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i NGUYN
I HC THI
TRNG I HC CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG
PHM CNG ON
NGHIN CU V XUT PHNG PHP CHNG TN CNG INQUT TRONG THY VN S
Chuyn ngnh : Khoa hc my tnh

M s : 60.48.01
LUN VN THC S
NGI HNG DN KHOA HC: TS. H VN CANH
Thi Nguyn, thng 8 nm 2013

S ha bi trung tm hc liu
http://www.lrc.tnu.edu.vn/
ii
LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan bn Lun vn l cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc c lp ca
ti. Lun vn ny khng sao chp ton b cc ti liu, cng trnh nghin cu ca
ngi khc. Tt c cc on trch dn nm trong cc ti liu, cng trnh nghin cu
ca ngi khc u c ghi r ngun v ch r trong ti liu tham kho.
Ti xin cam oan nhng iu trn l ng s tht, nu sai, ti xin chu hon
ton trch nhim.
TC GI LUN VN
PHM CNG ON
iii
LI CM N
u tin em xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti cc thy, c trng i hc
Cng Ngh Thng Tin v Truyn Thng i Hc Thi Nguyn nhit tnh
ging dy v truyn t kin thc c s cho em trong thi gian hc tp ti trng.
Em xin gi li cm n su sc ti thy H Vn Canh, ngi nh hng,
hng dn v h tr em rt nhiu em hon thnh lun vn ny.
Em xin gi li cm n ti cc anh ch ng nghip v cm n bn b cng
kha, cng trng nhit tnh h tr trong thi gian lm lun vn.
Mc d rt c gng hon thnh lun vn ny, song lun vn s kh trnh
khi nhng thiu st. Em rt mong nhn c s nhn xt, gp , tn tnh ch bo t
cc thy, c lun vn em c hon thin tt nht c th.
Mt ln na, em xin chn thnh cm n tt c cc thy c v cc bn ng
nghip!
TC GI LUN VN
PHM CNG ON
iv
BNG K HIU VIT TT
K hiu
Dng y
HVS
Human Visual System
LSB
Least Significant Bit
RST
Rotation, Scaling, Translation
A/D
Analog/Digital
D/A
Digital/Analog
DVD
Digital Video Disc
JPEG
Joint Photographic Experts Group
DCT
Discrete Cosine Transfrom
PRNG
PseudoRandom Number Generator
BER
Bit Error Rate
JND
Just Noticeable Difference
ADC
Analog Digital Converter
CCD
Charge-Coupled Device
DFT
Discrete Fourier Transform
FFT
Fast Fourier Transform
IFFT
Inverse fast Fourier transform
QIM
Quantization Index Mod-ulation
DWT
Wavelet Domain Transform
DoG
Difference of Gaussians
SIFT
Scale Invariant Feature Transform
CSF
Contrast Sensitivity Function
SSIM
Structural Similarity Index Measurement
NVF
Noise Visibility Function
SSM
Spread Spectrum Modulation
PSNR
Peak Signal to Noise Ratio
v
MC LC
Chng 1. TNG QUAN V THY VN S ......................................................... 3
1.1. Gii thiu.............................................................................................................. 3
1.2. Thy vn v nhng ngnh lin quan .................................................................... 5
1.3. Cc yu cu i vi h thng thy vn ................................................................ 7
1.3.1. Tnh bo mt ................................................................................................. 7
1.3.2. Tnh v hnh .................................................................................................. 7
1.3.3. Tnh v hnh i vi thng k....................................................................... 7
1.3.4. T l Bit ......................................................................................................... 8
1.3.5. Qu trnh d tm ng tin cy ....................................................................... 8
1.3.6. Tnh mnh m ............................................................................................... 8
1.4. Tn cng trong thy vn ...................................................................................... 9
1.5. Phn loi cc k thut thy vn .........................................................................11
1.5.1. Phn loi theo cp bn vng ..................................................................11
1.5.2. Phn loi theo min lm vic ......................................................................12
1.6. Cc ng dng ca thy vn ................................................................................13
1.6.1. Bo v bn quyn ........................................................................................13
1.6.2. Bo v sao chp ..........................................................................................14
1.6.3. Vn tay hoc truy tm k phn bi ..............................................................14
1.6.4. Gim st chng trnh pht sng ................................................................15
1.6.5. Xc thc ni dung .......................................................................................15
1.7. Vai tr ca du thy vn ....................................................................................16
1.8. Cng ngh thy vn trn nh s .......................................................................178
1.8.1. Du thy vn .............................................................................................178
1.8.2. Qu trnh nhng du thy vn tng qut. ...................................................18
1.8.3. Qu trnh pht hin du thy vn. ...............................................................20
1.9. Phn tch nh hng ca qu trnh In - Qut .....................................................22
1.9.1. nh hng ca qu trnh in i vi nh k thut s ..................................23
vi
1.9.2. nh hng ca qu trnh Qut i vi hnh nh k thut s......................25
1.9.3. i sch tn cng ca in - qut .................................................................278
1.9.4. Hiu chnh tn cng hnh hc .....................................................................29
1.10. Kt lun ............................................................................................................31
Chng 2. T DUY THIT K IN HNH THUT TON CHNG TN
CNG IN - QUT TRONG THY VN S .........................................................32
2.1. Cc thut ton chng tn cng in - qut hin nay ..............................................32
2.2. c trng bt bin trc sau khi tn cng in - qut ...........................................34
2.3. Trch chn cc im c trng ca nh s .........................................................36
2.3.1. Gii thiu trch chn c trng ...................................................................36
2.3.2. nh ngha v im c trng.....................................................................36
2.4. Phng php tm im c trng SIFT ..............................................................37
2.4.1. Xy dng khng gian scale .........................................................................39
2.4.2. Xc nh v tr im c trng ....................................................................42
2.4.3. Thm hng cho im c trng ................................................................43
2.4.4. M t im c trng ..................................................................................44
2.5. Kt lun ..............................................................................................................45
Chng 3. XUT GII PHP CHNG TN CNG IN - QUT TRONG
THY VN S DA TRN C TRNG HNH NH .....................................47
3.1. K thut da trn cc c trng bt bin ...........................................................48
3.2. S nhng .......................................................................................................50
3.2.1. Phn tch khng gian co gin .....................................................................50
3.2.2. Pht hin im chnh s dng SIFT............................................................51
3.2.3. Bn JND nhiu mc co gin ..................................................................52
3.3. Lc pht hin ..............................................................................................56
3.4. nh gi Imperceptibility ca thut ton Digital Watermarking Robust ..........58
3.4.1. nh gi khch quan Imperceptibility da trn tnh kt cu tng t .......58
3.4.2. nh gi Imperceptibility da trn JND.....................................................60
3.5. Cn bng gia Robust v Imperceptibility.........................................................60
vii
3.6. Kt qu th nghim ............................................................................................61
3.6.1. nh gi tnh khng cm nhn ...................................................................62
3.6.2. Tnh bn vng .............................................................................................62
3.7. Kt lun ..............................................................................................................64
TNG KT V TRIN VNG ...............................................................................65
1. Tng kt cng tc nghin cu ...............................................................................65
2. Trin vng nghin cu v tim nng ng dng ....................................................65
viii
DANH MC CC HNH
Hnh 1.1. M hnh thy vn s trn nh...................................................................... 5
Hnh 1.2. Phn loi cc phng php thy vn ........................................................12
Hnh 1.3: S nhng thy vn tng qut ...............................................................19
Hnh 1.4. S kt cu bn trong my in laser ........................................................24
Hnh 1.5. S kt cu bn trong my scan .............................................................26
Hnh 1.6. Attack trong qu trnh print-scan ..............................................................27
Hnh 2.1. Hai hnh trn c th c nhn ra l ca cng 1 khung cnh bi SIFT....37
Hnh 2.2. Cc cun sch bn tri c th nhn dng c trong hnh hn lon bn
phi. ...........................................................................................................................38
Hnh 2.3. Xy dng khng gian scale .......................................................................40
Hnh 2.4. Xc nh v tr im c trng ..................................................................42
Hnh 2.5. Biu hng (orientation histogram). nh cao nht ca biu s c
chn lm hng ca im c trng. ........................................................................44
Hnh 2.6. M t ca im c trng..........................................................................44
Hnh 2.7. Cch m t im c trng trong thc t ..................................................45
Hnh 3.1. S nhng thy vn................................................................................50
Hnh 3.2. Xy dng li khng gian Scale .................................................................52
Hnh 3.3. Contrast mt n - Model of Legge & Foley ..............................................53
Hnh 3.4. Cc bn JND cho ba mc co gin DoG ca nh Boat ......................54
Hnh 3.5. Cc im tnh nng n nh nht v Delaunay ca n cho nh "Barbara"
chng li cc cuc tn cng khc nhau .....................................................................55
Hnh 3.6. S tch thy vn ...................................................................................57
Hnh 3.7. Quan h gia Robust, Imperceptibility v dung lng Watermarking ca
Digital Watermarking................................................................................................61
Hnh 3.8. nh gc (tri) v nh nhng thy vn (phi) ...........................................62
ix
DANH MC BNG
Bng 1.1. Bng gi tr cc bin .................................................................................18
Bng 1.2. u im v nhc im i sch ng b attack hnh hc......................30
Bng 3.1. nh gi tnh khng cm nhn .................................................................62
Bng 3.2. Cc cuc tn cng in hnh .....................................................................63
LI M U
Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, s pht trin nhanh chng ca
cc sn phm in t, my in v my qut thng c s dng xut bn v ti
sn xut cc ti liu s. nh k thut s c th c in v phn phi v khi mt
hnh nh in c qut, nh kt qu c gi l hnh nh sao chp tr thnh mt
phin bn k thut s tng t vi bn gc...iu ny li ko theo mt thc trng l
s lng cc bn sao chp bt hp php ca cc d liu s ngy mt nhiu, khng
c gii hn v dn n tnh trng khng kim sot c. ng trc hin trng bn
quyn tc gi ca cc sn phm s b xm phm nghim trng, gn y mt s cng
c gip cho vic bo v bn quyn tc gi l m ha, gii m v phng php thy
vn s (Digital Watermarking) c xut. Vic m ha v gii m ch m bo
an ton cho d liu trong qu trnh truyn thng, tuy nhin sau khi gii m th d
liu s khng cn c bo v na.
K thut thy vn s l mt trong nhng gii php a ra gii quyt vn
v quyn s hu. Vi vic s dng thy vn, d liu s s c bo v khi s sao
chp bt hp php. Thy vn ngha l mt mu tin c n trc tip trong ni dung
ca d liu a phng tin. V mt trc quan kh c th cm nhn c s c mt
ca thy vn du, tuy nhin s dng my tnh v cc thut ton chng ta li c
th pht hin c s c mt ca chng. Ngoi ra du thy vn cn m bo mt
yu cu na l s gn kt khng th tch ri vi ni dung d liu.
Do , s kt hp gia m ha v k thut thy vn s em li cho h thng
ca chng ta tnh bo mt ng thi bo v c quyn s hu ca d liu a
phng tin v chng li cc hot ng bt hp php khi Print-Scan. Cch gii
quyt vn l lm cho cc watermark nhng bn vng chng li cc hot ng
Print-Scan. Phng php tip cn ca chng ti da trn trch chn cc im nh
c trng SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) c bit n l bt bin vi s
co dn, s thay i v gc nhn, v s thay i v nh sng, bin dng affine. Nhng
watermark c thc hin ti cc khu vc a phng (Delaunay triangles) c
thnh lp t im tnh nng trch xut hnh nh im c trng ca DoG (Difference
of Gaussians) tng s bn vng. m bo tnh khng th cm nhn, mt m

hnh Pyramidal JND (Pyramidal Just Noticeable Difference) c xut xc
nh ngng ti u cho sc mnh watermark (tc l nng lng ti a m
watermark c th t c m khng nh hng n tnh khng khng th cm
nhn). Gi tr ngng JND c tnh cho mi im nh trong khng gian DoG bng
cch kt hp m hnh th gic (HVS).
Trong lun vn ca mnh, em i su tm hiu v xy dng mt h thng s
dng k thut thy vn bo v bn quyn nh s chng tn cng Print-Scan.
Em xin chn thnh cm n TS. H Vn Canh h tr, hng dn em hon
thnh lun vn ny.
3
Chng 1.
TNG QUAN V THY VN S
Trong chng ny, em xem xt mt s khi nim chung v cc kha cnh quan
trng ca thy vn s, tp trung vo thy vn hnh nh k thut s i vi nh.
Chng ny gii thiu ngn gn mt s khi nim v cc c tnh c bn ca thy
vn s. Phn u gii thiu khi nim v thy vn s, mt s kha cnh lin quan
nh yu cu, ng dng, s tn cng cng c xem xt n. Cc phn tip theo gii
thiu phn loi k thut thy vn hin ti v cc nh gi hiu sut. Phn cui s m
t nguyn l ca qu trnh in qut, phn tch cc tn cng ca qu trnh in - qut i
vi nh k thut s, ng thi a ra nhng i sch khc phc thng dng cho
cc tn cng ch yu gp phi trong qu trnh trn. Thng qua cc m t ny, cc
kha cnh khc nhau cng nh cc thch thc hin ti ca thy vn c xc nh
v lm r. iu ny nh hng cch tip cn ca em thit k cc thut ton thy
vn bn vng v trong sut.
1.1.
Gii thiu
Ngy nay, vn bo v bn quyn tr thnh yu cu quan trng nht cho

vic to ra v pht trin cc ni dung k thut s. Cc thnh phn chnh tham gia
trong qu trnh ny l cc hng pht hnh ni dung (v d nh ngnh cng nghip
in nh), ngnh cng nghip cng ngh thng tin, ngnh cng nghip in t tiu
dng v ngi tiu dng cui. Cc thnh phn ny u c mi quan tm chung
trong cuc chin chng vi phm bn quyn k thut s. Phng php c in bo v
ni dung a phng tin c da trn k thut m ha ngn chn cc ni dung
k thut s (hnh nh, video, m thanh, vv) khng b truy cp tri php mt khi
c m ha. Tuy nhin, k thut ny l v ch mt khi ni dung c gii m. V
d, mt b phim c m ha c th c bo v trong qu trnh sn xut, sau sn
xut (hu k), vn chuyn v phn phi nhng d dng b vi phm bn quyn trong
giai on chiu ti rp chiu bi cc cuc tn cng ca my quay hay mt hnh nh
sau khi in c th qut v s dng cc chng trnh sa i v s dng sai mc ch.
Do cn phi s dng mt gii php khc cho php kh nng "bo v" b sung
hon thin k thut m ha. V k thut thy vn c coi l gii php c th p
dng trn thc t.
4
Thy vn ln u tin c gii thiu vo th k th XIV biu th mt k
thut c pht minh trong ngnh cng nghip sn xut giy [0][1]. Vo thi im
, cc nh sn xut giy phi i mt vi nhiu cnh tranh t cc i th v cht
lng v gi bn giy. Do s cnh tranh khc nghit ny, mt s nh sn xut giy
ngi a ra mt tng v nhng thng tin vo giy t ca h. nh du
ny ch c th nhn thy khi thp sng v ch yu cho mc ch nhn dng thng
hiu v phn bit sn phm. K thut ny sau c s dng nh l mt phng
php chng sao chp tri php cho tin giy v cc ti liu chnh thc. Trong th k
XVIII khi thut ng "thy vn" c gii thiu ln u tin, c th v cc du hiu
tng t nh cc hiu ng ca nc trn giy. Nm 1961, thy vn trn cc ni
dung k thut s ln u tin c trnh by bi E. Hembrooke trong mt bng sng
ch xc nh cc tc phm m nhc [2]. Nm 1988, thut ng "thy vn s"
xut hin r rng trong cc n phm ca Komatsu v Tominaga [3]. T nm 1995,
Thy vn s nhn c nhiu s quan tm v tr thnh mt lnh vc quan trng
khng ch trong nghin cu m cn trong ngnh cng nghip v n gip gii quyt
mt s thch thc vi phm bn quyn ni dung k thut s.
Ni chung, mt h thng thy vn bao gm mt thit b nhng v mt thit b
pht hin/trch xut nh minh ha trong Hnh 1.1. Thit b nhng c s dng
chn mt tin nhn (c gi l thy vn, mt loi siu d liu) vo mt ni dung
ban u. Ni dung c nhng thy vn sau c truyn thng qua mt knh
phn phi. T , n c th b mt s thao tc thay i c ch cng nh khng
ch (gi l cc cuc tn cng) c gng loi b cc thy vn hoc lm cho n
tr nn v dng. Cui cng, thit b pht hin/trch xut c gng xc nh liu
cn tn ti thy vn hay khng, nu c, trch xut thng tin lin quan. Trong cc
phn tip theo, sau khi gii thiu mt s nh ngha ca thy vn s v cc tho lun
lin quan, chng ti nghin cu cc c tnh khc nhau ca thy vn lin quan
n yu cu, cc ng dng v cc cuc tn cng. Lun vn ny ch tp trung vo
thy vn ni dung nh nhng bn cnh , thy vn c th c s dng trn
phng tin khc nh m thanh, phn mm, ti liu, video vv
Hnh 1.1. M hnh thy vn s trn nh

1.2.
Thy vn v nhng ngnh lin quan
Thy vn c lin quan cht ch n mt m hc, vit n thng tin

(Steganography) v che giu d liu. Mc d chng c nhiu c im chng cho,
tuy nhin c mt s khc bit trong cc khi nim c bn sau:
Mt m (hoc Khoa hc mt m) l mt khoa hc v m ha mt bn tin
c th b chn trong qu trnh truyn ti bo m b mt ca n. Mt m
xut hin sau khi pht minh ra ch vit nhm tng cng yu cu v bo
mt, an ninh v ton vn trong giao tip. Nguyn tc ca mt m l
chuyn i mt bn tin sang mt dng khng th hiu nn cc thit b chn
hoc nghe trm tn hiu khng th c c, nhng nhng ngi c th c
thng tin b mt gii m bn tin ny th d dng c c bn tin . K
t khi bt u, mt m c gii hn cho cc ng dng qun s v ngoi
giao nhng gi y n pht trin vt bc, c bit l vi s ra i ca
my tnh, v m rng n i sng dn s. M ha hin i by gi l mt
lnh vc nghin cu quan trng c lin quan n nhiu ngnh nh ton hc,
khoa hc my tnh v k thut in.
6
Vit n thng tin (c ngun gc t Steganos trong ting Hy Lp, cover
c ngha l "v bc" v "graphia" c ngha l "Vit") m t k thut cho
php thng tin lin lc b mt bng cch n tin th cp (mt thng tin b
mt) vo thng ip chnh (d liu khng b nghi ng). Phng php vit
n thng tin thng c s dng trong giao tip b mt im - im gia
cc bn tin tng nhau. Trong vit n thng tin, bn th ba khng th bit
c s tn ti ca cc thng tin b mt trong khi trong mt m hc, thng tin
c bit n nhng khng th c c nu khng c kha gii m.
Thy vn c th c coi nh l mt nhnh ca mt m. Tuy nhin, nh
tri ngc vi vit n thng tin, n c b sung c tnh bn vng chng li
cc cuc tn cng. Ngay c khi bit n s tn ti ca cc thng tin n v
cc thut ton thy vn l cng khai, v mt l thuyt rt kh khn (hoc
khng th) mt k tn cng ph hy cc thy vn c nhng m
khng nh hng nghim trng n cht lng ca cc ni dung chnh.
y l nguyn tc tng t nh lut Kerkhoffs ni ting trong mt m hc:
mt h mt c an ton ngay c khi mt k tn cng bit phng php m
ha c s dng nhng khng c cha kha thch hp [4]. Yu cu bn
vng ny dn n mt thc t rng cc phng php thy vn thng
nhng t thng tin vo d liu chnh hn so vi cc phng php vit n
thng tin.
Du vn tay (Fingerprinting) ch l mt ng dng c bit ca thy vn.
K thut ny bao gm nhng mt thy vn c o v phn bit (v d mt
s s-ri) vo mi bn sao ca mt ni dung k thut s v s c phn
phi hoc bn. Bng cch ny, du vn tay gip xc nh nhng ngi
dng cui, nhng ngi phn phi ni dung bt hp php (qua internet
hoc trn th trng) v vi phm bo v bn quyn.
n d liu (hoc n thng tin) l mt thut ng chung biu th tt c cc
vn nhng mt bn tin vo mt ni dung s no . Thng thng n
bao gm hoc cc thng tin khng th nhn thy (thy vn) hoc gi b
7
mt s tn ti ca thng tin (vit n d liu) hoc cc ng dng lai "gia"
hai k thut ny.
1.3. Cc yu cu i vi h thng thy vn
1.3.1. Tnh bo mt
Ging nh trong lnh vc m ha, tnh hiu qu ca mt thut ton khng th
da vo gi nh l cc k tn cng khng bit cch m du thy vn c nhng
vo ti liu a phng tin. Tuy nhin, gi nh li c dng nh gi an
ton ca cc sn phm thng mi s dng thy vn c gi tr trn th trng. V
vy vi mt ng dng thy vn, mt khi bit c cch lm vic ca b nhng v
b d, vic lm cho thy vn khng c c thng rt d dng. Hn na mt s
k thut s dng d liu gc trong quy trnh d v thng th cc gii php loi ny
khng kh thi trong thc t.
1.3.2. Tnh v hnh
Nhng nh nghin cu gn y c nhng thy vn bng cch a vo
nhng min khng th c nhn ra. Tuy nhin yu cu ny mu thun vi cc yu
cu khc chng hn sc chu ng v an ton chng s bn vng, chng c
gi mo c bit l cc thut ton nn mt thng tin. V mc ch ny chng ta phi
kho st cc tnh cht ca HVS v HAS trong quy trnh d thy vn. Cc thut ton
nn c dng hin nay cho php t c mc tiu , tuy nhin iu ny s
khng kh thi trong tng lai l do th h ca thut ton nn tip theo c th thay
i, cn phi cho cc ngi gim st qua hun luyn (ngi c yu cu so
snh phin bn ca ti liu gc v ti liu c nh du) thy c thy vn. D
nhin y khng phi l kh khn trong thc t v ngi dng thng thng khng
c kh nng so snh .
1.3.3.
Tnh v hnh i vi thng k
Thy vn khng th pht hin c bng phng php thng k bi mt ngi

khng c php. V d, nhiu tc phm k thut s c nhng cng mt thy
vn sao cho khi thc hin tn cng da trn thng k th khng ti no trch c
thy vn. Mt gii php kh thi l s dng thy vn ph thuc ni dung.
8
1.3.4.
T l Bit
Ty thuc vo ng dng, thut ton thy vn c th cho php mt s lng bit

cn n c nh ngha trc. Khng tn ti cc quy tc chung, tuy nhin i vi
nh th ti thiu 300-400 bit. Trong bt k trng hp no th nh thit k h thng
phi nh rng tt nht l khng nn gii hn s lng bit c nhng vo d liu.
1.3.5.
Qu trnh d tm ng tin cy
Thm ch khi c cc tn cng cng nh cc bin dng tn hiu, kh nng

khng d c thy vn nhng hoc d sai thy vn phi rt nh. Thng thng
cc thut ton da trn thng k d dng tho c cc yu ny.
Tuy nhin ta thy rng mt kh nng nh vy phi c a ln hng u
nu ng dng thy vn lin quan n lut php v c nh vy mi to s tin cy
chc chn trong cc phn quyt cui cng...
1.3.6.
Tnh bn vng.
Vic s dng cc tn hiu m nhc, hnh nh v phim di dng k thut s

thng thng c lin quan ti nhiu kiu bin dng, chng hn nh nn c mt
thng tin, hay trong trng hp nh l cc php lc, nh li kch thc, ci tin
tng phn, php quay, v.v.
thy vn hu ch, du thy vn phi c pht hin ngay khi c cc bin
dng xy ra. Quan im chung t c tnh bn vng chng li c cc bin
dng tn hiu l t thy vn vo cc phn quan trng ca tn hiu.
iu ny ph thuc vo cch x l ca cc thut ton nn c mt thng tin
(b qua cc phn d liu khng quan trng m khng lm nh hng n cht
lng ca d liu c nn.
iu ny dn n mt thy vn c n trong cc d liu khng quan trng
kh tn ti khi b nn.
Trong trng hp thy vn trn nh, sc chu ng vi cc x l hnh hc
(dch chuyn, nh li kch thc, quay, xn) th vn l mt vn m, nhng thao
tc nh vy rt thng thng v mt gii php ra cn gii quyt c trc khi
p dng thy vn cho bo v tc quyn nh.
9
1.4. Tn cng trong thy vn
Tn cng c nh ngha l tt c cc hot ng c ch hoc khng ch
c th lm cho thy vn khng th pht hin/gii m c hoc tr nn v dng. C
hai loi tn cng chnh:
Tn cng khng ch : Kiu tn cng ny bao gm tt c cc quy trnh
khng nhm mc ch loi b hoc kh thy vn. Chng lin quan n s
suy gim trong qu trnh nn (Jpeg, Mpeg, vv...), lc, chuyn i A/D, thay
i nh dng m ha hoc phn gii, vv.. m mt ni dung c
thy vn c th gp phi trong qu trnh truyn dn.
Cc cuc tn cng c ch : Nhng cuc tn cng nhm mc ch lm
cho cc thy vn tr nn v dng, v d, my print-scan, my quay phim,
sao chp hoc thng ng tn cng.
Trn thc t, cc cuc tn cng c th c phn chia thnh cc loi theo cch
m chng hot ng nhm ngn chn hiu qu ca thy vn:
Cc cuc tn cng loi b: cc cuc tn cng ny c gng lm cho thy
vn c nhng tr nn khng c c. Loi tn cng ny gm x l
tn hiu, kh nhiu, ti iu ch (remodulation), v cc cuc tn cng thng
ng, s c m t nh sau:
-
Cc cuc tn cng kh nhiu xem qu trnh thy vn nh l mt qu

trnh chn nhiu. Bng cch ny, k tn cng c th s dng mt b lc
loi b nhiu loi b cc tn hiu thy vn. Cuc tn cng ny c th
cn mt s tri thc v thng k tn hiu ban u (cha c thy vn)
ti u ha hot ng kh nhiu.
Tn cng x l tn hiu bao gm chuyn i A/D hoc D/A, nn, lng

t ha, phi mu, lc, lm m, ly mu, thm nhiu, tng tng
phn, vv
Cc cuc tn cng thng ng c gng c lng ni dung gc t cc

bn sao khc nhau m c nhng cc thy vn khc nhau, hoc c
lng thy vn t ni dung bao ph khc c nhng vi cng mt
thy vn.
10
Cc cuc tn cng khng ng b: khng c gng loi b thy vn m l
nhm mc ch lm cho thy vn khng th pht hin c/khng trch
xut c mc d n vn cn trong ni dung. Chng ta phn bit hai loi:
-
Cc cuc tn cng hnh hc bao gm tt c cc hot ng nh xoay, co

gin, dch chuyn (RST), bin i affine, cc cuc tn cng ny c
p dng kh n gin nhng thc s l mt thch thc cho cc k thut
thy vn nh hin hnh.
Tn cng kiu ct dn to ra mt ni dung sao chp bt hp php t cc

ni dung c thy vn bng cch kt hp cc ni dung ny s dng
phng php khc nhau.
Bn cnh , chng ta c th lit k cc kiu tn cng vo c tnh ca thy

vn:
Tn cng vo c tnh bn vng: K tn tn cng c gng sa i hoc
xa cc thy vn m khng cn n kha b mt, thm ch tn cng vo c
cc thut ton thy vn c bit n l hon ho [5].
Tn cng vo c tnh bo mt: Khi k tn cng c tri thc v lc
thy vn c s dng, k tn cng c gng xc nh kha b mt thng
qua quan st cc kt qu u ra ca qu trnh nhng v/hoc b pht
hin/gii m. Mt cuc tn cng nh vy r rng l nguy him hn so vi
cc cuc tn cng vo c tnh bn vng.
Mt khi kha b mt c xc nh th ton b h thng thy vn s b b
kha. Cn i vi trng hp ca cc cuc tn cng vo c tnh bn vng, ch c
ni dung c thy vn mi b b kha [5].
Tn cng m ha: tn cng ny c gng khai thc bt k li trong h
thng qun kha. Hai cch tip cn c xc nh:
1) tm kim brute-force thng l khng thc t do tnh ton phc tp v
phc tp tnh ton ca n v
2) tn cng Oracle trong dng b d v c gng tm ra kha hoc thy vn
thng qua qu trnh th sai. Theo nguyn tc Kerkhoff, mt h thng thy vn c
th c d dng b b kha khi c kha v thut ton thy vn c bit n [6].
11
Tn cng giao thc: Kiu tn cng ny khng c gng loi b cc thy
vn, m ch n gin l lm cho n v dng bng cch to ra mt s loi
nhp nhng (ambiguity). Loi tn cng ny bao gm tn cng nhp nhng
v tn cng bn sao:
1) Tn cng nhp nhng (c bit n nh tn cng gi mo, tc nghn, bao
ph hoc o ngc) l nhng mt thy vn khc vo ni dung bao ph to ra s
nhm ln v chng minh bn quyn bi v chng ta khng th phn bit thy vn
no c bi tc gi thc s.
2) Cc cuc tn cng sao chp s c gng xc nh v sao chp mt thy
vn c nhng vo trong cc ni dung khc nhau, vi mc ch c c mt
ni dung c thy vn hp l mi.
1.5. Phn loi cc k thut thy vn
K thut khy vn c phn loi theo cc tiu ch khc nhau nh chin lc
nhng/pht hin, min lm vic, cp bn vng, ng dng... Hnh 1.2 minh ha
mt phn loi nh vy.
1.5.1.
Phn loi theo cp bn vng
Theo cc cp bn vng, thy vn c phn thnh cc loi sau:

Thy vn d v: thng c s dng pht hin gi mo.Thy vn
c th khng b pht hin khi bt k thay i nh trn cc tn hiu c
thy vn. Mt v d n gin ca thy vn d v l phng php nhng
vo cc bt t quan trng Least-Significant-Bit (LSB) trong thy vn
c nhng vo trong bit t ngha nht ca cc im nh. Do vy, bt k
s thay i no v ni dung nh cng d thay i thy vn.
Thy vn bn d v: c th khng b nh hng bi mt s thao tc
khng ch trong khi d b tn thng bi cc tn cng nguy him. Do
vy, Thy vn bn d v: cung cp mt c ch xc thc c chn lc
m ti sa i bt hp php cn phi c pht hin. Vic thay i n
gin (v d: nn, lc, thay i nh dng) khc so vi thay i nguy hi (v
d nh b sung hoc xa mt yu t quan trng ca ni dung). Nhng thao
12
tc thay i n gin ny khng nh hng n ni suy tng th ca ni
dung.
Hnh 1.2. Phn loi cc phng php thy vn

Thy vn bn vng c thit k tn ti trc cng nhiu cuc tn cng c
th (c tn cng khng ch tn cng v c ch ) v thng c s dng trong
cc ng dng nh bo v bn quyn, sao chp, du vn tay, kim sot sao
chp,v.v Tuy nhin, tnh bn vng thng i cng vi chi ph tnh ton, dung
lng cao v trong sut.
Mi nghin cu v xut c trnh by trong lun vn thuc loi thy vn
bn vng, thy vn d v v bn d v khng c cp n trong nghin
cu ny.
1.5.2.
Phn loi theo min lm vic
Thy vn c th c nhng vo mt ni dung thng qua hai cch: trong min

khng gian (tc l khng gian cha ni dung) hoc trong min bin i (bng cch
s dng mt s k thut nh Fourier, DCT, hoc bin i Wavelet, vv...).
Min khng gian: u im ca nhng trong min khng gian l thc thi
n gin nhng thng khng bn vng so vi nhng trong min bin i.
iu ny c th c gii thch nh sau: hu ht cc bin i cung cp mt
13
phn tch y ca mt tn hiu trong cc min nh m ti cc thuc
tnh ca tn hiu c th c nhn mnh v khai thc.
Min bin i: nhng trong mt min bin i bao gm chuyn i mt
tn hiu mt tn min khc (nh DCT, Wavelet, vv), sau , du cc thy
vn, v cui cng thc hin bin i ngc tn hiu v min khng gian.
Nhiu bin i, c bit l bin i trc giao, c cc thuc tnh th li v
dn nng lng c khai thc m ha, nn cng nh thy vn. Tht
vy, hu ht nng lng ca nh c nm tn s thp. Do , nhng
thy vn vo trong cc tn s ny s bn vng nhng c bin dng khi hin
th nhiu hn. Trong khi, nhng vo cc tn s cao th cht lng hnh nh
tt hn, nhng li to ra thy vn d v. Do , gii tn s trung bnh l
ph hp nht cho thy vn bi v n cn bng gia yu cu v tnh bn
vng v tnh n.
1.6. Cc ng dng ca thy vn
Thy vn c th c s dng nh mt gii php ch ng v hiu qu cho
mt lot cc lnh vc t truy tm k phn bi, kim sot sao chp, gim st chng
trnh pht sng, xc thc bo v bn quyn. Cc ng dng ny c cc c im, hn
ch v yu cu (bn vng, trong sut, nng lc) khc nhau do cn phi tnh ti
khi thit k cc thut ton thy vn. V d, trong vic bo v quyn tc gi, thy vn
phi khng th nhn thy gi cht lng ca ni dung gc v mnh tn ti
(kh nng trch chn) trc cc tn cng gy ra bi truyn ti hoc cc tn cng c
ch . Tng t nh vy, ty thuc vo ng dng, thy vn c th truyn ti thng
tin khc nhau v ch s hu ni dung ( xc nh ch s hu), ngi s dng cui
( truy tm k phn bi), quyn s hu ( bo v bn quyn) hoc m kim st
bn ghi ( kim sot sao chp), vv. Chng ta tho lun sau y mt s ng dng
chnh ca thy vn .
1.6.1.
Bo v bn quyn
y l mt trong nhng ng dng u tin ca thy vn. Trong trng hp

ny, thy vn c cha thng tin v bn quyn ca tc gi c a vo ni dung
gc n c th c s dng khng ch xc nh quyn s hu m cn
14
chng minh quyn s hu. V d, mt thy vn c th nhn thy c s dng
qung co v khuyn ngi dng cui khng chim ot ni dung; trong khi, mt
thy vn v hnh c s dng cho php tc gi pht hin ni dung ca mnh
ngay c khi n c thay i phn no .
1.6.2.
Bo v sao chp
y l mt ng dng rt quan trng m mc ch l kim sot truy cp v

ngn chn vic sao chp bt hp php ca ni dung c bn quyn. ng dng ny c
v l c bit hu ch trong cc ngnh cng nghip truyn thng DVD. Trn thc t,
rt d dng lm cc bn sao ni dung a phng tin (nh, phim) v phn phi
chng qua internet hoc cc knh khc. ngn chn iu ny, mt thy vn c
cha thng tin v cc hn ch sao chp c nhng vo ni dung gc thng qua "h
thng qun l kim sot sao chp". Ni chung, c ba loi ch nh sao chp: "sao
chp mt ln", "khng sao chp na" v "khng bao gi sao chp". Sau , u c
DVD phi c kh nng pht hin cc thy vn c nhng, v nu pht hin ra,
t chi ghi li ni dung c thy vn cm sao chp. Tuy nhin, p dng cc k
thut c tnh kh thi, u c DVD phi c tch hp mt my d thy vn. iu
ny dn n tng gi v gy ra mt vn tun th v n buc tt c ngi tiu
dng hoc nh sn xut phi p dng tiu chun tng thch cho cc thit b DVD
ca h.
1.6.3.
Vn tay hoc truy tm k phn bi
ng dng ny gip ngn nga mt ni dung c bn quyn c phn phi

hoc ti phn phi rng ri thng qua Internet khi ngi nhn khng c php
cung cp cc ni dung cho ngi khc. lm iu ny, mt du vn tay (mt s
nhn dng duy nht cho mi bn sao) c th c s dng phn bit tng ngi
nhn. Bt c khi no pht hin mt bn phn phi bt hp php, thng tin c
trch chn t cc bn sao c pht hin cho php xc nh ngun r r ni dung t
ngi nhn c th. Do vy, trong trng hp ny, cn phi phn bit mt s thut
ng. Ngi nhn phn phi bt hp php cc ni dung c gi l "k phn bi",
trong khi ngi nhn cc ni dung t k phn bi c coi l "cp bin" v cui
15
cng, k th c m t l nhng k tn cng c gng v hiu ha thy vn
hoc tm cch ph ly ni dung gc [1].
1.6.4.
Gim st chng trnh pht sng
Ni chung, cc nh qung co tr ph rt cao cho cc on qung co ngn

xut hin trong thi gian ngh ca cc s kin th thao quan trng hoc phim truyn.
Do , h mun m bo rng qung co ca h thc s pht sng. Gim st
pht sng ch yu c s dng thu thp thng tin v ni dung ang c pht
sng. Thng tin ny sau c s dng lm cn c thanh ton. Mt phng
php n gin theo di chng trnh pht sng l s dng con ngi gim st,
nhng n l tn km v khng ng tin cy. Do , cn thit s dng cc phng
php t ng thay th. Ni tm li cn phn bit hai k thut: gim st th ng v
ch ng [1]. H thng th ng c gng m phng cch thc ca con ngi
bng cch ghi li cc chng trnh pht sng v so snh chng vi ni dung (bi
ht, phim nh, chng trnh truyn hnh) trong mt c s d liu da trn mt s
phng php ph hp. H thng ch ng thc hin gim st bng cch nhng cc
thng tin lin quan cng vi cc ni dung ang c pht sng. Do c nhiu vn
c pht hin vi cc h thng th ng, cc nh qung co tng bc chuyn
sang phng php gim st ch ng nh l mt phng php thay th. Thy vn l
mt k thut thun li cho vic thc hin gim st ch ng. N c mt li th l s
dng siu d liu l m s nhn dng c chn vo v tn ti trong ni dung. Do
, thng tin chn vo vn c th tn ti sau mt s thao tc nh thay i nh dng.
Tuy nhin, n lm ny sinh mi quan ngi rng thy vn c th lm gim cht
lng ca ni dung pht sng.
1.6.5.
Xc thc ni dung
Tht d dng lm xo trn mt ni dung k thut s, do xc thc l cn

thit m bo s ton vn v xc thc ni dung. iu ny c th c thc hin
bng cc k thut thy vn d v hoc bn d v (xem Phn 1.5.1). Nguyn tc ca
k thut d v l nhng mt thy vn vo trong ni dung gc sao cho n s b ph
hy bt c khi no ni dung b thay i (thm ch thay i rt t). Trong giai on
pht hin, thy vn ny c trch xut v cho php xc thc liu ni dung c b
16
thay i khng. Hn na, mt s h thng khng ch cung cp kh nng pht hin
ca cc vng b thay i m cn kh nng khi phc li ni dung ban u.
Tuy nhin, mt nhc im ca k thut thy vn d v l thy vn cng b
ph hy vi thao tc x l khng ch nh nn nh dng JPEG hoc thay i nh
dng. Hai thao tc trn khng c coi l tn cng nguy him. Do , mt gii php
cho vn ny l s dng mt thy vn bn d v c thit k tn ti trong qu
trnh bin i chun, nhng "d v" i vi bt k thao tc nguy him no.
1.7. Vai tr ca du thy vn
c tnh nng cao ch yu ca du thy vn so vi m ha chnh l ni dung
a phng tin khng tch ri vi du thy vn. iu ny lm cho thy vn c vai
tr ht sc quan trng trong vic xc thc, kim sot sao chp v giao dch b mt.
i vi vic xc thc, thy vn nhng nhng thng tin cn thit xc nh
ni dung l chnh xc. Do , du thy vn phi c thit k sao cho bt c thay
i no v ni dung s dn n ph hy du thy vn hoc lm cho du thy vn s
khng cn ph hp vi ni dung na. Nu du thy vn vn tn ti v ph hp hon
ton vi ni dung, ngi s dng ni dung c m bo rng n khng b bin i
t khi du thy vn c thm vo.
Kim sot sao chp da trn vic thy vn cha thng tin v nhng qui tc s
dng v sao chp m ngi ch s hu ca ni dung mun c hiu lc. Php lut
hoc ni cp bng sng ch c th t ra nhng yu cu i vi nhng thit b sao
chp ni dung l phi c kh nng phn tch v thc hin theo nhng qui tc . Xa
hn na, thit b trnh din ni dung c th phn tch du thy vn v so snh chng
vi cc manh mi khc pht hin ra bn sao chp bt hp php v khng trnh
din bn sao . y l ng dng m hin nay mi ch p dng cho a video s.
Trong giao dch b mt tn hiu nhng c s dng truyn thng tin b mt
t mt ngi (my tnh) ti ngi khc (my khc) m khng ai trn ng truyn
bit thng tin . y l ng dng m ha c in-n mu thng tin trong ci khc.
Trong thc t, thy vn phi hp vi ch k s c th b dng sai mc ch tr
thnh mt knh ngm truyn thng tin do thm. Nhiu min cng cng v
chng trnh chia s s dng dch v thy vn giao dch b mt.
17
Khi mun d liu c phn phi c kh nng chng c cc vi phm bn
quyn th vic nhng du thy vn vo ti liu l mt cch lm hiu qu. Thng qua
du thy vn ny s xc nh c nhng vi phm v bn quyn ng thi gii
quyt nhng vn khc v tranh chp. Nh vy du thy vn c mt vai tr rt
quan trng trong vic phn phi d liu an ton.
1.8. Cng ngh thy vn trn nh s
Cng ngh thy vn (Watermark) l s dng mt Du thy vn nhng vo
trong mt nh gc (Original Image) to thnh nh c cha thy vn
(Watermarked Image). i khi ngi ta cn s dng c kha mt trong qu trnh
nhng. Mt qu trnh pht hin du thy vn s c thc hin nu nh pht hin
thy mt bn nh c quan h vi nh gc v nu nh du thy vn nm trong nh
cn pht hin th n s c trch ra nh trng thi ban u.
1.8.1.
Du thy vn
Du thy vn c cha thng ip bn trong gm ba loi nh sau:

Mt chui cc bit nh phn.
Mt nh.
Mt chui s du phy ng c mt c tnh no .
Ba loi du thy vn ny dn n cc thut ton nhng v pht hin l khc
nhau.
Vi du thy vn l mt chui bit c dng m ASCII hoc mt dng m no
c th c s dng nhng thng ip. Cc on m li tng ng c th
c s dng tng kh nng pht hin ra du thy vn sau khi b tn cng.
Du thy vn l mt nh s c s dng vo trong qu trnh nhng m mt
ngi khng nhn bit c s tn ti ca du thy vn-Nhng Invisible. Ti y
khi du thy vn c trch ra s c so snh vi du thy vn gc. Tuy vy du
thy vn l nh thng khng c thun li khi s dng trong mt h thng ln.
Khi du thy vn l mt chui s thc mang mt c tnh no th thng
thng cc chui s ny c s dng kim tra bi v chui s thc bt k
thng c cu trc tng t vi nhiu. Di y l cc bin s c qui nh trong
phn thut ton c s dng trong qu trnh thy vn.
18
Bin s
ngha
XY
Kch thc ca nh c nhng du thy vn.
nh gc cn c nhng du thy vn.
nh sau khi nhng du thy vn.
nh c th c nhng du thy vn.
S,N
Cp du thy vn v kch thc ca du thy vn.
sk
Gi tr m nu du thy vn ca ta l mt chui bit.
s(x,y)
Gi tr m nu du thy vn ca ta l mt nh.
Trng s nhng.
Bng 1.1. Bng gi tr cc bin
1.8.2.
Qu trnh nhng du thy vn tng qut.
Cc thut ton chn cc c trng quan trng ca nh gc sao cho chng c

th thao tc c. Ph thuc vo loi thut ton v loi phng tin, cc c trng
l khc nhau, v d vi nh cc c trng c th l cc h s trong min DCT,
sng trong khi 88 ca min khng gian,... Cc c trng c chn l cc c
trng chnh phn bit cc thut ton vi nhau.
Cc c trng c th thao tc c ny, ta gi l v tr nhng. Bt u bng tt
c cc v tr nhng c th-tp ny nn c s lng phn t ln ta s bt u x l
chn.
Chn ngu nhin v tr nhng: Trong phng php ny kha c s dng
nh l u vo ca b to s gi ngu nhin (PRNG). Vi cc s gi ngu
nhin ny, ta chn mt tp con t tp cc v tr nhng kh dng ca chng ta.
y l tng ca k thut tri ph (spread spectrum).
Chn v tr nhng theo cht lng: Vic tip theo l loi b cc v tr no
v thao tc trn cc v tr ny s dn n thay i ln cht lng nh.
19
Hnh 1.3: S nhng thy vn tng qut

Tin x l du thy vn: Du thy vn bn thn n l c tin x l
d dng khi phc t li. Phng thc n gin thc hin iu ny l lp
mi bit trong du thy vn cr ln, tha s cr c gi l tc chip. Cc
phng php phc tp hn bao gm m ha Hamming hoc m ha Reed
Solomon.
Khun dng ca du thy vn: Khun dng ca du thy vn c s dng
pht hin dch chuyn, bin i hay loi bin i hnh hc no khc c th
p dng c trn nh. Mt v d n gin v khun dng cu du thy vn
l du thy vn c th l cc chui bit (0,1). Hoc mt du thy vn c th l
du thy vn ch dn, khi chng ta ly du thy vn ra th khng cn n nh
gc.
Nhng: Du thy vn c nhng ti v tr chn vo trong nh gc.
Kt hp nh thy vn v nh gc: ci thin c tnh cm nhn ca h
thng gic quan con ngi vi nh thy vn. Thng thng, nh thy
vn I* v nh gc I c cng theo tng im nh (thng l min khng
gian) vi trng s cc b I =
I* + (1- ) I.
Kt qu l nh nh du Ic tnh cm nhn cao hn so vi nh I* ban u.

Khng phi mi thut ton u s dng tt c cc bc, nhng ta thy rng hu ht
cc thut ton c th trnh by v thc thi bng cch s dng khung cng vic ny.
20
1.8.3.
Qu trnh pht hin du thy vn.
Pht hin du thy vn l qu trnh nhn bit v ti to li du thy vn ban

u sau cc php thao tc vi nh gc bng nhiu phng php. Vn y l c
th du thy vn ly ra khng c cht lng v tn ti sai s so vi du thy vn
gc v nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau. ng nhin vic pht hin du thy vn
khng ch n thun l vic tn ti hay khng tn ti du thy vn, song nu du
thy vn ly ra c s sai khc so vi gc th kt qu ch khc g vic chng ta thu
c mt gi tr lng l, du thy vn c tn ti y nhng khng bit ngun gc
u. V vy cn phi ch khng nn cng khai cc phng thc pht hin du
thy vn v nu nm c cc phng thc th k tn cng c th li dng n
ph hy du thy vn ca chng ta. Hy ly v d l mt kch bn sau:
Kch bn (Cng khai phng php pht hin du thy vn):
Bob cng b bc nh I ca mnh ln trn mng vi du thy vn xc thc S
trn nh I. ng thi Bob a ra phng php pht hin du thy vn (I) mt
cch cng khai. Khi k tn cng c th li dng vo (I) lm hng du thy
vn m khng cn ph hy nh gc. Nh vy, iu quan trng l k tn cng dng
cch no ly du thy vn ra. Rt n gin, c th dng mi cch ph hy
du thy vn, c khi no tn cng xong th ch vic dng (I) kim tra li l sau
php tn cng ca mnh du thy vn b sai lch nh th no v hn s la chn
phng php tt nht.
Kch bn trn l gii ti sao hu ht thut ton u c s dng kha mt v ch
khi no bn bit c kha mt mi c th ly ra c thy vn du bn trong. Do
, b pht hin c th cn n bt c thng tin no trong s cc thng tin sau:
nh gc.
Du thy vn.
Kha b mt (nu c s dng).
Nu qu trnh pht hin du thy vn m khng cn n nh gc th qu trnh
chng ta gi l oblivious hay blind. Trong trng hp ngc li th qu trnh
pht hin ca ta c gi l non-blind.
21
Mt s b pht hin ch tnh ton xc sut c mt du thy vn trong nh kim
tra I, trong khi b pht hin khc c du thy vn, thu c du thy vn ti to
S. By gi ta s nh gi c hai kh nng c th ny.
Kh nng 1: Ch pht hin du thy vn.
Trong qu trnh kim tra s tn ti ca du thy vn th kt qu c hai gi nh
sau:
Gi nh H0: Ch c nhiu tn ti.
Gi nh H1: du thy vn v nhiu cng tn ti.
Tp nhiu y thng l nhiu GAUSSIAN vi tr trung bnh khng v n
thng tn ti c lp trong cc min tn s khc nhau. Vi cc thut ton pht hin
khng dng nh gc th bn thn nh l mt loi nhiu, n c khun dng ging
nh nhiu GAUSSIAN vy.
Kh nng 2: Tch ra du thy vn.
Chi tit ca qu trnh tch du thy vn c m t trong mi thut ton. Mi
khi tnh ton du thy vn ti to S, c mt s phng php thng thng c s
dng so snh S vi S v quyt nh xem du thy vn c tn ti hay khng.
Php o n gin cho chui bit l t s li bit (BER). BER bng 0 nu khng
c li truyn du thy vn, bng 1 nu cc bit u truyn sai ht, v nu tn hiu b
loi b hon ton. t:
pi
si''
si''
1 : si
0 : si
Sau , t s li bit c tnh ton nh sau:

pi
BER ( S , S " )
Ngoi ra mt s thut ton khc cn s dng h s tng quan chun vi du

thy vn l chui bit vi tr trung bnh khng.
NC ( S , S ' ' )
si si//
si2
si''2
22
Nu du thy vn l mt chui cc bit si
{-1, 1}, BER ca 1 (o bit) l
tng ng vi tng quan bng -1. Khi t s li bnh phng nh nht c

tnh ton nh sau:
LSE ( S , S ' ' )
si
si''
si2
T chng ta s tnh ra t s bin i t tn hiu thnh nhiu (SRN) theo

cng thc sau:
SNR(S,S) = -10 log10(E(S,S)).
Vi cc php o ny, ngng t c th c s dng quyt nh xem nu
du thy vn tn ti. V d:
Du thy vn tn ti nu NC(S,S) > t.
Du thy vn khng tn ti nu NC(S,S)
t. y, t c xc
nh t h thc sau:
(x)dx = /2. y,
(x) l hm phn phi Student , c dng:
(x) = ( (p+1)/2)/( (p/2). (1/2).p
, l mc sai lm loi
mt cho trc,
Cn (p) =
dx l hm Gamma c lp bng theo gi tr p cho.
1.9. Phn tch nh hng ca qu trnh in - qut

Nhm thit k thut ton thy vn s bn vng sau khi in - qut c th rt trch
chnh xc, phn ny s m t nguyn l ca qu trnh in qut, phn tch cc tn cng
ca qu trnh in - qut i vi nh k thut s, ng thi a ra nhng i sch khc
phc thng dng cho cc tn cng ch yu gp phi trong qu trnh trn, nghin
cu nhm nm vng mang tnh nh lng v nh tnh v tng th qu trnh tn
cng phc tp ny i vi in - qut, a ra nhng chun b cn thit v kin thc
bi cnh lin quan v vic thit k, nghin cu thut ton thy vn s chng in qut. Do model ca my in, my qut khc nhau v mi trng thc nghim khc
nhau nn phn ny ch cp n tnh nng chung ca my in v my qut.
23
1.9.1. nh hng ca qu trnh in i vi nh k thut s
Cng vi s tin b khng ngng ca khoa hc cng ngh thng tin, my in
hin nay u c th thu c bn copy nh k thut s c cht lng th gic tng
i tt. Thng thng, tn cng ca my in laser i vi nh k thut s lc in ch
yu l attack Halftone, tn cng lc cc tn thp, v tn cng hnh hc.
i vi hnh nh s Grayscale, my in laser p dng hiu ng Halftone dng
li en trng in. My in laser thng thng dng k thut Halftone lm phng
php ditering, im xut pht nguyn l c bn l: i b phn nh k thut s u
c mt kt cu nht nh, trn bt k cc b nh no ca hnh nh, kt cu thng
tng t nhau, gi tr Grayscale pixel cng kh gn nhau, hn na th gic ca mt
ngi c c tnh khng gian tn thp. Phng php ditering li dng mt vi c
tnh ny, dng mt t im in i din mt t im nh tng ng, ng thi thng
qua mt vi t im ny tng hp th hin hiu qu Grayscale tng th ca cc
im nh ny. Thng thng hnh nh to ra t hiu ng Halftone phng php
ditering v i th ng nht vi hnh nh ban u, chi tit cc b thng tn ti
bin dng. Tnh trng thng gp l trn hnh nh xut hin Jitter cao tn, ng thi
cc nhn t nh hnh dng ca im ph hp Hafttone, khuch tn chm tia laser,
c tnh ca giy, bng..v..v.. u c th gy ra s bin i ca im ph hp
Hafttone, thng dn n hnh nh in m, ng bin hnh nh tng nhiu. Do ,
s bin ha Halftone trong qu trnh in c nh hng kh ln i vi hnh nh ban
u, thay i thng tin ban u ca hnh nh, gy ra attack Halftone i vi
watermarking. Do a s hin thc c th ca cc nh sn xut my in khng cng
khai, cng khin vic khc ha i vi attack ny kh nh lng, hoc hn ch ng
dng ca thut ton thy vn s da vo thit b in c th.
Ngoi ra, my in laser l thit b tn thp in hnh, phn ln chi tit thp tn
ca hnh nh sau khi in (phn tp trung phn nh thng tin hnh nh) c gi li,
nhng li lm mt phn ln chi tit cao tn ca sn phm in n. Do , qu trnh in
vn gy ra tn cng lc tn thp vi hnh nh. Cc loi nhiu v h thng im t
c ca bn thn cc thit b my in cng d dn n hnh nh sau khi in b m.
Mi trng trong my in do d b nhim t mc in, cng thm bi mt giy bn
ngoi, mc in khng .cng dn n cht lng sn phm in thp. S mn xc
trong qu trnh s dng cng nh nt ca hnh nh b gim.
Do s can thip ca nhn cng thao tc, ngi thao tc in thng khng th
t sn phm in vo v tr d nh ca my in mt cch hon ton chnh xc. Ngi
24
thao tc rt c kh nng lc t giy in vo my in b nghing, xoay, cong vnh nh,
khin sn phm sau khi in pht sinh cong vnh, nghing tng ng. Cng vi thi
gian s dng lu, trn v cng in tr mn nhit s dnh mc in v mt s tp cht,
nh hng n cm ng nhit ca n, khin nhit n gia nhit tng cao, dn n
giy in b nhn, hn na cn gy ra bin dng hnh hc i vi hnh nh sn phm
in. C th thy qu trnh in vn gy ra tn cng hnh hc i vi hnh nh k thut
s ban u.
RIP
My hon xung
C cu chp
hnh
H thng khng
ch
Hp mc tonner
cm quang
Con ln hin nh
Con ln np in
Con ln giy
Bn sao
cng
Hnh nh
ban u
Ngun laser
Con ln nh nh
Thu knh mt tr
Con ln p lc
Thu knh F-
H thng quang
hc
H thng chp
nh in t
Hnh 1.4. S kt cu bn trong my in laser

Hnh 1.4 miu t kt cu bn trong ca my in laser, c th thy my in do kh
nhiu linh ph kin to thnh, nu nghin cu tng linh ph kin, miu t chnh xc
s hc, c kh nht nh. Hn na, nu khng th miu t s hc chnh xc nh
25
hng ca cc qu trnh i vi im nh hnh nh, s khng c ngha thc t ln,
m gi phi tr qu t.
RIP l t vit tt ca cm t Raster Image Processing, tm dch l qu trnh
phn im nh. y l mt qu trnh bin i (bin dch) cc d liu hnh nh, ch
vit thnh dng d liu bitmap, sau d liu s c gi n thit b in/ghi iu
khin vic xut d liu (iu khin u in/ghi hoc khng in/ghi ln vt liu). Ni
chung l trc khi in/ghi th phi RIP ci (v my in hay ghi n ch hiu c d
liu bitmap sau khi RIP m thi). Qu trnh RIP i hi thc hin rt nhiu giai
on, php ton phc tp nn ban u n c x l trn cc thit b chuyn dng
(gi l RIP cng). Sau ny nh tc my tnh pht trin kh nhanh nn ngi ta
c th x l bng cc phn mm trn my tnh (gi l RIP mm).
1.9.2. nh hng ca qu trnh qut i vi hnh nh k thut s.
Bnh thng my scan khi tin hnh scan i vi sn phm in hnh nh k
thut s, s dn ti tn cng ch yu l tn cng lc tn thp v tn cng hnh hc.
Khi in hnh nh k thut s thnh tc phm in phi tri qua qu trnh chuyn
i t hnh nh dng k thut s (tn hiu k thut s) n hnh nh dng m phng
(tn hiu m phng), trong qu trnh scan li tri qua qu trnh chuyn i t hnh
nh dng m phng (tn hiu m phng) sang hnh nh dng k thut s (tn hiu k
thut s). My Scan l thit b a d liu vo ca tn hiu hnh nh k thut s, n
s tin hnh scan quang hc tc phm in gc sau s chuyn hnh nh quang hc
vo trong my chuyn ha quang tr thnh tn hiu m phng, sau li bin tn
hiu m phng thnh tn hiu k thut s, cui cng chuyn vo my tnh lu d
tr thnh hnh nh k thut s thng qua u ni my tinh. Vic chuyn i di
dng hnh thc khc nhau li tng thm s bin dng vi thng tin hnh nh. Hm
s chuyn quang hc ca my Scan c th xem nh l hm s o Gaussian. Kt cu
bn trong ca my Scan ging nh Hnh 1.5 ch yu c cu thnh bi ba b phn
l h thng quang hc, h thng ADC v h thng li. u tin, ng c y ca
my Scan s sn sinh ra nhiu ca Gaussian, nhiu trong qu trnh scan s lm nh
hng n cht lng hnh nh. Tip theo l nhiu mi trng bn ngoi cng s
gim i sng. K l tn ti vn cht lng b mt knh ca my Scan (
26
trong, sng quang, ng u kt tinh vv) v d trn b mt knh c vt l (bi),
knh c vt hay xc u c th nh hng n trn mt knh ca my Scan, dn
n phn x chm gy ra qu nhiu ca tia sng trn b mt knh, mc tn hiu
sng pht ra khng chnh xc, cng nh hng hn n vic tp hp cc tin tc ca
my scan i vi tc tc phm in nguyn bn, nh l hnh nh m, v tr mu sc
khng ng, c cc nt chm hoc l i xng hnh nh km t nh hng
n cht lng scan hnh nh. Cui cng l nu my scan s dng thi gian qu di
b lo ha, scan b ti, tia sng chp ln khng u nh hng n vic tp hp
cc thng tin ca my scan, khin cho ton b hnh nh sau khi scan s b thay i
hnh nh, c gn sng, lch mu, im hi t khng chnh xc c bit l mc
phi hp gia phn ti v sng hin th r rt gy bin dng hnh nh.
Ngun quang
H thng
ADC
Lp t phn x
Hnh nh
Digital
Bn sao
cng
CCD
H thng quang
hc
H thng
li
Hnh 1.5. S kt cu bn trong my qut

Trong qu trnh scan cng gy ln mt s tc ng i vi hnh nh k thut
s. Nu trong qu trnh scan m hnh nh t ln my scan khng t ng hay t
lch v tr th hnh nh scan cui cng t c chc chn s l mt bn b bin dng
ca tc phm hnh nh c qut sau khi tri qua qu trnh xoay chuyn. Mi
trng l tng l trong qu trnh qut khng cn c s tham gia ca con ngi, m
trc tip kt ni gia my v phn mm ci t tin hnh scan i vi tc phm
scan, ng thi tin hnh hiu chnh cc v tr thch hp i vi hnh nh, nhng
27
hin ti i a s cc nghin cu b hn ch bi iu kin kinh nghim thc t, trong
qu trnh qut vn phi c s tham gia ca con ngi m khng th trnh khi hnh
vi ca con ngi lm sai trong qu trnh thao tc. Ngoi ra mc phn bit ca
hnh nh k thut s s khai (thng thng l 72 hoc 96PPI thm ch mi cm 72
hoc 96 im nh) thp hn mc phn bit ca my scan v my in, hnh nh in
l hnh nh bin dng sau khi hnh nh gc uc phng to, m cui cng hnh nh
sau khi c scan xong li l hnh nh bin dng sau khi hnh nh print-scan c
thu nh.
Trong my qut phng s dng cng ngh CCD (Charge-Coupled Device),
ngun sng pht ra thng thng t mt n cathode lnh, c nhng tm knh
gc phn x chuyn hng v hi t li bng nhng thu knh trn b cm ng. Qu
trnh ny c s gp phn ca cc tc nhn CCD bt sng. Trong vi trng hp cc
tc nhn CCD cn c cc vi thu knh trc mi phn t bt sng (photodiode) gip
chng thu nhn nh sng hiu qu hn.
1.9.3. i sch tn cng ca in - qut
Thng qua phn tch nh tnh c l c qu trnh i vi my in - qut trong
hnh 1.4 , 1.5 c th miu t nhng tc ng m hnh nh k thut s phi nh
hng trong qu trnh in qut trong hnh 1.6.
Tc ng hnh hc
My
in
Hnh nh
watermarking
Bin dng
hnh hc
Bin dng
hnh hc
My
qut
Hnh nh
sau scan
Halfton
Mn
M
Tc ng
Halfton
Tc ng ca b
lc thng thp
Hnh 1.6. tn cngtrong qu trnh in - qut
28
Nu c th tin hnh miu t k thut s nh lng v xy dng m hnh s
chnh xc i vi qu trnh in - qut mc ti a. Vy vic tin hnh hiu chnh
bin dng ch yu i vi hnh nh sau khi c tn cng in - qut, khin cho hnh nh
gng sc phc hi gn t cht lng hnh nh trc khi in - qut. Hnh nh k
thut s sau khi hiu chnh xong rt trch watermarking ra yu cu gim thp i
vi tnh bn vng thut ton watermarking, nh th c th thc hin thnh cng
vic thc hin thy vn s chng tn cng in - qut. Cc tc gi khc th nghim
vi mt s lng ln c c quy lut nh tnh ca qu trnh phc tp ny, ch
yu l i tm lng bt bin, xc nh v tr nhng trong qu trnh in - qut ch
o vic thit k watermarking chng in - qut. Solankin nghin cu xong thuc
tnh print-scan h s DFT a ra kt lun nh sau[7]:
1. La chn tn s: H s tn s thp, tn s trung v tn s tng i cao
duy tr c tt.
2. nh hng ca ph bin DFT: Trong tn s thp v trung, vic so
snh gia h s bin thp v h s bin cao ln cn u chu nh
hng ln ca nhiu.
3. nh hng ca nhn thc: Vic iu chnh t h s tn s thp bin
cao gy nh hng khng ln i vi mt nhn thc.
4. nh hng ca giai on ph DFT: i vi h s bin cao, cc v tr
tn s lin k ch khc nhau trong qua trnh in qut c duy tr.
S dng my qut v my in khc nhau tin hnh th in - qut i vi 10 bc
nh in hnh di mc phn bin khc nhau, tin hnh b sung v a ra thuc
tnh print-scan di y i vi kt lut m Solankin a ra[7]:
1. Cho d bin h s DTF n nht bin i, nhng i a s hoa vn
u c bo v hoc i a s cc quan h ca h s DFT u c
bo v.
2. Phm vi trng thi ca gi tr sng c thu nh. Min ti bin i
cn sng hn trc khi in - qut, ngc li min sng li bin thnh ti.
3. Phn b im nh sau khi in qut chuyn thnh hnh trc chnh.
29
Kt lun tng ng c a ra o l kt qu ca nh nghin cu khng
ngng thm d nhng nh hng ca my in - qut i vi d liu hnh nh, c
ngha ch o nht nh i vi i sch tc ng tng i tht ca thit k v
thut ton thy vn bn vng.
1.9.4. Hiu chnh tn cng hnh hc
Cc bin dng hnh hc ch yu bao gm xoay chuyn, thu nh, ct, di
chuyn. Cc bin i ny khin v tr khng gian ca im nh hnh nh thay i,
khi d tm watermarking, kh xc nh chnh xc v tr nh v im nhng.
Bin dng hnh hc thng l mt trong s attack nguy him nht i vi
Digital Watermarking, trc tip dn n thng tin d liu gia hnh nh ban u v
hnh nh watermarking khng ng b, nh hng n tnh nng rt trch ca thng
tin watermarking. Trn phng din nghin cu vn ng b do s bin dng
hnh hc gy ra, Patric Bas [8] tin hnh tng kt k thut t ng b in hnh
ca Digital watermarking, trong cc k thut cp n u c ng dng
trong nghin cu ngn chn tn cng ca bin dng hnh hc i vi Digital
watermarking. Cc k thut t ng b ny ch yu c (a) s dng k thut sp xp
c tnh chu k; (b) s dng k thut nhng khun; (c) dng k thut bin i nhng
khng bin lng; (d) dng k thut im c trng ca hnh nh ban u. Patric
Bas [10] cng nhn mnh vic a ra cc phng php ng b ny khng th gii
quyt tt c cc loi bin dng hnh hc, ng thi a ra u khuyt im ca cc
loi k thut. Rt kh nhn ra, thc hin cc phng n Digital watermarking chng
Print-scan hin c u da trn tng ca cc k thut ny.[8]
Do trong qu trnh in - qut s can thip ca cc nhn t nh con ngi, hnh
nh cui cng t c sau khi qut c coi l phin bn bin dng sau mt lot
cc thay i hnh hc nh xoay, thu nh, ct, di chuyn khi in k thut s. i vi
nhng bin dng gy ra bi tn cng hnh hc, c th iu chnh hnh vi ca con
ngi, gim thiu mc xoay chuyn, ct, thu nh, quan trng vn cn thit k
thut ton mang tnh bn vng cao i vi cc bin dng hnh hc.
T tng ch yu ca vic tin hnh p dng phng php hiu chnh hnh
hc i vi im c trng hnh nh l t hnh nh ban u v hnh nh
30
watermarking rt ra im c trng, sau thng qua 2 tp hp im c trng xc
nh sau khi tri qua bin i tin hnh ng b. Sau khi hnh nh pht sinh bin
dng, cn c c trng bn thn hnh nh tin hnh ng b, loi ng b ny gi l
ng b tuyt i. Nhng cch tnh ny ng dng trong mi trng tn cng in qut cng d ny sinh tht bi o kim c trng ng b, dn n tht bi d tm
watermarking[8].
Thng qua tng kt v phn tch sch lc ng b ca cc attack hnh hc
ng ph vi qu trnh in - qut trn, u nhc im ca chng s tng kt trong
bng 1-2.
Ngoi ra khng p dng thng tin ph tr tin hnh khi phc hnh nh hiu
chnh hnh hc i vi hnh nh, trc tip tm kim mt vi hnh nh k thut s
mang c trng bin i hnh hc sau khi tri qua in - qut khng bin lng l
im xut pht mang tnh ph bin ca cch tnh thit k tnh chc chn xut pht t
bn thn cch tnh watermarking.
T tng m hiu
u im
chnh ng b cn c
Nhng su c tnh chu
k
C th hiu chnh ton b

bin
dng hnh hc
t c tng i chnh
S dng template
xc s thay i hnh hc
theo kinh nghim
Min nhng bt bin

xoay, chuyn, thay i
kch thc
im c trng hnh
nh
V mt l thuyt u ng
h mnh
Nhc im
Lng nhng thng tin thc
t tng i t
Tin hnh sa i thm i
vi hnh nh, template cha
chc rt trch c chnh
xc
phc tp tnh ton cao,
phi hp h thng thay i,
dn ti sai lch v gi tr
Li dng c trng ca Tnh trng bo lu template

hnh nh thc hin ng ng b c trng sau ly
b tuyt i
tnh nng v attack hnh hc
Bng 1.2. u im v nhc im i sch ng b tn cng hnh hc
31
1.10.Kt lun
Chng ny, em trnh by mt cch ngn gn v mt s khi nim v cc c
tnh c bn ca thy vn s. Phn u tin gii thiu khi nim v thy vn s v
m t cc yu cu cng nh ng dng ca n. Cc phn tip theo gii thiu phn
loi k thut thy vn hin ti v cc nh gi hiu sut. Phn cui trnh by mt s
sn phm thy vn ph bin trn th trng k thut s. Thng qua cc m t ny,
cc kha cnh khc nhau cng nh cc thch thc hin ti ca thy vn c xc
nh v lm r. iu ny nh hng cho em nhm thit k cc thut ton thy vn
bn vng v trong sut.
32
Chng 2.
T DUY THIT K IN HNH
THUT TON CHNG TN CNG IN QUT TRONG THY VN S

Chng ny gii thiu khi qut cc nghin cu ca thut ton Digital
Watermarking chng in qut, sau phn tch t duy gii quyt vn ch yu
phn nh trong cc giai on ny v thut ton thit k. T tng kt v phn tch
chnh v t duy thit k in hnh thut ton Watermarking chng in - qut. Thng
qua gii thiu v thut ton Watermarking chng in qut in hnh mang tnh cht
i din, phn tch u nhc im ca thut ton ny, cng nh ngha ca n i
vi nhng nghin cu tng ng sau ny, da vo bn cht ca n xut thit k
thut ton trong cc chng tip theo. La chn c trng k thut s bt bin ca
print-scan m bn lun vn ny s dng cng nh qu trnh i su nghin cu. Cui
cng a ra xut pht im nhm thit k thut ton tng ng m lun vn s s
dng p dng c trng bt bin s dng trc v sau khi in - qut.
2.1. Cc thut ton chng tn cng in - qut hin nay
Nm 1999 Lin[9] a ra thut ton Digital Watermarking chng in - qut
nhng Watermarking khuch tn (Spread spectrum watermarking) trong min bin
logarit ca bin nh logarit min Fourier trong hnh nh. N th hin hiu qu
thc tin, thut ton ny c th chng tn cng bin dng gi tr Pixel ra, cn c tnh
bn vng rt cao i vi ct hoc phng to vi t l bt k. u th ca thut ton l
c tnh bn vng rt cao, vn tn ti l lng tnh ton tng i ln, dung lng
nhng vo tng i nh v tnh ph thng ca thut ton vn cn ch nghim
chng.
Solanki [10] a ra mt khung thng thng ca nghin cu Digital
Watermarking chng print-scan, thit k ny c th nhng vo vi trm bit thng tin
trong hnh nh, chng thao tc print-scan, c th trch rt thng tin nhng vo chun
xc. Solanki[7] a ra la chn v tr nhng cn c tnh cht h s trc sau printscan trong min DFT, s dng m turbo gii quyt vn ng b, v tin hnh
chnh sa bin dng trong qu trnh in qut, t thc hin in watermark [7].
33
Vikas[11] lm mt bo co chi tit Digital Watermarking chng in -qut,
trong t tng thit k in watermark ch yu l da vo thit k ca Solanki[7],
cng s dng m chnh sa, thng qua s dng nh ban u sau khi k hiu ng
b, tin hnh so snh nhng QIM hiu chnh ng b lng bt bin trong min
bin i Fourier - Mellin v phng php nhng QIM tin hnh hiu chnh ng b
khi dng hiu ng Halftone, a ra kt lun: s dng thng tin Halftone c th gii
quyt chuyn ha r rng hn vn ng b[11].
Kundu[12] thit k ra 1 loi Module Digital Watermarking cho tc phm in
n chi ph thp, l Robust Semi-blind digital watermarking trong min DCT. u
im ca phng php ny l gi thnh thp. Thun tin gii quyt vn ng b
s dng nhng thng tin cao xa bin hnh nh, v tin hnh b sung mang tnh
thc nghim i vi gi tr Pixel sau khi in - qut, cui cng cn c theo yu cu
tnh bn vng v hn ch cm gic ca tc phm in n, chn h s tn s khc nhau
tin hnh nhng vo vi cng thch hp. im thiu st ca thut ton ny
l dng bin dng ca cm gic thay th cho tnh bn vng chng print-scan qu
nhiu, phng php gia nhp k hiu hin th gii quyt vn ng b khng thc
t[12].
Huang[13] a ra phng php Watermarking s dng bin i Hadamard
nhng vo v rt trch, c th nhng hnh nh Watermarking c ngha vi ln
32x32 vo nh gc vi ln 256x256, trong phng din chng tn cng xoay s
dng 1 thut ton xoay tc nhanh iu chnh bin dng hnh hc mc
nht nh, v c th rt trch thng tin Watermarking chnh xc n 75%~95%, a
ra kt lun tt trn phng din tc v t l chun xc v phng php s dng
DFT v DCT, hn na thut ton n gin v hiu qu cao, d thc hin phn cng
[13].
Zhang[14] ln u a ra thut ton Digital Watermarking chng print-scan
i vi hnh nh k thut s phn gii cao. u tin phn tch nh hng chnh
th ca bin dng hnh hc phi tuyn tnh v bin dng gi tr Pixel phi tuyn tnh
ngu nhin cc b trong qu trnh in - qut, sau , thng tin Watermarking nhng
vo n hnh nh phn gii thp gim bt s nh hng phi tuyn tnh trong
34
qu trnh in. Nhng vo trong qu trnh in - qut c th chng Module dn hng
ca bin dng hnh hc ton cc, dng cho ng b trc sau khi nhng. T tng
then cht ca phng n Watermarking ny l u tin hnh nhng v rt trch
Watermarking trong bn phn gii thp ca hnh nh k thut s phn gii
cao. Thng qua phn tch l lun v thc nghim chng minh thut ton ny c tnh
bn vng cao i vi qu trnh in - qut, hn na hiu qu tnh ton tng i cao.
Cng hin ch yu ca Zhang[14] l phn tch nh hng ca bin dng phi tuyn
tnh trong qu trnh in - qut v ra phng n Digital Watermarking c th khc
phc nh hng ny.[14]
2.2. c trng bt bin trc v sau khi tn cng in - qut
T tui th ca Digital Watermarking trong phn 1.9.1 c th thy, trong qu
trnh truyn tin ca tc phm s dng phng thc Digital Watermarking tin hnh
truyn t thng tin, khng th trnh khi phi c sa i thng thng v ph
hy xu, t nh hng tnh nng d tm/rt trch ca Digital Watermarking.
C th trong giai on d tm/rt trch c phng n Digital Watermarking c tnh
nng tng i tt, cng chnh l cn Digital Watermarking c thut ton Robust
tt, khi nhng thng tin Watermarking, u l sa i phng tin thng tin s hoc
tin hnh sa i trn c trng s bt bin trc sau tn cng. Thng tin
Watermarking thng thng tin hnh trn c trng s qua sa i hoc sau
attack d dng chnh sa, t c th thc hin khi hnh nh khng chnh sa c
th rt trch chun xc, khi tin hnh chnh sa nh th khng th d tm/rt trch
thng tin Watermarking nhng vo. C th thy rng, cho d l thit k thut ton
Watermarking Robust hay l Watermarking Fragile, u c th tin hnh phn tch
bin ha trn c trng s sau attack nht nh i vi d liu vector, tm c trng
s ca n, sau thng qua sa i c trng s ny thc hin nhng thng tin.
Nhng la chn c trng bt bin loi ny lun lun khng d dng. Lun vn ny
nghin cu thut ton Digital Watermarking chng in - qut, trng tm l
Watermarking Robust. Do , xt thy vn cn tn ti ca hiu chnh thng qua
m hnh s i vi attack gp phi trong qu trnh in - qut, thng qua phn tch c
trng d liu trc sau in - qut, rt trch c trng s bt bin hoc gn nh bt
35
bin trong qu trnh ny, l then cht trong thit k thut ton c tnh bn vng
cao[15].
Trn phng din la chn min nhng, i vi Digital Watermarking yu
cu Robust cao thng thng tin hnh trong min bin i, m rt t trc tip chnh
sa gi tr Pixel trong min khng gian thc hin thut ton Digital
Watermarking Robust. Chnh l phn tch i sch tn cng hnh hc trong phn
1.9.3, h s min DFT ca hnh nh s c cc tnh bt bin tng i tt: chuyn
dch phng, xoay chuyn v thay i quy m, cho nn giai on nghin cu ny tn
dng ti a c tnh min bin i DFT ny, phng n Watermarking tin hnh
thit k Digital Watermarking chng print-scan khng nhiu, hn na t duy tng
i mi. Ngoi ra, cng c khng t nghin cu th thit k thut ton Digital
Watermarking c tnh nng chng in - qut trong min DCT, min DWT. Nu c
th tm n c trng bt bin tt trc sau tn cng in - qut, khng cn tin hnh
hiu chnh i vi qu trnh in - qut s dng m hnh s (khng cn tnh ton
ngoi hn nh tham gia), hn na thit k thut ton Digital Watermarking c
dung lng tng i ln, s l bc t ph ca lnh vc ny, v c th ng dng
tt trong thc t. Nhng ng thi vi lng tnh ton mang li cho qu trnh thut
ton Watermarking tng i nh, iu ny a ra yu cu kh cao i vi la chn
c trng bt bin[16].
Trong nghin cu hin nay, thit k thut ton Digital Watermarking chng
in - qut cng c khc ha u tin i vi qu trnh in - qut thng qua m hnh s,
s dng qu trnh o i vi in - qut gim nh hng i vi hnh nh cha
Watermarking, sau tin hnh rt trch Watermarking thng qua thut ton Robust
thit k sn, vn tn ti ca n l x l lin quan ti qu trnh o c th dn ti
bin dng mi, nh hng tnh nng d tm/rt trch ca Watermarking, cng nh
tc dng tch cc ca n vn ch thc nghim. Do , khi thit k phng n
Watermarking, phi trnh ti a hiu chnh bin dng trong qu trnh in - qut, tn
dng c trng s bt bin trc sau in - qut, thc hin nhng thng tin.
36
2.3. Trch chn cc im c trng ca nh s
Cho mt bc nh cha 1 i tng no , nhng im c trng ca i
tng c th c trch chn to thnh mt m t cc c trng (feature
description) ca i tng. M t ny nu c trch chn t 1 nh mu chun (p
ng c nhng yu cu khch quan nh sc nt, sng, gc chp...) th c th
dng nhn ra i tng khi ta th t i tng trong mt bc nh gm nhiu
i tng khc. Vn quan trng l tp hp cc c trng trch chn t nh mu
phi mnh nu i tng trong nh c s thay i v kch c, b nhiu, nh
sng v bin dng hnh hc th vn c th nhn dng c i tng. Hay ni cch
khc cc c trng ca i tng ly t nh mu phi t b thay i khi chu tc
ng bi cc ngoi cnh trn. Phng php ca Lowe[17] c th ly ra c nhng
c trng mnh ca i tng, thm ch c th nhn dng i tng trong nhng
bc nh hn lon hay i tng b che khut mt phn bi i tng khc. C c
iu ny l do trong phng php SIFT ca Lowe, cc c trng c m t l bt
bin vi s co dn, s thay i v gc nhn, v s thay i v nh sng.
2.3.1. Gii thiu trch chn c trng
Khng ging nh con ngi, kh nng nhn nhn nh ca my tnh l rt hn
ch. Con ngi c th d dng hiu c ni dung ca tng bc nh cn vi my
tnh cc bc nh ch c th c hiu nh l ma trn ca cc pixel. Vic biu din
nh thng qua cc im c trng l mt phng php gip my tnh nhn nhn nh
s tt hn. Trong mt s bi ton ca x l nh nh i snh nh, nhn dng i
tng vic tm ra cc im c trng ca nh s l rt quan trng. c kh nhiu
phng php c a ra gii quyt bi ton ny, cc phng php ni ting
nht c th k ti Harris, SIFT v SURF, ngoi ra cn rt nhiu cc phng php
khc.
2.3.2. nh ngha v im c trng
im c trng trong nh l mt im nh c cha nhiu thng tin hn cc
im nh ln cn. Biu din nh theo im c trng s c ng hn, gim c
khng gian tm kim trong cc bi ton ng dng.
37
nh ngha trn mi cho ta mt cch hiu n gin nht v im c trng.
Trong mi bi ton ng dng c th im c trng s c nh ngha mt cch
ton hc chi tit hn. V d nh trong phng php SIFT, mt phng php tm
im c trng rt hiu qu, im c trng c nh ngha l cc i trong khng
gian 3 chiu (x, y, scale).
2.4. Phng php tm im c trng SIFT
SIFT l vit tt ca cm t Scale-Invariant Feature Transform l mt trong
nhng thut ton ni ting nht hin nay dng pht hin v m t cc c trng
ca nh s. Thut ton ny c cng b bi David Lowe[18] vo nm 1999. Thut
ton ny c ng dng rng ri trong: nhn dng i tng (object recognition),
xy dng m hnh 3D (3D modeling), theo di hnh nh (video tracking) v.v...
Hnh 2.1. Hai hnh trn c th c nhn ra l ca cng 1 khung cnh bi SIFT
Cho mt bc nh cha 1 i tng no , nhng im c trng ca i
tng c th c trch chn to thnh mt m t cc c trng (feature
description) ca i tng. M t ny nu c trch chn t 1 nh mu chun (p
ng c nhng yu cu khch quan nh sc nt, sng, gc chp...) th c th
dng nhn ra i tng khi ta th t i tng trong mt bc nh gm nhiu
i tng khc. Vn quan trng l tp hp cc c trng trch chn t nh mu
phi mnh nu i tng trong nh c s thay i v kch c, b nhiu, nh
sng v bin dng hnh hc th vn c th nhn dng c i tng. Hay ni cch
khc cc c trng ca i tng ly t nh mu phi t b thay i khi chu tc
ng bi cc ngoi cnh trn. Phng php ca Lowe c th ly ra c nhng c
38
trng mnh ca i tng, thm ch c th nhn dng i tng trong nhng bc
nh hn lon hay i tng b che khut mt phn bi i tng khc. C c
iu ny l do trong phng php SIFT ca Lowe, cc c trng c m t l bt
bin vi s co dn, s thay i v gc nhn, v s thay i v nh sng.
Ging nh nhiu thut ton v x l nh, SIFT l thut ton kh phc tp,
phi tri qua nhiu bc x l v s dng nhiu kin thc v ton hc. Do trc
khi i su vo trnh by chi tit thut ton, chng ti s trnh by m hnh tng quan
ca thut ton bao gm cc bc x l v cc vn quan trng trong thut ton.
iu ny s gip chng ta c c ci nhn tng th v thut ton. Sau y s l cc
bc chnh trong thut ton:
Hnh 2.2. Cc cun sch bn tri c th nhn dng c trong hnh hn lon
bn phi.
Xy dng khng gian scale: bc u tin l phi xy dng c khng
gian scale. y chnh l khng gian tm kim cc im c trng. Vic
ny c thc hin mt cch hiu qu thng qua vic s dng hm
Difference of Gaussian (DoG).
Xc inh v tr im c trng: sau khi c c khng gian scale,
tip theo ta i tm cc im cc tr ca hm Difference of Gaussian trn
39
khng gian ny. Bng vic loi b mt s im l nghim ngoi lai t cc
im cc tr ny, ta s cn li cc im c trng.
Thm hng cho im c trng: thut ton c kh nng nhn ra i
tng ngay c khi gc nhn ca nh b thay i th mi im c trng
cn c gn thm hng. Vic tnh hng cho im c trng c
thc hin bng cch tng hp hng v ln ca cc vector Gradient
ca cc im xung quanh im c trng.
M t im c trng: Mi im c trng trong SIFT s c m t
bng mt vector gm 128 thnh phn.
2.4.1. Xy dng khng gian scale
Trong thut ton SIFT, im c trng c pht hin bng cch s dng
mt b lc theo cp bc. Bc u tin trong vic tm im c trng l tm ra cc
v tr bt bin khi scale thay i. Vic ny c th gii quyt bng cch thc hin vic
tm kim trn tt c cc scale c th bng cch s dng mt hm lin tc ca scale,
hay cn c th gi l tm kim trn khng gian scale (xem Ph Lc 1).
Theo hng ny Linderberg s dng khng gian scale vi nhn l hm
Gaussian (xem Ph Lc 2). Do khng gian scale c nh ngha nh l 1 hm
L(x,y,) l kt qu ca php nhn chp hm Gaussian G(x,y,) vi nh u vo
I(x,y):
L( x, y, ) G( x, y, ) * I ( x, y)
(2.1)
Vi * l k hiu cho php nhn chp v:

G( x, y, )
1
2
(x2 y2 ) / 2
(2.2)
t c hiu qu n nh trong vic xc nh v tr im c trng trn

khng gian scale, khng ging nh Linderberg, Lowe khng s dng trc tip hm
Gaussian m s dng mt hm bin th ca hm ny gi l Difference of Gaussian.
Hm ny c th tnh c thng qua hiu s ca 2 scale cnh nhau vi 1 nhn t l
hng s k:
D( x, y, ) (G( x, y, k ) G( x, y, )) * I ( x, y)
(2.3)
L( x, y, k ) L( x, y, )
40
Theo Lowe, c nhiu l do chon hm ny. Trc tin, n l hm n gin
trong vic tnh ton. Bng vic tnh b lc L trn vi mi trng hp trong khng
gian scale, vic tnh D n gin ch l thc hin php tr nh.
Mt l do khc Lowe chn hm Difference of Gaussian l hm ny cn c
th tnh xp x qua hm Laplacian of Gaussian. Linderberg ch ra rng hm
Laplacian tiu chun vi h s 2 yu cu scale bt bin. C th hn bng so snh
thc nghim Micolajczyk (2002) nhn thy cc i v cc tiu ca
G l
nhng c trng ca nh n nh nht so vi nhng hm x l nh nh hm

Gradient, Hessian hay Harris corner.
Hnh 2.3. Xy dng khng gian scale

Hnh 2.3. Vi mi octave ca khng gian scale, nh gc s c nhn chp
nhiu ln vi hm Gausian to ra tp hp cc hnh nh pha bn tri. Sau cc
nh ny c tr cho nhau to ra to ra kt qu l nh ca hm difference of
Gaussina nh hnh bn phi. Sau mi octave Gaussian s ly mu vi hng s l 2,
v qu trnh trn s c lp.
41
Quan h gia D v
G c th c ch ra qua phng trnh khuch tn
nhit (xem Ph Lc 2) (S dng tham s tt hn l tham s thng thng 2)

G
(2.4)
T trn s dng cng thc vi 2 scale cnh nhau ti mc k v ta c:

2
G( x, y, k ) G( x, y, )
`
k
(2.5)
V do :
G ( x, y , k ) G ( x, y , )
(k 1)
(2.6)
iu ch ra rng khi hm Difference of Gaussian c cc mc c phn

bit bng mt hng s, n kt hp c 2 trong scale chun trong Laplacian. H s
(k-1) trong cng thc l khng i trn mi scale nn do n khng nh hng ti
v tr cc tr. Cng thc xp x li khi k thuc [0,1], nhng thc nghim cho thy n
hu nh khng b nh hng trong vic tm cc cc tr cc scale khc, v d vi
k
2.
Mt tc dng ca vic xy dng hm Difference of Gaussian c ch ra

trong Hnh 2.3. nh gc s c nhn chp vi cc hm Gaussians to ra cc
nh tch ri nhau bi hng s k trong khng gian scale (cc nh ct bn tri).
Lowe chn chia mi octave trong khng gian scale vi mt s nguyn s l khong
cch, bi vy k=21/s. Trong mi octave ta phi to ra s + 3 nh, do cc im cc
tr s c tm trn octave hon tt b che ph. Pha bn phi ca Hnh 2.3 l cc
hnh l kt qu ca hm Difference of Gaussian c c bng cch thc hin php
tr nh t cc nh bn tri.
Nh trong hnh 2.3 ta thy khng gian scale c hnh dng ging nh mt kim
t thp cc nh c lm trn. n gin Lowe chn h s
2 vi tt c
cc ton t lm trn c s dng. u tin nh u vo s c nhn chp vi

hm Gaussian s dng
vi
2 to ra nh A. Tip tc lm trn nh mt ln na
2 ta c nh B, nh ny tng ng vi h s lm trn =2. Hm
Difference of Gaussian nhn c bng cch tr nh B cho nh A. Kt qu tr v

mt hm vi h s lm trn gia 2 hm Gaussian.
42
to ra mc tip theo ca kim t thp nh, chng ta ly mu tuyn tnh t
nh B. Vi mi pixel trong nh B chng ta ni suy n bng 4 im k xung quanh.
Kt qu l ta c nh I. Tip tc lm trn I bng Gaussian vi = 2 ta c A.
C lm nh th cho n khi lng scale nhiu, ta s xy dng c khng gian
scale.
2.4.2. Xc nh v tr im c trng
tm c cc im c trng trc ht ta phi pht hin ra v tr ca cc
cc i v cc tiu a phng ca hm D(x, y, ). Vi mi im c ly mu s
c so snh vi 8 im hng xm trn cng nh vi n v 9 im hng xm vi
nh ng vi scale trc v scale sau. Tt c gm 26 im hng xm (xem Hnh 2.4).
im ly mu s c chn nu n ln hn tt c cc hng xm hoc n nh hn
tt c cc hng xm ca n, nhng im nh th thc cht l cc cc tr a phng
ca hm Difference of Gaussian. Mc kim tra ny l hp l v thc t hu ht cc
im c ly mu s b loi ngay sau mt vi bc kim tra.
Hnh 2.4. Xc nh v tr im c trng

Hnh 2.4 Cc i v cc tiu ca nh Difference of Gaussian c pht hin
bng vic so snh pixel nh du X vi 26 hng xm (du O) trong ma trn 3x3.
Mt vn quan trng l vic quyt nh tn sut ly mu trn nh v nhng
khu vc scale c kh nng pht hin cc tr cao. ng tic l khng c mt khng
gian mu nh no c th dng pht hin tt c cc cc tr bi v cc tr c th
rt gn nhau. Mt v d ta c mt ng trn trng trn nn mu en. Ta chn
khng gian mu l phn din tch c bao quanh bi ng trn v cha tm
43
ng trn. Khi cho qua b lc Difference of Gaussian, hnh trn rt c th s tr
thnh hnh ellipse. Do t mt im cc tr s tr thnh 2 im. Do chng ta
cn c mt gii php trn vn nht. Trong thc t, chng ta c th quyt nh vic
la chn tt nht qua thc nghim bng cch nghin cu c ly ca tn s ly mu
v s dng chng to ra kt qu tt nht trn cc m phng thc s.
Sau khi c c cc im cc tr ta loi b nhng im c tng phn
thp (nhy cm vi nhiu) hoc nhng im c v tr nm dc theo 1 cnh (edge).
Cui cng nhng im cn li s chnh l nhng im c trng cn tm.
2.4.3. Thm hng cho im c trng
Trong bc ny mi im c trng s c gn thm mt hng ph thuc
vo hng ca Gradient. im quan trng cn t c l hng ca im c
trng phi bt bin vi php quay tc l m t ca im c trng phi ch ra c
quan h vi hng ca im c trng. Sau y s l cch ly hng ca im c
trng.
Trc tin nh mc scale cha im c trng s c lm trn bng b
lc Gaussian. Vi mi nh mu L scale ny, ln ca Gradient m(x, y) v hng
t(x, y) c tnh bng cng thc:
m( x, y)
t ( x, y)
( L( x 1, y) L( x 1, y))2
tan
( L( x, y 1) L( x, y 1))2
((L( x, y 1) L( x, y 1))
( L( x 1, y) L( x 1, y))
(2.7)
Biu hng (orientation histogram)c tnh t hng ca Gradient cho

mi mu im gn khu vc xung quanh im c trng. Mt biu hng c 36
ct, mi ct tng ng vi 10o. Mi mt mu c thm vo biu l mt trng
s c tnh bi gi tr Gradient v bi mt ng trn trng s Gaussian vi
bng 1,5 ln scale ca im c trng. Cui cng hng ca im c trng s
c quyt nh bi nh cao nht trong biu hng.
44
Hnh 2.5. Biu hng (orientation histogram). nh cao nht ca biu s

c chn lm hng ca im c trng.
2.4.4. M t im c trng
Trong Hnh 2.6 l mt m t cch tnh m t ca im c trng. u tin
nh c tnh ln v hng ca Gradient ti cc im xung quanh v tr im c
trng, cc tnh ton ny c thc hin trn nh ti scale tm ra im c trng.
Tip theo ma trn 8 x 8 ban u s c chia thnh 4 ma trn 4 x 4. t c s
bt bin v hng, hng ca Gradient s c quay v 1 trong 8 hng chun gn
n nht, sau cc gi tr Gradient s c cng dn theo hng trong tng hnh
vung 4 x 4 t c biu nh hnh bn phi.
Hnh 2.6. M t ca im c trng

Hnh 2.6 mt m t ca im c trng c tnh bng cch tnh ln v
hng ca vector Gradient vi mi im xung quanh im c trng hnh bn
tri. N c trng s l mt ca s Gaussian gii hn bi ng trn. Trong v d
trn biu tm tt cc hng ca mi hnh con 4 x 4 c ch ra bn phi. Trong
, trong mi hnh con di mi tn trong cc hnh bn tri s c cng dn li
45
vi hng gn n nht. Hnh trn l mt m t 2 x 2 tnh t tp mu 8 x 8. Trong
thc t Lowe s dng m t 4 x 4 cho tp mu 16 x 16.
Bng thc nghim Lowe nhn thy t kt qu tt nht th cn phi s
dng ma trn m t c 4 x 4 biu , mi biu gm 8 hng. Do trong thc
t, vector m t s bao gm 4 x 4 x 8 = 128 thnh phn.
Hnh 2.7. Cch m t im c trng trong thc t

2.5. Kt lun
Chng ny ch yu tng kt nhng kt qu chnh ca vic thit k thut
ton Digital Watermarking chng in - qut cng nh a ra c trng bt bin
chng in - qut ca hnh nh k thut s tin hnh thit k thut ton. u tin, tng
kt nhng kt qu nghin cu ch yu v tnh nng ca n trong cc nghin cu
Digital Watermarking chng in - qut giai on ny. Sau , tin hnh phn tch
nhng tng ch yu ch o thit k thut ton Digital Watermarking chng in qut. Thng qua qu trnh in - qut xy dng m hnh k thut s, trc khi d
tm/rt trch Digital Watermarking, tin hnh tin x l i vi nhng tc phm s
qua in qut qua vic tm kim c trng bt bin ca hnh nh trc v sau in qut, chnh sa c trng bt bin thc hin nhng thng tin, khng cn tin
hnh hiu chnh tin x l i vi tc phm s ch d tm/rt trch Watermarking.
u im ca c trng bt bin l khng cn quan tm nhiu n nguyn l ca qu
46
trnh in - qut, nhc im l vic t c c tnh bt bin chng tn cng tng
i kh khn, yu cu cao i vi tnh bn vng ca thut ton. mc no ,c
th ni, thit k l tng l thit k thut ton Watermarking Robust da trn t
tng c trng bt bin. Do , a ra thut ton /phng n Digital
Watermarking sau y s da vo phng php nhng Watermarking trong c
trng bt bin, thit k thut ton Digital Watermarking Robust chng tn cng in qut.
47
Chng 3.
XUT GII PHP CHNG TN CNG IN - QUT
TRONG THY VN S DA TRN C TRNG HNH NH

T thc trng trn, em xut thut ton bn vng chng li cc cuc tn
cng: in - qut, PrintScreen,xy dng c mt chng trnh watermarking bn
vng v n i ph vi kiu tn cng ny. Phng php tip cn ca em l da
trn trch chn cc im nh c trng SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform)
c bit n l bt bin vi s co dn, s thay i v gc nhn, v s thay i v
nh sng,v php bin i affine. Nhng watermark c thc hin ti cc khu vc
a phng (Delaunay triangles) c thnh lp t cc im nh c tnh nng trch
xut hnh nh im c trng ca DoG (Difference of Gaussians) tng s bn
vng. m bo tnh minh bch, m hnh Pyramidal JND (Just Noticeable
Difference) c xut xc nh ngng ti u cho tnh bn vng watermark
(tc l nng lng ti a m watermark c th t c m khng nh hng n
tnh trong sng ca n). Gi tr JND c tnh cho mi im nh trong khng gian
DoG bng cch kt hp m hnh th gic (HVS). thit k h thng watermarking
ti u, ta phi khai thc cc c tnh HVS nh:
Mt n tng phn: Kh nng pht hin mt tn hiu i vi s hin din ca
mt tn hiu khc.
nhy tn (frequency sensitivity): nhy ca mt ngi vi cc sng sin
tn s khc nhau.
nhy chi (luminance sensitivity): Ngng pht hin nhiu trong vng
phng.
Ngng JND (Just-noticeable-difference): Ngng da trn bt k s thay
i h s tng ng khng nhn thy.
nhng mt thng tin trong watermark cng bn cng tt, chng ta phi
nhng n mc thp hn JND. Ngha l phi lu tm n nhy tng phn v
hiu ng mt n.
HVS t nhy i vi nhng thay i trong vng nh c sng cao. Ta c
th giu i cc watermark ti nhng vng ny. Ngoi ra, mt ngi li t nhy vi
48
knh mu xanh bin nn watermark c nhng trong knh mu ny c nng lng
cao hn so vi watermark c nhng trong knh mu khc.
Ngoi ra em la chn cc m hnh JND n gin v hiu qu bng cch
khai thc cc c tnh ch yu ca HVS. Th nht, nhy tng phn v sng
thch ng c tch hp thng qua Bartens CSF [19]. Th hai, mt m hnh tng
phn mi c chuyn th t m hnh ca Legge v Foley [20] trong khng gian
DoG. Kt qu thc nghim cho thy phng php ngh c mt hiu sut tt trong
iu kin bn vng v minh bch. Theo quan im ny, chng ti ci thin tnh
bn vng ca phng php ca chng ti chng li cc cuc tn cng-print-scan.
Mt nh gi th nghim c thc hin chng minh rng k thut c
a ra l trong sut v bn vng trc mt lot cc cuc tn cng t "x l tn hiu"
n khng ng b ha, c bit l cc cuc tn cng nghim trng nh PrintScan
3.1. K thut da trn cc c trng bt bin
Thut ton gn y bt ngun t cch tip cn ca Kutter v cc cng s [21]
gii thiu "th h th hai" ca lc thy vn. tng ca phng php ny l
pht hin cc c trng nh bt bin v s dng chng phn chia nh thnh
cc vng khc nhau. Thy vn sau c chn vo cc vng ny.
Trong [22], Bas v cc cng s s dng b trch chn im gc Harris
trch chn cc im c trng nh v thc hin mt phn hoch tam gic Delaunay
trn tp im ny. Thy vn sau lin tc c nhng lp li vo trong mi tam
gic bng phng php tri ph. Mt nhc im ca phng php ny l cc b
trch chn Harris nhy cm vi co gin cng nh cc cuc tn cng x l tn hiu.
Hn na, mt s thay i nh trong tp cc im c trng s dn n mt s thay
i ng k trong phn hoch Delaunay v do lm gim kh nng pht hin.
khc phc vn ny, mt cch tip cn mi c xut trong [23].
Cc tc gi s dng b trch chn SIFT trch chn cc im c trng
v sau hnh nh phn vng thnh cc phn hoch trn xung quanh mi im c
trng. Thy vn c nh dng trn s dng log - cc lm cho thy vn bt
bin vi php quay v chn vo cc vng ny. K thut ny c v bn vng hn so
49
vi phn hoch tam gic ca Bas v cc cng s, do chng ta lun lun c th phc
hi cc thy vn mc d im c trng c th khng c pht hin.
Cch tip cn trc y nhm mc ch gii quyt vn bin i hnh hc
m khng c bt k thng tin v nh ban u. Trong trng hp lc khng m
m nh ban u c sn (nh trong cc ng dng thy vn c nhn), vn tr nn
d dng hn nhiu. Gii php c th dn n cc k thut c s dng trong ng
k nh hoc vng c lng chuyn ng. Hn na, vic thc hin cc lc
khng m l bn vng hn vi cc lc m v c kh nng chng li bin i
hnh hc cc b.
Trong [24], Dong v cc cng s xut mt lc thy vn ng b ho
li bng cch s dng mt m hnh li bin i. M hnh li ny yu cu bn
vng trc tn cng bin i affine v kt hp ngu nhin. M hnh ny c dng
pht hin bin i hnh hc cho ng b ha li nhng hnh nh b bin i trc
khi pht hin thy vn.
Nhc im ca cch tip cn th nht v th hai c nhn mnh. Tht
vy, cch tip cn da trn ng b ho li i hi chnh xc rt cao khi c tnh
bin i hnh hc. Trong khi tip cn php s dng bin i hnh hc bt bin t bn
vng khi i t l thuyt n thc hnh. Hn na, c hai cch tip cn ny ch bn
vng trc mt s tn cng bin i hnh hc ton cc (tc l RST) nhng khng
bn vng trc tn cng bin i hnh hc cc b (nh tn cng RBA). Do vy,
chng ti da trn cch tip cn th ba s dng cc c trng bt bin ca nh
to ra ta bt bin cc b nhng thy vn. Bng cch ny, khng cn k thut
ng b ha li v s bn vng ca phng php ny ph thuc cc thut ton trch
chn c trng. Trong lun vn ny, lc thy vn c tnh khng th nhn bit
v bn vng phn cp s dng cc im c trng c xut. Chng ti chn c
trng SIFT v chng bt bin i vi dch chuyn, co gin, quay v bin i affine.
Tuy nhin, tri ngc vi cc phng php nu trn, chng ta nhng thy vn vo
cc mc co gin ca khng gian co gin DoG thay v nhng trong min khng gian
nh trong [22] [23].
50
Hn na, m bo tnh trong sut, nng lc nhng c xc nh bng
cch s dng m hnh JND a co gin cho bin i khng gian co gin.
3.2. S nhng
Hnh 3.1. minh ha qu trnh nhng thy vn. Trong s ny, s phn tch
khng gian co gin c thc hin ch vi qung tm ca DoG nn gim s phc
tp trong khi vn c c cc tnh nng n nh ca SIFT. u tin, nh c phn
tch bng cch s dng bin i khng gian co gin. Sau , cc im c trng
c trch chn trong biu din khng gian co gin s dng SIFT. Cui cng, thy
vn c nhng trong mi tam gic Delaunay ca mi nh con DoG trong khng
gian co gin.
3.2.1. Phn tch khng gian co gin
Hnh 3.1. S nhng thy vn

S phn tch khng gian co gin c chng minh l mt cng c mnh
biu din nh phn gii theo nhiu mc co gin. Thc t c chng minh
rng Gaussian l li duy nht to ra mt khng gian co gin tuyn tnh [25]. Tnh
duy nht ny l do yu cu cu trc mi khng phi c to ra t mt mc co gin
chun m phi t bt k mc co gin no. Theo m t trong [18], co gin Gaussian
mc s c nh ngha nh sau:
Gs ( x, y )
g s * I ( x, y )
(3.1)
51
gs l mt li Gaussian ng hng vi lch chun s c tnh nh sau:
s
.2s / S
(3.2)
0 l mc mc co gin c s v s = 0 S, S l mc ti a ( y S = 5). Kt
qu l, khng gian co gin Gaussian biu din cng mt thng tin ca nh cc cp
mc co gin khc nhau, trong c hai cp gn nhau c ngn cch bi mt
nhn t nhn k (k = 21/S). Sau , khng gian co gin DoGs(x, y) c tnh ton
bng cch ly hiu ca hai mc co gin Gaussian lin k nh trong [18]:
DoGs ( x, y) Gs 1 ( x, y) Gs ( x, y) (k 1)
2 2
0
G * I ( x, y)
(3.3)
Nhng nh DoG ny c th c coi nh l mt tp hp cc nh di gia

tng t vi tn s cao nht f0/0, ..., f0/S trong f0l tn s khng gian cao nht
ca nh ban u.
y, chng ta thit lp f0 = 32 cpd (chu k / ) theo thit lp quan st
c nh ngha trc ca chng ti.
3.2.2. Pht hin im chnh s dng SIFT
DoG khc nhau bi mt nhn t hng s nh trong phng trnh 3.3 cung
cp mt c lng o hm co gin ca khng gian co gin Gaussian 022G.
Khng gian ny c yu cu bt bin co gin thc s. Nh chng minh trong [18]
im cc i v cc tiu ca 022G l cc c trng nh n nh nht khi so vi
cc c trng Hessian hay Harris. Do , i vi tng mc co gin DoG, cc im
cc tr a phng c pht hin bng cch so snh mt im nh vi tm im
xung quanh vi cng mc co gin v vi chn im trong cc mc co gin 3x3 lng
ging bn trn hoc bn di. Nh rng tt c cc im cc tr c tng phn
thp hn mt ngng cng nh cc im cc tr gn cc cnh s b loi b do s
bt n nh ca chng. Sau , mt tp hp cc im chnh c nh ngha l cc
v tr ca im cc tr c la chn. Cui cng, mt m t im chnh c to ra
bng cch tnh ton cc s liu thng k cc b ca hng v gradient trong mt
vng xung quanh mi im chnh. Sau , nhng vect c trng c lu tr
trong mt tp tin (tp tin ng k) s dng sau ny trong giai on pht hin.
52
3.2.3. Bn JND nhiu mc co gin
M hnh ny c ngun gc cho s trin khai kim t thp c pht trin bi
[26]. Bn JND ny c tnh cho mi cp Laplacian bng cch kt hp cc thuc
tnh HVS c lin quan nht nh nhy tng phn, mt n chi v mt n
tng phn. Cc s tnh ton JND c s dng xc nh mt ngng ti u
cho vic nhng thy vn v do thnh cng t c cn bng gia tnh bn vng
v tnh n. Trong phn ny, chng ti m t ngn gn m hnh JND c thit k
cho bin i khng gian co gin. M hnh ny s phn tch DoG khng c chuyn
i ngc cn c xy dng li hnh nh thy vn. V vy, chng ti xut thay
th mc co gin Gaussian u tin bng nh ban u trc khi tnh ton khng gian
co gin DoG. iu chnh ny cho php xy dng li mt cch hon ho nh trong
hnh 3.2 v phng trnh 3.11. i vi mi mc ca khng gian co gin, mt bn
JND c tnh bng cch kt hp cc thuc tnh c lin quan nht ca HVS nh
hm nhy cm tng phn (CSF), thch ng sng v mt n tng phn.
Hnh 3.2. Xy dng li khng gian Scale

Kt hp CSF v thch ng sng
nhy tng phn v cc c ch thch ng sng c tch hp trong
mt giai on nh xut trong m hnh Pyramidal JND[27]. Vi mi knh,
ngng tng phn mt tn s nht nh f c th c th hin nh ngng tn s
cao nht CT(fpeak, s) c nh trng s bi s ng gp ca knh ny:
CTs ( x, y) CTs ( f peak , s ).
DoGs ( f )
S 1
s
(3.4)
DoGs ( f )
0
53
DoG(x, y) l p ng DoG ca knh s ti cc im nh (x, y). CT(fpeak, s) l
ngng tng phn tn s cao nht ca knh, c tnh nh CSF ngc. Trong
phn ny, chng ti s dng CSF ca Barten [19] c m t nh sau:
CSF ( f , L)
(3.5)
a. f . exp( b. f ). 1 c. exp(b. f )
trong c l mt hng s, a v b l cc hm ca nh sng ton cc L (n v cd/m2)

c tnh nh sau:
L ( x, y )
L0
(3.6)
LI ( x, y )
Trong L0 l nh sng mi trng xung quanh v LI l nh sng cc b

c tnh cho mi im nh t gi tr Gaussian tng ng trong mc (s+1) ca
Gs+1(x,y). Theo mt mc xm chuyn sang nh sng nh sau:
LI ( x, y )
max( Lmax
Gs 1 ( x, y )
, Lmin )
255
(3.7)
Trong Lmax v Lmin tng ng l nh sng cc i v cc tiu ca hin th.

l h s m c s dng trong hiu chnh gamma ca hin th.
Ngng pht hin c tnh n trong nhy cm tng phn v thch nghi
nh sng c cho bi cng thc:
Ts ( x, y )
(3.8)
CTs ( x, y ).Gs 1 ( x, y )
Mt n tng phn
Nh nu phn trn, mt n tng phn cp n hin tng m trong
cc kh nng hin th ca mt tn hiu c gim bi s hin din ca tn hiu
khc. V vy, chng ta c th tng cng ng k ngng pht hin m t trn
bng cch tham gia vo vic tnh ton vn ny.
Theo m hnh ca Legge v Foley [20], khi mt n tng phn ln hn mt
ngng pht hin, ngng tng phn pht hin cc mc tiu tng theo mt hm
ca mt n tng phn. Hnh 3.2.5.1 minh ha mt hiu ng mt n tng phn n
gin da trn m hnh ca Legge v Foley.
CT
log scale
log scale
CTo
CMo
C
M
CTo
C
M
Hnh 3.3. Contrast mt n - Model of Legge & Foley
54
Ngng JND c c t m hnh mt n tng phn theo [20]
Ts ( x, y )
JNDs ( x, y )
Ts ( x, y )
if DoGs ( x, y )
DoGs ( x, y )
Ts ( x, y )
Ts ( x, y )
(4.9)
otherwise
trong DoGs ( x, y ) l h s p ng Gaussian knh th i ti cc im nh

l mt yu t m t mc ca mt n, 0.6 1 [20].
(x, y),
Chng ta s dng
= {0,8, 0,7, 0,6} cp {1, 2, 3} do thc t l cc thit b c
th nhn thy trong cc di tn s thp hn trong di tn s cao.

Cc bn JND cho ba mc co gin DoG ca nh Boat c minh ha
hnh 3.4.
Hnh 3.4: Mc co gin Gaussian (trn), Mc co gin DoG (gia) v bn
JND tng ng (di) ca nh "Boat" vi 3 mc co gin 0, 2, 4
Lut nhng
Vi mi nh DoG, mt phn hoch Delaunay c thc hin trn tp cc
im c trng v do vy cho php phn on nh thnh tp cc tam gic khng
chng ln nhau: Tr={Trii}. u im ca phn hoch ny nh sau:
Hnh 3.4. Cc bn JND cho ba mc co gin DoG ca nh Boat
55
-
Tnh duy nht: Phn hoch l duy nht cho mt tp cc im. Thm ch nu
nh di chuyn trong mt vng (gi l vng n nh) th phn hoch cng
khng i.
Tnh cc b: Nu mt nh khng xut hin, phn hoch b thay i ch trn

nhng tam gic lin quan n nh .
Hnh 3.5. minh ha vic thc hin SIFT v phn hoch tam gic Delaunay.
Chng ta c th thy rng sau mt s tn cng hnh hc v tn cng x l tn hiu,

mt lng ln cc im c trng cn tn ti.
Chui gi ngu nhin W {-1,1} vi trung bnh 0 v mt thay i c sinh
ra v to hnh dng trong mt tam gic cn gc phi Trw c 64x64. Mi gi tr ca
chui c lp li trong mi khi 2x2 ca tam gic. Chin lc ny ging nh m
lp li v cho php b sung cho nhng li v tr ca cc im c trng.
Hnh 3.5. Cc im tnh nng n nh nht v Delaunay ca n cho nh

"Barbara" chng li cc cuc tn cng khc nhau
56
Thy vn Trw sau c bin i vo hnh dng ca mi tam gic Tri c
trch chn t nh bng cch p dng bin i affine. c c bin i duy nht,
ba gc ca tam gic c sp xp [22]. Trw c thm vo mi tam gic ca mi
mc DoG sau khi c nh mt trng s tng ng vi gi tr JND nh sau:
Triw
Tri
JNDTri .Trw
(3.10)
nh c thy vn s c xy dng bi:

S 1
I w ( x, y )
DoGws ( x, y ) Gs ( x, y )
(3.11)
s 0
3.3. Lc pht hin

S qu trnh pht hin c minh ha hnh 3.6. u tin pht hin
nhng im chnh c thc hin trn nh thy vn (c th b tn cng). Thc
hin i snh nhng im ny vi nhng im c trch chn ly t tp ng k
bng cch tnh khong cch -clit gia cc vec-t c trng. Nhng cp im i
snh c la chn. Vi mi mc DoG, phn hoch Delaunay c p dng trn
nhng im ny. Mi tam gic Trai t nh thy vn c trch chn v bin i
thnh dng ca Trw (tam gic cn gc phi) v c tnh tng nh sau:
Trsum
Tri
(3.12)
Cui cng, tng quan tuyn tnh gia Trsum v Trw c tnh nh sau:
Cors
1
Trsum ( x, y )Trw ( x, y )
L ( x, y )
(3.13)
Trong ng L l c ca chui thy vn (64x64) Trsum l tng ca cc tam

gic trch chn Tria.
Gi tr tng quan ny c so snh vi ngng Th quyt nh xem liu
c xut hin thy vn. Quyt nh c to ra theo kim tra gi thuyt di y:
H0: nh khng c thy vn vi W
H1: nh c thy vn vi W
Lu rng H0 cng c trng hp trong cc hnh nh c nh du vi
chui W ' khc, khc vi W. y, gi nh rng Cor phn b bnh thng. Theo
57
[28], mt trong nhng gii php tt nht cho c tnh ngng quyt nh Th l t
mt rng buc v xc sut bo ng gi Pfa .
Pfa
P (Cors
1
erfc
2
Th | H 0 )
trong erfc( z )
Th
2 H0
(3.14)
e t dt l hm b sung li. Gi s rng hnh nh ban

z
u v phin bn thy vn gn nh tng t, phng sai ca tng quan Cor di

H0 v H1 sau c th c xp x:
2
2
H1
H0
y
2
La
La
2
La
(3.15)
c nh ngha l:
1
E La ( x, y ) 2
N ( x, y )
1
La ( x, y ) 2
N ( x, y )
(3.16)
trong La ( x, y) l h s Laplacian thy vn (c th b tn cng) ti pixel

(x,y) v N l chiu di ca chui thy vn. Bng cch t Pfa 10 8 , Ta c:
Th 4 2
H0
(3.17)
Ngng quyt nh c thit lp l Th 3.9 2 H 0 tng ng vi cnh bo

sai 10-8. H0 c c lng trc tip t nh khng thy vn s dng 10000 chui
thy vn khc nhau.
Hnh 3.6. S tch thy vn
58
3.4. nh gi Imperceptibility ca thut ton Digital Watermarking
Robust
Imperceptibility l 1 ch tiu quan trng nh gi tnh nng k thut Digital
Watermarking. Trong lnh vc nghin cu Digital Watermarking, do n gin trn
tnh ton PSNR, thng thng dng o lng hnh nh cha Watermarking tng
ng vi gim cht lng hin th hnh nh ban u. Nhng n khng th hin th
chnh xc cht lng hnh nh gim, ch yu l khng th nh gi vi th gic ca
con ngi c khuyt im ng nht t sm c c nhn thc chung ca nhng
nh nghin cu Digital Watermarking. Cn thut ton Digital Watermarking
Robust, thng thng cn tin hnh chnh sa lng ln v bin ln i vi hnh
nh gc, mi khin gim cht lng hin th mc ln i vi hnh nh. Do ,
nhm ng thi thc hin chc nng ca thut ton Digital Watermarking Robust,
nh gi Imperceptibility ca n cng l 1 ch tiu quan trng nh gi hiu qu
Watermarking. Phn s thng qua nh gi nh lng i vi Imperceptibility ca
hnh nh cha Watermarking, t cn c kt qu nh gi tin hnh sa i lng
nhng vo hoc cng nhng ca thut ton Digital Watermarking Robust,
nng cao tnh nng chnh th thut ton Digital Watermarking.
3.4.1. nh gi khch quan Imperceptibility da trn tnh kt cu tng
t
Phn ny s tin hnh gii thiu s lc v nguyn l ca o lng khch
quan Imperceptibility i vi hnh nh grayscale da trn hnh nh c kt cu tng
t, di y tin hnh gii thch qu trnh tnh ton cht lng hin th da trn hnh
nh kt cu tng t, ch yu l tnh ton gi tr o lng khch quan tnh kt cu
tng t v sn sinh ca hnh nh ch tiu tnh tng t.
Cht lng hnh nh kt cu tng t l gi nh da trn h thng th gic
con ngi c th rt trch thng tin kt cu hnh nh t khu vc th gic. T , da
trn o lng tnh kt cu tng t c th a ra phng php nh gi tt i vi
cht lng hnh nh cm gic [29].
59
i
vi
hnh
Y { yi | i 1,2,..., N },
nh
1
N
gc
X {xi | i 1,2,..., N } v
xi v
1
N
i 1
nh
gi
yi ln lt th hin sng bnh qun
1/ 2
1
N 1i
( xi
1/ 2
N 1i
nh
i 1
ca hnh nh gc v hnh nh nh gi
1
hnh
( yi
ln lt th hin dung sai tiu chun ca hnh nh gc X
v hnh nh nh gi Y,
1
xy
N 1i
( xi
)( yi
) th hin phng sai kt hp
gia 2 loi.
nh ngha da trn gi tr o lng ca ch tiu tnh kt cu tng t (SSIM
l vit tt ca Structural Similarity Index Measurement):
SSIM
Trong
c ( x, y )
2
x
(3.18)
l ( x, y).c( x, y).s( x, y)
,
C2
y
2
y
C2
l ( x, y)
2
2
x
C1
y
2
y
C1
hm
so
l hm s so snh chi, s( x, y)
snh
C3
xy
x
C3
sng,
l hm s so
snh tnh kt cu tng t, C1,C2,C3 l hng s xc nh bi cng thc:

C1
(k1L)2 , C2
(k2 L)2 , C3
C2 / 2 .
(L l gi tr ln nht ca phm vi gi tr pixel, trong tnh trng khuyt k1<<1,

k2<<1, k1 = 0.01, k2=0.03)). Phm vi gi tr ch tiu tnh kt cu tng t l 0~1, n
ngy cng gn 1, th hin kt cu ca hnh nh ngy cng ging; Nu n gn vi 0,
th hin kt cu hnh nh khc nhau cng ln.
Thng qua phn khi hnh nh, ln lt tnh ton o lng tnh kt cu tng
t ca phn khi i ng hnh nh gc v hnh nh cha Watermarking, c th c
c nh ch tiu tnh kt cu tng ng hnh nh trc sau nhng Watermarking,
n c th dng miu t chnh lhcj trn mc tng t kt cu trc v sau n
thng tin, thng thng thc t khuyt thiu n th c tnh ton l:
ssim _ map max( 0, ssim _ index).^4
(3.19)
60
Trong , ssim_index l ma trn ssim_index o lng tnh kt cu tng t
ca phn khi i ng hnh nh trc v sau nhng Watermarking, ssim_map l ma
trn nh ch tiu tnh kt cu tng t.
3.4.2. nh gi Imperceptibility da trn JND
Chi tiu khch quan JND l gi tr so snh gia lng kch thch nh nht v
cng kch thch ban u th gic c th cm nhn c cn c h thng th gic
con ngi, l 1 thng s lm xut pht im, thng qua xem xt nhn t mt n
sng, mt n i chi v mt n mu sc, a ra 1 ch tiu khch quan o
lng cht lng hnh nh. T tng ch o c th ca o lng khch quan JND
miu t nh sau [30]:
Phng php hp l nh gi cht lng hnh nh trc v sau n thng tin
phi tun th y c tnh HVS. Weber-Fechners[31] pht hin dn n chnh
lch cm gic cn gi tr so snh lng tng hoc lng gim nh nht I (hoc gi
l JND Just Noticeable Difference) ca kch thch nh nht v cng kch
thch ban u I l mt hng s K, c th dng cng thc K
I
.
I
Do tin hnh chnh sa cng bin i vi khu vc hnh nh c sng

khc nhau cho kt qu hin th khc nhau. y chnh l mt n sng.
Mt n chi l ch thnh phn 1 hnh nh do tnh mn cm th gic khc
xut hin v gim thp, khi 2 thnh phn c tn sut khng gian, phng v v v tr
ging nhau, mt n ny t c ln nht. Trong hnh nh, ch c kt cu cng
phc tp mt n chi cng mnh.
Trong min DCT, h s trc lu i din sng ca hnh nh, h s giao
lu i in kt cu ca hnh nh, Watson[30] xem xt c tnh sng HVS v
mt n chi, kt hp ma trn lng ha JPEG v h s DCT hnh nh a ra m
hnh tnh ton JND hnh nh Grayscale.
3.5. Cn bng gia Robust v Imperceptibility
Robust, Imperceptibility v dung lng nhng l 3 c tnh ch yu phn nh
Digital Watermarking, nhng quan h gia 3 yu t ny c th cho rng l 1 th
61
thng nht mu thun, 3 yu t nh hng ln nhau, 3 c tnh c th chuyn ha
ln nhau. Hnh 3.7 th hin mi quan h ny
Imperceptibility
Robust
Dung lng
Watermarking
Hnh 3.7. Quan h gia Robust, Imperceptibility v dung lng Watermarking

ca Digital Watermarking
Robust v cng nhng c quan h trc tip, cng nhng cng ln
Robust cng tt, nhng lun lun lm cho Imperceptibility gim; Ging nh vy,
cng vi s gia tng dung lng Watermarking nhng, thng thng s to nn s
thay i d liu hnh nh s gc tng ln, cng khin Imperceptibility gim. Trong
ng dng thc t, Digital Watermarking thng tm kim im cn bng thch hp
gia 3 yu t . Do bn lun vn ny ch yu nghin cu v Robust ca Digital
Watermarking, di y vi tin bo m Robust ca thut ton Watermarking,
khin cho Imperceptibility ca hnh nh Watermarking cng nh tnh nng ca
dung lng nhng u thc hin ti u ha.
3.6. Kt qu th nghim
Cc th nghim trong phn ny c thc hin trn tp gm 6 nh mu. Tuy
nhin, ch thnh phn nh sng c thy vn bi v HVS nhy cm vi thnh phn
ny. thc hin iu ny, u tin, nh c bin i thnh khng gian mu
YCbCr v ch thnh phn Y c thy vn. Nh trong hnh 3.8 nh gc v nh thy
vn l khng phn bit c. Cc th nghim khc c thc hin trn cc nh t
62
nhin xc thc phng php ca chng ti c tnh bn vng v tnh khng th
nhn bit.
Hnh 3.8. nh gc (tri) v nh nhng thy vn (phi)

3.6.1. nh gi tnh khng cm nhn
nh gi cht lng ca nh c thy vn, kim tra DSIS (Kch thch
gp i ph hy co gin Double Stimuli Impair Scale) c thc hin da vo 10
quan st vin theo giao thc c nh ngha trong [32]. Xp loi co gin gm 5
mc: 5 khng th nhn bit, 4 nhn bit c nhng khng nhiu, 3 hi nhiu,
2 nhiu v 1 rt nhiu. Kt qu trong bng 3.1. ch ra rng thut ton c
xut tha mn tnh khng th nhn bit. nh gi khch quan cng c thc hin
bng hai s liu cht lng l Komparator v wavelet da trn PSNR[33]. Hai s
liu c s dng v chng c chng minh l cc s liu thch hp nht nh
gi tnh minh bch watermark theo hiu sut phn tch. Kt qu bng 3.1 cho thy
thut ton xut cung cp mt imperceptibility tt.
Image
Baboon
Boat
Car
Lena
Peppers
Plane
DSIS
4.8
4.9
4.2
4.6
4.1
Komparator
527.56
263.68
229.33
368.18
327.26
244.97
PSNRwav
15.96
19.96
21.62
21.99
23.04
22.59
Bng 3.1. nh gi tnh khng cm nhn

3.6.2. Tnh bn vng
Tnh bn vng ca thut ton c kim th thng qua mt lot tn cng bao
gm tn cng tn hiu v cc tn cng ng b ha li (DA Desynchronization
Attacks). Mt s tn cng rt nghim trng nh tn cng in - qut, my quay
63
phim, v tn cng ng b ha li mi trong [34]. Cc tn cng cn li thuc
chun Stirmark [35] v Checkmark [36]. Chng ti tm tt hai tn cng quan trng
trong th nghim ca chng ti nh sau:
-
Tn cng in - qut: Tn cng ny bao gm in nh trn my in Lazer v qut

chng. nh c in dng cp xm trn giy A4 v qut vi phn gii
300dpi.
Tn cng ng b ha li mi: nhng tn cng ny m rng tn cng hnh

hc c in c xut trong Barni v cc cng s [44]. Chng c
chng minh l mnh hn v t b xm nhp hn so vi tn cng Stirmark. Ba
loi tn cng ng b ha li mi s dng trong th nghim vi cc tham s
mc nh nh trong [33]: LPCD (Hon v cc b vi loi b v sao chp
Local Permutation with Cancellation and Duplication), CLPCD (LPCD rng
buc Constraint LPCD) v MF (ng b ha li da trn trng ngu
nhin Markov Markov Random field based DA).
Nh minh ha trong bng 3.2 phng php ca chng ti tt trc hu ht
cc cuc tn cng. c bit phng php ca chng ti tn ti trc cc tn cng

nghim trng nh tn cng print-scan, my quay phim v Stirmark.
Attack
Baboom
Boat
Car
Lena
Peppers
Plane
Print-Scan
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Stirmark
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Scaling
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
35%
40%
20%
45%
40%
30%
Rotation
250
250
300
300
250
350
New DAs
6/6
6/6
6/6
6/6
6/6
6/6
8/8
8/8
8/8
8/8
8/8
8/8
38/70
43/70
61/70
60/70
41/70
68/70
Jpeg
Compression
Affine
Transform
Projective
Transform
Bng 3.2. Cc cuc tn cng in hnh
64
3.7. Kt lun
Trong chng ny, em xut thao tc thy vn nh mi da trn ni dung
trong khng gian co gin DoG nng cao tnh bn vng trc cc tn cng ng b
ha li. Phng php thy vn mi c thm cc u im trong vic pht hin v
phc hi t cc tn cng hnh hc. u im chnh trong lc thy vn ca em l
s dng m hnh JND m khng cn n nhn t ton cc nh trong mt n nhn
bit ca Bas [22] hoc hm hin th nhiu (NVF Noise Visibility Function) ca
Voloshynovskiy [37] v [23] iu khin nng lc thy vn. Hai m hnh ny da
trn cc c tnh thng k ca tn hiu thch ng nng lc thy vn. Lc ch
ra rng cc vng hot ng (texture, cnh) cho php nhng mnh hn so vi vng
phng bi v chng km nhy cm vi HVS. Mt tr ngi ca tip cn ny l khng
cung cp ngng ti u cho nng lc thy vn. Hn na, cc nhn t s dng c
xc nh v thay i t nh ny sang nh khc. Cui cng trch chn im c trng
SIFT v bn JND v lc nhng thy vn ch c thc hin trong mt
qung tm ca khng gian co gin DoG, do vy, gim phc tp khi x l c
trng SIFT khi so snh vi phng php trong [23]. Kt qu th nghim ch ra rng
phng php xut c tnh bn vng v tnh khng th nhn bit tt. c bit
phng php ca chng ti tn ti trc cc tn cng nghim trng nh tn cng
print-scan, my quay phim v Stirmark.
65
TNG KT V TRIN VNG
1.Tng kt cng tc nghin cu
Lun vn ny ch yu nghin cu thut ton Watermarking k thut s mang
tnh bn vng c th chng li tn cng in - qut l vn kh khn trong nghin
cu ca lnh vc Watermarking k thut s. Sau khi gii thiu s lc v bi cnh
nghin cu, ngha nghin cu v t duy thng thng trong nghin cu lnh vc
Watermarking k thut s, thng qua i su phn tch qu trnh in - qut, cng
nh sau khi tin hnh phn tch v so snh vi thut ton Watermarking k thut s
chng in - qut in hnh, a ra 1 loi thut ton Watermarking k thut s chng
in - qut da trn c trng hnh nh. Thut ton a ra c th chng tn cng in qut kh tt, c th dng bo h bn quyn tc phm in n. Kt qu ny c
ngha quan trng trong thc tin. C th c th tm tt qu trnh nghin cu nh
sau:
Thng qua tm hiu nguyn l ca my in v thit b qut, a ra tn cng
ch yu gp phi trong qu trnh in - qut nh s l to thnh my loi tn cng c
bit l i vi php bin i hnh hc. Cc loi tn cng u c kim nghim tnh
bn vng ca thut ton Watermarking.
Trn c s ,lun vn trnh by phng n nhm ti u ha tnh nng
bn vng v tnh nng khng th nhn bit ca thut ton Watermarking s loi
mnh. i vi vn ti u ha a mc tiu ca 3 tnh nng: bn vng, khng th
nhn bit, n dung lng ca thut ton Watermarking, trong bi cnh ca ni dung
nghin cu, lun vn ny c gng gii quyt yu cu tnh bn vng, thng qua tha
mn yu cu thp nht ca tnh khng th nhn bit v tnh n du dung lng, thc
hin ti u ha tnh bn vng ca thut ton Watermarking.
2.Trin vng nghin cu v tim nng ng dng
Nghin cu Watermarking, chng in - qut s nng cao ng dng ca k
thut Watermarking in n, nhng trong giai on nghin cu ny vn tn ti vn
l lp m hnh k thut s chun xc ca qu trnh chng in - qut, nng cao tnh
nng thc t ca Watermarking in n cng nh tnh phc tp nhng, d tm/trch rt
thut ton. Vn ng b ca Watermarking k thut s, tnh bn vng ca nhng
Watermarking chng in - qut, vn tnh cm nhn ca tc phm Watermarking,
vn dung lng nhng Watermarking v vn chi ph thc hin thut ton
Watermarking (tc l vn tnh phc tp thut ton) s l vn m hnh
66
Watermarking in n thit k p phi xem xt tng hp, tha mn nhu cu ng
dng thc t. Lun vn ny cho rng nghin cu Watermarking k thut s chng
print-scan phi xem xt xy dng m hnh chun xc ca qu trnh chng in - qut
i vi tn cng hnh nh, tm kim thuc tnh bt bin trc sau qut, v tin hnh
hiu chnh thch hp; Khi cn trch rt thng tin nhng chun xc, s dng m s
thng tin nhng sa m sai; Duy tr tnh nht qun ca cm gic trc sau khi
nhng Watermarking; s dng nhng t thch ng. Tm li, pht trin
Watermarking k thut s chng print-scan quyt nh bi xy dng m hnh s
chun xc i vi bn cht phc tp ca qu trnh in - qut, vn cn cc tc gi
trong v ngoi nc v gii cng nghip tip tc nghin cu v th nghim thc
tin.
Thut ton Watermarking k thut s chng in - qut u tin l do tc phm
k thut s cha Watermarking sau khi in - qut ln th nht c th c c
Watermarking nhng vo chun xc, bn photo ca tc phm in n sau khi scan
khng th trch xut ra hnh nh Watermarking, t thc hin sng lc tc phm
in n vi phm bn quyn (in n lu). Nghin cu hin nay vn cn giai on tc
phm s cha Watermarking sau khi in - qut ln th nht c th c c
Watermarking nhng vo chun xc, tm nhn ban u vn ch thc hin.
Thut ton Watermarking, chng in - qut di x l thng thng v b tn
cng xu, bnh thng u c th biu hin tnh nng tng i tt. Hay ni
cch khc, Thut ton Watermarking chng in - qut trong mi trng ng dng
ca x l thng thng v tnh trng tn cng ph bin, tnh bn vng tng i
cao. Ngoi ra, cc d liu vn bn nh h chiu, giy php li xe, giy chng minh
thvvc th c bo v tt nht bng k thut Watermarking chng in qut. Cng vi s pht trin khng ngng ca thit b u cui ly hnh nh s, a
h thng d tm Digital Watermarking vo thit b chp hnh in thoi di ng,
my nh v my chiu, khin ngi s dng c th nhanh chng phn bit tht gi
i vi cc ti liu chng t v ly c nhng thng tin truyn i km vi tc
phm in n. ng dng khc nh phc v nhu cu bo h bn quyn tc phm s
cng s l ng lc pht trin nghin cu Digital Watermarking chng in - qut.
67
PH LC
Ph lc 1 : Khng gian scale
Khng gian Scale l mt l thuyt c pht trin bi x l nh v x l tn
hiu. Trong x l nh n dng iu chnh kt cu nh cc mc khc nhau.
Bng vic hnh dung nh nh l mt h ca tham s t ca cc nh c lm trn l
mt v d tiu biu cho khng gian scale. Tham s t trong h cc nh trn c gi
l tham s nh mc (tham s scale), n c th hin trn cu trc ca nh.
Hnh 5.1. nh cc scale khc nhau
68
Ph lc 2: Cc hm Gaussian
Trong ton hc hm Gaussian (t theo tn nh ton hc ngi c Carl
Friedrich Gauss) l hm c dng:
( x b) 2
f ( x)
ae
2c 2
Vi cc hng s thc a, b, c, trong a,c> 0 v e
(5.1)
2, 718281828 (s Euler).
Hnh 5.2: th hm Gaussian vi 1 s tham s khc nhau.

Biu ca mt hm Gaussian l mt ng cong i xng c trng "hnh
qu chung". ng cong ny rt xung rt nhanh khi tin ti cng/tr v cng.
Tham s a l chiu cao ti a ng cong, b l v tr tm ca nh v c quyt nh
chiu rng ca "chung".
Hm Gaussian c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc. Trong thng k
chng miu t phn b chun, trong x l tn hiu chng gip nh ngha b lc
69
Gaussian, trong x l nh hm Gaussian hai chiu c dng to hiu ng m
Gaussian. Hm Gaussian trong x l nh c dng nh sau:
G( x, y)
x2 y2
1
2
(5.2)
Trong x v y l ta theo 2 trc, cn l phng sai ca phn phi

Gaussian hay gi tr quyt nh lch gia cc im trn b mt Gaussian.
70
TI LIU THAM KHO
Ting Vit:
[0]
Gio trnh thy vn s PGS.TS. Trnh Nht Tin .
Ting Anh:
[1] I. Cox, M. Miller, J. Bloom, and M. Miller, Digital Watermarking, Morgan
Kaufmann, 1st edition, 2001.
[2] E. Hembrooke, Identification of sound and like signals, United States
Patent, 3 004 104, 1961.
[3] Komatsu and Tominaga, Authentication system using concealed image in
telematics, Memoirs of the School of Science and Engineering, Waseda
Univ., vol. 52, pp. 4560, 1988.
[4] Bruce Schneier, Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms and Source
Code in C, Wiley, 2nd edition, October 1996.
[5] J. D. Proakis, Digital Communication, McGraw-Hill, Newyork, 3rd edition,
1995.
[6] F. Cayre, C. Fontaine, and Teddy Furon, Watermarking security: theory and
practice, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING, vol. 53, no.
10, pp. 3976 3987, 2005.
[7] K.Solanki, U.Madhow, B.S.Manjunath, Shiv Chandrasekaran, and Ibrahim ElKhalil, Print and Scan Resilient Data Hiding in Images. IEEE Transactions
on Information Forensics and Security, VOL.1.No.4. 2006,12.464-478.
[8] P. Bas, J.M. Chassery, and B. Macq, Geometrically invariant watermarking
using feature points, IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 11, no
9.2002,9.10141028
[9] Lin Ching-Yung.
Public Watermarking
Surviving General Scaling and
Cropping: An Application for Print-and-Scan Process. Multimedia and

Security Workshop at ACM Multimedia 99, Orlando, FL, USA, Oct 1999.
41-46.
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[10] K.Solanki, U.Madhow, B.S.Manjunath,
and S.Chandrasekaran. Estimating
and undoing rotation for print-scan resilient data hiding. ICIP, Singapore,
Oct. 2004. 39- 42.
[11] R.Vikas,
Kishor
Kumar
Barman.
A Report on Print-Scan Resilient
information Hiding In Images, A Practice School Station of Birla Institute Of

Technology and Science, Pilani, India. June 15, 2005
[12] M.K.Kundu, and A.K.Maiti. An Inexpensive Digital Watermarking Scheme
for Printed Document Visual Information Engineering, 2006. VIE 2006. IET
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[13] Huang Yupeng, Pan Wei. A Watermark Scheme for Presswork 2007, IEEE
Xiamen International
Workshop
on Anti-counterfeiting, Security,
Identification Proceedings, 16-18. 2007, 4.130-133

[14] Zhang Yongping, Kang Xiangui and Zhang Phillipp. A Practical Print-andscan Resilient Watermarking for High Resolution Images. IWDW 2008,lncs
54502009. i03-ii2.
[15] Cheng
Daofang,
Watermarking
Li
Xiaolong,Qi
Wenfa,etc.
Statistics-Based
Scheme Robust to Print-and-Scan, 2008 International
Symposium on Electronic Commerce and Security. August 03-August

05.894-898.
[16] SHI Dongcheng, WANG Qi, LIANG Chao.Digital Watermarking Algorithm
for Print-and-Scan Process used for Printed matter Anti-Counterfeit, 2008
Congress on. Image and Signal Processing.697-701.
[17] D. G. Lowe, Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints,
International Journal of Computer Vision, vol. 60, pp. 91110, 2004.
[18] D. G. Lowe, "Object recognition from local scale-invariant features," ,1999,
tr. 1150-1157.
[19] P. G. J. Barten, Evaluation of subjective image quality with the square-root
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[20] G. E. Legge and J. M. Foley, Contrast masking in human vision, Journal of
the Optical Society of America, vol. 70, pp. 14581471, 1980.
[21] M. Kutter, S. K. Bhattacharjee, and T. Ebrahimi, Towards second generation
water-marking schemes, in Proceedings of International Conference on
Image Processing, 1999, vol. 1, pp. 320323.
[22] P. Bas, J. M. Chassery, and B. Macq, Geometrically invariant watermarking
using feature points, IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, vol. 11, no. 9, pp.
10141028, 2002.
[23] H. Y. Lee, H. Kim, and H. K. Lee, Robust image watermarking using local
invariant features, Journal of Optical Engineering, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 111,
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[24] P. Dong, J. G. Brankov, N. P. Galatsanos, Y. Yang, and F. Davoine, Digital
watermarking robust to geometric distortions, IEEE Trans. on Image
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[25] T. Lindeberg, Scale-Space Theory in Computer Vision, Kluwer Academic
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[26] P. J. Burt and E. H. Adelson, The laplacian pyramid as a compact image
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[27] Luong Viet Nguyen, Trinh Nhat Tien, Ho Van Canh, Pyramidal JND Model
for Grayscale Image and its Application to Watermarking, IEEE
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211236.

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i NGUYN

NGHIN CU V XUT PHNG PHP CHNG TN CNG INQUT TRONG THY VN S

Chuyn ngnh : Khoa hc my tnh

NGI HNG DN KHOA HC: TS. H VN CANH

Thi Nguyn, thng 8 nm 2013

Human Visual System

Least Significant Bit

Rotation, Scaling, Translation

Digital Video Disc

Joint Photographic Experts Group

Discrete Cosine Transfrom

PseudoRandom Number Generator

Bit Error Rate

Just Noticeable Difference

Analog Digital Converter

Discrete Fourier Transform

Fast Fourier Transform

Inverse fast Fourier transform

Quantization Index Mod-ulation

Wavelet Domain Transform

Scale Invariant Feature Transform

Contrast Sensitivity Function

Structural Similarity Index Measurement

Noise Visibility Function

Spread Spectrum Modulation

Peak Signal to Noise Ratio

of Gaussians) tng s bn vng. m bo tnh khng th cm nhn, mt m

TNG QUAN V THY VN S

Ngy nay, vn bo v bn quyn tr thnh yu cu quan trng nht cho

Hnh 1.1. M hnh thy vn s trn nh

Thy vn v nhng ngnh lin quan

Thy vn c lin quan cht ch n mt m hc, vit n thng tin

Tnh v hnh i vi thng k

Thy vn khng th pht hin c bng phng php thng k bi mt ngi

Ty thuc vo ng dng, thut ton thy vn c th cho php mt s lng bit

Thm ch khi c cc tn cng cng nh cc bin dng tn hiu, kh nng

Vic s dng cc tn hiu m nhc, hnh nh v phim di dng k thut s

Cc cuc tn cng kh nhiu xem qu trnh thy vn nh l mt qu

Tn cng x l tn hiu bao gm chuyn i A/D hoc D/A, nn, lng

Cc cuc tn cng thng ng c gng c lng ni dung gc t cc

Cc cuc tn cng hnh hc bao gm tt c cc hot ng nh xoay, co

Tn cng kiu ct dn to ra mt ni dung sao chp bt hp php t cc

Bn cnh , chng ta c th lit k cc kiu tn cng vo c tnh ca thy

Phn loi theo cp bn vng

Theo cc cp bn vng, thy vn c phn thnh cc loi sau:

Hnh 1.2. Phn loi cc phng php thy vn

Phn loi theo min lm vic

Thy vn c th c nhng vo mt ni dung thng qua hai cch: trong min

y l mt trong nhng ng dng u tin ca thy vn. Trong trng hp

y l mt ng dng rt quan trng m mc ch l kim sot truy cp v

Vn tay hoc truy tm k phn bi

ng dng ny gip ngn nga mt ni dung c bn quyn c phn phi

Gim st chng trnh pht sng

Ni chung, cc nh qung co tr ph rt cao cho cc on qung co ngn

Tht d dng lm xo trn mt ni dung k thut s, do xc thc l cn

Du thy vn c cha thng ip bn trong gm ba loi nh sau:

Kch thc ca nh c nhng du thy vn.

nh gc cn c nhng du thy vn.

nh sau khi nhng du thy vn.

nh c th c nhng du thy vn.

Cp du thy vn v kch thc ca du thy vn.

Gi tr m nu du thy vn ca ta l mt chui bit.

Qu trnh nhng du thy vn tng qut.