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CMAT

NUMBERS & ALGEBRA Logbook

The Number Glossary
Factors and Multiples
1. Factor: A positive integer f is said to be the 1. HCF/GCD: HCF of two or more numbers is the
factor of a given positive integer n if f divides
greatest number which divides each of them exactly.
n without leaving a remainder e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 2. LCM: LCM is the least number which is exactly
6 and 12 are the factors of 12.
divisible by each of the given numbers.
2. Rational Number: Real numbers which can be 3. Product of two numbers = HCF LCM
p
HCF of the numerators
expressed in the form of , where p and q are
4. HCF of Fractions=
q
,
LCM of the denominato rs
integers and q 0. Rational numbers have
when all the fractions are expressed in their
repeating or terminating decimals.
lowest forms.
3. Irrational Numbers: Real numbers which have
non-terminating and non-repeating decimals are 5. LCM of Fractions= LCM of the numerators ,
HCF of the denominato rs
irrational numbers.
when
all
the
fractions
are expressed in their
4. Prime Numbers: A prime number is a positive integer
lowest
forms.
which has only two distinct factors, itself and unity.
b) = a2 b 2
5. Composite Numbers: A composite number is a 6. (a + b)(a
2
7. (a + b) = a2 + 2ab + b 2
number which has more than two factors.
2
2
2
6. Factorial: For a natural number n, its factorial 8. (a b)3 = a3 2ab + b
9.
(a
+
b)
=
a
+
3ab(a
+
b) + b 3
is defined as: n! = 1 2 3 ... ... ... n.
3
3
10. (a b) = a 3ab(a b) b 3
(Note: 0!=1).
11. a3 + b 3 = (a + b)(a2 ab + b 2)
7. Absolute value OR Modulus of a Number: For a real 12. a3 b 3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b 2)
number a, modulus is defined |a| = a when a 13. a3 + b 3 + c 3 3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b 2 + c 2)
0 |a| = a when a < 0.
14. a3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc, if a + b + c = 0
Tests of Divisibility
1. A non-negative integer is divisible by 2, 4, 8
and so on, if and only if the number formed
by the last digit, last two digits, last three digits
and so on, respectively, is divisible by 2, 4, 8
and so on respectively.
2. A non-negative integer is divisible by 3 and 9
if the sum of all the digits of the integer is
divisible by 3 and 9 respectively.
3. A non-negative integer is divisible by 11, if and
only if the difference between the sum of the
digits at the odd places and the sum of the digits
at the even places is divisible by 11 or is 0.
4. A non-negative integer is divisible by a composite
number, if and only if it is divisible by two or
more of its relatively prime factors e.g. a number
is divisible by 12 if it is divisible by both 3
and 4, similarly a number is divisible by 30
if it is divisible by 2, 3, and 5.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Roots & Indices and Number Properties

am an = am+n
7. a0 = 1; a1 = a
m
n
m n
a a = a
1
1
am b m = (a b) m 8. ap = p ; ap = - p
a
a
(am) n = amn
p
q

9. a q = ap =
= m
10. am = an and a 1,
b
0, 1 then m = n
1
11.
a m = b m, m 0
6. p = p a
i) a = +b, m is even
a
ii) a = b, m is odd
12. A perfect square should always end with 0,
1, 4, 5, 6 or 9.
13. A perfect square ending with zero should end
with even number of zeros.
14. A perfect square ending with 5 must always end with 25.
15. A perfect square ending with 6, must have its
last but one digit odd.
16. A perfect square ending with 1, 4, or 9 must
have its last but one digit even.
17. The digit sum of perfect squares should be 1,
4, 7 or 9.

a
5.
b

am

CMAT

Rules of Inequalities

18. Cyclicity Rule:

The units digit of successive powers of n
follow a pattern as given in the table below:

1. If a > b and c is any number

a + c > b + c
a c > b c
2. If a > b and c > 0
ac > bc

a
b
>
c
c
3. If a > b and c < 0, then ac < bc
4. If a c > b, then a > b + c or c > b a.
5. If x2 < a, where a is a positive number

- a <x<

The fifth power of any number has the same

units place digit as the number itself

root of a)
6. If x2 > a, where a is a positive number

19. To find the powers of a prime number p

contained in n!, where n is a natural number.
Highest power of prime number p in n!
= [n/p] + [n/p 2 ] + [n/p 3 ] + [n/p 4 ] + ...
Where the value of the term in the [ ] is the
greatest integral value less than or equal to
the terms n/p, n/p 2, n/p 3, n/p 4, ...

x>

a or x < a ( a is the positve

square root of a)
7. |x| < a a < x < a
8. |x| > a x > a or x < a
9. Quadratic inequalities:
(x a )(x b ) > 0 if x < a or x > b ( a < b )
< 0 if a < x < b

Quadratic Equations
1. For the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c,
let a and b be the roots.
b
c
x + )
a
a
= a (x a ) (x b )

Then ax2 + bx + c = a (x2 +

= a [x2 ( a + b ) x + ab ]
Hence, we have:
i) a + b =

b
;
a

ii) ab =

c
a

2. The roots a , b are given by:

a, b =

a ( a is the positve square

-b D
; where D = b 2 4ac is
2a

the discriminant.

3. Properties of the discriminant D :

i) If D 0, then a , b are real.
ii) If D = 0, then a = b .
iii) If D < 0, then a , b are complex conjugates.

CMAT

ARITHMETIC Logbook
Percentages, Profit & Loss,
Simple & Compound Interest

Averages, Mixture & Alligation

1. Arithematic mean/average

1.

%increase =

final value - initial value

100
initial value

2.

%decrease =

initial value - final value

100
initial value

3.

If n is increased by a%, and then by b%,

and then c%, then the new value n1 will be

2. If two quantities e1 and e2 are mixed, such

that their average is a, then where e2 > e1,
then these two quantities should be mixed
q

4.
5.

Cost Price - Selling Price

100
%loss =
Cost Price

6.

%discount =

7.

Simple Interest =

e -a

1
2
in the ratio q = a - e .
2
1

n1 = 1 + 100 1 + 100 1 + 100

Selling Price - Cost Price

%profit =
100
Cost Price

Sum of all the elements

Total number of elements

3. If a vessel contains a litres of wine and if

b litres are withdrawn and replaced with
water, and this operation is continued n times,
then

Marked Price - Selling Price

100
Marked Price

PNR
100

P Principal
N Number of years
R Rate of interest per Annum (%)
The sum of the principal and interest is the Amount
A = P + S.I.
8.
Compound Interest
N

A = P1 +
; where A = amount, P = Prin100

cipal, R = rate of interest per Annum (%), N =

number of year.
C.I. = A P

Wine left after n operations

a - b
=

Total Volume
a

CMAT

Time, Speed and Distances; Work,

Pipes and Cisterns

Ratio, Proportions & Variations; Partnerships

1. Ratio is the comparison between similar types
of quantities; it is an abstract quantity and
does not have any units.

2. If

a
b

c
,
d

1. Distance = Speed Time

2. If a distance is covered at a kmph and the
return journey is made at b kmph, then the

then a, b, c, d are said to be in

speed of the entire journey is

proportion.
3. If

a
b

c
,
d

3. If two bodies move in the opposite direction,

their relative speed = sum of their speeds.

then

a) a d = c b
b)

b
a

c)

a
c

d)

d
,
c

invertendo

b
,
d

alternendo

4. If two bodies move in the same direction, their

relative speed = difference of their speeds.
5. If the speed of a boat in still water is b,
and the speed of the stream is s, then
a. Upstream speed (u) = b s

a + b c+d
= d , componendo
b

b. Downstream speed (d) = b + s

e)

a-b
b

c-d
d

, dividendo

f)

a+b
a-b

c+d
c-d

, componendo & dividendo

4. If

a
b

then
5.

c
d

e
f

2ab
kmph.
a+b

g
h

c. b =

6. If A can do a piece of work in a days and

B can do the same work in b days then A

= K

a + c + e + g(sum of all the numerators )

b + d + f + h(sum of all the denominator)

u+d
d-u
d. s =
2
2

and B together can do the work in

= K

ab
days.
a+b

7. If the A and B can do a work in a and b days

respectively, then their efficiency will be in
the ratio b: a, and their wages will be in the
ratio of their efficiencies, if they are working
together.

If a b, provided c is constant and a c,

provided b is constant,
then a b c, if all three of them are varying.

6. If A and B are in a business for the same time,

then
Profit distribution Investment (Time is
constant).

8. If pipe A is x times bigger than pipe B, then

A will take

1 th
of the time taken by pipe B,
x

to fill a cistern.

7. If A and B are in a business with the same

investment, then
Profit distribution Time of investment
(Investment is constant).

9. If pipe A can fill a cistern in a mins and

B can empty it in b mins, then together they
can fill the cistern in

8. Profit Distribution Investment Time.

ab
mins.
b -a

CMAT

MODERN MATH Logbook

SET THEORY
1.

2.

The Universal set is defined as the set of all

possible objects under consideration. Every
other set is then a subset of the universal set.

3.

Union of two sets is represented as A B and

consists of elements that are present in either
Set A or Set B or both.

4.

Intersection of two sets is represented as

A B and consists of elements that are
present in both Set A and Set B.

5.

Venn Diagram: A venn diagram is used to

visually represent the relationship between
various sets.

6.

PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING:

Set A is said to be a subset of Set B if each and

every element of Set A is also contained in Set
B. Set A is said to be a proper subset of Set B
if Set B has at least one element that is not
contained in Set A.

If there are two jobs which can be performed

independently in m and n ways, then
i) either of the two jobs can be performed in m + n
ways (OR)
ii) both of the jobs can be performed in m n ways
(AND) e.g. if there are 15 boys and 12 girls in a
class then
i) a boy OR a girl representative can be chosen in
15 + 12 = 27 ways.
ii) a boy AND a girl representative can be chosen in
15 12 = 180 ways.

What do each of the areas in the figure

represent?
only A - a
only B - b
only C - c
A and B, not C - d
A and C, not B - e
B and C, not A - f
A, B and C - g
None of A, B or C - h
Some important properties:
n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A B)
n(A B C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) n(A B)
n(A C) n(B C) n(A B C)

1.

LINEAR ARRANGEMENT
Linear arrangement (or permutation) of n
distinct items among themselves = n!

2.

Linear arrangement ( or permutation) of r

out of n distinct items = nPr =

3.

n!
(n - r)!

Linear arrangement of n items out of which

p are alike. q are alike, r are alike =

4.

n!
p!q!r!

Circular arrangement of n distinct items

= (n 1)!

5.

Circular arrangement of n distinct beads in a

necklace =

6.

Selection of r items out of n distinct items

= nCr =

7.

n!
r!(n - 1)!

Selection of atleast one item from n

distinct items = nC1 + nC2 + nC3 + nC4 + ... + nCn
= 2n 1

(n - 1)!
2

CMAT

PROBABILITY
Probability deals with the chance or likelihood
of a particular event happening or not happening.
If an event can happen in a ways and fail in
b ways and each is equally likely to happen,
then the probability or chance of its happening
is

LOGARITHMS
n

If a = b, then log b = n
a
Conventionally, log b represents log10b

a
a
i.e., P(a) =
and the probability of
a+b
a+b

b
failure is P(b) =
. (P(a) < 1 and P(b) < 1,
a+b
P(a) + P(b) = 1, P(a) 0, P(b) 0)

Instead of saying the probability of the happening

a
, the probability of its not happening
of an event is
a+b
b
a

=
. It is sometimes stated that
is 1
a
+
b
a+b

the odds are a to b in favour of the event or b

to a against the event. Two events A and B occur
with probabilities p(A) and p(B). Then, the probability
that A and B occur is P(A + B) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB);
where P(AB) is the probability of AB occuring together.
P(AB) = P(A) P(B), if the two events are independent
of each other.

1]

logb 1 = 0

2]

log a a = 1

3]

log a b =

4]

logb (m n) = logb m + logb n

5]

m
logb = logb m - logb n
n

6]

logb (m)n = nlogb (m)

7]

logb m =

8]

logb (a ) = logb a

9]

log x a = log x b if and only if a = b

1
OR loga b logb a = 1
logb a

log a m
= loga m logb a
log a b

10] logyx > 0 if both x, y > 1 or both x, y < 1

< 0 if x < 1 < y or y < 1 < x

CMAT

GEOMETRY Logbook
13. In a 45- 45- 90 isosceles triangle, the sides

GEOMETRY

are in the ratio 1 :

For a triangle ( D ABC) with sides a, b, c :

1.
Sum of interior angles = 180.
2.
Side opposite to the greatest angle is longest,
and side opposite to the smallest angle is
smallest.
3.
Sum of any two sides of the triangle is always
greater than the third side.
4.
Difference between any two sides of the triangle
is always lesser than the third side.
5.
Measure of exterior angle = Sum of remote
interior angles.
6.

Note: The above two properties are also used to

solve Trignometry based questions in CMAT
relating to Angle of Elevation and Angle of
Depression.
14. If D ABC is an equilateral triangle:
a. Each angle = 60,
b.

1
(base) (height)
Area =
2
=

a+b+c
s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) , where s =
2

= r s, r = radius of the incircle

=
7.

abc
, R = radius of the circumcircle
4R

If BE is the angle bisector then,

A

AE
AB
=
.
EC
BC

D
AD AE
9.
If DE||BC, then
=
(BPT)
EC
DB
B
10. If AD is the median .i.e. BD =
DC, then AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 + DC2)

3
(side) 2 ,
4

d.

Inradius(r) =

e.

Circumradius (R) =

15.

D ABC is similar to D PQR if A = P, B

= Q, C = R and is represented as D ABC
D PQR.

height
,
3
2
height .
3

BC
AB
AC
=
=
i.e ratio of their sides
QR
PQ
PR
remains constant, say, k.

b.

Perimeter of DABC
AB
= k
=
Perimeter of DPQR
PQ

c.

2
Area of DABC
AB
2

Area of DPQR = PQ = k

d.

All other linear geometric dimensions will

be in the same ratio as is the side.
For a circle with center "O" and radius "r":
16. Chords equidistant from the center are equal.
17. Perpendicular from the center bisects the
chord, conversely, the line segment joining
the center and the midpoint of the cord is
perpendicular to it.

11. If ABC = 90, then AC2 = AB 2 + BC2

12. In a 30- 60- 90 triangle, the sides are in
the ratio 1 :

3
side,
2

Area =

a.

B
C
A line segment joining the midpoints of any
two sides is parallel to the third side and
has half the length of the third
A
side.

Height =

c.

E
8.

3 : 2

CMAT

18. Equal chords subtends equal angle at the

center.
19. In the adjoining Figure, Chord AB divides the
circle into two parts:
P

y Q
O

4.

R
B

a.
minor arc - AXB
b.
major arc - AYC
The area bounded by OAXB is a sector.
20. Measure of arc AXB = AOB = q
21. Length (arc AXB) =

5.

q
2 pr
360

22. Area (sector OAXB) is

Note: This equation will hold even if the secants

meet outside the circle.
If a tangent (OC) and a secant (AB) meet externally
at O, then OC2 = OA OB.

(Tangent Secant theorem)

The angle made by chord (AB) with the tangent at
A (AD) is equal to the angle subtended by it on the
opposite arc.

q
p r2
360

23. Angles subtended by the arc at all the points

on the alternates segments are equal. Thus
APB = AQB = ARB
24. Angle subtended by the arc at the center is
twice than that subtended at the alternate
segment. Thus APB = AQB = ARB

m BAD = m ACB.
(Tangent Chord Property)
POLYGONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
For any regular polygon:
(A polygon which has all its sides and angles equal)
1.
Sum of internal angles = 180(n 2).

25. Angle inscribed in a semicircle or that

subtended by the diameter is a right angle.

TANGENT PROPERTIES

2.

1.

PA and PB are tangents to the given circle, OA is

the radius.
PA = PB.

Measure of an internal angle =

180(n - 2)
.
n

(where n is the number of sides)

Properties of some special polygons:
Parallelogram:

2.
OA ^ PA..
Secant, Tangent and Chord Properties
3.
If two secants viz. AB and CD, intersect at P, then
AP BP = CP DP.

3.
9

Opposite sides are parallel and congruent.

CMAT

4.
Opposite angles are congruent.
5.
Diagonals bisect each other.
6.
Area of parallelogram = Base height .
Rhombus:

7.
8.
9.

19. Area =

Regular Hexagon:

Opposite sides are parallel and all sides are

equal.
Opposite angles are congruent.
Diagonals bisect each other at 90.

10. Area =

1
sum of parallel sides height.
2

1
Product of diagonals.
2

3 3
(side)2.
2
21. Six equilateral triangles are formed by
joining the opposite vertices of the hexagon.
20. Area =

Square:
SOLID FIGURES

11.

All sides are congruent and opposite sides

are parallel. All angles are right angles.
12. Diagonals are congruent and bisect each other
at 90. l (diagonal) =
13. Area = (side)2.
Kite:

Eulers formula:
Number of faces + Number of vertices =
Number of edges + 2
1.

2 (side).

Cube: If each edge of a cube is a units,

then
Volume of cube = a3
Also, edge of the
cube
=
3

Volume of the cube

Total surface area of the cube = 6a 2

Lateral surface area = 4a 2
Longest diagonal of the cube = a 3
14. Two pairs of adjacent sides are congurent.
15. Diagonals intersect each other at 90 and
longer diagonal bisects shorter diagonal.
16. Area =

2.

Cuboid/Rectangular Parallelopiped:
Let length, breadth and height of a cuboid
be l , b and h, respectively, then
Volume of cuboid =
l b h
Total surface area
= 2( l b + bh + h l )

1
product of diagonals.
2

Isosceles Trapezium:

Lateral surface area = 2h( l + b)

17. One pair of opposite sides is parallel.
18. Non-parallel sides are congruent.
10

CMAT

Longest
2

l +b +h

3.

4.

diagonal

of

cuboid

Volume of hemisphere =

7.

8.

p (R3 r3)

p2
4

(R r)2(R + r)

Lateral/Curved surface area of solid ring

= p 2(R2 r2)

1
p r2h
3

CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
Distance between two points
The distance between two points (x1, y 1) and (x2,
y 2) =

( x 1 - x 2 ) 2 + ( y1 - y 2 ) 2

Section Formula
If P is a point dividing the joint of two points
A(x 1, y 1) and B(x 2, y 2) internally in the ratio
m : n (i.e., PA : PB = m : n), then the co-ordinates
(x, y) of P are given by:

= p r l + p r2 = p r( l + r)

h2 + r2

Sphere: If r is the radius

of a sphere, then
Volume of sphere =

mx 2 + nx 1 my 2 + ny1
P( x , y) =
,

m + n
m + n

If P(x, y) divides the joint of A(x1, y 1) and B(x2,

y2) externally in the ratio m : n
(i.e., PA : PB = m : n), then the co-ordinates (x,
y) of P are given by:

4
p r3
3
Surface area of sphere
= 4 p r2
6.

4
3

Solid Ring: Let R and r be the outer and

the inner radius of a ring, then
Volume of a solid ring =

Lateral surface area =

p rl
Total surface area = Curved surface area
+ Area of circular base

5.

Spherical Shell: Let R and r be the outer

and the inner radius of a spherical shell,
then
Volume of spherical shell =

Right Circular Cone: If h is the height, l

is the slant height and r is the radius of
the base of the right circular cone, then

l 2 = h 2 + r2 i.e., l =

p r3

Lateral/Curved surface area of hemisphere = 2 p r2

Total surface area of hemisphere = 2 p r2
+ p r2 = 3 p r2

(Right) Circular Cylinder: Let r be the radius

of the circular base and h
be the height of a right circular cylinder, then
Area of each circular face
= p r2
Lateral surface area =
Circum-ference of
base height = 2 p rh
Total surface area = Curved surface
area + Area of two circular bases = 2 p rh
+ 2 p r2 = 2 p r(h + r)
Volume of cylinder = (Area of base)
height = p r2h

Volume of cone =

2
3

mx 2 - nx 1 my 2 - my1
P( x , y) =
,

m - n
m - n

Hemisphere: If r is
the radius of a hemisphere, then

11

CMAT

Midpoint of a Segment
If P is the midpoint of the segment joining the
points A(x1, y 1) and B(x2, y 2), then the co-ordinates
(x, y) of P are given by:
P(x, y) =

x 1 + x 2 y1 + y 2
,

2
2

ax1 + bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 + by 2 + cy 3
,

a + b + c
a + b + c

I(x, y) =

where a, b and c are the lengths of the three

sides opposite to BAC, ABC and ACB.
Area of a triangle

If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are the

three vertices of a triangle, then

Centroid and Incentre of a triangle

Area of the triangle =

1
2

x1
y1

x2
y2

x3
y3

1
[ x 1 ( y 2 - y 3 ) - x 2 ( y1 - y 3 ) + x 3 ( y1 - y 2 )]
2

If area = 0, then the three points are collinear.

If A(x, y), B(x 2, y 2) and C(x3, y 3) are the vertices
of a triangle, then
i)

The co-ordinates of the centroid G(x, y) of

D ABC are:
G(x, y) =

x 1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3
,

3
3

Parallel and Perpendicular lines

i)

Two lines whose slopes are m1 and m2 are

parallel to each other, if and only if m 1
= m2, or both m1 and m2 does not exist.

ii)

Two lines whose slopes are m1 and m2 are

perpendicular to each other, if and only
if either m1 m2 = 1 or if m1 = 0 and m2
does not exist.
Thus, if the slope of a line is m, then the

ii)

slope of a line perpendicular to it is -

The co-ordinates of the incentre I(x, y) of D ABC

with vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3)
are:

12

1
.
m

CMAT

TRIGNOMETRY
1.

Angle of Elevation:

Li
ne

of

sig

ht

Angle of
elevation
Horizontal A

If a person at a lower level looks up at

an object at a higher level, the line of sight
makes an angle with the horizontal line
which is called the angle of elevation.
2.

Angle of Depression:

If a person standing at a higher level observes

an object at a lower level, the line of sight
makes an angle with the horizontal line which
is called the angle of depression.
Note:
i]

Numerically, the angle of elevation is equal

to the angle of depression.

ii]

The angle of elevation and the angle of depression are measured with the horizontal
line.

13

CMAT

DATA INTERPRETATION Logbook

Comparison of fractions

a
a
a + k
k being a positive integer.
< 1 then
<
b
b
b + k
a
a
a + k
2. If a > b or
k being a positive integer.
> 1 then
>
b
b
b + k
a
c
3. If ad > cb then
>
a, b, c, d being positive integers.
b
d
1. If a < b or

General Terms Involved in DI.

2.

final value Initial Value

100
Percentage change =

Initial Value

Growth = final value Initial Value

3.

Growth Rate (in percentage) =

Total Growth
100%
Initial Value

4.

Average Annual Growth Rate =

Total Growth Rate

Total Number of years

5.

Compounded Average Annual Growth Rate

n

final
Value

1 100
OR
=

Initial
Value

Cumulative Average Annual Growth Rate

1.

We need to know the decimal values.

1
= 0.5
2
2
= 0.4
5

1
= 0.33
3

3
= 0.6
5

2
= 0.66
3
4
= 0.8
5

1
= 0.25
4
1
= 0.166
6

3
= 0.75
4
5
= 0.833
6

1
= 0.2
5
1
= 0.142857
7

2
3
4
5
6
1
= 0.285714
= 0.428571
= 0.571428
= 0.714285
= 0.857142
= 0.125
7
7
7
7
7
8
3
= 0.375
8

5
= 0.625
8

7
= 0.875
8

1
= 0.11
9

2
= 0.22
9

4
= 0.44
9

5
= 0.55
9
4
= 0.3636
11
10
= 0.9090
11

7
= 0.77
9
5
= 0.4545
11

8
= 0.88
9
6
= 0.5454
11

1
= 0.0909
11
7
= 0.6363
11

2
= 0.1818
11
8
= 0.7272
11

3
= 0.2727
11
9
= 0.8181
11

14

CMAT

LOGICAL REASONING logbook

(1)

(2)
(3)

the
(4)

(5)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Seating Arrangement
In seating arrangement, generally the data will
be given with respect to the subjects or the
people involved in the puzzle. Hence the left
and right should be considered with respect
to the subjects or the people involved in.
The candidate/observer is always assumed to
be facing North Direction.
In case of linear Seating Arrangement if nothing is mentioned the subjects are considered
to be facing North Direction. If mentioned
otherwise the left of the subject will become
the right of the observer and vice-versa. Circular seating arrangement will not have this
problem.
The language of the question should be carefully
understood.
eg., (i) In the photograph who
is to the left of Harbhajan?
Ans. Pointing.
(ii) Who was standing to the
left of Harbhajan Singh when
photograph was taken? Ans. Symonds.
In case of linear seating arrangement the
statement, "A is seating to the left of B" does
not mean "A is seating to the immediate left
of B". But in case of circular seating
arrangement it does mean so.
The term diagonally opposite is generally used
to denote two people who are seated as far
as possible.
Comparisons
"A is neither greater than nor less than B" means
"A is equal to B" (A = B).
"A is not less than B" means "A is either greater
than or equal to B" (A > B)
"A is not greater than B" means "A is either
less than or equal to B" (A < B)
"A is neither less than nor equal to B" means
"A is greater than B" (A > B)

(5) "A is neither greater than nor equal to B" means

"A is less than B" (A < B)
(6) Comparison should always be done in a Unique
Mode i.e., either greater than or lesser than.
i.e., if A is not less than B, B is less than C
and D is equal to A, then D = A > B < C is
conventionally incorrect.
D = A > B or B < A = D
C > B or B < C is conventionally correct.
(7) Two quantities which are not the part of an
inequality cannot be compared among themselves e.g., In the above example C cannot be
compared with A and D.

Alphanumeric Series
The logics which are generally used to frame
such type of questions can be categorized as
(1) Difference series:
Difference between the successive elements
will lead to the logic behind these types of series.
(a) Constant difference series eg. 3, 5, 7, 9,
11, 13
(b) Increasing difference series eg. 3, 5, 8, 12,
17, 23
(c) Decreasing difference series eg. 12, 8, 5,
3, 2, 2
(d) Increasing decreasing difference series
eg. 17, 19, 23, 26, 31, 35
(2) Product Series
Ratio between the successive elements will
lead to the logic behind these type of series.
(a) Constant ratio series eg. 3, 6, 12, 24, 48,
96
(b) Increasing ratio series eg. 3, 3, 6, 18, 72,
360
(c) Decreasing ratio series eg. 72, 18, 6, 3, 3,
0
(d) Increasing and decreasing ratio series.
eg. 3, 3, 9, 18, 72, 216, 1080
(3) Square/Cube series
These types of series can be characterized by

15

CMAT

the presence of peculiar squares or cubes either

in the series or in the series of the difference
of the elements in the series.
eg. 4, 8, 17, 33, 58, 94
eg. 4, 9, 1, 6, 2, 5
(4) Miscellaneous
(a) Fibbonocci series: Every element is the
sum of two preceding terms.
eg. 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34
(b) Prime number/Square Cubes of prime
numbers
(c) Product of consecutive prime numbers,
eg. 6, 15, 35, 77, 143, 221
(5) Combination series
(a) Alternate elements forming two different
series
eg. 2, 13, 4, 17, 6, 19, 8
(b) Difference and product series.
eg. 2, 4, 12, 45, 206.5, 1140.75

d)

Notation
1.
A belongs to group I.
A I
2.
A does not belong to group I.
A I
3.
A and B are in the same group.
AB
4.
A and B are not in the same group.
ABx

Groups & Conditionalities

In the formation of a group, or for an event to
occur or for a particular arrangment, certain
conditions are imposed. While forming the group,
the conditions have to be taken into account along
with the directions given in each question.
Types of Conditional Statements
Conditional statements can be classified into four
groups:
a)
If A occurs then B will also occur.
A B
The reverse implication of this statement
is, that, if B has not occurred A will also
not occur.
The not statement is
denoted by the symbol ~, i.e., not B is
denoted as ~B.
~B ~A
It is not necessary that B A.
b)

If A occurs then B will not occur.

A ~B
The reverse implication is
B ~A
It is not necessary that ~B A

c)

If A has not occurred then B will occur.

~A B

The reverse implication is

~B A
It is not necessary that B ~A
If A has not occurred then B will also not
occur.
~A ~B
The reverse implication is
B A
It is not necessary that ~B ~A.

16

CMAT

BLOOD RELATIONS
Mothers or fathers son Brother
Mothers or fathers daughter Sister
Mothers or fathers brother Uncle
Mothers or fathers sister Aunt
Mothers or fathers father Grandfather
Mothers or fathers mother Grandmother
Sons wife Daughter-in-law
Daughters husband Son-in-law
Husbands or wifes sister Sister-in-law
Husbands or wifes brother Brother-in-law
Brothers son Nephew
Brothers daughter Niece
Uncle or aunts son or daughter Cousin
Sisters husband Brother-in-law
Brothers wife Sister-in-law
Grandsons or granddaughters daughter
Great granddaughter

DIRECTIONS
Logical reasoning questions based on directions
test your sense of directions and understanding
of them.
The figure below shows the four main directions
(North N, South S, East E and West W) and its
cardinal directions (NorthEast NE, NorthWest NW,
SouthEast SE and SouthWest SW).

Notations

There are 2 types of questions based on Directions, one that tests your sense of directions and
the other that involve calculations.

1.

A is a male

2.

A is a female

3.

Sex of A is not known

N
NW

CALENDARS
1] An ordinary year contains 365 days, i.e., 52
weeks and 1 odd day.
2] A leap year contains 366 days, i.e., 52 weeks
and 2 odd days.
3] 100 years (a century) contain 76 ordinary
years and 24 leap years
= (76 52) weeks + 76 odd days + (24
52) weeks + 48 odd days
= [(76 52) + (24 52)] weeks + 124 odd
days
= [(76 52) + (24 52) + 17] weeks + 5 odd
days
i.e., 100 years contain 5 odd days.
200 years contain 10 and therefore 3 odd
days. Similarly, 300 years contain 1 odd day,
400 years will have (20 + 1) odd days i.e.,
0 odd days. Similarly, the years 800, 1200,

A and B are married to each other

A and B are siblings
A <> B

6.

A is the child of B
B
A

7.

SE

SW

A = B
5.

A
4.

NE

A is the uncle / aunt of B

17

CMAT
9]

1600, 2000 each contain no odd days.

4] 1st January, AD was Monday. Therefore, we must
count days from Sunday, i.e., Sunday for 0 odd
day, Monday for 1 odd day, Tuesday for 2 odd
days and so on.
5] February in an ordinary year gives no odd
day, but in a leap year gives one odd day.

position, then they coincide in 65

5
11
mins, then the clock is fast. If the hands
coincide in time more than 65

10]

11]

7]

8]

the clock is slow.

In a slow clock i.e., a clock that loses time:
Total time lost in T hours = (T

in which the hands of slow clock coincide.

For a fast clock, i.e., a clock that gains time:
Total time gained in T hours = (T

65 11 - x
60)
mins, where x is the time
x

1
2 .

6]

5
mins, then
11

x - 65 11
60)
mins, where x is the time
x

5]

5
mins.
11

If the hands coincide in time less than 65

CLOCKS
1]
The entire clock can be divided into 60 mins
spaces.
60 mins space is not a time of 60 mins,
but a distance.
60 mins space equals 360 o turn. So, 1 minute
space equals 6 o turn.
2]
The hour hand goes over 5 mins spaces.
The minute hand passes over 60 mins
spaces.
Thus, in an hour, the minute hand gains
(60 5) = 55 mins spaces over the hour
hand.
3]
In one minute, the minute hand moves 6 o
and in one minute, the hour hand moves

4]

If both hands start moving from the same

1
In one minute, the minute hand gains 5 o
2
over the hour hand.
Every hour, both hands coincide exactly
once.
Every hour, the two hands are twice at right
angles. In this position they are 15 mins
spaces apart.
In an hour, the two hands point exactly once
in the opposite direction. In this position,
they are 30 mins spaces apart.
The hands are said to be in the same straight
line, when they are coincident or opposite
to each other.
If a clock shows 10:20 when the time is
10:00, then the clock is said to be 20 mins
fast.
If a clock shows 7:45 when the exact time
is 8:00, then the clock is said to be 15 mins
slow.

in which the hands of fast clock coincide.

18

CMAT

VISUAL PUZZLES - BASIC CONCEPTS

A

3]

Rotate 135 0 clockwise =>

Clockwise Movement:
As the hands of a clock move.
e.g.,

to

Begin
original position

The direction in which the + moves is clockwise.

Anticlockwise Movement:
Movement in the reverse direction of clockwise
movement. [ceiling fans move in this fashion].

When movements/rotations are different from

the ones mentioned above you will have clues
like multiples of 30 0 in a clock.
D

Begin

e.g.,

Lateral Inversion:
This is basically a mirror reflection or if you
like, think of it as turning over an object on
its side while keep it vertical.
e.g.

Taking the same example, the movement of +

is in the reverse direction.
Rotation:
The object rotates by certain degrees in the
movement specified. The most commonly used
movements are: rotations by 45, 90 and 135.
Remember that these are identifiable with just
visual inspection a precise measurement is
not required.

original position

original position

original position
E

after rotation

2] Rotate 45 anticlockwise =>

to

laterally inverted

original position

to
vertically inverted

original position

to
vertically inverted

or

laterally inverted

Vertical Inversion:
This is inverting an object vertically - think of
it as a reflection of trees in a pond.
e.g.,

e.g.,
1] Rotate 90 clockwise =>

to

after rotation

Spatial inversion:
When you invert an object laterally or vertically, one of two things can happen. One, the
object is inverted and is placed in the original
position; two, the object is inverted on its axis
and placed below or to the side of the original
position as the case may be.

original position after rotation

e.g.,

19

to

CMAT

This is vertical inversion, but the inverted object

is placed in the same position as the original
object.

But

to

Here the object is inverted and moves down.

This movement is what we call spatial inversion.
There is no fixed type of visual reasoning
question. Any or all of the types discussed may
be asked. You could find all three forms of
inversion together.
e.g.,

to

Here the object is vertically and laterally

inverted; it also moves down.
By the end of this section, you should not have
any difficulty recognising these movements.
G

Move 1 space or move 1/2 space:

This is purely our terminology coined for visual
reasoning questions.
e.g.,

or

This is moving one space - from a corner to

the other corner, or from a particular place
on one side to the same place on the adjoining
side.
e.g.,
or

This is half space movement - half of what you

would move in moving one space.

20

SERIES COMPLETION
Compare each figure to the preceding one and
find out the difference.Numbers of elements increasing or decreasing; rotary movements in one
or more elements; elements changing in a definite
pattern; common properties in all figures, and
so on.
The ideal strategy is these kinds of questions
is elimination. If you can eliminate 2 or 3
alternatives using a defined pattern, then your
task is that much simpler. You do not need to
consider each alternative for all elements.
ANALOGIES
There exists a defined relationship between 2
figures and given that you have to identify a pair
which exhibits/does not exhibit the same
relationship.
ODD FIGURE OUT
You have to identify similarities/patterns in a group
of figures and make the figure which does not
fit in with the group. A variation of this type of
questions is identifying the odd figure in a
sequence.You have to identify the figure which does
not follow the set rules of the sequence.
The things you would look for remain the same
number of elements, angles, number of straight
lines or curves, arrangements and such.