truyn li. Nu khung l hp l
th node ny tip tc cc th tc truyn gi khung ti node tip theo trong mng, ng
thi thng bo li cho node ngun bit l nhn c thng tin. Node ngun sau khi
nhn c thng bo m t node ch, tip tc gi gi tin tip theo. Sau khi kt thc,
knh o s c gii phng.
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Nh vy hot ng ca X25 cho php s dng mt cch c hiu qu knh thng tin
lin kt gia ngi s dng v cc node mng. Cc th tc ca tng mng m bo trao
i thng tin c t l li bit thp, vi xc sut ln cc gi tin c gi ti ch khng c
li, ng th t, iu ny rt cn thit i vi cc ng truyn c tin cy khng cao.
b) Mng chuyn mch khung Frame Relay
Nhng nm cui ca th k XX cc h thng vin thng s dng cng ngh cp
quang c tin cy cao, m bo tc v cht lng truyn dn, gim thiu tnh trng
nghn mch v t l li d liu. Cc giao thc trc y cho mng chuyn mch gi c
t cc th tc qun l lu lng, qun l tc nghn v x l li, m bo tnh thng nht,
ton vn thng tin trn ng truyn tr nn phc tp, cng knh, lm gim thng
lng.
Frame Relay ra i nh mt cng ngh k tha nhng c im u vit ca mng
chuyn mch gi nh tnh tin cy, mm do, kh nng chia s ti nguyn. ng thi hn
ch ti a th tc kim sot, hi p, v.v. khng cn thit gy ra tr ln. N cho php
tn dng cc u th v tc truyn ti v tnh n nh ca cng ngh truyn dn, tha
mn nhu cu dch v tc cao, s dng nhiu thng lng mng din rng WAN trn
truyn ti mt lng ln d liu vi nhiu nh dng khc nhau.
Cng ngh Frame Relay tch hp tnh nng dn knh tnh v chia s cng ngh
X.25. D liu c t chc thnh cc khung c di khng c nh c nh a ch
tng t nh X.25. Tuy nhin, khc vi X.25, Frame Relay loi b hon ton cc th tc
tng 3 trong m hnh OSI. Ch mt s chc nng chnh tng 2 c thc hin. V vy
tc truyn trong mng Frame Relay cao hn nhiu so vi X.25 v mng Frame Relay
c gi l mng chuyn mch gi tc cao.

Hnh 4.18. Cu trc mng Frame Relay

Cu hnh tng qut

Hnh 4.18 th hin cc thnh phn chnh ca mng Frame Relay (FR). Cc knh
ring to ra lin kt vt l gia DTE v DCE.

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 DTE: Cn c gi l thit b truy nhp mng FRAD (Frame Relay Access

Device), thng l cc Router, Bridge, Switch, v.v.
DCE: Cn c gi l thit b mng FRND (Frame Relay Network Device) l
cc thit b chuyn mch FR Switch.
FRAD v FRND chuyn i d liu thng qua cc quy nh ca giao tip UNI.
Mng trc ca FR c th l cc mng vin thng IP, PSTN, v.v.
V d mt m hnh mng Frame-Relay nh hnh 4.19.

Hnh 4.19. V d v mng Frame-Relay

Cc thut ng sau y thng xuyn c dng khi m t mng Frame-Relay:

Local access rate: L tc xung nhp (clock speed, hay port speed) ca kt ni
(local loop) n vng mng Frame-Relay (FR cloud). y l t l d liu truyn n hoc
ra khi mng, ty thuc vo vic thit lp v cu hnh trn lin kt .
VC (Virtual Circuit): L mt knh logic, c nh danh duy nht bng mt gi tr
DLCI, v c thit lp m bo truyn thng hai chiu t mt thit b DTE n mt
thit b DTE khc. Nhiu VC c th c ghp knh (multiplex) bn trong mt knh vt
l (physical circuit) truyn thng qua mng. Kh nng ghp ni ny c th lm gim
s phc tp v thit b khi mng yu cu kt ni n nhiu thit b DTE. Mt VC c th
i qua s thit b DCE trung gian bt k no (cc FR switch). Mt VC c th l mt
PVC hoc mt SVC (Static VC).
PVC (Permanent VC): Mt PVC cung cp lin kt c thit lp mt cch thng
trc, lin kt ny thng xuyn c s dng v ph hp vi vic truyn d liu gia cc
thit b DCE qua mng Frame Relay.
DLCI (Data-Link Connection Identifier): nh danh mt VC trong Frame-Relay.
Nh cung cp dch v FR s ng k gi tr DLCI, di 10 bt. Gi tr DLCI ny c
biu din trong trng a ch (Address field) ca khung d liu FR xc nh VC .
C DLCI Local & DLCI cho mi PVC, gi tr ny l duy nht i vi 1 VC.
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LMI: L chun tn hiu gia router (DTE device) vi switch FR cc b (DCE

device) phn hi vic qun l kt ni v duy tr trng thi gia cc thit b . LMI l
mt c ch cung cp thng tin trng thi v cc kt ni FR gia DTE v DCE. Cc thit
b ca Cisco h tr 3 chun LMI: Cisco, ANSI T1.617 Annex D, v Q.933 ITU-T Annex
A. (Hnh 4.20)

Hnh 4.20. Trng thi hot ng ca PVC

Inverse ARP: L mt giao thc t ng lin kt a ch lp Network ca Router

xa (Remote Router) vi gi tr DLCI Local ca Router cc b. Inverse ARP cho php
mt Router t ng pht hin a ch logic ca thit b DTE xa m lin kt n trn mt
VC.
Cc loi topo mng Frame Relay:
FR cho php chng ta lin kt ni cc site xa vi cc topo mng sau:
Hub-and-Spoke topology: Cc site xa c kt ni n mt site trung tm
cung cp mt dch v hay mt ng dng. y l topo ph bin trong mng FR. Topo
mng ny c chi ph thp nht trong cc topo do i hi thit lp s PVC t nht. (Hnh
4.21c)

Hnh 4.21. Cc loi topo mng Frame Relay

Full-mesh topology: Trong topo ny, tt c cc router u c VC n tt c cc

router cn li. Topo ny c chi ph cao, cung cp cc kt ni trc tip t mi site n tt
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c cc site cn li v cho php tnh nng d phng. Khi mt link down, router c th nh
tuyn li lung d liu thng qua mt site khc (Hnh 4.21b). Khi s nt trn topo tng
ln th mng tr nn t hn, v phc tp hn. Gi s c n nt mng, th tng s link
trn topo ny l n*(n-1)/2. V d, c 10 site (10 nt mng) mun kt ni topo Full-mesh
th cn 10*(10-1)/2 = 45 links.
Partial-mesh topology: Trong topo ny, khng phi tt c cc site u c truy cp
trc tip n tt c cc site cn li. Ty thuc vo m hnh truyn d liu trong mng m
chng ta c th phi c thm cc PVC kt ni n cc site xa c nhu cu truyn d liu
ln. (Hnh 4.21a)
Hnh 4.22a,b sau y khi qut v cch thc Inverse ARP v tn hiu LMI lm vic
vi mt kt ni FR.

Hnh 4.22a. Hot ng ca Inverse ARP v tn hiu LMI

1. Mi router kt ni n Switch FR thng qua mt CSU/DSU

2. Khi FR c cu hnh trn mt Interface, Router gi gi tin iu tra trng thi
LMI n Switch FR, nhm thng bo trng thi ca Router vi Switch, v hi Switch v
trng thi kt ni VC ca router
3. Switch FR tr li vi mt gi tin trng thi LMI bao gm thng tin v Local
DLCI ca PVC n cc Router xa m local router c th gi d liu.
4. Vi mi DLCI active, mi router gi mt gi tin Inverse ARP bo v a ch
IP ca mnh.

170

Hnh 4.22b. Hot ng ca Inverse ARP v tn hiu LMI

5. Khi router nhn c gi tin Inverse ARP t Router xa, n to mt map entry
trong bng map FR ca n bao gm local DLCI, v a ch logic ca remote Router.
6. Mi 10s, router s trao i thng tin LMI vi Switch FR (Keepalives)
7. Router thay i trng thi ca mi DLCI thnh active, inactive, hoc Deleted,
da trn phn hi LMI t Switch FR.
So snh vi X25
S khc bit gia cn bn gia cng ngh Frame Relay v X.25 l Frame Relay
khng k tha cng ngh X.25 m l mt giao thc tin tin c nhiu im tng ng
vi X.25. X.25 l mt giao thc ca cng ngh chuyn mch gi, c t giao tip gia
DTE v DCE.
D liu trong tng 3 ca X.25 s c chia thnh cc gi (Packet), trong mi gi
c b sung phn Network Header. Cc gi ny s c chuyn xung tng 2, cc hm
chc nng ca LAP-B s b sung Layer 2 Header v cc Flag vo mi gi to thnh cc
khung LAP-B. Cc khung s c chuyn xung tng vt l v truyn n ch.
Hot ng ca cc thc th cht ch, cc node mng X25 phi lun bit trng thi
ca mng trong mi lin kt logic. Cc gi tin iu khin v bo nhn, bo mt
(ACK/NACK) thng xuyn c truyn trn cng lin kt ca gi tin d liu khng ch
ti cc giao tip DTE-DCE m cn ti tt c cc node mng. Ti cc node mng phi duy
tr bng trng thi cho mi lin kt logic qun l lin kt v iu khin li v lu
lng, m bo gi tin n ng a ch ch c lu trong Network Header v s lng
gi tin gi vo mng khng c vt qu kh nng x l ca mng. Nh vy cc giao

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thc ti tng mng l tuyt i cn thit nht l khi trin khai h thng mng X.25 trn
cc ng truyn c tin cy thp, d b nhiu lon, suy gim tn hiu.
Frame Relay c thit k loi b nhng hn ch trong cc mng X.25 khi trin
khai trn tuyn truyn dn tc cao bng cch:
Cc gi tin iu khin v d liu c truyn trn cc lin kt logic ring bit.
V vy, ti cc node khng cn duy tr bng trng thi, khng x l cc gi tin
iu khin.
Dn knh, chuyn mch cc lin kt logic c thc hin tng lin kt. Loi
b cc qu trnh trnh x l tng mng.
Khng iu khin lu lng v iu khin li theo tng on mng (Hop-byHop Control). Trong trng hp cn thit s cc tng cao hn m trch.
Frame Relay ch s dng mt phn cc chc nng tng 2 nn khung thng tin ca
Frame Relay s c cu trc n gin hn so vi khung thng tin ca X.25 nhng vnduy
tr c im ca mt khung thng tin quy nh bi giao thc iu khin.
Khung Frame Relay khng c Header ca tng mng. V Frame Relay khng s
dng cc th tc iu khin lu lng, iu khin li ca tng mng. Mt khc, giao thc
c s dng ti tng lin kt ch l phn li ca giao thc iu khin (LAP-F Core) nn
vic x l ti cc node mng s t hn nhiu so vi X.25. Kch thc phn d liu (User
Data) trong khung Frame Relay c th ti a 2048 byte trong khi phn d liu trong
khung X.25 ch c th t ti a 128 byte.
DCE thc hin ba chc nng chnh:
Kim tra cc khung, loi b cc khung c li.
Cn c vo a ch trong khung chn ng.
Kim tra c b nghn hay khng. Nu c th lp bit bo nghn hoc loi b
khung ty trng hp c th.
Cc dch v Frame Relay
Hin nay, phn ln cc dch v mng FR c cung cp di 2 dng:
Mng dch v cng cng (Public Carrier-Provided Networks): FR v FRAD,
FRND ca nh cung cp, khch hng c tnh cc trn c s thng s mng
thu, vic bo tr v qun tr do nh cung cp thc hin.
Mng ring doanh nghip: Cc doanh nghip c quy m ton cu trin khai cc
mng FR ring. Ton b thit b mng l ti sn ca doanh nghip. Cng tc
qun tr, vn hnh v bo dng do chnh doanh nghip thc hin.
Hin ti, Vit Nam ph bin hnh thc mng dch v cng cng do gi thnh s
dng r hn, khng i hi doanh nghip duy tr i ng nhn vin k thut chuyn

172

trch. Ngn hng Chu (ACB) l mt trong s cc n v ang khai thc hiu qu dch
v ny.
FR l cng ngh c u tin la chn bi ngy cng c nhiu ngi dng ang tm
kim cc gii php mng din rng trn nn tng h tng vin thng hin i. Mc d
c nhiu cng ngh mi ra i c tnh nng hin i hn nhng vi xu th khch hng
ang a chung mng trn nn IP, FR tip tc th hin tnh u vit qua kh nng kt hp
mng IP vi cc u im nh qun l dch v d dng, truyn d liu tc cao an ton,
chi ph lin kt thp. C th khng nh, cng ngh FR vn c th tip tc c s dng
hiu qu trong thi gian di.
c) Mng ATM
Cng ngh truyn dn khng ng b ATM ra i nh l mt nn tng cho mng
t hp a dch v s bng rng B-ISDN. ATM cho php truyn thng a phng tin,
p ng y cc loi hnh dch v v c kh nng cung cp cht lng dch v theo
yu cu. ATM c mt s c trng khc vi cc cng ngh chuyn mch khc. n v d
liu dng trong ATM gi l t bol (Cell), c di 53 byte (5 byte Header v 48 byte d
liu). Trong cc cng ngh khc di ca khung d liu thay i (t 64 n 1500 Byte).
Nhng Cell ny l n v c s cho truyn d liu. Lu lng d liu t nhiu knh c
ghp vi nhau ti mc Cell. Kch thc Cell c nh, nn cc c ch chuyn mch hot
ng truyn thng ca mng ATM hiu qu cao, tc cao. Mt s mng ATM c th
hot ng ti tc 622 Mbps, tc chung 155 Mbps.

Hnh 4.23. ATM v m hnh OSI

ATM hot ng tng 2 v 3 ca OSI. Tng vt l c cc giao thc h tr nh

SONET, FDDI, v.v. ATM hot ng khng ph thuc vo ng truyn vt l. ATM
c chia lm hai Channel c cha cc (Cell) hot ng nh tc truyn bit c nh
khi d liu c truyn gia cc mch (Circuit) c kch thc khc nhau.
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Cc thit b mng ATM lin kt vi nhau bng cc ng dn o VPI (Virtual Path

Identifier). Trong mi ng o, c nhiu knh o VCI (Virtual Circuit Identifier). Mc
d ATM c pht trin nh l cng ngh ca mng WAN nhng ATM c nhiu chc
nng h tr cho cc mng LAN hiu nng cao. l ATM cho php s dng cng mt
cng ngh cho c mng LAN v WAN.
V c bn, mng ATM ging nh mng Frame Relay, cc t bo c truyn t
ngun ti ch qua cc mng con chuyn mch ATM. Node mng giao tip vi thit b
u cui qua giao din ngi s dng - mng UNI (User Network Interface) v thit b
chuyn mch ATM giao tip vi nhng thit b khc qua giao din mng-mng NNI
(Network Network Interface). Mt mng ATM n gin in hnh nh sau:

Hnh 4.24. Mt mng ATM n gin in hnh

So snh ATM vi cc dch v v k thut khc:

ATM so snh vi Frame Relay:
ATM v Frame Relay l hai cng ngh chuyn mch tc nhanh . C th ni
ATM tng t vi Frame Relay. Tuy nhin, khung d liu (Frame) trong Frame
Relay c kch thc thay i, th ATM s dng cc gi tin c nh 53 bytes
(c gi l t bo Cell).
Frame Relay cho php vt ngng 64 Kb/s ca X25, nhng thng lng ti a
ch t ti 2 Mb/s, trong khi thng lng ATM c th t 155 Mb/s hoc 622
Mb/s.
ATM c th chn cc t bo c tr truyn dn nhy cm, iu ny khng th
c vi Frame Relay, bi v Frame Relay c khung d liu di hn, tr ln
hn v khng th d on c tr khi x l truyn thng ting ni v hnh
nh. V vy Frame Relay khng ph hp cho cc dch v yu cu thi gian thc
cao.
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 Mc d cha p ng c yu cu ca truyn thng a phng tin, Frame

Relay vn l mt gii php qu c la chn trong khi ch i k thut
ATM a vo ng dng rng ri.
ATM v SONET
SONET n gin l mt k thut truyn dn, c th h tr cho nhiu loi topo
thay i, bao gm: im-im, hnh sao, hnh vng.
Khi pht trin ATM, thay v pht trin mt lp vt l mi, nhng nh thit k
ca ATM s dng k thut lin kt d liu ca SONET v s dng n cho
chuyn mch ATM. Hn na, ATM Forum xc nh tc 622-Mbps ATM
chy trn SONET. Tm li SONET l mt dch v vn chuyn bit t ngun ti
ch v ATM l mt k thut s dng SONET nh l mt dch v vn chuyn
ca n.
So Snh ATM v Ethernet Gigabit
Tc Fast Ethernet v Ethernet Gigabit nhanh hn tc ca ATM v xy
dng ATM kh t. Tuy nhin ATM Forum ang pht trin ATM 2,5 Gbps cho
LAN.
Ethernet Gigabit c kh nng truyn d liu v ting ni mc chp nhn c,
tuy nhin n vn ch l mt k thut VBR (tc bit thay i) v gp phi kh
khn khi mng tc nghn hoc i hi truyn hnh phn gii cao (HDTV).
Giao thc gi trc ngun ti nguyn RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) v
giao thc truyn dn thi gian thc RTP (Realtime Transport Protocol) l
phng thc li cht lng dch v ca Ethernet Gigabit. C hai giao thc cho
php cc ng dng bo tn tng s ring bit ca gii thng truyn d liu.
Khung Ethernet 802.3 c s phn chia tc khng ph hp, v chiu di thay i
t 64 n 1518 bytes. Trong khi t bo ATM phn chia tc n nh v m bo s
phn chia c th t trong khung thi gian ring bit m bit d liu n theo th t ng
thi gian.
Trong Ethernet 802.3, khung c xp hng ti mt node chuyn mch trn c s
vo trc-ra trc (FI-FO). Hn na trc khi chuyn mch truyn hng khung n th
ton b d liu cha trong hng khung n-1 phi c truyn. Theo mt chuyn mch
pht hng khung lin tc theo th t chng c m. S x l ny trong ATM th
khc hn, ti node chuyn mch ATM, hng i khung khng theo th t chng c
m, m chuyn mch ATM da vo s u tin truyn dn: khung c u tin cao
hn s c truyn dn trc v ngc li. Do ATM c th to ra ng thi nhiu
hng dch v c lp nhau vi s u tin truyn dn khc nhau da trn loi dch v m
vn cung cp mt tc phn chia khng i. y chnh l th mnh v s thng minh
ca ATM. Do vy mng nhanh khng phi l gii php cho nhiu vn hi t.
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Cng ngh ATM xut hin vi mng din rng, a dch v bng rng. Phng thc
truyn ti nh l mt Mng trong mng, khng ng b, tch hp chuyn mch gi v
chuyn mch knh. Thng tin c t trong cc gi c di c nh. ATM s dng
knh o v nhm knh o to thnh mt ng dn o, thch hp vi dch v yu cu
truyn thi gian thc, a phng tin.
4.5.4. Kt ni WAN qua Internet: VPN
V c bn, VPN (Virtual Private Network) l mt mng ring s dng h thng
mng cng cng (thng l Internet) kt ni cc a im hoc ngi s dng t xa
vi mt mng LAN tr s trung tm. Thay v dng kt ni tht kh phc tp nh ng
dy thu bao s ring, VPN to ra cc lin kt o (ng hm - Tunneling) c truyn
qua Internet gia mng ring ca mt t chc vi a im hoc ngi s dng xa.
ng hm c to nn nh cc giao thc ng hm v cc phng thc xc thc 2
bn lin lc.
C hai loi ph bin hin nay l VPN truy cp t xa (Remote-Access ) v VPN
im-ni-im (site-to-site).

Hnh 4.25. Mng ring o (VPN)

Remote Access VPN: p ng nhu cu truy cp d liu v ng dng cho

ngi dng xa, bn ngoi cng ty thng qua Internet. V d khi ngi dng
mun truy cp vo c s d liu hay cc file server, gi nhn email t cc mail
server ni b ca cng ty.
Site To Site VPN: p dng cho cc t chc c nhiu vn phng chi nhnh,
gia cc vn phng cn trao i d liu vi nhau. V d mt cng ty a quc gia
c nhu cu kt ni mng v chia s thng tin gia cc chi nhnh t ti Singapore
v Vit Nam, c th xy dng mt h thng VPN Site-to-Site kt ni hai site Vit

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Nam v Singapore to mt ng truyn ring trn mng Internet phc v qu

trnh truyn thng an ton, hiu qu.

4.6. Kin trc lin mng Internet

Ch mi khong hn chc nm trc y Internet cn l ci g ch c mt s
hn hp cc chuyn gia s dng nhng ngy nay c ngi gi ln ngi tr khng phn
bit nam hay n u dng Internet trao i thng tin qua e-mail hoc lt trn mng
tm v thu thp thng tin trn th gii. C nhn cng c trang ch, v mng tr thnh
c s truyn thng tin hng ti ton th gii. Ngy nay, vic s dng Internet
bng n trn ton cu.
Mt trong cc nhn t ng sau iu ny l cng vi s pht trin ca web (WWW:
World Wide Web) v trnh duyt Web, vic tm kim thng tin tr nn c th v d
dng v khng i hi mt kin thc c bit no. Cc yu t khc to nn s bng n
trn l hiu nng cao hn ca my tnh (trong c c my tnh c nhn) v tc ngy
cng tng ca cc ng kt ni Internet.
Tuy nhin, l nhng k s cng ngh thng tin, chng ta khng nn nhn vo tnh
hu dng ca Internet m nn i mt vi rt nhiu vn ang tn ti cng vi s pht
trin ca Internet chng hn nh cc vn v an ninh, cc vn o c hay l s
khan him ca a ch IP v.v..
V vic hiu v lch s ca Internet v cc k thut h tr ng sau n l rt cn
thit.
Cc phn sau s gii thch v s pht trin ca Internet, cc vn v an ninh v cc
kha cnh khc.
4.6.1. Bi cnh lch s ca s pht trin Internet
Mc ny m t v lch s pht trin ca Internet t khi ra i cho ti ngy nay.
a) S ra i ca Internet
Tin thn ca mng Internet ngy nay l mng ARPANET. Mng c tn
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) c pht trin th
nghim v nghin cu bi c quan d n nghin cu nng cao ca B quc phng M
(DARPA) vo nm 1969. DARPA lin kt 4 a im u tin vo thng 7 nm 1969 bao
gm: Vin nghin cu Stanford, i hc California, Los Angeles, i hc Utah v i
hc California, Santa Barbara. chnh l mng lin khu vc (Wide Area Network
WAN) u tin c xy dng.
Vo thi , h thng my tnh ch yu l h thng my ch trung tm v b coi l
rt mong manh i vi cc cuc tn cng tn la, v ch mt cuc tn cng c th ph hy

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mi thng tin. Do vy, ARPANET c xy dng thnh mt d n nghin cu

phn b thng tin trn h thng my tnh.
Ban u, vi tc truyn thp 56 kbps v h thng c to nn bi cc vin
nghin cu v cc trng i hc M c kt ni bng mng gi. Sau s pht trin
ca cng ngh to kh nng lm cho ARPANET ng vai tr trung tm nh mt mng
truyn thng trong gn 20 nm sau.
b) S pht trin ca k thut c bn
Giao thc truyn thng TCP/IP l mt trong cc cng ngh nn tng m khng th
b qua khi ni v s pht trin Internet. Nm 1983, giao thc TCP/IP chnh thc c coi
nh mt chun i vi ngnh qun s M v tt c cc my tnh ni vi ARPANET phi
s dng chun mi ny. Bi DARPA s dng TCP/IP nh l giao thc chun cho
ARPANET, t TCP/IP c pht trin thnh giao thc chun trn Internet.
Rt nhiu u t nghin cu v pht trin trong cng ngh mng LAN c thc
hin vo gia nhng nm 1970 ng gp rt nhiu vo s pht trin Internet.
c) S pht trin ca cc mng (nhng nm 1980)
Vo nm 1983, mt phn ca mng ARPANET phc v ch yu cho mc ch qun
s c ct b (phn ny c tn l MILNET (MILitary NETwork) v phn cn li ca
mng c chuyn thnh mng phc v cho khoa hc v nghin cu. TCP/IP c
chp nhn l giao thc truyn thng vo thi im .
T chc khoa hc quc gia M (NSF) xy dng v vn hnh h thng mng c
lp ca mnh c tn l NSFNET vo nm 1986.
Sau , NSFNET v ARPANET c lin kt ni hnh thnh nn bn mu
Internet u tin ca th gii (NSFNET hp thu ARPANET vo nm 1990).
d) S pht trin ca Internet (nhng nm 1990)
S ra i ca mng thng mi
Khi m xu hng hng ti mng phn b vn ang tip tc th mi quan tm i
vi mng Internet cng tng ln thm v ku gi to ra mt mng Internet thng mi
tch hn ra khi v bc nghin cu chuyn su cng ngy cng tng. Chnh iu ny l
ngun gc ca khi nim nh cung cp (nh cung cp Internet - ISP) v dn ti s
bng n ca Inetrnet.
Nm 1994, hot ng ca NSFNET c chuyn sang cho mt cng ty t nhn,
lm gim thm na tnh cht vn phng ca Internet v lm tng nh hng cng cng.
K hoch NII
Mt yu t khng th thiu trong s pht trin ca Internet l thit lp c s h
tng truyn thng tin. Mt trong nhng ngi u tin nhn ra tm quan trng ca vic
xy dng c s h tng truyn thng ny chnh l ph tng thng M khi , ng Al
Gore, ngi a ra k hoch NII (National Information Infrastructure C s h tng
178

thng tin quc gia) vo nm 1993. K hoch ny tp trung vo vic nghin cu v pht
trin mt mng siu nhanh (cp Gbps) v vic ton cu ho n lm ny c vic xy
dng c s h tng truyn thng tin.
Cc my tnh ngy cng mnh
Trc y phn ln cc my tnh kt ni vo mng Internet u l trm UNIX s
dng giao thc TCP/IP lm chun. iu l do thot u mng Internet c pht trin
cho mc ch nghin cu v hc thut nn cc vin u c chiu hng s dng cc trm
l cc my tnh kt ni vi Internet bi v chng c kh nng hot ng v nng lc cao
hn so vi cc my tnh c nhn.
Tuy nhin, nhiu nm gn y, cc my tnh c nhn cng c h tr giao thc
TCP/IP, c nng lc x l cao hn v t t hn, dn ti thc trng l ngi dng c
th d dng kt ni Internet bng cch s dng my tnh c nhn bnh thng. iu ny
khin cho vic s dng Internet tr nn rt ph bin trong cuc sng.
Vi kh nng kt ni m nh vy, Internet tr thnh mt mng ln nht trn th
gii, mng ca cc mng, xut hin trong mi lnh vc thng mi, chnh tr, qun s,
nghin cu, gio dc, vn ho, x hi Cng t , cc dch v trn Internet khng
ngng pht trin to ra cho nhn loi mt thi k mi: k nguyn thng mi in t trn
Internet.
Nhng du mc quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin ca Internet:
1991 Web Father, Tim Berners-Lee pht minh World Wide Web (www).
1995 Amazon c thnh lp bi Jeff Bezos. Cho n nay, Amazon vn c nh
gi l mt trong nhng cng ty thng mi in t thnh cng v c quy m ln.
Trong thi gian ny, nhiu cng ty bt u nghin cu cng ngh tm km c
thnh lp nh Alta Vista, Infoseek, Excite .
1996 Yahoo! c a ln sn chng khon. Yahoo ni ting vi dch v tm kim,
danh b, ni dung s, dch v email v tin nhn nhanh (Instant Messenger)
1997 MP3.com c thnh lp. Chun MP3 lm cho cc tp tin m nhc v m
thanh d dng c truyn i trong mi trng internet.M ng cho cng ngh gii tr
trn internet.
Trong thi gian ny, thut ng search engine optimization(Ti u ha cho cng
c tm kim) c s dng u tin trn mt din n
1998 Google c thnh lp bi Larry Page v Sergey Brin. Mc d cng ngh tm
kim trn internet c nhiu cng ty nghin cu pht trin trc , nhng sn phm
tm kim ca Google mi chnh l iu m ngi dng internet thc s mong i. Cho
n ngy nay, cng c tm kim ca Google vn l cng c tm kim c nhiu ngi
s dng nht. S ra i ca Google gip cho ngi dng internet khai thc thng tin
179

tin li hn, v gip cho cc website c nhiu c hi hn tip cn vi ngi dng

internet.
1999 Peter Merholz a ra khi nim blog. Mt cch c tc ca cm t Web
log.T y vic lm ra mt website d dng hn, v ngi dng c th s dng
internet lm ni vit nht k. V sau Blog khng cn n gin l nhng nht k ring
trn internet m cn l ni chia s kin thc, kinh nghim, quan im c nhn v tr
thnh mt cng c quan trng ca truyn thng x hi.
2000 Google AdWords, dch v qung co trn Google ra i. Qung co trn
Google Adwords l tnh tin theo CPM (s lt xut hin ca qung co).
2002 Google AdWords thay i cch tnh tin thnh PPC (Pay per click). V sau,
y l mt trong nhng hnh thc qung co c nhiu ngi lm marketing yu
chung nht
2003 eBay topples Amazon as the most visited UK web site.
2006 Google mua li YouTube vi gi 1.6 t USD. M ra mt thi k mi v xem
phim v chia s phim nh qua mng internet.
2006 Facebook chnh thc m ca cho ngi dng ng k. Khi nim mng x hi
tr nn quen thuc hn vi ngi dng internet.Truyn thng x hi bt u pht trin
mnh m. Vai tr ca ngi dng internet trong truyn thng c nh gi cao. Quyn
lc ca ngi dng internt cng tng ln
Time Magazine bu chn You (ngi dng internet) l nhn vt ca nm v
nhng hot ng online ca ngi dng internet.
2007: Iphone ra i, m ra mt chng mi ca in thoi thng minh, t y s
gn kt ca truyn thng di ng v internet cng cht ch hn.
2008 Th gii c 1.4 t ngi dng internet
2011 Th gii c hn 2 t ngi s dng internet
4.6.2. Cu trc ca Internet
Mc ny gii thch v cu trc c bn ca Internet v s phn cp ca cc ISP trong
vic cung cp kt ni Internet n ngi dng.
a) Mng ca cc mng
Mng Internet c th c gi l mng ca cc mng" (Network of networks).
Internet l mt mng c quy m ton cu c to thnh t nhiu mng ln v nh c
lin ni vi nhau (Hnh 4.26).

180

Hnh 4.26. Internet Mng ca cc mng

Nh Hnh 4.27 cho thy, mng Internet s dng chuyn tip khung d liu ging
nh vic chuyn d liu c gi i t mt thit b cui kt ni vi mng Internet ti
thit b cui ch thng qua rt nhiu b nh tuyn (thit b chuyn tip).

Hnh 4.27. Truyn d liu trn Internet

b) S khc bit gia Internet v truyn thng my tnh c nhn

Dch v mng c tn l "truyn thng my tnh c nhn" tn ti t trc khi
mng Internet tr nn ph bin. Mng truyn thng my tnh c nhn do cc cng ty (t
chc) cai qun c mt my ch v cung cp rt nhiu dch v khc nhau c trong c s
d liu cho cc thnh vin (Hnh 4.28).
C truyn thng ca my tnh c nhn v mng Internet u s dng c s h tng
mng cung cp dch v nhng v c bn khc nhau cc im sau:
Internet: Khng c c c quan m iu hnh Internet, bt k ai cng u c th nhn
c dch v ca mng min l h kt ni vi mng
Truyn thng my tnh c nhn: Cng ty (t chc) s hu my ch qun l mi th
v dch v ch sn c cho cc thnh vin ca n.

181

Hnh 4.28. Truyn thng ca my tnh c nhn

Tuy nhin, ngy nay, cc nh cung cp truyn thng my tnh c nhn cng cung
cp dch v kt ni Internet khin cho cc mng truyn thng my tnh c nhn v mng
Internet c th trao i email v s dng cc dch v khc trn Internet.
c) Nh cung cp Internet (ISP Internet Service Provider)
ISP l t chc chuyn cung cp cc gii php kt ni mng ton cu (Internet) cho
cc n v t chc hay cc c nhn ngi dng. Cc ISP phi thu ng v cng ca
mt IAP. Cc ISP c quyn kinh doanh thng qua cc hp ng cung cp dch v
Internet cho cc t chc v cc c nhn. Ngi dng ch cn tho thun vi mt ISP no
v cc dch v c s dng v th tc thanh ton c gi l thu bao Internet.
Mt s ISP Vit Nam l FPT, Viettel, VDC, Netnam, CMC,

Hnh 4.29. S lin kt ni gia cc ISP

182

Hnh 4.29 minh ha s phn cp kt ni ca cc ISP trn ton cu. Cc ISP bc

cao nht l cc ISP kt ni trc tip n h thng xng sng (backbone) ca Internet.
Cc ISP ny gi l Global transit ISP (Tier 1 - ISP), c th cung cp cng kt ni v cung
cp ni dung ln Internet. Tier 1- ISP kt ni n cc ISP cp thp hn (National ISP,
Regional ISP hay Local ISP) thng qua cc ng kt ni ring (Private peering).

183

Cu hi n tp chng 4:
1. Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network): Khi
nim, nguyn l chung ca ISDN.
2. Cc phn t c bn ca mng ISDN
3. Trnh by c im v nn tng k thut ca B-ISDN
4. So snh ISDN v B-ISDN
5. Trnh by c im ca mng chuyn mch gi X.25.
6. Hot ng ca giao thc X.25.
7. Cu hnh tng qut ca mng Frame Relay
8. So snh Frame Relay vi X.25
9. Ti sao ni: Frame Relay c thit k loi b nhng hn ch trong mng X.25?
10. Mi quan h Frame Relay v m hnh OSI
11. SMDS so vi cc cng ngh Frame Relay v ATM?
12. Trnh by cc ni dung c bn ca phng thc truyn dn khng ng b
ATM?
13. So snh ATM vi cc dch v v k thut khc (Frame Relay, SONET, Ethernet
Gigabit)
14. Nu khi nim nh tuyn? C my loi nh tuyn? Nu c im ca tng
loi?
15. Phn loi cc thut ton nh tuyn. Trnh by c im ca tng loi. So snh
u v nhc im ca chng.
16. Trnh by cu trc gi tin IP datagram.
17. Trnh by chc nng ca giao thc ICMP
18. Trnh by cu trc gi tin ARP v RARP

Bi tp thc hnh:
1. Cho s kt ni Serial gia 2 Router chi nhnh ti H Ni v TP.H Ch
Minh nh sau:

Mc ch:Thc hnh thit lp kt ni PPP gia 2 Router, v thc hin xc thc kt

ni bng phng thc PAP 1 chiu, PAP 2 chiu.

184

Yu cu:
a) Cu hnh a ch IP, chc nng DCE-DTE cho cc interface tng ng ca mi
Router
b) Cu hnh giao thc ng gi d liu l PPP trn kt ni trn
c) Cu hnh xc thc PAP 1 chiu, bit:
- Router HANOI l Router xc thc
- Router HOCHIMINH l Router c xc thc
- Password dng xc thc l: ATTT11
d) S dng cu lnh Debug PPP authentication xem thng tin trao i trong
qu trnh xc thc gia 2 Router.
e) Cu hnh xc thc PAP 2 chiu.
2. Cho s kt ni Serial gia 2 Router nh sau:

Mc ch:Thc hnh thit lp kt ni PPP gia 2 Router, v thc hin xc thc kt

ni s dng phng thc CHAP
Yu cu: S dng giao din dng lnh (CLI), hy:
a) Cu hnh a ch IP, chc nng DCE-DTE cho cc interface tng ng ca mi
Router
b) Cu hnh giao thc ng gi d liu l PPP trn kt ni trn
c) Cu hnh xc thc CHAP trn kt ni trn, bit: Password dng xc thc l:
ATTT11
d) S dng cu lnh Debug PPP authentication xem thng tin trao i trong
qu trnh xc thc gia 2 Router.
3. Cho s kt ni sau:

185

Mc ch: Thc hnh cu hnh kt hp cc phng thc xc thc ca PPP trn

cng mt Router.
Yu cu: Hy thc hin cu hnh (bng giao din dng lnh) giao thc ng gi
PPP, v phng thc xc thc PAP 2 chiu, CHAP nh hnh v.
4. Cho m hnh kt ni mng Frame-Relay nh sau:

Mc ch:Thit lp v cu hnh mng WAN s dng k thut Frame-Relay cho

cng ty c 1 tr s chnh kt ni mng ti 3 chi nhnh khc
Yu cu:
a) Cu hnh a ch cho cc Interface ca mi Router nh trn.
b) Cu hnh cc PVC1, PVC2, PVC3 vi cc Interface v DLCI tng ng.
c) Kim tra kt ni t R1 ln lt n R2, R3, R4 xem mng c thng hay khng?
Hi y l loi FR topology no(Partial-Mesh, Full-Mesh, hay Star)?
d) Bit cc Router ping chnh n khng thng. Hy cho bit ti sao li nh vy?
Nu cch cu hnh gii quyt vn ny.
e) Bit t Router R2 ping n R3, hay R4 u khng thng. Hy cho bit ti sao li
nh vy? Nu cch cu hnh gii quyt vn ny.

186

CHNG 5: TNG GIAO VN

Trong qu trnh nhn d liu, tng tng lin mng, d liu x l ti cc nt mng
vn l cc gi tin ri rc, c lp. Cc gi tin ny c g b phn v IP ly phn d
liu thc, sau c kt hp thnh cc lung d liu hon chnh chuyn cho tng
ng dng. Trong qu trnh gi d liu, cc lung d liu t tng ng dng s c
chuyn xung tng giao vn, sau c chia thnh cc gi; cc gi tin c gn nhn
tng giao vn trc khi chuyn xung tng lin mng. a ch IP c s dng nh
danh cc nt mng c th nh tuyn cc gi tin trong lin mng nhng khng th
nhn bit c gi tin thuc dch v, ng dng no ti mt nt mng. Do , trong tng
giao vn, cc dch v mng nh Web, th in t, tp tin, v.v. cn c nh danh theo
cng dch v. Ty theo c th v yu cu ca mi mng, c th s dng giao thc
hng kt ni, tin cy c bt tay ba bc l TCP hay s dng giao thc khng tin cy
nhng hiu nng tt hp l UDP. Chng ny tp trung trnh by v nh dng gi tin,
giao thc kt ni v cc k thut tng giao vn vi b cc nh sau: Mc 5.1 trnh by v
chc nng v dch v tng giao vn, Mc 5.2 trnh by v giao thc TCP v Mc 5.3 trnh
by v giao thc UDP.

5.1. Cc dch v tng giao vn

Tng giao vn lm nhim v thit lp, duy tr v hy b cc cuc giao tip gia hai
my, m bo vic truyn d liu gi ging hon ton d liu nhn. D liu qua cc
mng con c th b li, tp tin tng giao vn thc hin ci thin cht lng dch v, m
bo d liu c truyn mt cch chnh xc v truyn li nu nh pht hin thy li.
Tng truy nhp mng qun l vic gi, xc nh th t d liu, u tin ca d liu .
Giao thc tng giao vn cung cp qu trnh truyn thng logic gia cc tin trnh ng
dng (tng ng dng) trn cc h thng my ch khc nhau. Cc tin trnh ng dng s
dng ng truyn logic gi cc thng tin cho nhau m khng cn quan tm n chi
tit ca vic truyn cc thng tin ny trn cc ng truyn vt l.

187

Hnh 5.1. Tng giao vn cung cp ng truyn logic gia cc ng dng

Ti bn gi, tng giao vn chuyn i d liu tip nhn c t tng ng dng

thnh PDU tng giao vn bng cch chia nh d liu tng ng dng thnh cc khi tin
nh hn v thm vo cc thng tin iu khin to thnh cc PDU tng giao vn. Sau
tng giao vn chuyn PDU xung tng lin mng (Internet).
Ti bn nhn, tng giao vn nhn PDU t tng lin mng, loi b header, kt hp
cc thng tin li thnh mt gi tin v chuyn ti tin trnh ng dng bn nhn.
Mng my tnh c th s dng mt hoc nhiu giao thc tng giao vn trn cc ng
dng mng. V d mng Internet s dng 2 giao thc: TCP v UDP. Mi giao thc cung
cp mt s cc dch v nht nh cho ng dng. n v d liu giao thc (PDU) tng
giao vn l segment, tuy nhin trong cc ti liu v mng Internet (nh cc RFC) thng
gi PDU ca TCP l segment cn PDU ca UDP l datagram. Tuy vy cng s dng khi
nim datagram cho cc PDU tng lin mng.
Trong gio trnh ny, chng ta s dng chung khi nim segment cho PDU ca c
TCP v UDP.
Nhim v c bn ca TCP v UDP l m rng vic chuyn tin gia hai h thng
u cui thnh cc dch v chuyn d liu gia hai tin trnh chy trn cc h thng u
188

cui khc, c gi l dn knh v phn knh ng dng (application multiplexing and

demultiplexing).

Hnh 5.2. Ghp knh v phn knh

Vic chuyn d liu trong cc segment ti tin trnh trong ng dng tng ng c
gi l qu trnh phn knh. Vic thu thp d liu phi my ngun t cc tin trnh ng
dng khc nhau, ng gi d liu vi cc thng tin thm vo to ra cc segment v
chuyn cc segment xung tng lin mng c gi l qu trnh ghp knh (hay dn
knh). Ghp knh v phn knh c m t trong hnh 5.2.
UDP v TCP thc hin phn knh v ghp knh bng c hai trng thng tin trong
header ca segment: S hiu cng ngun v s hiu cng ch. Cc trng ny xc nh
duy nht mt tin trnh ng dng chy trn my ch.
TCP v UDP cng thc hin vic kim tra, pht hin li m bo tnh chnh xc.
Trong thc t UDP cng nh giao thc IP cung cp cc dch v khng tin cy (Unreliable
service), tc l khng m bo d liu gi t mt tin trnh n c chnh xc mt tin
trnh ch. TCP th ngc li, cung cp thm nhiu dch v cho tng ng dng. Trc ht
l dch v truyn d liu tin cy, s dng vic iu khin lung, nh s th t, thng
bo phn hi (Ack) v s dng b nh thi. TCP m bo rng d liu c chuyn t
tin trnh truyn n tin trnh nhn mt cch chnh xc v ng th t.
Nh vy, TCP bin dch v IP khng tin cy gia cc h thng u cui thnh
dch v truyn d liu tin cy gia cc tin trnh ca tng ng dng.
TCP cn s dng iu khin tc nghn, n ngn chn bt k mt kt ni TCP no
m lm cho ng truyn tr nn qu ti v thc hin chuyn cc qu trnh truyn thng
gia hai h thng bng cch kim tra lu lng kt ni. Trong thc t, TCP cho php cc
kt ni cng c chia s bng thng trn cng ng truyn. iu ny c thc hin
189

bng cch quy nh tc v lu lng truyn bn gi. Ngc li, lu lng ca UDP
khng c kim sot, do cc ng dng s dng UDP c th truyn d liu ti bt k
tc no m ng truyn cho php.

5.2. Giao thc TCP

Giao thc TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) giao thc iu khin truyn vn,
l mt trong cc giao thc ct li ca b giao thc TCP/IP. S dng TCP, cc ng dng
trn cc my ch c ni mng c th to cc kt ni vi nhau, qua chng c th
trao i d liu hoc cc gi tin. Giao thc ny m bo chuyn giao d liu ti ni nhn
mt cch ng tin cy v ng th t. TCP cn phn bit gia d liu ca nhiu ng
dng ng thi chy trn cng mt my ch, chng hn dch v web v dch v th in
t. TCP h tr nhiu giao thc ng dng ph bin nht trn Internet v cc ng dng kt
qu.
Trong b giao thc TCP/IP, TCP l lp trung gian gia giao thc IP tng di v
mt ng dng tng trn. Cc ng dng thng cn cc kt ni ng tin cy kiu ng
ng lin lc vi nhau, trong khi giao thc IP khng cung cp nhng dng kiu ,
m ch cung cp dch v chuyn gi tin khng ng tin cy. TCP lm nhim v ca tng
giao vn, phn chia dng byte c gi t cc ng dng tng trn thnh cc segment c
kch thc thch hp (thng c quyt nh da theo kch thc ca n v truyn dn
ti a MTU ca tng truy nhp mng m my tnh ang nm trong ). Sau , TCP
chuyn cc gi tin thu c ti giao thc IP tng di gi n qua mt lin mng ti
mun TCP ti my tnh ch. TCP kim tra m bo khng c gi tin no b tht lc
bng cch gn cho mi gi tin mt s th t (sequence number). S th t ny cn c
s dng m bo d liu c trao cho ng dng ch theo ng th t. Mun TCP
ti u kia s gi li mt tin bo nhn (Acknowledgment) ng vi cc gi tin nhn
c thnh cng; mt ng h (timer) ti ni gi s bo time-out nu khng nhn c
tin bo nhn trong khong thi gian bng mt round-trip time (RTT), v d liu (c
coi l b tht lc) s c gi li. TCP s dng trng Checksum (gi tr kim tra)
xem c byte no b hng trong qu trnh truyn hay khng; gi tr ny c tnh ton cho
mi khi d liu ti ni gi trc khi n c gi, v c kim tra ti ni nhn.
5.2.1. Gii thiu v giao thc hng kt ni
Giao thc TCP mang y cc c im ca mt giao thc hng kt ni
(Conneciton-Oriented protocol). Cc c im l:
Kim sot c ng truyn: Thit lp kt ni, duy tr v kt thc kt ni
D liu truyn i mt cch tun t, nu bn nhn nhn thnh cng th phi gi
tn hiu bo nhn ACK.
190

Ngc li, cc giao thc khng kt ni (hay phi kt ni Connectionless protocol)

c cc c im ngc li:
Khng kim sot ng truyn: Khng thit lp kt ni trc khi truyn
D liu khng m bo n c ni nhn
D liu thng di dng cc datagram.
5.2.2. Cu trc gi tin TCP
Mt TCP segment bao gm: Thng tin iu khin (TCP header) v d liu tng ng
dng (application data).
Trong , TCP header bao gm cc trng sau:

Hnh 5.3. Cu trc ca gi tin TCP segment

Soure port: S hiu cng ng dng ti my tnh gi

Destination port: S hiu ca cng ti my tnh nhn
Sequence number: S th t ca gi tin. Trng ny c 2 nhim v: Nu c
SYN bt th n l s th t ca gi tin ban u v byte u tin c gi c s
th t ny cng thm 1. Nu khng c c SYN th y l s th t ca byte
u tin.
Acknowledgement number: Nu c ACK bt th gi tr trng ny chnh l s
th t gi tin tip theo m bn nhn cn.
Header length: C di 4 bit, quy nh di ca phn header (tnh theo n
v t 32 bit = 4 byte). Phn header c di ti thiu 5 t (20 byte) v ti a l
15 t (60 byte).
191

 Reserved (not used): C gi tr l 0, dnh cho tng lai

Flags (C, hay Control bits): Bao gm 6 bit c, tng ng vi cc c sau:
-

URG: C cho trng Urgent pointer

ACK: C cho trng Acknowledgement

PSH: Hm Push, chuyn d liu ngay.

RST: Thit lp li ng truyn

SYN: ng b li s th t
FIN: Khng gi thm s liu, kt thc kt ni.

Window size: S byte c th nhn bt u t gi tr ca trng bo nhn

(ACK)
Checksum: 16 bit kim tra cho c phn header v d liu. Phng php s
dng c m t trong RFC 793.
Urgent pointer: Nu c URG bt th gi tr trng ny chnh l s t 16 bit m
s th t gi tin (sequence number) cn dch tri.
Options: y l trng ty chn, nu c th di l bi ca 32 bit d liu.
Data: C di thay i, cha d liu ca tng ng dng, c di ti a
ngm nh l 536 byte. Gi tr ny c th iu chnh bng cch khai bo trong
vng options.
5.2.3. Cc chc nng ca giao thc TCP
TCP cung cp dch v tin cy, iu khin li, iu khin lu lng, trnh tc nghn
trn mng.
a) Dch v tin cy
TCP kim sot d liu c nhn cha thng qua cc trng thng tin iu khin
nh Sequence number, Acknowledgement trong gi tin TCP. Chu trnh lm vic ca TCP
bao gm ba pha: Thit lp kt ni, truyn d liu, kt thc kt ni.
Thit lp kt ni:
Thit lp kt ni TCP c thc hin trn c s phng thc bt tay ba bc
(Three-way Handshaking)
Bc 1: Yu cu kt ni lun c tin trnh ti my gi khi to (my A), bng
cch gi mt gi tin TCP vi c SYN =1 v cha gi tr khi to tun t ISN ca client.
Gi tr ISN ny l mt s 4 byte khng du, c tng ln mi khi kt ni c yu cu
(gi tr quay v 0 khi n ti gi tr 232). Trong thng ip SYN ny cn cha s hiu
cng TCP ca phn mm dch v m tin trnh trm mun kt ni n.

192

Hnh 5.4. Qu trnh bt tay 3 bc ca TCP

Bc 2: My B nhn c thng ip SYN, n gi li gi SYN vi gi tr ISN ca

n, t c ACK = 1 trong trng hp sn sng kt ni, gi tr ACK = (ISN ca A + 1)
bo B nhn c gi tr ISN ca tin trnh trm gi (my A)
Bc 3: Tin trnh trm gi (my A) tr li li gi SYN ca thc th dch v (my
B) bng mt thng bo tr li ACK cui cng, vi c ACK=1 v gi tr ACK = (ISN ca
B +1).
Bng cch ny, cc thc th TCP trao i mt cch tin cy cc gi tr ISN ca nhau
v c th bt u trao i d liu. Khng c thng ip no trong 3 bc trn cha bt k
d liu no, tt c thng tin trao i u nm trong phn header ca thng ip TCP
Kt thc kt ni
Khi c nhu cu kt thc kt ni, thc th TCP, v d A, gi yu cu kt thc kt ni
vi c FIN = 1. V kt ni TCP l song cng (full-duplex) nn mc d nhn c yu cu
kt thc kt ni ca A (A thng bo ht s liu gi) thc th B vn c th tip tc truyn
s liu cho n khi B khng cn s liu gi v thng bo cho A bng yu cu kt thc
kt ni vi c FIN = 1 ca mnh. Khi thc th TCP nhn c thng ip FIN v sau
khi gi thng ip FIN ca chnh mnh, kt ni TCP mi thc s kt thc (Hnh 5.5).

193

Hnh 5.5. Kt thc kt ni TCP

Truyn d liu
Mt s c im c bn ca TCP phn bit vi UDP trong vic truyn d liu l:
Truyn d liu khng li (do c c ch sa li/truyn li)
Truyn cc gi d liu theo ng th t
Truyn li cc gi d liu b mt mt trn ng truyn
Loi b cc gi d liu trng lp.
b) iu khin li
Chc nng iu khin li gm cc c ch pht hin phn on (segment) b hng, b
mt, sai th t hoc nhn i. N cng gm c ch sa li sau khi chng c pht hin.
Pht hin li trong TCP c thc hin thng qua vic s dng 3 cng c n gin:
tng kim tra, xc nhn, v thi gian ch (time-out). Mi segment c cha mt trng
tng kim tra (Checksum) kim tra phn on li. Nu phn on li, n s b my thu
b i.
TCP s dng phng php xc nhn thng bo vic nhn cc gi ti ch m
khng hng. Khng c xc nhn ph nh (xc nhn gi hng) trong TCP. Nu mt phn
on khng c xc nhn trc khi ht hn (thi gian time-out) th n c xem nh b
hng hoc b mt trn ng truyn.
C ch sa li trong TCP cng rt n gin. TCP ngun t mt b nh thi cho
mi phn on c gi i. B nh thi c kim tra nh k. Khi n tt, phn on
tng ng c xem nh b hng hoc b mt v n s c truyn li.
c) iu khin lung
iu khin lung nh ngha lng d liu m ngun c th gi trc khi nhn mt
xc nhn Ack t ch. Trong trng hp c bit, giao thc tng giao vn c th gi mt
194

byte d liu v i xc nhn trc khi gi byte tip theo. Nhng nu lm nh vy, qu
trnh gi s din ra rt chm. Nu d liu phi i qua on ng di th ngun s trng
thi ri trong khi i xc nhn.
Trong trng hp c bit khc, giao thc tng giao vn c th gi tt c d liu n
c m khng quan tm ti xc nhn. Lm nh vy s tng tc truyn, nhng c th
lm trn ngp trm ch (trm ch khng x l kp). Bn cnh , nu mt phn d liu
b mt, b nhn i, sai th t hoc b hng th trm ngun s khng bit.
TCP s dng mt gii php cho c hai trng hp c bit ny. N nh ngha mt
ca s trt (Sliding window), t ca s ny ln b m gi v ch gi lng d liu
bng kch thc ca s.
5.2.4. Mt s a ch cng TCP mc nh
S hiu cng (Port number) l mt s 16 bit c gi tr trong khong t 0 n 65.535.
Cc s hiu cng t 0 n 1023 c gi l cc cng thng dng well-known v l cc
cng dnh ring, c ngha l chng c s dng cho cc giao thc tng ng dng thng
dng nh HTTP (80), FTP (20,21), DNS (53), v.v. Danh sch s hiu cng thng dng
c m t trong RFC 1700.
Bng 5.1. Mt s cng TCP mc nh
Port Number

Giao thc ng dng

Port Number

Giao thc ng dng

20

FTP (Data)

88

Kerberos

21

FTP (Control)

110

POP 3

23

Telnet

137

NETBIOS Name Service

25

SMTP

143

IMAP

53

DNS

161

SNMP

66

Oracle SQL*NET

179

BGP

70

Gopher

213

IPX

80

HTTP

49

Login Host Protocol

5.3. Giao thc UDP

5.3.1. L do cn xy dng v s dng giao thc UDP
Ta bit rng, cc yu cu n t tng ng dng l rt a dng. Cc ng dng cn
dch v vi 100% tin cy nh Email, Web, FTP, v.v. th cn s dng cc dch v ca
TCP. Tuy nhin c nhng ng dng li i hi cn chuyn d liu nhanh, c kh nng
chu li cao nh VoIP, Video Streaming, v.v. th cn s dng cc dch v phi kt ni ca
UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

195

Hnh 5.6. ng dng v giao thc tng giao vn

Cc l do cn s dng giao thc UDP l:

Khng thit lp lin kt trc khi bt u truyn d liu. UDP lun bt u
truyn d liu m khng cn s chun b no v ng truyn, do , UDP
khng c thi gian tr thit lp lin kt. y l l do chnh mt s giao
thc ng dng nh DNS s dng UDP ch khng phi TCP.
Giao thc UDP rt n gin, khng cn lu li trng thi lin kt bn gi v
bn nhn. TCP duy tr trng thi kt ni trn cc h thng u cui. Thng tin
trng thi ny bao gm b m thu v b m nhn, cc thng s ca iu khin
tc nghn, s th t v cc thng bo. UDP th ngc li, khng duy tr trng
thi kt ni v khng theo di bt k mt thng s no. V vy m mt server
thng h tr cho nhiu my khch chy trn UDP nhiu hn so vi trng h
chy TCP.
Phn header ca phn on d liu n gin, ngn (ch gm 4 trng)
UDP cho php gi d liu nhanh nht, nhiu nht c th m khng c qun l
tc nghn nh TCP, tc truyn khng c kim sot.
Vic thiu c ch iu khin tc nghn trong UDP c th l mt vn nghim
trng. Nhiu nh nghin cu a ra nhiu c ch mi bt buc mi ngun pht k c
ngun UDP thc hin vic iu khin tc nghn thch ng. Kh nng cc ng dng c
th truyn thng tin cy khi s dng UDP c th c thc hin khi kh nng tin cy
c thit k sn trong cc ng dng tng trn.
5.3.2. Cu trc gi tin UDP
D liu tng trn (tng ng dng) c a vo trng d liu (application data)
ca gi tin UDP. Header ca UDP ch c 4 trng, mi trng chim 2 byte. S hiu
cng cho php thit b ch c th chuyn d liu ng dng ti ng tin trnh chy trn

196

n. Trng checksum (tng kim tra) c bn thu s dng kim tra xem gi tin nhn
c c li hay khng.

Hnh 5.7. Cu trc ca gi tin UDP segment

Source Port: S hiu cng ngun, l s hiu ca tin trnh gi gi tin i

Destination Port: S hiu cng ch, l s hiu ca tin trnh s nhn gi tin
Length: Tng chiu di ca segment, tnh c phn header.
Checksum: L phn kim tra li. UDP s tnh ton phn kim tra li tng hp
trn phn header, phn d liu v c phn header o. Phn header o cha 3
trng trong IP header ca IP datagram: a ch IP ngun, a ch IP ch, v
trng chiu di ca UDP.
Data: Phn d liu 2 bn gi cho nhau.
5.3.3. Cc chc nng ca giao thc UDP
UDP c nh ngha trong RFC 768. Ngoi chc nng ghp knh/phn knh va
kim tra li, UDP khng cung cp thm mt dch v no khc. Thc t, nu mt nh pht
trin ng dng chn UDP thay v TCP c ngha l ng dng ch yu lm vic vi IP.
UDP ly thng tin t tin trnh ng dng, gn vo s hiu cng ngun v cng ch
s dng cho vic ghp knh/phn knh, v thm vo 2 trng thng tin nh khc (length,
v checksum) v chuyn on d liu kt qu xung tng lin mng. Tng lin mng
ng gi cc on d liu vo trong mt n v d liu IP v c gng nht chuyn cc
n v d liu n pha my nhn. Nu cc on d liu n c pha nhn, UDP s
dng s hiu cng v a ch IP ch chuyn d liu trong cc on n ng tin trnh
tng ng.V UDP khng s dng qu trnh bt tay ba bc trc khi truyn d liu nn
UDP c gi l giao thc phi kt ni.
Mc d UDP cung cp c ch kim tra li, tuy nhin n khng th thc hin vic
khi phc c cc li ny. UDP ch c th n gin l loi b cc on d liu b li
hoc cho on d liu b li qua cng vi thng tin cnh bo gi ti ng dng tng trn.
197

5.3.4. Mt s a ch cng UDP mc nh

Bng 5.2. Mt s cng UDP mc nh
Port Number

Giao thc ng dng

Port Number

Giao thc ng dng

20/UDP

FTP (Data)

88/UDP

Kerberos

21/UDP

FTP (Control)

110/UDP

POP 3

23/UDP

Telnet

137/UDP

NETBIOS Name Service

25/UDP

SMTP

143/UDP

IMAP

53/UDP

DNS

161/UDP

SNMP

66/UDP

Oracle SQL*NET

179/UDP

BGP

70/UDP

Gopher

213/UDP

IPX

80/UDP

HTTP

49/UDP

Login Host Protocol

198

Cu hi n tp chng 5:
1. Nu c im ca cc giao thc hng kt ni
2. Trnh by qu trnh thit lp kt ni TCP
3. Nu chc nng chnh ca giao thc hng kt ni TCP
4. Hy so snh hai giao thc giao vn TCP v UDP
5. Trnh by c ch iu khin nghn c p dng trong kt ni TCP
6. Nu cu trc ca gi tin TCP segment
7. Nu cu trc ca gi tin UDP segment.
8. C ch iu khin lung v iu khin li trong TCP c th hin cc trng
no trong TCP header?
9. S hiu cng l g? Nu mt s s hiu cng thng dng s dng giao thc giao
vn TCP v UDP m bn bit?

199

CHNG 6: TNG NG DNG

Cc gi tin tng giao vn, sau khi c bc tch phn header TCP/UDP, da
vo cng dch v s c kt hp thnh mt lung d liu cc dch v tng ng dng
c th trnh by trong giao din ngi dng. Vic t chc thng tin trong giao din ngi
dng ty thuc vo loi dch v tng ng dng. Mi dch v tng ng dng s quy nh
khun dng thng ip v cung cp cc giao thc trao i thng ip. Chng ny tp
trung trnh by m hnh, nguyn l lm vic ca tng ng dng cng nh mt s dch v
tng ng dng in hnh. Ni dung ca chng c t chc nh sau: Mc 6.1 trnh by
v cc khi nim v nguyn l lm vic ca tng ng dng; Mc 6.2 trnh by chuyn su
vo mt s dch v tiu biu nh: dch v Web, dch v truyn tp, dch v th in t,
h thng phn gii tn min.

6.1. Nguyn l ca tng ng dng

Tng ng dng l ni cc chng trnh mng thng dng lm vic nht nhm lin
lc gia cc nt u/cui trong mng. Giao tip xy ra trong tng ny l ty theo cc ng
dng c th v d liu c truyn t chng trnh, trong nh dng c s dng ni b
bi ng dng ny, v c ng gi theo mt giao thc tng giao vn. Do chng TCP/IP
khng c tng no nm gia ng dng v cc tng giao vn, tng ng dng trong b
TCP/IP phi bao gm cc giao thc hot ng nh cc giao thc ti tng trnh
din v tng phin ca m hnh OSI. Vic ny thng c thc hin qua cc th vin
lp trnh. D liu thc gi qua mng c truyn cho tng ng dng, ni n c
ng gi theo giao thc tng ng dng. T , d liu c truyn xung giao thc tng
thp ti tng giao vn.
Hai giao thc tng thp thng dng nht l TCP v UDP. Mi ng dng s dng
dch v ca mt trong hai giao thc trn u cn c cng. Hu ht cc ng dng thng
dng c cc cng c bit c cp sn cho cc chng trnh server (HTTP - Giao thc
truyn siu vn bn dng cng 80, FTP - Giao thc truyn tp dng cng 21, v.v.) trong
khi cc trnh khch (client) s dng cc cng tm thi (ephemeral port). Vic truyn
thng gia cc tin trnh my trm v my ch trong tng ng dng ti cc nt mng l
trong sut nn ngi qun tr, lp trnh ch cn quan n cng dch v v giao thc ca
cc dch v tng ng dng nh minh ha trong Hnh 6.1.
200

Hnh 6.1. Nguyn l truyn thng gia cc nt mng tng ng dng

6.1.1. Mt s khi nim

ng dng cha cc tin trnh (c giao tip vi nhau) trn mng my tnh v Internet,
hot ng trn cc h thng cui, s dng trao i thng ip vi nhau.
Cc giao thc ng dng l cc giao thc nh ngha cc quy tc giao tip v s dng
cc dch v tng giao vn (TCP/UDP). Mt s v d v ng dng v giao thc ng dng
nh: Web (HTTP), th in t (SMTP/POP3/IMAP), v.v.

201

Cc thnh phn ca ng dng

Chng trnh ng dng gm: Giao din ngi s dng (NSD) v chng trnh
my ch:
Giao din NSD: H tr cho NSD lm vic vi ng dng. V d: Trnh
duyt Web (FireFox, IE, Google Chrome, v.v.), chng trnh gi th
(Outlook, Thunderbird, v.v.) Giao din NSD c ci t cc giao thc v s
dng dch v tng giao vn.
Chng trnh my ch: Cung cp dch v cho ngi s dng, c ci t
trn my ch.
Tin trnh ng dng: H iu hnh s dng thut ng Process (tin trnh) ch
mt chng trnh ang thc hin. Tin trnh c xem l n v lm vic trong cc h
iu hnh. Cc tin trnh trn mt my giao tip vi nhau bng IPC (Inter-Process
Communiaction), v bng giao thc ng dng Socket khi giao tip gia cc my trn
mng.
Socket l mt giao din gia tin trnh ng dng v tng giao vn, l giao din lp
trnh m ngi lp trnh mng c th to ra cc ng dng s dng trn mng. Socket
c nh danh bi: S hiu cng, a ch IP, kiu giao thc tng giao vn (TCP hay
UDP). Socket API (Application Programming Interface) cho php cc tin trnh la chn
tham s, la chn dch v, v.v.

Hnh 6.2. Socket

Dch v tng ng dng

Khi pht trin mt ng dng, cn phi chn mt giao thc giao vn nht nh. Khi
, cn tm hiu cc dch v m giao thc giao vn cung cp, xem cc dch v c
ph hp vi yu cu ca ng dng m chng ta cn. Cc dch v chng trnh ng dng
202

mng cn t pha giao thc giao vn c th phn loi mt cch khi qut theo yu cu
dch v m ng dng cn thnh 3 loi sau:
- Suy hao (mt) d liu (Data loss): Mt vi ng dng nh email, truyn file, truy
cp my ch t xa, truyn d liu trn Web v cc ng dng v ti chnh yu cu d liu
truyn hon ton tin cy, khng mt d liu v vic mt d liu s lm hng kt qu. Cc
ng dng khc c th chp nhn s mt d liu, c bit l cc ng dng a phng tin
nh cc dch v v audio/video thi gian thc. nh hng ca vic suy hao d liu n
cht lng ca ng dng v s lng gi gi tin thc t chp nhn c ph thuc vo
ng dng v cch m ha c s dng.
- Bng thng (Bandwidth): Mt vi ng dng i hi d liu phi c truyn
mt tc bit nht nh m bo t c cc hiu ng nht nh. Nu bng thng
khng t c, th chng trnh phi m ha tc khc, hoc khng lm vic c.
Tuy nhin, cng c nhiu chng trnh ng dng k thut iu bin m ha m ha
tc ph hp vi bng thng hin c. Email, truyn file u l cc chng trnh s
dng bng thng mt cch mm do. Tt nhin, nu c nhiu bng thng th cng tt.
- Thi gian truyn (Timing): Dch v yu cu cui cng l s tnh ton thi gian.
Cc ng dng tng tc thi gian thc nh in thoi Internet, hi ngh t xa, chi game
trc tuyn, nhiu ngi dng, yu cu rt cao v khong thi gian phn pht d liu
t c hiu ng cn thit. Cc ng dng trn i hi thi gian tr u cui nh
hn vi trm s. Thi gian tr qu di lm cho xut hin hin tng tn hiu b ngng,
hoc c th lm cho chng trnh chy khng ging thc t.
Internet cung cp 2 giao thc giao vn cho cc ng dng l UDP v TCP. Khi mt
nh pht trin to ra mt ng dng mi trn mng Internet, u tin phi la chn s
dng giao thc UDP hay TCP. Mi mt giao thc cung cp mt m hnh dch v khc
nhau lm vic vi cc ng dng.

203

Bng 6.1. Cc yu cu ca cc chng trnh ng dng mng

ng dng

Suy hao tn hiu

Yu cu v thi
gian

Bng thng

File transfer

Khng chp nhn Mm do

suy hao

Khng yu cu thi
gian tr

Email

Khng chp nhn Mm do

suy hao

Khng yu cu thi
gian tr

Web documents

Khng chp nhn Mm do (vi Kbps)

Khng yu cu thi

suy hao

gian tr

Real-time

Chp nhn suy hao

Audio/Video

Audio: Vi Kbps
Video:

10

C yu cu thi gian

Kbps- tr: 100s

5Mbps
Stored audio/video

Chp nhn suy hao

Vi Kbps-1Mbps

C yu cu thi gian
tr: vi giy

Games tng tc

Chp nhn suy hao

Vi Kbps-10Mbps

C yu cu thi gian
tr: 100s

ng dng ti chnh Khng chp nhn Mm do

suy hao

C/khng yu cu
thi gian tr

6.1.2. Cc m hnh ng dng

Tng ng dng s dng cc loi m hnh ng dng sau: M hnh ng dng khchch (Client/Server), m hnh ng dng ngang hng (Peer-to-Peer), v m hnh lai
a) M hnh khch ch

Hnh 6.3. M hnh khch ch (Client/Server)

204

Nh cp mc 1.7.4 Chng 1, m hnh khch ch l m hnh s dng my

ch (server) cha cc ng dng, dch v p ng yu cu truy cp ca cc my khch
(Client). Cc my ch l cc my thng xuyn online, c a ch IP tnh, c th c my
ch d phng nng cao hiu nng v phng khi c s c xy ra th cc kt ni ClientServer vn c lin tc.
Cc my khch c th kt ni mng khng thng xuyn, s dng a ch IP ng
v v nguyn tc, chng khng lin lc trc tip vi cc my khch khc.
M hnh khch ch thng p dng trong ng dng Web, Email, v.v.
b) M hnh ngang hng
M hnh ngang hng hay cn gi l m hnh im-im thun ty, khng c my
ch trung tm, cc my c vai tr ngang nhau, trong hai my bt k c th lin lc trc
tip vi nhau. Mi my c th s dng a ch IP ng v khng cn kt ni mng thng
xuyn.
V d: Gnutella, VoIP, Skype, BitTorrent. mc cui cng ca chng ny s gii
thiu chi tit hn v hot ng ca cc ng dng ny.

Hnh 6.4. M hnh ngang hng (Peer-to-Peer)

Mng ngang hng (P2P) l mng m trong hai hay nhiu my tnh chia s tp tin
v truy cp cc thit b nh my in m khng cn n my ch hay phn mm my ch.
dng n gin nht, mng P2P c to ra bi hai hay nhiu my tnh c kt ni vi
nhau v chia s ti nguyn m khng phi thng qua mt my ch dnh ring. Mng P2P
c th l kt ni ti ch hai my tnh ni vi nhau qua cng USB truyn tp tin. P2P
cng c th l c s h tng thng trc kt ni 5-6 my tnh vi nhau trong mt vn
phng nh bng cp ng. Hay n cng c th l mt mng c quy m ln hn nhiu,
205

dng cc giao thc v ng dng c bit thit lp nhng mi quan h trc tip gia
ngi dng trn Internet.
ng dng ban u ca mng P2P l s tip ni ca vic trin khai cc my tnh c
nhn c lp vo u nhng nm 1980. Khc vi my tnh ln (c mini) ngy y c vai
tr my tnh x l v lu tr trung tm phc v cc tc v x l vn bn v nhng ng
dng khc cho cc thit b u cui, PC i mi lc c ring a cng v CPU. N
cn c sn cc ng dng, ngha l n c th trin khai trn bn lm vic v thc s hu
dng m khng cn phi ni n my tnh ln.
Ngi dng cm thy c gii phng khi c my tnh dng ring trn bn lm vic
ca mnh. Nhng sau , h thy cn phi c phng thc chia s tp tin v my in.
Phng php d dng nht l lu tp tin trn a mm v mang n n cho ngi nhn
hay gi i bng ng th ni b.
Mng th cng (sneaker net)
Thc t dn n thut ng mng th cng. im cui thng gp nht ca
mng th cng tiu biu l nhn vin c my in ni vo my tnh ca h. Tuy sneaker net
l s pha trn k l ca cng ngh mi v dng vn chuyn c l s nht nhng m hnh
ny li l nn tng thc s cho nhng nhm lm vic nh P2P ngy nay.
Trong khi m hnh tnh ton tp trung ho ban u v h thng client/server hin
nay nhn chung c coi nh mi trng b iu khin, trong mi c nhn dng my
tnh theo cch thc do cp cao hn quyt nh, mng lm vic nhm P2P c in li hon
ton m v chia s tp tin v thit b.
Ni chung mng P2P vn phng v gia nh dng chun Ethernet (10Mb/s) hay Fast
Ethernet (100Mb/s) v kt ni theo m hnh hub-and-spoke. Cp ng category 5 (xon
i) ni gia cc PC v Ethernet hub hay switch, cho php ngi dng PC ni mng ny
truy cp chia s a cng, my in hay ngay c kt ni internet.
C khch ln ch
Mi PC c kt ni ng thi va lm my ch va lm my khch. Khng c h
iu hnh mng chuyn dng chy trn my tnh mnh h tr cc ng dng c bit
ca pha my ch nh dch v th mc (c s d liu chuyn dng kim sot ngi no
truy cp vo ci g).
Trong mi trng P2P, quyn truy cp c iu khin bng cch thit lp cc
thng s v quyn chia s trn tng my tnh. V d, nu PC ca ngi dng A kt ni
vi mt my in m ngi dng B mun truy cp n, ngi dng A phi ci t my ca
mnh cho php (chia s) truy cp n my in. Tng t nu ngi dng B mun truy
cp n th mc, tp tin hay thm ch ton b a cng trn PC ca ngi dng A. A phi
cho php vic chia s tp tin trn PC ca mnh. Vic truy cp my in hay th mc trn
206

mng P2P vn phng c th c kim sot cht ch hn bng cch dng mt khu cho
cc ngun ti nguyn ny.
c) M hnh lai
L m hnh kt hp c im ca c m hnh khch ch v m hnh ngang hng,
trong mt my ch trung tm qun l NSD, cc thng tin tm kim, v.v. Cc my
khch s giao tip trc tip vi nhau sau khi ng nhp.
V d, ng dng Skype c my ch Skype qun l cc phin ng nhp, mt khu,
v.v. Sau khi kt ni, cc my s gi VoIP trc tip cho nhau m khng thng qua my
ch.

Hnh 6.5. M hnh lai

6.2. Mt s dch v v giao thc tng ng dng

6.2.1. Dch v Web v giao thc HTTP
Trong nhng nm Internet mi ra i, s truy nhp ti cc ngun ti nguyn ca cc
h thng my tnh ch, my tnh dch v i hi NSD phi c hiu bit v ghi nh cc
dng lnh ca h iu hnh UNIX, l hn ch rt ln.
Cui nhng nm 1980, ngi ta tm cch xy dng mt dch v cho php bt
k ai c th truy nhp mt cch d dng v hin th c cc vn bn lu tr trn my
tnh dch v bt k ch no trn Internet. thc hin c vn ny, mt dng tiu
chun i vi cc vn bn c pht trin, n cho php lin kt vi cc vn bn khc
c to lp ngay bn trong. Ngha l vn bn trong vn bn, WWW c pht trin
trong hon cnh .
World Wide Web (hay gi n gin l WEB) l mt tp hp cc vn bn lin kt
vi nhau bn trong v c lu tr cc my tnh dch v trn ton cu. Cc vn bn ca
207

WEB khng phi l cc vn bn dng m ASCII bnh thng m cc vn bn m ASCII

cha cc lnh ca mt ngn ng, gi l ngn ng siu vn bn HTML (Hypertext
Markup Language).
HTML cho php a vo bn trong mt vn bn cc lin kt vi vn bn khc. Mt
trng lin kt vn bn c th l mt t, nhm t hay mt biu tng hnh nh, m khi
NSD a con chut iu khin vo , n phm chut chn lin kt, t s xut hin
mt vn bn WEB khc trn mn hnh. Bn trong mt trang vn bn cha c th c nhiu
lin kt vi nhiu vn bn khc, v mi vn bn WEB c th ch l ch bnh thng
(text) hay l hnh nh tnh, ng (movie), video v m thanh.

Hnh 6.6. Giao thc HTTP

xem c cc thng tin dng siu vn bn cha trn cc my ch dch v

WEB (WEB SERVER), NSD phi c phn mm WEB client chy trn my tnh ca
mnh, hay cn gi l trnh duyt web - Web Browser. Cc my tnh chy h iu hnh
Windows u c sn phn mm Internet Explorer cho php s dng c cc dch v c
bn ca Internet, trong c cc dch v WEB. Hu ht cc phn mm WEB client cn
cho php s dng c cc dch v khc nh FTP v Gopher. Dch v WEB cung cp
cho NSD v cng phong ph cc loi sn phm ca thng tin vi s trnh din ca cng
ngh multimedia.
NSD c th xem phim hnh nh, nghe nhc, chi tr chi in t, truy nhp cc kho
tng d liu thuc lnh vc kinh t, x hi, gio dc o to, y t, khoa hc k thut.
Cc hnh thc kinh doanh, bun bn, thanh ton ti chnh, qung co, dch v du lch, t
ch hng khng, ng st, khch sn trn Internet trn nn ca dch v WEB rt thun
tin. C th ni, cng ngh WEB l tiu biu cho s k diu ca Internet, v.v.
208

Hnh 6.7. Dch v WWW

Hu ht d liu cc my phc v WWW l theo dng thc HTML. Gn y, Java

(ngn ng hng i tng ph hp cho s dng trn mng), VRML (Virtual Reality
Modeling Language; ngn ng c th th hin 3 chiu), XML (eXtensible Markup
Language; ngn ng m rng HTML v c th c s dng trn Web), v.v. cng ang
c s dng rng ri, khuyn khch s dng chc nng tin tin v trc quan hn ca
Internet.
b) Hot ng ca giao thc HTTP

Hnh 6.8. M hnh Client/Server ca giao thc HTTP

209

Giao thc HTTP l giao thc hot ng theo m hnh Client/Server (Hnh 6.8).
Client yu cu truy nhp ti cc trang web (cc i tng web) v hin th chng trn
trnh duyt. Web server nhn yu cu v tr li cho client v cc i tng web .
Server m mt TCP Socket ch ti cng 80 (default)
Client khi to mt lin kt TCP ti Server
Server chp nhn yu cu to lin kt
Client v Server trao i thng ip HTTP (giao thc ng dng): HTTP
Request, HTTP Response
Kt thc kt ni: ng lin kt TCP.
Khun dng HTTP Request v HTTP Response nh hnh sau:

Hnh 6.9. Khun dng thng ip HTTP

Cc lin kt HTTP:
HTTP khng duy tr: Ch mt i tng Web c gi qua lin kt TCP,
c s dng mc nh trong HTTP 1.0 (RFC 1945).

210

Hnh 6.10. Hot ng ca HTTP 1.0

HTTP c duy tr: Nhiu i tng web c th c gi qua mt lin kt

TCP, c s dng mc nh trong HTTP 1.1 (RFC 2068).

Hnh 6.11.Hot ng ca HTTP 1.1

HTTP 1.1 s dng k thut ng ng (Pipeline) gi yu cu v phn hi qua kt

ni TCP.
211

Hnh 6.12. HTTP 1.1 vi Pipeline

S dng b m Web-Proxy:
Trong trng hp mt t chc ch c mt ng kt ni ti Internet v tt c lu
lng truy cp web u i qua lin kt ny. p ng nhiu NSD web c th cng truy
nhp ti mt ni dung no , t chc s a ra gii php ci tin tc truy cp web
bng cch s dng mt my web-proxy trong mng ca mnh.

Hnh 6.13. Web Proxy Server

212

Khi , mi truy cp web ca NSD s t tham s kt ni truy cp web ca trnh

duyt qua mt ch proxy. Trnh duyt gi yu cu n proxy, s xy ra 1 trong 2 trng
hp sau:
Hit: Tc l proxy c d liu v i tng web m trnh duyt yu cu, khi
proxy s tr i tng web cho trnh duyt
Miss: Tc l proxy hin ti khng c d liu v i tng web m trnh duyt
yu cu, khi proxy s gi yu cu v i tng web n my ch web,
nhn phn hi t my ch v tr li li cho trnh duyt, ng thi lu m i
tng web .
Nh vy c th thy proxy va c vai tr l server, va l client. My ch c chc
nng proxy thng c s dng bi cc ISP nh, cc t chc nh trng hc, cng ty,
v.v.Web proxy c tc dng lm gim lu lng truy cp web trn ng ra Internet, ng
thi c th lm gim thi gian p ng ca Web Server.
6.2.2. Dch v truyn tp v giao thc FTP
Dch v truyn tp tin FTP cho php ngi s dng nhn cc tp tin t my tnh
xa hay chuyn cc tp tin ti . Dch v ny s dng giao thc truyn tp FTP thuc h
giao thc TCP/IP lm cng c truyn tp. Cc tp tin c th dng: tp tin vn bn, t
liu, c s d liu, chng trnh ng dng hay h iu hnh my tnh, tp hnh nh tnh
hay ng (video, movie), tp m thanh thoi hay nhc (sound, music).

Hnh 6.14. Giao thc FTP

s dng cc dch v ny, trn my tnh ca ngi s dng phi c phn mm

FTP (FTP-client) v ng l quyn s dng dch v (account) vi my tnh dch v FTP
xa (FTP-server) cho php truyn ti cc tp tin. Cc nh cung cp dch v thng to
lp cc my tnh dch v FTP giu tn kt ni vi cc my tnh ch xa v chuyn ti cc
tp tin t cc my ch v m khng cn phi ng k quyn s dng (account) trn cc
213

my ch . Cc my dch v FTP du tn l mt trong nhng phng tin chnh phn

pht cc ti nguyn phn mm v thng tin t liu trn ton b Internet. Trn my tnh
dch v FTP du tn lu tr phn mm khc nhau, nh cc h iu hnh cho cc h thng
my tnh khc nhau (UNIX, IBMPC, Macintosh, v.v.), cc h ng dng, truyn thng cc
tp nhc, phim nh v nhiu thng tin t liu. Hu ht chng u cung cp min ph cho
ngi s dng.
6.2.3. Dch v th in t v cc giao thc SMTP, POP3, IMAP
E-Mail (Electronic Mail) l dch v cho php NSD c th gi v nhn th vi bt k
NSD no trn Internet. s dng c dch v ny, NSD phi c mt ti khon
(account) ng k quyn trn mt my tnh cung cp dch v (E-MAIL SERVER) v
c my dch v cung cp mt a ch hp th cho ring mnh. Trn my tnh ca mnh
phi c mt chng trnh ng dng chuyn s dng hay c chc nng s dng dch v
th in t. S trao i th thng qua a ch hp th ng k v giao thc truyn tp
n gin SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) ca h giao thc TCP/IP l tiu chun
thc hin truyn th in t.
Trn Internet c rt nhiu h thng my tnh cung cp dch v th in t. Cc nh
cung cp dch v trn Internet (ISP) thng to lp cc E-MAIL SERVER ring cung
cp cho ngi dng. NSD dch v E-mail ca Internet c th trao i vi NSD cc mng
dch v trc tuyn khc (Online Service Networks) c th kt ni vi Internet nh
America Online, CompuServer, v.v. hay vi cc h thng X.400 nh SprinMail, AT&T
Mail, v.v. Ngoi ra cng c th trao i th tn vi NSD cc mng my tnh ring c kt
ni Internet, chy di cc h iu hnh mng thng dng nh Novell Netware,
Windows Server, v.v.
Cc tnh nng ca E-mail:
Cho php gi mi loi d liu vi khi lng ln v tc cao. Nh m rng di
tn v nng cao cc k thut nn m c th truyn s lng ln d liu vi tc cao.
Bn cnh vn bn (k t), video v m thanh cng c th c truyn.
D ngi nhn c nh hay khng, th vn ti hm th trong my phc v th.
Chi ph vn hnh thp.Mt phn ph tr cho nh cung cp, chi ph gi hoc nhn Email ch tr cho in thoi kt ni gia ngi s dng v nh cung cp (trong trng hp
kt ni quay s IP) v iu ny p dng cho c E-mail trong nc v E-mail gi ti cc
nc khc. Cc c ch ng sau E-mail c nu ra trong Hnh 6.15.

214

Hnh 6.15. Dch v E-mail

My phc v th trao i v truyn th s dng mt chng trnh gi l MTA

(Mail Transfer Agent) (phn mm chung nht c gi l "sendmail").My phc v th
gi v nhn th theo hai giao thc sau:
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
POP 3 (Post Office Protocol Version 3).
Giao thc SMTP c s dng truyn th gia cc my phc v th, v POP 3
l giao thc c s dng truyn th t my phc v th ti thit b u cui ca
ngi s dng. i khi cc my phc v th c chia thnh my phc v SMTP v my
phc v POP 3 tng ng vi cc giao thc ny.
Khi gi cc yu t khc vn bn vo E-mail, nh video hoc m thanh, nhng d
liu ny c nn v chuyn thnh thng tin k t v c truyn s dng phng php
gi l MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions - M rng th Internet vn nng).
6.2.4. H thng tn min DNS v vn phn gii a ch
a) Gii thiu
DNS vit tt ca Domain Name System, l dch v c dng trong mng TCP/IP
v l mt dch v thit yu ca Internet. Mi khi ngi dng truy cp mt trang web,
ngi dng phi in vo URL (a ch trang web). Trc khi client giao tip vi my
ch web, th n cn n DNS ly a ch IP ca web server, cng tng t nh vic
chng ta dng danh b in thoi tm kim mt s in thoi. Trong khi , trong
mng doanh nghip client cn giao tip vi cc my ch ca doanh nghip, client cng
cn dng s dng dch v DNS tm a ch IP ca my ch dch v. DNS server
thng c gi l my ch tn min.
215

TCP/IP l b giao thc mng ph bin nht c s dng trn th gii v n c

dng trn mng Internet. Tt nhin, Internet l mng din rng, kt ni hng triu my
tnh trn th gii. my tnh hoc mt trm lm vic bt k no c th giao tip trn
mng TCP/IP, th n phi c 1 a ch IP (IPv4 hoc IPv6).
IPv4 c cch biu din l mt chui s 4 byte (32bit) chia thnh 4 phn mi phn
mi phn 8 bit cch nhau bi du chm, v d v mt a ch 203.162.1.191. IPv6 vi 128
bit chia thnh 8 nhm vi mi nhm l 4 s h thp lc phn c
dng 2001:0db8:85a3:0042:1000:8a2e:0370:7334. Nh vy, con ngi s gp rt nhiu
kh khn khi phi nh hng trm s in thoi cng nh hng trm a ch IP.
Vi mng TCP /IP c, nhng file hosts c dng phn gii tn, n c lu tr
c b trn mi my tnh. Cc file hosts l nhng file test n gin vi 1 hosts name v a
ch

IP

trn

mi

dng.

Trn

Windows

lu

trong

C:\Windows\System32\driver\etc. Nhng im bt li ca vic dng file host ny l

mi khi cn thm mt mc mi, ta cn phi thm hoc thay i nhng file host trn mi
ci my tnh trong t chc ca bn, khng phi l cch thit thc cung cp gii
php phn gii cp nht.
V l do khng th cp nht ng nh trn, h thng DNS c pht trin. Li
ch ca n bao gm:
D dng s dng v n gin: Cho php ngi dng truy cp my tnh v ti
nguyn mng vi nhng ci tn d nh.
Kh nng m rng: Cho php khi lng cng vic phn gii tn c th c
phn phi trn nhiu server v c s d liu.
Tnh thng nht: Cho php a ch IP c th thay i trong khi vn gi nguyn
tn my, lm cho vic xc nh v tr ti nguyn mng d dng.
Phn gii DNS l mt dch v, n s dng giao thc truy vn thng tin c trong
DNS server s dng port 53 UDP v TCP. H thng DNS l h thng phn gii tn phn
phi, phn cp nh v cc host v cc my ch dch v.
DNS l h thng phn phi v vic thng tin lu tr khng ch tm thy trn mt
my ch n l. Thay vo , thng tin c phn phi trn nhiu DNS server, tt c
chng c lin kt thnh mt cu trc c phn cp.
DNS l h thng phn cp bao gm mt cy tn min. Trn cng ca cy l vng
root (.) sau cy s c phn chia thnh zone trn mi server DNS. Mi zone c th
cha mt domain hoc nhiu domain (tn min).

216

Hnh 6.16. H thng phn cp DNS

Mi nt hoc l trn cy c gi l resource record (RR) - bn ghi ti nguyn chng gi cc thng tin ca tn min. dng RR ph bin nht l a ch host A v AAA
(A l RR c dng trn IPv4 v AAA c dng trn IPv6), trong lit k tn my v
a ch IP.
Mt tn min bao gm mt hoc nhiu nhn. Mi nhn c th cha 63 k t, mt
tn min y c di khng qu 253 k t.
Top-level domain l nhn ngoi cng bn phi. V d nh google.com cha hai
nhn. Trong com l top-level domain. H thng phn cp c tnh t phi qua tri.
Nhn pha tri l subdomain (tn min con) ca nhn bn phi. Vy google l subdomain
ca com.Top-level domain bao gm cc top-level quc gia v quc t. Top-level domain
theo nguyn bn: .com (Kinh doanh), .net (mng), .edu (gio dc), .gov (chnh ph), .org
(cho cc n v, t chc). Theo quc gia .uk (Anh), .jp (Nht Bn), .vn (Vit Nam), v.v.
Trong nhng nm gn y xut hin nhiu top-level domain khc nh biz, coop,
info, int, jobs, name v pro. Gn y, cc t chc c th mua c top-level domain ca
chnh h.
Second-level domain c ng k bi cc c nhn hoc t chc. Cc second-level
DNS doamain c th cha nhiu subdomain, v mi subdomain c th cha nhiu host.
V d server1.hongvan.vn, trong server1 l tn my tnh, hongvan l subdomain
(second-level), vn l top-level domain.
b) C ch phn gii tn min
Mi khi ngi dng truy cp ti nguyn mng bng tn min hoc host name (tn
my), v ci tn truy cp s c phn gii thnh a ch IP, tn v a ch IP ny c
cache li nn my tnh ngi dng khng cn thit phi lin h vi my DNS server lin
tc phn gii tn. Nu tn ny cha c trong cache (b nh m), client s lin h vi
DNS server c cu hnh phn khai bo IP ca h thng. Nu server ny trng
thi sn sng v n khng th xc nh c a ch, client s khng hi thm mt server
no khc. Tuy nhin, bi v DNS l h thng phn phi phn cp, DNS server cc b s
cn lin h vi nhng DNS server khc c th phn gii IP m client yu cu.
217

DNS client c hiu nh l ngi c nhu cu cn phn gii DNS. Bi v mt client

hay mt server u cn s phn gii a ch IP ca DNS server v xc nh c dch v
mng, cc client v cc server u c th l DNS client.
Khi mt DNS client truy vn mt DNS server, n thc hin mt truy vn quy
(recursive query), trong khi c cc yu t cc host, DNS server c th tr cc yu cu d
liu ny hoc tr li tn min khng tn ti. DNS server cng c th thc hin cc truy
vn quy n cc my ch DNS khc nu n c cu hnh chuyn tip yu cu n
DNS server khc bi v n khng c cu tr li.

Hnh 6.17. Primary DNS Server v Second DNS Server

Khi DNS server nhn c yu cu, trc tin n s kim tra c cache ca mnh.
Sau n kim tra xem n c thm quyn hay khng i vi yu cu domain. Nu c
bit cu tr li, n s hi p vi cu tr li.
Nu DNS server khng bit cu tr li (lc ny n s ng vai tr l client DNS
server, thay client thc hin truy vn) v n khng c cu hnh chuyn tip yu cu
n mt DNS server khc, client DNS server s s dng c ch phn cp ca DNS tm
cu tr li chnh xc. Thay v thc hin truy vn quy, client DNS server s thc hin
truy vn lp i lp li (iterative query) hay cn gi l truy vn tun t, vi truy vn ny
s tr li mt cu tr li tt nht hin nay nu client DNS server khng bit cu tr li tt
nht. V d nh, khi user g www.contoso.com vo trnh duyt, client DNS server
khng c cu tr li, client DNS server s lin h vi mt root DNS server bit c
a ch ca my ch tn min com. Client DNS server sau lin h vi my ch tn
min com ly my ch tn ca contoso.com. Client DNS server tip tc lin h vi
my ch tn min ca contoso.com ly a ch IP ca www.contoso.com. Client DNS
218

server tr li cho client vi a ch IP phn gii. Ngoi ra, n cng thm a ch ny

vo cache ca n cho cc truy vn sau ny.

Hnh 6.18. Truy vn quy v truy vn tun t

6.2.5. Mt s ng dng s dng m hnh ngang hng

Mc d Internet rt ging vi mng khch/ch nhng c nhng cng ngh chia s
tp tin cho php ngi dng to ra mi trng P2P trn mng internet cng cng.
Chia s tp tin ngang hng ca Napster
Trng hp gy c ch ln nht l mng ca Napster, h t c quy nh
ca chnh ph M cho php ngi dng tm kim trn a cng ca nhau nhng tp tin c
bn quyn. Tuy nhin, Napster khng hon ton l mng P2P. Ngi dng ca dch v
ny phi ng nhp vo mt my ch tm kim ta bn nhc, sau my ch s ch
n PC ca mt ngi dng khc, u trn Internet c cha tp tin mun tm. Tuy
nhin, mt khi tm thy tp tin th vic ti xung xy ra ngang hng t PC ny sang PC
khc.
Hnh 6.19 th hin v d v hot ng ca mng Napster qua 3 bc chnh. Bc 1,
khi mt my tnh kt ni vo mng, n s khai bo a ch IP v ni dung n c cho my
ch tp trung. Bc 2, khi mt my A chy ng dng chia s file kt ni mng v tm
kim bi ht Hello, ng dng hin th cc my (peer) c cha mt bn copy ca bi ht
. Bc 3, A chn mt my trong s (chn B), file c truyn t my B n my A.
Khi A ang ti file, cc my khc trong mng c th sao chp file t A. Nh vy, A va
l client, va l server trong qu trnh chia s file ny.

219

Hnh 6.19. Mng Napster - Chia s file ngang hng

Vi ng dng ny, vic chia s file l phn tn song thng tin v ni dung l tp
trung ti my ch cha th mc tp trung.
Gnutella
Mt h thng chia s tp tin P2P khc bng Internet l Gnutella, y l mt giao
thc vn do hng Nullsoft pht trin nhng sau c ph bin trn nhng website
cng cng khi Nullsoft b America Online mua vo nm 1999. ng dng ca ngi dng
cui tng thch Gnutella to ra ci gi l tc nhn (servent) Gnutella khi ci t trn PC
ca ngi dng cui. Khi ng nhp vo Internet, servent t cng b chng cho nhng
servent khc v cng nhn bn cc yu cu tm kim tp tin c lu trn a cng ca
ngi dng. Kt qu truy tm c a cho ngi dng thng qua ng dng servent,
ngi dng chn tp tin h cn v sau ti xung trc tip t PC lu gi tp tin ny qua
internet. H thng ny hon ton phn tn, khng c my ch tp trung nh Napster.

220

Hnh 6.20. Hot ng ca ng dng chia s tp tin Gnutella

Vi giao thc Gnutella, thng ip yu cu (query) c gi qung b trn tt c

cc cnh (cc lin kt logic) v s c chuyn tip trn cc cnh khc, cc phn hi
(query hit) s c gi tr v theo ng ngc li (Hnh 6.20).
BitTorrent
BitTorrent cng l ng dng chia s tp tin P2P (Hnh 6.21).

Hnh 6.21. Chia s file ngang hng BitTorrent

Tracker l my ch lu tr danh sch cc my trong torrent. Torrent l nhm cc

221

my chia s cng mt nhm file. File c chia thnh cc chunks kch thc 256KB. Khi
mt my tham gia vo torrent nu khng c chunks th s tch ly dn theo thi gian, v
my s ng k vi tracker ly danh sch cc my v kt ni n cc my bn
cnh. Khi my download s ng thi upload n cc my khc. Khi my ly file xong,
n c th ri khi mng hoc tip tc tham gia chia s file.
Ly chunks: Ti mi thi i, cc my khc nhau s c cc on file khc
nhau, chng thng xuyn hi cc my bn cnh tm cc on cn thiu
Gi chunks: My A no gi cc on file ti top 4 my cho A vi tc
cao nht. C 10 giy, A li nh gi li top 4 my ny. V c khong 30
giy, A s chn ngu nhin mt my khc v gi on file, cc my mi ny
cng c cho php tham gia vo top 4.
Skype
Skype l ng dng P2P vi cc hnh thc: PC-to-PC, PC-to-Phone, Phone-to-Phone
v s dng dch v thoi qua mng IP (Voice-Over IP: VoIP). Skype s dng giao thc
ng dng ring v trin khai theo m hnh phn cp.

Hnh 6.22. ng dng Skype

Hnh 6.22 m t m hnh phn cp ca Skype. Cc user khi ng Skype gi l cc

Skype Clients (SC). SC ng k vi SN (Supernode) qua vic la chn SN trong danh
sch cc SN. Trn h thng s c mt server qun l vic ng nhp ca SC, gi l Skype
login server.
Mt cuc gi s c thc hin nh sau: SC lin lc vi SN v gi nh danh (ID)
ca ngi c gi. SN lin lc vi cc SN khc tm ID ca ngi kia, sau tr li
li cho SC. Hai SC ny s lin lc trc tip vi nhau qua giao thc TCP.
222

Cu hi n tp chng 6

1. Hy nu mt s giao thc tng ng dng v s hiu cng dch v m bn bit?

2. Th no l socket? Mi quan h ca socket vi tng ng dng nh th no?
3. Hy m t c im ca dch v Web
4. Trnh by hot ng ca giao thc HTTP
5. Web proxy server l g? Nguyn tc hot ng ca n nh th no?
6. Trnh by giao thc FTP v dch v truyn tp trn Internet.
7. Trnh by cch thc chuyn th trong dch v Email?
8. Nu c im h thng phn cp tn min ca DNS?
9. Trnh by c ch phn gii tn min ca dch v DNS?
10. M t cc yu cu dch v ca cc chng trnh ng dng mng
11. Phn tch hot ng ca m hnh ngang hng trong ng dng Skype?
12. Phn tch hot ng ca m hnh ngang hng trong ng dng Gnutella?

223

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]

TS.Phm Th Qu - Gio trnh Mng my tnh, Nh xut bn Thng tin v truyn

thng, 2008

[2]

Nguyn Vn Phc, Nguyn c Tm - Gio trnh mng my tnh, Hc vin K

thut Mt m, 2006

[3]
[4]

TS.Phm Ngc Thng, Nguyn Tin Dng - Gio trnh my tnh v mng my
tnh, Nh xut bn gio dc, 2013.
Ngc Vn An, ng Hng, Nguyn ng Lm, Trung Kin - Mng my tnh,

[5]
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Nh xut bn gio dc, 2005.

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