Hc vin k thut qun s

B mn Cng ngh thit b v Hng khng v tr

khoa hng khng v tr

PGS. TS. o Vn Hip

t ng ha my cng c
(Gio trnh dng cho hc vin, sinh vin bc i hc)

Nh xut bn qun i nhn dn

h ni - 2011

Nh xut bn mong bn c gp kin, ph bnh

Quyt nh ban hnh s: 105 - 2011/CXB/420 - 12/QND

Ch bin: PGS. TS. o Vn Hip

355.7
105 - 2011
QND - 2011

Mc lc
Li ni u ..................................................................................................................1
Chng 1: My cng c v t ng ha my cng c.........................3
1.1. Vn t ng ho my cng c ............................................................3
1.1.1. Tnh hnh sn xut v s dng my cng c .......................................................3
1.1.2. V mn hc "C s t ng ho my cng c" ..................................................5
1.2. Nhng vn chung v my cng c ...................................................6
1.2.1. Khi nim v phn loi my cng c ..................................................................6
1.2.2. Cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut ca my cng c .................................................8
1.2.3. Cc thng s k thut ca my .........................................................................10
1.3. Kt cu ca my cng c ..........................................................................10
1.3.1. Cc chuyn ng khi ct kim loi.....................................................................10
1.3.2. Cc cm chnh ca my cng c.......................................................................13
1.4. ngha ca vic t ng ho my cng c ....................................16
1.4.1. Nng cao nng sut gia cng ............................................................................16
1.4.2. Nng cao chnh xc gia cng .......................................................................19
1.4.3. Nng cao tin cy cu my ............................................................................20
1.4.4. Ci thin iu kin lao ng .............................................................................20
1.4.5. nh gi hiu qa kinh t s dng my t ng...............................................21
1.5. My cng c trong cc dng sn xut khc nhau....................22
1.5.1. My cng c trong sn xut th cng v c kh ho.........................................22
1.5.2. My cng c trong h thng sn xut dy chuyn cng ...................................24
1.5.3. My cng c trong h thng sn xut linh hot ................................................24
1.5.4. My cng c trong h thng sn xut ti cu hnh ...........................................27
1.6. Xu hng pht trin ca my cng c ..............................................30
1.6.1. Cc yu cu mi i vi cng ngh ch to c kh ...........................................31
1.6.2. Nhng pht trin mi v cng ngh ch to c kh...........................................32
1.6.3. Cc xu hng pht trin kt cu ca my cng c............................................35
1.6.4. Cc xu hng pht trin ca h iu khin my cng c..................................38
Chng 2: Truyn ng c kh trn my cng c ...............................41
2.1. Cc khi nim c bn ...................................................................................41
2.1.1. Cc thnh phn c bn ca xch ng hc ........................................................41
2.1.2. Biu din v phn tch ng hc .......................................................................42
2.2. Cc c cu chnh trong xch ng hc my cng c................44
2.2.1. H truyn ng trc chnh.................................................................................44

2.2.2. H truyn ng chy dao .................................................................................. 59

2.2.3. Cc c cu iu khin ....................................................................................... 65
2.3. ng hc my tin ........................................................................................ 70
2.3.1. My tin ren vt vn nng 1K62 ....................................................................... 70
2.3.2. My tin ren vt vn nng T616 ........................................................................ 78
2.4. ng hc my phay ...................................................................................... 81
2.4.1. My phay ngang vn nng P82......................................................................... 82
2.4.2. My phay ng vn nng P12........................................................................... 85
2.5. Bi mu phn tch s ng................................................................. 86
2.5.1. Hp truyn ng trc chnh my 1A616 .......................................................... 86
2.5.2. S ng hp truyn ng trc chnh trn my tin 1M620 ......................... 87
2.5.3 Bi tp tng hp ................................................................................................. 88
Chng 3: H thng in t ng trn my cng c......................... 91
3.1. Cc mch iu khin chuyn ng ...................................................... 91
3.1.1. Mch dng ng c lng sc nhiu cp tc ................................................. 91
3.1.2. Mch iu khin i tc nh ly hp trt.................................................... 92
3.1.3. Mch iu khin tc dng ng c 1 chiu ................................................. 94
3.1.4. Mch duy tr vn tc ct khng i .................................................................. 95
3.2. Mt s mch ph tr.................................................................................... 97
3.2.1. Mch nhp ........................................................................................................ 98
3.2.2. Mch hn ch chuyn ng hoc dng chnh xc c cu cng tc .................. 99
3.2.3. Mch lin ng ............................................................................................... 100
3.3. S in trn mt s my t ng in hnh ........................... 104
3.3.1. S in ca my tin revolver.................................................................... 105
3.3.2. S in ca my doa ngang ....................................................................... 108
3.3.3. S in ca my mi .................................................................................. 113
3.3.4. S in t ng trn my phay .................................................................. 117
Chng 4: H thng thu lc trn my cng c ............................... 123
4.1. Khi nim v phn loi h thng chp hnh thy lc ............. 123
4.1.1. Khi nim h thng bm................................................................................. 123
4.1.2. Phn loi h thng chp hnh thy lc............................................................ 127
4.2. Cc h thng chp hnh c bn............................................................ 127
4.2.1. H thng chp hnh 1 ta tc ng trc tip .............................................. 127
4.2.2. H thng chp hnh 1 ta tc ng gin tip ............................................. 133
4.2.3. H thng chp hnh 1 ta vi lng chy dao dc bin i....................... 137
4.2.4. H thng chp hnh 2 ta ........................................................................... 139

4.3. Cm u d trong h thng chp hnh thy lc .......................144

4.3.1. u d c kh ..................................................................................................144
4.3.2. u d in - thy lc v kh nn ...................................................................148
4.4. T ng ha my cng c dng chp hnh thy lc ...............149
4.4.1. H thng chp hnh 1 to vi lng chy dao dc khng i ....................149
4.4.2. H thng chp hnh 1 ta vi lng chy dao dc thay i .......................152
4.4.3. Mt s v d v h thng bm trn my cng c ............................................154
Chng 5: Nhp mn iu khin s my cng c .................................159
5.1. Khi qut v iu khin qu trnh cng ngh ............................159
5.1.1. iu khin qu trnh cng ngh vi my cng c truyn thng .....................160
5.1.2. iu khin qu trnh cng ngh vi my t ng ...........................................160
5.1.3. iu khin thch nghi qu trnh cng ngh.....................................................161
5.2. Cc dng iu khin t ng my cng c ...................................162
5.2.1. iu khin bng cam ......................................................................................163
5.2.2. iu khin theo mu .......................................................................................163
5.2.3. iu khin nh bng cm ...............................................................................164
5.2.4. iu khin theo chng trnh s .....................................................................165
5.3. iu khin s my cng c......................................................................165
5.3.1. Khi nim iu khin s .................................................................................165
5.3.2. NC v CNC......................................................................................................171
5.3.3. Trung tm gia cng CNC ................................................................................175
5.3.4. iu khin s trc tip ....................................................................................178
5.4. Lch s pht trin ca my NC ..............................................................181
5.5. Cc u, nhc im ca my CNC .........................................................184
5.5.1. Cc u im ca my CNC .............................................................................184
5.5.2. Cc nhc im ca CNC ...............................................................................190
5.6. Hng s dng v pht trin my CNC .............................................191
5.6.1. La chn v s dng hp l my CNC ...........................................................191
5.6.2. iu khin thch nghi my CNC.....................................................................194
Chng 6: c im kt cu v iu khin my CNC .........................201
6.1. Nguyn tc iu khin CNC.....................................................................201
6.1.1. Cc phng php ni suy ................................................................................203
6.1.2. Cc kiu iu khin.........................................................................................205
6.2. c im kt cu v iu khin cc h thng .............................207
6.2.1. H thng iu khin trc chnh.......................................................................207
6.2.2. H thng iu khin chy dao.........................................................................207

6.2.3. Thit b g kp chi tit .................................................................................... 211

6.2.4. H thng thay dao t ng.............................................................................. 212
Chng 7: C s lp trnh gia cng trn my CNC ............................ 215
7.1. Cc ch lm vic ca my CNC ...................................................... 215
7.1.1. Manual / JOG.................................................................................................. 215
7.1.2. MDI (Manual Data Input)............................................................................... 215
7.1.3. Single Block .................................................................................................... 215
7.1.4. Automatic ....................................................................................................... 215
7.1.5. Son tho (Edit) .............................................................................................. 216
7.1.6. M phng........................................................................................................ 216
7.1.7. Dry run............................................................................................................ 216
7.2. C s hnh hc ca vic lp trnh NC................................................ 216
7.2.1. Cc h to .................................................................................................. 216
7.2.2. Phng php nhp to ................................................................................ 217
7.2.3. Quy nh gc to phi (zero phi) ............................................................. 218
7.2.4. B thng s dao .............................................................................................. 221
7.3. C s cng ngh ca vic lp trnh NC............................................ 224
7.3.1. C s cng ngh tin....................................................................................... 224
7.3.2. C s cng ngh phay..................................................................................... 224
7.4. Nhng vn chung v lp trnh NC................................................. 226
7.4.1. Cu trc ca chng trnh NC ........................................................................ 226
7.4.2. Cc phng php lp trnh .............................................................................. 227
7.4.3. Cc loi ngn ng lp trnh............................................................................. 232
Ph lc: Mt s my cng c ....................................................................... 239
P1. My tin (Lathe) ................................................................................................. 239
P2. My phay ng (Vertical Mill)........................................................................... 240
P3. My phay ngang (Horizontal Milling Machine)................................................. 241
P4. My doa ngang (Horizontal Boring Machine).................................................... 242
P5. My khoan cn (Radial Drill)............................................................................. 243
P6. My mi phng (Surface Grinder) ...................................................................... 244
P7. My mi trn (Surface Grinder) ......................................................................... 245
P8. Trung tm tin CNC (CNC Turning Center)....................................................... 246
P9. Trung tm phay CNC (Vertical Machining Center) ........................................... 247
P10. My ct xung in CNC (Electric Discharge Machine) ................................... 248
Ti liu tham kho............................................................................................. 249

Li ni u
Kt cu v k thut thit k my cng c c dy y nht cho ngnh
Cng ngh ch to my, mt phn cho cc chuyn ngnh c kh khc. Tuy nhin,
chng trnh hin hnh ch yu mi bao qut c phn c kh, khng hoc
cp rt t n h thng iu khin.
Ngy nay, my t ng iu khin theo chng trnh s (thng c gi l
my cng c iu khin s, hay my CNC) c s dng rng ri. "My cng
c iu khin s" tr thnh mn hc bt buc trong chng trnh ca ngnh C
kh, C in t. My CNC ang thay th dn cc my cng c truyn thng. Tuy
nhin, ngay c nhng nc cng nghip tin tin, my cng c truyn thng
vn c dng v vn ang tip tc c sn xut, c ci tin, hin i ha.
Mt iu ng ni na l my CNC, khng phi "t trn tri ri xung".
Khng ch nhiu kt cu c kh m c phn chp hnh, gim st, iu khin ca
my CNC c k tha t cc my th h trc. Qu trnh pht trin t my
truyn thng n my CNC hin i l qu trnh tin ha, c nhng bc t
bin. Hn na, nh chng ta thy, tuy c nhng tnh nng tuyt vi, my
CNC v cc h thng sn xut linh hot (FMS) bc l nhng nhc im.
Chng s c thay th bng cc my c iu khin thch nghi, cc my cng c
v cc h thng sn xut ti cu hnh c (Reconfigurable Machine Tools RMT, Reconfigurable Manufacturing System - RMS), k tha v tng t cc
my t hp ca nhng nm 1970-1980.
Chng ti bin son ti liu "T ng ha my cng c" ny va khng
nh vai tr cha th thay th c ca my cng c truyn thng, va gip sinh
vin c quan im k tha, quan im pht trin trong la chn, s dng, thit k
my cng c, gip sinh vin hiu su hn v my CNC. i tng phc v trc
tip ca ti liu l sinh vin ngnh C in t, nhng c th dng lm ti liu
tham kho cho sinh vin cc chuyn ngnh c kh.
tng v mong mun l vy, v mc d son gi rt c gng vn dng
cc kin thc v kinh nghim nhiu nm lm vic vi my cng c thng thng
v my CNC, tham kho cc ti liu, nhng chc chn khng th trnh khi
nhng thiu st. Rt mong cc ng nghip, cc bn c gp . Mi kin ng
gp xin gi n: PGS. TS. o Vn Hip, Khoa Hng khng v tr, Hc vin
KTQS, Email: hdaovan@yahoo.com. Xin trn trng cm n.
Son gi

Chng 1: My cng c v t ng ha my cng c

1.1. Vn t ng ho my cng c
1.1.1. Tnh hnh sn xut v s dng my cng c
Ch to my cng c (MCC) l mt b phn ca ngnh ch to my, ngoi
vic to ra ca ci vt cht, to vic lm v thu nhp cho nn kinh t nh mi
ngnh khc, n c s mnh trang b c s vt cht cho ngnh ch to my. Tnh
n cui th k XX, gi tr ca MCC chim 60% ton b gi tr thit b ca
ngnh ch to my. Trang b y v s dng ti a nng lc ca MCC, T
ng ha (TH) chng l con ng duy nht tng nng sut lao ng, nng cao
cht lng sn phm, tng sc cnh tranh ca ngnh c kh v, y l iu quan
trng, nng cao gi tr ca sc lao ng, trnh phi bn sc lao ng vi gi r.

Hnh 1. 1: Vai tr ca MCC v t ng ho MCC trong ch to my

Hnh 1.1 cho thy v tr ca MCC v ngnh gia cng kim loi [2](*). ng 1
l sn lng cng nghip ton ngnh ch to my, t s ca cc phn s l gi tr
(*)

y l s liu ca Nga, mt nc c truyn thng v gia cng c kh tham kho v

vai tr ca MCC v t ng ho MCC trong sn xut c kh.

tuyt i tnh bng t rp, mu s l t l so snh vi nm 1985. ng 2 l s

MCC cn s dng (triu ci). Vi trnh TH nh 1990 th nm 2000 cn 5,9
triu my, gp i nm 1985. Nu tng trnh TH theo xu th chung th s
my cn dng s gim: nm 1995 ch cn 2,7 triu my (bng 81% nm 1985),
nm 2000 ch cn 2,5 triu my (bng 77% nm 1985). Tnh hnh tng t cng
xy ra vi s cng nhn ng my (ng 3). tng sn lng cng nghip ch
to my ln 700 t rp vo nm 2000 th cn 4 triu cng nhn ng my nu gi
trnh k thut nh nm 1990. Nhng nu tng trnh TH th khng cn
tng s lng cng nhn. Nh vy, t ng ho MCC mang li hiu qu ch
gim s lng my (km theo l gim mt bng phn xng, gim tiu hao nng
lng) v gim s cng nhn ng my.
Xu hng chung pht trin MCC l TH chng trn c s iu khin s,
pht trin cc my t ng, bn t ng c robot phc v, tin ti cc t bo, cc
h thng, cc phn xng t ng linh ho hot.

Hnh 1. 2: Phm vi ng dng ca cc loi my t ng

Tuy nhin, vic s dng cc loi my t ng th no cho c hiu qu cn
tu thuc loi hnh sn xut. Hnh 1.2 cho php hnh dung phm vi ng dng c
hiu qu ca cc loi my t ng. Khi sn lng ln, chng loi t v n nh th
nn dng dy chuyn sn xut cng (Production Line - PL) vi cc MCC t ng
cng. Dy chuyn bng ti kiu rotor (Rotor Production Line -RPL) l dng c
4

nng sut cao nht. Cc dng t ng ho linh hot: h thng sn xut linh hot
(Flexible Manufacturing System - FMS), dy chuyn sn xut linh hot (Flexible
Manufacturing Line - FML), t bo sn xut linh hot (Flexible Manufacturing
Cell - FMC) ph hp vi sn xut hng lot v d thch ng vi s thay i sn
phm. Cc my v trung tm gia cng CNC n l c tnh linh hot cao, ph hp
vi sn xut lot nh, n chic. Khi cn u tin nng sut th theo xu hng
TH cng. Khi cn u tin tnh linh hot th theo xu hng TH linh hot vi
my CNC v robot cng nghip. Cc my vn nng vn cn cn thit cho nhng
ni sn xut n chic, nh cc xng sa cha. Tuy nhin cc my vn nng
cng vn khng ngng c ci tin, thm ch c t ng ho tng phn
nng chnh xc v d s dng.
Theo thng k ca Vin Nghin cu MCC ca Nga [2] th trong khong thi
gian 1991-1995 Nga sn xut 1591 kiu MCC, trong 1124 kiu my vn nng,
467 kiu my chuyn dng. My t ng v bn t ng chim 79%, my thng
thng chim 21%. My CNC chim 31% s chng loi. T l my CNC v my
chnh xc trong ton b MCC ngy cng tng.
1.1.2. V mn hc "C s t ng ho my cng c"
T cc s liu v phn tch phn trn, chng ta c th rt ra:
- Vi t cch "my lm ra my", MCC c vai tr c bit trong nn kinh t
quc dn. Sn xut, la chn, s dng c hiu qu MCC l nhim v cp thit ca
ngnh cng nghip nc nh.
- T trng v s lng my t ng ngy cng tng nhng my thng
thng vn c v tr cha th thay th c. Trong cc nh my c kh Vit
Nam, hin nay v trong hng chc nm na, my thng thng vn chim t l
cao v vn gi vai tr ch lc. Ngay c cc nc tin tin, my thng thng
vn c sn xut v s dng trong nhiu trng hp, nh sa cha v ch th.
Tuy nhin, my t ng, c bit l my CNC ngy cng chim u th ti nhng
ni, nhng khu cng ngh kh khn hoc i hi cht lng sn phm cao, nh
sn xut khun mu, sn xut ph tng t, xe my hoc sn xut v kh, thit b
hng khng v tr.
- Gia my thng thng v my CNC l c mt chng ng lch s. My
CNC c nh gi l mt trong nhng thnh tu k diu nht, l cuc cch mng
trong lnh vc c kh - t ng ho th k XX. Tuy nhin, my CNC khng phi
"t trn tri ri xung" m ch l s k tha, s pht trin nhy vt v cht ca cc
th h my thng thng v my t ng th h trc. Trn my CNC hin ang s

dng nguyn bn hoc cc phin bn ci tin ca cc c cu trn cc my t ng

khc. Ngay c tng iu khin trn my CNC cng sinh ra t s nng cp cc
h iu khin trc . V vy, khng th hiu tng tn my CNC nu khng c
kin thc c bn v MCC ni chung v v my t ng th h trc ni ring.
Cc thit b v h thng sn xut t ng (CNC, robot, h thng sn xut linh
hot, CIM,...) l i tng nghin cu v o to c bn ca ngnh C in t.
Xut pht t nhu cu thc t s dng my trong cng nghip hin nay v trong vi
chc nm ti; nhm gip cho cc k s c in t tng lai ni tip c t duy v
t ng ho cc h thng sn xut, chng ti xut mn hc "C s t ng ho
my cng c" nh l gch ni gia cng ngh truyn thng vi cng ngh hin i,
gia my cng c thng thng (iu khin bng tay) vi cc my v trung tm gia
cng iu khin s (CNC). Mn hc ny thay th cho mn "Thit k my cng c",
thin v thit k c kh ca ngnh ch to my v lm nn tng cho mn "My
cng c iu khin s". Mc ch ca mn hc khng ch l gii thiu, m t cc
kt cu m ci chnh l thng qua truyn ti c ti sinh vin nhng tng,
t duy, gii php v tnh logic trong thit k v t ng ho MCC.
S pht trin ca my cng c gn lin vi s ra i ca ngnh C in t.
Ngy nay, my cng c hin i l dng sn phm c in t in hnh.
1.2. Nhng vn chung v my cng c
1.2.1. Khi nim v phn loi my cng c
Theo nh ngha trong t in bch khoa ca Anh (Encyclopaedia Britannica),
MCC l my t c nh, c dn ng to hnh chi tit bng kim loi hoc cc
vt liu khc. Gia cng to hnh chi tit c th c thc hin bng cc phng php:
1. chia tch, ly i vt liu tha (ct gt, n mn ha hc, n mn in ha, ph hy
bng cc tia vt cht, nh laser, tia in t, tia nc,); 2. lm bin dng (nh rn,
dp, un, ko, chn,); 3. bi p, ghp thm (nh hn, tn,...); v 4. lm chy lng
v to hnh trong khun (c, n nha,).
nh ngha trn tn ti t vi trm nm qua, mc d MCC ngy nay
khc rt xa so vi t tin ca chng vi th k trc.
Mt s ti liu b qua yu t "c dn ng", v trc khi xut hin cc ngun
nng lng nhn to (my hi nc, ng c in,) th cc MCC dng sc ngi,
sc sc vt hoc cc ngun nng t nhin. Tuy nhin, iu ch c ngha lch s.
Ngy nay MCC lun lun c dn ng bng ng c. Thm vo , yu t "t c
nh" cng khng cn thit, v ngy nay nhiu loi robot m nhim chc nng ca
MCC (v d robot hn), m robot th khng nht thit phi ng yn.

Khng phn bit phng php to hnh, ngi ta nh ngha MCC l my

c dng ch to ra cc my khc. C l y l nh ngha d c chp
nhn nht, v v l do m MCC cn c tn l my ci.
Qa trnh gia cng v cng a dng. V vy, MCC cng ht sc khc nhau
v cng dng, cng ngh s dng v tnh nng k thut. Chng c phn loi
theo cc tiu ch sau:
Theo c im cng ngh. Ty theo kch thc, hnh dng, vt liu gia
cng, yu cu v chnh xc kch thc v hnh dng b mt gia cng, v c
tnh v bng b mt gia cng, yu cu v nng sut gia cng,... m ngi ta s
dng cc phng php gia cng khc nhau vi nhng c trng v s lng v
loi dng c ct, chuyn ng tng i gia dng c v phi,... Mi cng ngh
yu cu loi MCC tng ng. Theo , MCC c phn thnh 5 nhm: my ct
kim loi, my gia cng g, my gia cng p lc, my hn, my c,...
Do vai tr c bt quan trng ca cng ngh ct gt kim loi trong ngnh
ch to my m my ct kim loi chim a s trong MCC v do , nu khng c
yu cu c t, khi nim MCC thng c dng ln vi my ct kim loi.
Theo nguyn l to hnh, cc my ct kim loi c phn thnh cc nhm: my
tin, my khoan, my phay, my bo, my mi, my trut, my gia cng cc b mt c
bit (rng, ren),... Hnh 1.3 minh ha nguyn l to hnh ca mt s MCC. Trong
phn ph lc cui ti liu, chng ti a ra hnh dng, kt cu v tnh nng ca
mt s loi MCC thng gp gip cc bn c mi lm quen vi MCC c
c hnh dung ban u.
Theo cp chnh xc, TCVN 17-42-75 phn my MCC thnh cc cp: chnh
xc thng, chnh xc nng cao, chnh xc cao.
Theo tnh nng v phm vi ng dng, c my vn nng, my chuyn dng
ho, my chuyn dng.
Theo trnh t ng ho c my c kh, bn t ng, t ng.
Theo khi lng v kch thc my c my trung bnh (<10 T), ln (10 30 T), nng (30 - 100 T), siu nng (>100 T).
Theo s dng c c th mang, s trc chnh, s v tr c th gia cng ng
thi,... c my 1 hay nhiu dng c (gia cng tun t v song song), 1 hay nhiu
trc chnh, gia cng ti 1 hay nhiu v tr,... (hnh 1.3).
Tn ca mi MCC thng c t theo h thng k hiu thng nht, th
hin cc c tnh c bn ca n. Mi nc c h thng phn loi v k hiu ring

cho cc MCC c sn xut. V d theo TCVN-C1-63, T620 ngha l my tn

(T), ren vt vn nng (6), chiu cao tm 200mm (20).
1.2.2. Cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut ca my cng c
Ch tiu kinh t - k thut l mt h thng cc tiu ch chung, c tc dng
nh hng cho vic thit k, nh gi v la chn my. MCC ni chung c cc
nhm ch tiu kinh t - k thut sau:
1. Nhm ch tiu v kh nng cng ngh ca my, gm cc ch tiu:
- V phi: kch thc, khi lng, hnh dng, vt liu ca phi gia cng.
Kch thc ca phi nh hng kch thc ca my; khi lng ca phi nh
hng n kt cu v cng sut ca c cu truyn ng; hnh dng ca phi nh
hng n h thng to hnh v do nh hng n s bc t do ca my; vt
liu gia cng nh hng n lc, cng sut ct, v do nh hng n kt cu
v cng sut dn ng. Tiu ch v phi l tiu ch c bn, xut pht t nhim v
ca my, nh hng n hng lot cc tiu ch khc, nn l xut pht im la
chn hoc thit k my.
- V dng c: loi dng c, kch thc, khi lng ln nht ca dng c; s
lng dng c c th lp trn kho,...
- V kh nng dch chuyn ca c cu cng tc: khong dch chuyn ln
nht c th (kch thc vng lm vic); chnh xc nh v; s trc to c th
iu khin c; s trc c th iu khin ng thi.
- V tc dch chuyn: s vng quay ln nht ca trc chnh, tc chy
dao (chy khng v chy c ct).
- V lc v cng sut: m men trn trc chnh, cng sut ng c trc
chnh, lc chy dao.
- V chnh xc kch thc v nhm b mt gia cng.
- V mc hin i: trnh t ng ho, cc cc thit b ph tr (thay
dao, cp phi, o dng c,...),...
- V kch thc v khi lng chung ca my.
2. Nhm cc ch tiu v hiu qu s dng, gm:
- Mc tiu hao nng lng, tiu hao vt t k thut cho s dng, yu cu v
mi trng lm vic.
- tin cy, bn, yu cu v bo qun, bo dng, sa cha,...
3. Nhm cc ch tiu v an ton lao ng v mi trng, gm:
- Cc tiu chun v an ton lao ng (che chn, bo v, an ton in,...)
- Cc ch tiu v mi trng: nhit , n, rung, bi, thi ra cht c hi,
gy nhim mi trng,
8

Hnh 1. 3: Phn loi MCC theo s dng c v s v tr gia cng

4. Tnh Ergonomic trong thit k: s ph hp v kch thc, mu sc; tnh

thn thin v thun tin ca h thng iu khin; kh nng con ngi c th lm
vic di lu trn my,...
5. Mc tiu chun ho v thng nht ho kt cu, thng c nh
gi bng t l (%) s chi tit (cm chi tit) tiu chun trong ton b chi tit (cm
chi tit) c dng.
1.2.3. Cc thng s k thut ca my
Phn trn l cc ch tiu chung cho tt cc cc chng loi my. Khi la chn
my c th phi cn c vo cc thng s k thut ca n. Mi loi my c cc b
thng s k thut c trng, nhng cc MCC c cc thng s k thut c bn sau:
- Gii hn kch thc phi;
- Gii hn khi lng phi;
- Gii hn kch thc ca b mt gia cng;
- Gii hn kch thc ca dng c;
- Gii hn kch thc vng lm vic (khong dch chuyn ca dao hoc phi);
- chnh xc nh v, chnh xc lp li, phn gii iu khin;
- S trc (to ) c th iu khin v s to c iu khin ng thi;
- chnh xc v nhm b mt c th gia cng (t dng);
- Cng sut, gii hn tc trc chnh, thay i v cp hay phn cp;
- Cng sut, lc chy dao, tc chy dao;
- Loi nng lng, tng cng sut in nng tiu th;
- iu kin lm vic (nhit , m,...);
- Kch thc, khi lng ton my.
Tnh nng ca mt s MCC in hnh c gii thiu chng sau v trong
phn ph lc.
1.3. Kt cu ca my cng c
1.3.1. Cc chuyn ng khi ct kim loi
Hnh dng ca b mt gia cng c hnh thnh nh s t hp cc vt ca
li ct trn b mt phi theo mt cch nht nh. to ra cc b mt gia cng
theo ng hnh dng, kch thc, cn phi hp chnh xc chuyn ng ca cc c
cu. Tng hp cc chuyn ng ca cc c cu nhm to ra b mt gia cng c
gi l chuyn ng to hnh. Bn cnh , trong mt s trng hp cn c chuyn

10

ng phn gia cng cc b mt ging nhau, nh tin ren nhiu u mi,

khoan dy l trn mt bch hay phay cc rnh cch u trn my phay.
Chuyn ng to hnh l chuyn ng c bn trn MCC, gm 2 chuyn
ng: chuyn ng chnh v chuyn ng chy dao.
1.3.1.1. Chuyn ng chnh
Chuyn ng chnh l chuyn ng tng i gia dao v phi, gy nn s ph
hu vt liu phi, bc tch lp vt liu trn b mt phi di dng phoi. i lng
c trng ca chuyn ng chnh l vn tc ct, thng c k hiu l v(m/ph hoc
m/s). Vector vn tc ct c phng trng vi vector vn tc chuyn ng tng i
gia dao v phi ti im tip xc. V gi tr, gia vn tc ct v tc quay n ca
trc chnh c quan h v=Dn/1000. thng tr lc bin dng v ph hu c vt
liu gia cng, chuyn ng chnh cn c cng sut ln to ra lc v vn tc
bin dng ph hp vi vt liu phi v vt liu dao. V vy cng sut danh nh ca
ng c v tc quay ca trc chnh l 2 ch tiu quan trng nht ca MCC.
1.3.1.2. Chuyn ng chy dao
Chuyn ng chy dao m bo cho qu trnh ct c thc hin lin tc v
ct ht b mt gia cng. i lng c trng ca chuyn ng chy dao l lng
chy dao, thng c k hiu l s(mm/vng hoc mm/ph). Lng chy dao nh
hng n nng sut, cht lng b mt gia cng.
Chuyn ng chnh v chuyn ng chy dao c th do phi hoc do dao
thc hin; c th l chuyn ng thng, quay hoc phi hp gia chng; c th lin
tc hoc dn on.
Trn hnh 1.4 l cc dng chuyn ng to hnh thng gp:
a- Tin ngoi: chuyn ng chnh - phi quay trn; chuyn ng n dao dao tnh tin dc theo phi.
b- Khoan trn my khoan: chuyn ng chnh - dao quay trn; chuyn ng
n dao - dao tnh tin dc theo phi. Phi c nh.
c- Phay mt phng trn my phay ngang: chuyn ng chnh - dao quay
trn; chuyn ng n dao - phi tnh tin theo phng vung gc vi trc dao.
d- Mi mt tr ngoi trn my mi trn: chuyn ng chnh - kt hp
chuyn ng quay trn ca ; chuyn ng n dao - phi chuyn ng quay
quanh trc v tnh tin dc trc.
e- Bo trn my bo ngang: chuyn ng chnh - dao tnh tin qua li;
chuyn ng n dao - phi tnh tin theo phng vung gc vi vn tc ct.
11

Hnh 1. 4: Cc chuyn ng to hnh trn cc my thng dng

Hnh 1.5 tm tt cc phng n phi hp cc chuyn ng to hnh, trong
1- gia cng bng laser, 2- trut; 3- khoan xung in (EDM); 4- bo cung trn;
5- gia cng xung in vi in cc chuyn ng vng cung; 6- tin ngoi; 7khoan; 8- nh bng; 9- trut rnh trn; 10- phay rng; 11- mi trn ngoi.

Hnh 1. 5: Cc phng n phi hp chuyn ng to hnh

12

1.3.2. Cc cm chnh ca my cng c

Kt cu c th ca MCC ht sc a dng, nhng chng u c cc b phn
c bn nh nhau. S khi trong hnh 1.6 th hin kt cu chung ca cc MCC
in hnh.
1.3.2.1. Cm chuyn ng to hnh
Cm to hnh l h thng quan trng nht ca MCC, c nhim v gi phi,
gi dao, thc hin cc chuyn ng to hnh, sinh ra lc hoc mmen thc
hin qu trnh gia cng (ta phoi). Cm chuyn ng to hnh gm 2 cm:
Cm trc chnh ca MCC gm trc chnh, cc , ngun ng lc v h
thng truyn ng. Trn trc chnh c ni g dao hoc phi, trc tip chu tc dng
ca lc ct v cc lc lin quan trong qu trnh ct. Cm trc chnh tham gia vo
chuyn ng to hnh, c nh hng ln n chnh xc, nng sut ca my.

Hnh 1. 6: S kt cu chung ca MCC

Hnh 1.7 th hin kt cu c bn ca cm trc chnh my tin, gm 3 phn:
- Thn trc 1 c dng trc bc, bn ngoi l cc b mt lp v cc chi tit
ca h thng truyn ng. Bn trong thng rng cha cc chi tit kp gi
phi hoc dng c. Trc my tin thng rng lun phi thanh.
- Phn trc 2 ca trc c cc b mt g lp dao, phi hoc g (mm
cp, chu kp,...) v thng c kt cu tiu chun. Nu trn trc chnh lp mm
cp th mt trc cn c mt bch vi cc vnh nh tm. Nu cn lp trc tip
dao hoc bu cp, chu bp,... th pha trc c cn moc.
13

- Phn 3 nh hng rt ln n tc lm vic v kh nng ti ca my.

Trn trc c v tr lp b phn truyn ng nhn momen t ng c.

Hnh 1. 7: Kt cu cm trc chnh

Trn MCC, cm trc chnh phi lm vic trong iu kin nng nhc nht v
phi p ng yu cu kht khe:
- Chu ti tnh, ti trng ng v rung ng do lc ct v ca cc chi tit
quay, tnh tin vi tc cao. Trn cc my hng trung thng dng nht trong
cng nghip, cng sut ca ng c trc chnh thng t hng chc n hng
trm kW, m men t ti vi chc kNm.
- Tc lm vic cao v thay i trong di rng, t 0 n hng chc vn
vng/ph. l th thch rt ln i vi h thng , h thng bi trn, s cn
bng tnh v ng ca cc chi tit chuyn ng quay.
- Nhit lm vic ca mt s b phn ca trc chnh ln ti hng trm oC,
li phn b khng u, gy ti trng v bin dng nhit.
- Trc chnh mang dao hoc phi, tham gia vo chuyn ng to hnh nn yu
cu chnh xc hnh hc v cht lng b mt cao, chu mn; ng thi tc
quay v v tr gc cn c iu khin chnh xc.
Cm trc chnh l mt trong nhng i tng c bn c u tin t ng
ho. TH trc chnh nhm tho mn cc yu cu: duy tr lc (momen) ct ng
u trong ton di tc lm vic; thay i tc trong di rng v v cp; duy tr
vn tc ct khng i v gii hn tc ti a, phng cng hng; phi hp
chuyn ng vi h thng chy dao v cc b phn thay dao hoc cp phi, g kp
t ng; gim st v khng ch nhit , rung ng; gim st lc kp phi (dao),...
Cm truyn ng chy dao c nhim v gi, to v phi hp chuyn ng
ca dao v phi, thc hin chuyn ng chy dao. Cm gm cc ng c, xch

14

truyn ng chy dao v b phn g kp. Tham gia vo chuyn ng to hnh, cm

truyn ng chy dao c nh hng ln n nng sut v chnh xc ca my.
Cm chuyn ng chy dao phi p ng cc yu cu:
- iu khin chnh xc tc v v tr; phi hp chnh xc cc chuyn ng to
hnh, m bo chnh xc kch thc, hnh dng v cht lng b mt gia cng;
- C s to iu khin ln, iu khin linh hot, cho php gia cng cc
b mt phc tp m khng cn thm g ph v dao nh hnh;
- Cho php thay i lng chy dao trong khong rng, p ng ti u cc
yu cu thc t v cng ngh: gia cng th, tinh, gia cng cc vt liu khc nhau,
gia cng bng cc dao khc nhau,...
- cng sut thng cc lc cn v thc hin qu trnh ct;
- C cng vng v n nh cao, chu c ti trng c, nhit trong qu trnh
gia cng;
- Tin cy, d iu khin, d kim sot.
TH h thng chy dao l bin php c bn nng cao nng sut,
chnh xc v tnh linh hot ca MCC. H thng t ng iu khin h thng chy
dao trn cc my hin i c th iu khin n hng chc to ng thi, gia
cng cc b mt khng gian phc tp trong ch to khun mu, cc cnh turbine
trong ng c phn lc; cho php chy dao nhanh v dng chnh xc ngay c khi
gia tc ln; c th thay i lng chy dao t 0 n hng trm mt/ph. chnh
xc nh v ca cc h thng chy dao hin i thng t c micromt, mt s
my gia cng tinh xc c th t c nanomt.
1.3.2.2. Cc h thng ph tr
Cc h thng ph tr khng tham gia trc tip vo chuyn ng to hnh
nhng c cc nhim v quan trng: g dao v phi, thay dao, cp phi, ly chi
tit, ti dung dch trn ngui, bi trn h thng, ti phoi, o kch thc dao,
kim tra tch cc cht lng gia cng, gim st trng thi lm vic ca h thng
v cnh bo nguy him, thng k thi gian gia cng, m chi tit, ghp ni MCC
vi cc thit b ngoi vi v vi h thng sn xut chung,... H thng ny gp phn
m bo iu kin lm vic cho cc h thng chnh; m bo cho qu trnh gia
cng t c nng sut, chnh xc v cht lng b mt theo tnh nng thit
k; m bo an ton cho thit b v ngi vn hnh, m bo v sinh mi
trng,... V vy TH h thng ph tr c ngha khng nh, gp phn nng cao
nng sut (v d gim thi gian ph cho thay dao, thay v kp phi); nng cao
cht lng gia cng (v d gim st, n nh nhit vng ct, m bo hp l
15

ch ti dung dch trn ngui); tr gip qun l v t chc sn xut (v d m

chi tit); m bo iu kin lao ng v v sinh mi trng. Trn cc my hin
i, cc h thng ph tr cng l i tng TH.
1.2.3.3. H thng iu khin
H thng iu khin c nhim v iu khin my hot ng theo trnh t v
ch cng ngh yu cu; m bo ghp ni MCC vi cc thit b lin quan;
m bo tip vi ngi vn hnh,... Trnh t ng ho ca MCC cng cao th
vai tr ca h thng iu khin cng quan trng. Trn cc my vn nng, h
thng iu khin gm cc v lng, tay gt, bn p, nm vn,... H iu khin
trn cc my t ng analog s dng cc b iu khin t ng (cam, c, h
thng bm chp hnh, n nh tc ,...). Trn cc my v trung tm gia cng
CNC, h thng iu khin gm my tnh s v cc thit b ngoi vi, m nhim
vic gim st v iu khin ton b qu trnh gia cng, hn ch ti a s can thip
trc tip ca con ngi.
1.4. ngha ca vic t ng ho my cng c
T ng ho MCC mang li li ch ton din v k thut, kinh t, x hi.
Sau y l nhng li ch quan trng nht.
1.4.1. Nng cao nng sut gia cng
Nng sut gia cng ca my c th c tnh bng s sn phm gia cng
c trong 1 n v thi gian:
Q=

1
T

trong , T l thi gian bnh qun gia cng mt chi tit.

V T l thi gian bnh qun nn khi gia cng mt lot N chi tit, ngi ta
thng tnh nng sut theo tng thi gian Tloat gia cng c lot.
Q=

N
Tloat

Thi gian T c 4 thnh phn: Tc - thi gian chnh (trc tip ct gt); Tp thi gian ph (chy khng, thay dao, thay i ch ct, vn chuyn, kim
tra,...); Tck - thi gian chun b - kt thc lot gia cng (chun b dao c, g,
dng c o, phi liu,...); Tnc - thi gian nhu cu (thi gian cng nhn ngh
gia gi, n ung, v sinh,...). Tck v Tnc c tnh bnh qun cho 1 sn phm.
T = Tc + Tp + Tck+ Tnc

16

Mun tng nng sut gia cng phi gim tng thnh phn ca chi ph thi gian.
Ta hy phn tch xem TH ng gp nh th no vo tng nng sut gia cng.
- Thi gian chnh Tc c gim bng cch nng cao m men, tc trc
chnh, nng cao ti a ch ct (v, s, t) trong phm vi cho php ca dao, phi v
kt cu my. Tc trc chnh ca cc MCC hin i c th ln ti hng chc
vn vng/pht, cn trn my thng thng, cng nhn ch c th chy ti vi
ngn vng/pht. My CNC c kt cu c kh cng vng, n nh v c, nhit nn
tc v cng sut gia cng c th pht huy ti a. Ch cng ngh trn my
CNC dng nh ch ph thuc vo bn, cng vng ca h thng cng ngh
v yu cu k thut ca chi tit gia cng. Cng ngh ct cao tc (High Speed
Cutting) cho php tng nng sut gia cng ln 34 ln. Cc trung tm gia cng
hin i c kh nng gia cng ng thi bng nhiu dao, nhiu v tr, m bo
nguyn tc gia cng song song, tp trung nguyn cng. Cc phn mm
CAD/CAM hin i c kh nng ti u ho ng chy dao, gim ng k thi
gian ct gt. H thng cung cp dung dch trn ngui trn cc my hin i c
iu khin t ng, m bo vic cung cp dung dch bi trn di p sut cao
hoc di dng sng m nn cng cho php nng cao ch ct. Tt c cc yu
t trn lm gim ng k thi gian chnh. Tuy nhin, vi mt phng php cng
ngh nht nh, vic gim Tc b gii hn bi tnh cht c l ca dao v phi.
Mun vt qua gii hn phi ng dng cc gii php cng ngh c bit, v d
s dng hiu ng siu m, ho hc, ct cao tc, dng dao c ph cht chng
mn,...
- Thi gian ph Tp c gim trc ht nh tng tc chy khng v gim
thi gian nh v. Cc MCC hin i cho php tng tc chy khng ln ti vi
chc mt/pht m khng gy va chm v nh v vn chnh xc. Trn cc my c
h thng thay dao t ng, thi gian thay dao ch tnh bng giy. Ch cng
ngh c thay i t chng trnh, cng nhn khng mt thi gian gt s. Vic
dng my kim tra kch thc trong cc nguyn cng hu nh c loi b do
kh nng iu khin chnh xc v tr v qu o ca my rt cao. Cc trung tm
gia cng thng c h thng cp phi, kp nh phi, ly chi tit t ng nn thi
gian g kp phi rt ngn. Cc my v cc trung tm gia cng hin i cho php
tp trung nguyn cng cao : trn mt my c th gia cng nhiu b mt, bng
cc phng php cng ngh khc nhau; c th gia cng th v tinh trn cng mt
my, trong cng mt ln g, bng nhiu dao, nhiu trc ng thi. iu gim
bt thi gian vn chuyn, g t.

17

- Thi gian chun b, kt thc gia cng mt loi sn phm mi (Tck) trn
cc my CNC ch l thi gian np chng trnh gia cng v chun li cc to .
Ton b thi gian trn ch cn khng qu 30 pht. Trong khi , gia cng mt
chi tit mi, cc my truyn thng i hi thit k v ch to g, Tck c th ko
di hng tun. Kh nng iu khin v phi hp chnh xc cc trc theo chng
trnh cho php loi b cc g v dao nh hnh phc tp. Nh vy thi gian lp
t, cn chnh g gim ng k. Vic lp chng trnh mi c th tin hnh
ngoi my (trn my tnh c lp) hoc thc hin ngay trong khi my gia cng
nn chim thi gian my khng ng k.
- Khi lm vic vi my hin i, cng nhn ch ng vai tr gim st ch
khng tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh gia cng nn my c th lm vic c khi
vng mt cng nhn v mt cng nhn c th trng coi nhiu my. Cng nhn
khng cn phi thng xuyn c mt bn my nn thi gian nhu cu (Tnc) trng
vi thi gian gia cng. Ni cch khc, Tnc = 0. My t ng c th lm vic nhiu
ca, lm vic vo c ngy ngh. Ngoi ra, khi s dng cc MCC t ng, nht l
cc my CNC, ngi cng nhn khng tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh cng ngh
nn nng sut lao ng n nh, khng ph thuc vo tay ngh v trng thi tm,
sinh l ca cng nhn.
Nu coi tt c thi gian tiu hao m khng trc tip gia cng l thi gian tn
tht: Ttt = Tp + Tck+ Tnc, th ta c th vit:
1
Tc
Qc
1
1
Q=
=
=
= Qc .
= Qc .
Tc + Ttt 1 + Ttt 1 + QcTtt
1 + QcTtt
Tc

trong , Qc =

1
, c gi l nng sut cng ngh hay nng sut l tng, v
Tc

khng tnh n tn tht; =

Q Tc
=
l h s s dng thi gian.
Qc T

tng nng sut gia cng, c 2 gii php:

- Tng Qc bng cch gim Tc. Nh phn tch trn, c nhiu bin php
gim Tc, nhng mi bin php u b gii hn bi tnh cht c l ca dao v phi.
- Tng h s s dng thi gian . Nng sut l tng Q=Qc t c khi
=1, ngha l khi Ttt=0.Vi mi gi tr Ttt c th, ta nhn c ng cong nng
sut Q nh trong hnh 1.8.

18

Qc
1
= ,
Qc 1 + Q T
Ttt
c tt
lim

nn ng cong nng sut Q

tim cn ti ng thng
Q gh =

1
. Mi khi gim Ttt
Ttt

(Ttt3<Ttt2<Ttt1) th ta nhn
c gii hn mi ca Q
(Q3>Q2>Q1). Ngi ta tng
kt rng my thng
thng, h s s dng thi
gian ch t khong 0,050,25, cn my CNC t ti
0,7 [3].

Hnh 1. 8: Nng sut ca my t ng

1.4.2. Nng cao chnh xc gia cng

chnh xc gia cng ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t, nhng ph thuc
trc ht v nhiu nht vo h thng cng ngh, trong MCC c v tr trung tm
(hnh 1.9). Mt trong nhng u im quan trng ca my t ng so vi my
thng thng l c chnh xc cao. Cc my t ng s dng h thng o
lng, iu khin c phn gii iu khin n 10-3mm, mt s t 10-6mm,
cao hn rt nhiu so vi my truyn thng (khong 10-2mm). H thng chp
hnh, h thng cng tc, h thng truyn ng c kh chnh xc cao; h thng
thn b my v dn hng c chnh xc hnh hc v n nh c, nhit, c
kh nng chng rung ng cao. Cc phn mm iu khin hin i c kh nng
b sai s c kh, n nh v b sai s do bin dng c, nhit cng nng cao ng
k chnh xc ca my t ng.
Cc my v trung tm gia cng CNC nhn d liu hnh hc ca chi tit gia
cng t m hnh CAD hoc t chng trnh NC vi chnh xc cao (ti
10-9mm). M hnh hnh hc li khng b hao mn c hc, khng b bin dng v
l do c, nhit nh cc cam, mu c kh nn cho php loi b sai s t mu.
Cc my v trung tm gia cng CNC c kh nng iu khin phi hp nhiu
trc, gim nhu cu s dng cc g phc tp, gim s ln g t; hn ch s
dng cc dng c nh hnh c bin dng hnh hc phc tp v chng mn, nn
loi b c cc sai s tng ng (sai s do nh v, mn v bin dng ca dao).

19

Hnh 1. 9: nh hng cc yu t ca HTCN n CX gia cng

1.4.3. Nng cao tin cy cu my
tin cy ca cc my t ng c nng cao nh:
- ng dng cc gii php kt cu mi, cc chi tit v cm chi tit chnh xc,
cc vt liu mi c bn, kh nng chu mn, chu nhit cao.
- p dng nguyn tc modul ho kt cu, s dng cc modul tiu chun (
trc, dn hng, o lng v iu khin), c thit k v sn xut ti cc hng
c trnh chuyn mn ho cao, trang b cc phng tin sn xut v kim tra
cht lng tin tin v tin cy.
- Nng cao trnh t ng gim st mi trng v qu trnh lm vic ca
thit b; d bo s c v hiu chnh ch lm vic trong cc iu kin lm vic
c th.
1.4.4. Ci thin iu kin lao ng
Khc vi t ng ho cng trong na u th k XX, iu khin s v TH
linh hot to mi trng lm vic thoi mi cho ngi lao ng. Trong cc h
thng sn xut hin i, con ngi khng phi tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh m
ng vai tr thit t thng s, cung cp chng trnh, gim st, hiu chnh cc
thng s cng ngh. Cc thit b cng c cc thit b an ton. Cc vng cng
tc sinh nhit, khi, bi hoc vng c cc c cu vn hnh vi tc cao, lc
ln,... u c che chn. Cc ph liu, cht thi (phoi, du m, nc thi) c
x l t ng, khng cn s can thip trc tip ca con ngi.

20

1.4.5. nh gi hiu qa kinh t s dng my t ng

Hiu qu kinh t s dng my t ng tu thuc vo yu cu k thut ca
sn phm v vo sn lng (dng sn xut). y l mt bi ton kinh t tng hp.
Mt trong nhng phng php chn phng n cng ngh l so snh tng
chi ph gia cng. Gi tng chi ph gia cng lot sn phm l C, ta c:
C = C0 + Ctx = C0 + Nc

trong , C0 - chi ph u t c bn gia cng lot sn phm; Ctx - chi ph

thng xuyn (lng, nng lng, vt liu,... trc tip cho gia cng); N s sn
phm trong lot, c: chi ph thng xuyn gia cng 1 chi tit, nn Ctx=Nc.
chn phng n, ngi ta so snh
chi ph gia cng theo cc phng n (hnh
1.10). Khi N<N0 th chn phng n 1,
ngc li th chn phng n 2.
Phng php th 2 l xc nh thi
gian thu hi vn u t chnh lch. Gi s
phng n ang s dng i hi vn u
t c bn C1, cho li nhun hng nm l
L1. Phng n s dng my t ng i
hi vn c bn l C2, cho li nhun hng
nm l L2.

Hnh 1. 10: Chn phng n s

dng my cng c

Thng th my t ng c gi cao hn gi my thng: C2>C1, nhng

mang li li nhun cao hn: L2>L1 v:
- My t ng c nng sut cao, khng i hi cng nhn lnh ngh, tit
kim vt liu,... nn chi ph gia cng sn phm thp hn; vi cng gi bn th cho
li nhun cao hn; hoc
- My t ng cho cht lng sn phm cao hn, bn c gi cao nn cho
li nhun cao hn.
Nu thi gian thu hi vn u t chnh lch Tth nh hn thi gian cho php
(c quy nh cho tng ngnh, tng doanh nghip) Tcp, ngha l khi
Tth =

C 2 C1
Tcp
L2 L1

th phng n s dng my t ng c chp nhn.

21

1.5. My cng c trong cc dng sn xut khc nhau

1.5.1. My cng c trong sn xut th cng v c kh ho
Trong sn xut th cng, ngi th dng cc dng c hoc cc my th
cng, v d my tin trong hnh 1.11 vi ngun nng lng l sc ngi, sc vt
hoc cc ngun nng lng t nhin, nh sc gi, sc nc,... V cc dng c rt
th s nn ni chung nng sut v chnh xc thp, khng n nh, ph thuc
rt vo tm sinh l v tay ngh ca ngi th. Nhiu ngnh lao ng th cng
cng c th cho ra cc sn phm tinh xo nhng chi ph lao ng thng ln v
nng sut thp, i hi ngi th c tay ngh cao hoc cc ngh nhn.

Hnh 1. 11: My tin th cng, dng bn p

Cc my c kh ho (hnh 1.12) dng cc ngun nng lng nhn to (my
hi nc, my pht in,...) nn c cng sut ln. Trn cc my ny cng c
s dng cc c cu chuyn dng, c chnh xc, cng vng cao. V vy cc
my c kh ho c nng sut gia cng cao, chnh xc cao v iu khin nh
nhng hn. Tuy nhin, vai tr iu khin cc my ny vn do con ngi m
nhim nn my c kh ho vn b hn ch nhiu v nng sut, cht lng sn
phm v iu kin lao ng.

22

Hnh 1. 12: Kt cu ca my tin vn nng c in

Cc my vn nng ang c dng ph bin hin nay, trong xng hoc b
phn l. Kt cu chung ca my vn nng khng thay i nhiu so vi trc y,
nhng mt s k thut hin i c s dng, nh ng c in bin i tc
v cp hay mn hnh hin th s (hnh 1.13).

Hnh 1. 13: My tin vn nng hin i

23

Thuc nhm cc MCC c kh ho cn c cc my t hp. y l loi my

vn nng hp, c thit k gia cng mt nhm sn phm nht nh. My gm
thn my v (cc) bn quay hoc bn chuyn ng thng. Trn cc bn c lp
cc u lc thc hin cc chc nng gia cng (tin, khoan, phay, mi,...).
Tu theo yu cu cng ngh gia cng chi tit m ngi ta chn cc u lc
ph hp. Phi c lp ln bn v s ln lt i qua cc v tr, c gia cng v
v tr cui cng c tho ra. My t hp c tnh kinh t khi sn xut hng lot v
ngi dng ch phi mua hoc thu cc u lc mnh cn.
1.5.2. My cng c trong h thng sn xut dy chuyn cng
Dy chuyn sn xut cng (Dedicated Manufacturing Line - DML) l
dng sn xut thch hp vi sn xut lot ln, hng khi: s chng loi sn
phm t nhng sn lng rt cao v n nh hng chc nm. Trong sn xut c
kh, DML c dng ph bin vo gia th k XX, trong cc nh my sn
xut t, my bay, hng c, kim kh tiu dng,... Cc DML thng c trang
b cc my chuyn dng. Cc my ny c tnh nng chuyn bit nn kt cu
n gin, dng cc c cu chuyn dng c trnh c kh ho v t ng ho
cao; cc g thu lc, kh nn, in chuyn dng v chnh xc; cc loi dao
nh hnh, dao t hp; cc thit b o tch cc (o trong khi gia cng),... l
l do khin cc DML c nng sut cao, cht lng sn phm n nh. Khi thay
i chng loi sn phm th phi ci to phn ln hoc thay th ton b dy
chuyn c bng dy chuyn mi.
1.5.3. My cng c trong h thng sn xut linh hot
i vi cc nh sn xut hng tiu dng th gia cng v lp rp linh hot (t
y gi chung l sn xut linh hot - SXLH) l con ng duy nht tho mn
yu cu v chng loi sn phm. Cng ngy khch hng cng quan tm nhiu hn
n cc sn phm ch to theo yu cu ring ca h hn l cc sn phm sn xut
ng lot. Cc sn phm nh vy khng th c sn xut trn cc dy chuyn
cng truyn thng v l l do xut hin cc h thng SXLH (hnh 1. 14).
My CNC l thit b cng ngh c bn ca cc h thng SXLH. Cc thnh
phn c bn ca mt my NC gm:
+ Phn my cng c, gm cc h thng cng tc v chp hnh (c kh, in,
thu kh) thc hin chc nng gia cng. Tr nhng c im ring ca my
NC s c trnh by trong cc chng 5, 6, 7, phn ny ch trnh by nhng c
im cu trc chung v phn c kh. V cu trc chung, my CNC bao gm:
+ Phn iu khin, gm
24

- B (my tnh) iu khin (Controller), thng gi l b CNC, gm phn

cng v phn mm thc hin cc chc nng iu khin;
- H o lng v iu khin v tr;
- H iu khin phn cng tc (nh trc chnh ca my cng c).

Hnh 1. 14: S xut hin v phm vi ng dng ca cc loi hnh SXLH

Cc thng s cng ngh, nh tc ct, lng chy dao, chiu su ct, chn
dng c, lc v momen,... c th c thit t v c iu khin t ng nh
my tnh iu khin. Hn na cc qu o chuyn ng v v tr cn thit khi gia
cng c iu khin linh hot nh cc chuyn ng trc.
Tuy theo cng mt nguyn tc lm vic nh my thng thng, nhng ch
lm vic ca my CNC nng n hn: v d, tc trc chnh cao gp 5 10
ln (t 4000 n 40000 v/ph); tc chy dao cao gp hng trm ln (n 30000
mm/ph); cng sut trc chnh cao gp 2 3 ln my thng thng c cng kch
thc; chnh xc nh v ti 0,001 mm. V vy, yu cu k thut i vi my
CNC kht khe hn nhiu so vi my thng thng. Cc yu cu quan trng nht
i vi my CNC gm:
- cng vng tnh v ng ca h thng c kh cao, m bo chnh xc
kch thc v cht lng b mt gia cng cao c khi gia cng th (cng sut ln)
ln khi gia cng tinh (tc trc chnh cao). cng vng cao cn l yu t m

25

bo cho my lm vic n nh khi gia tc ln, khi tc cao (nh h c tn s dao

ng ring cao). S dng vt liu c kh nng gim chn, hp th dao ng cng
cho php tng tnh n nh c hc.
- Tnh n nh nhit ca h thng cao. Bin php t c iu ny
khng ch l gim ma st m cn l phn b nhit hp l, dng vt liu v kt
cu tn nhit nhanh.
- Momen qun tnh ca cc c cu chuyn ng nh, cho php chng lm
vic vi gia tc ln.
- Hn ch cc tc ng phi tuyn (nh khe h, thnh phn ma st khng t
l vi vn tc,...) ln h iu khin.
Xut pht t cc yu cu trn v do cc c im lm vic khc m kt cu
ca my CNC c mt s im khc so vi my thng thng. Di y l mt s
c im kt cu ca my CNC hin i:
- Thn my thng c kt cu c hoc hn t vt liu c c tnh cao, c
nhiu gn, hc, chia khoang,... va nh, va cng vng; truyn nhit v hp th
dao ng tt.
- Trong cc h truyn ng quan trng c dng cc c cu v vt liu
gim ma st, chu mn, khng khe h (vt me - ai c bi; ng dn hng ln
hoc trt nhng c dn hoc ph vt liu t ma st, chu mn; bnh rng
khng khe h).
- Gim ti a truyn ng c kh: dng truyn ng in, thu lc iu
khin tc v cp thay cho hp s; ni trc tip trc ng c ln trc cng tc;
dng hp gim tc hnh tinh, thu lc hoc bnh rng sng - con ln c t s
truyn ln).
- Cc trc c truyn ng trc tip, dng h truyn ng servo.
- Do ton b hot ng ca my c iu khin t ng, khng cn s can
thip thng xuyn ca con ngi, nn vng lm vic thng c bao kn, m
bo an ton v m quan. Cc kho cha dao v i dao thng c a v pha
sau d quan st vng gia cng. Bng my (tin) t nghing d thot phoi
v dung dch.
- Ngoi cc h thng chnh, cc my v trung tm gia cng CNC cn c cc
c cu t ng khc, nh thay dao t ng, cp v kp phi t ng, ti phoi t
ng, ng m ca t ng,... Chnh cc h thng ph tr ny li ng vai tr
quan trng trong vic ghp ni cc my CNC n l vi nhau v vi cc thit b

26

sn xut khc: robot, bng ti, my o 3 chiu,... thnh cc t bo v cc h thng

sn xut linh hot.
Truyn ng trc (thng gi l truyn ng chy dao) l h thng quyt
nh nhiu nht n kh nng cng ngh (kh nng to hnh, nng sut v
chnh xc gia cng) ca my. Mi trc dng h truyn ng ring, c iu
khin bng mt h thng iu khin v tr v phi hp vi nhau to ra qu o
cn thit.
Chi tit hn v h iu khin, phng php vn hnh v lp trnh cho my
CNC s c trnh by trong cc chng ring.
1.5.4. My cng c trong h thng sn xut ti cu hnh
Chng ta tng ni n cng ngh sn xut linh hot v nhng u im
ca sn xut linh hot so vi dy chuyn cng. Nhng u im bt ngun t
s ng dng tng hp cc k thut tin tin nht ca cc ngnh c kh, TH,
CNTT,... hay ni theo s phn chia ngnh ngh hin nay, l c in t. R
rng l trong cuc chy ua p ng yu cu ca th trng hin nay, cc nh sn
xut tt yu phi ng dng cc nguyn tc ca sn xut linh hot nhng mc
khc nhau.
Vy th phi chng n lc ni v s co chung ca cc dy chuyn cng?
FMS c phi dng sn xut hiu qu nht hin nay v trong tng lai khng? Liu c
dng sn xut no thay th chng khng. Chng ta s tr li "khng" cho tt c cc
cu hi trn, v sao vy?
- Nh c nng sut cao, cht lng sn phm n nh, t chc v iu hnh
sn xut n gin,... dy chuyn cng c u th vt tri trong iu kin sn xut
vi sn lng rt ln, chng loi sn phm t v n nh nhiu nm. Nh chuyn
mn ho sn xut, ngi ta c iu kin s dng cc thit b chuyn dng, trnh
t ng ho cao v cng nhn cng c chuyn mn ho thc hin thnh
thc cc thao tc c n gin ho ti a. Thit b r tin, gi cng nhn r, tit
kim nguyn vt liu v nng lng, sn lng ln, khu hao v hon vn nhanh
l nhng tin c bn to ra li nhun cao cho nh sn xut khi s dng dy
chuyn cng. Ngy nay, dy chuyn cng vn c ng dng khi c th, v d
trong sn xut hng tiu dng sn lng ln (giy dp, qun o, m phm, thc
phm,...). Trong c kh vn c nhiu doanh nghip ng dng loi hnh sn xut
ny, v d sn xut cc loi n c nh cho v kh b binh.
27

- Ngay c khi khng c iu kin ng dng dy chuyn cng th ngi ta

vn c gng vn dng cc nguyn tc cng ngh v t chc ca n cho cc dng
sn xut khc.
- Sn xut linh hot s dng cc my v trung tm gia cng CNC c tnh
vn nng cao. Bn cnh nhng u im v tnh linh hot, dng sn xut ny c
nhng nhc im c bn: thit b t tin, nng sut khng cao (so vi my
chuyn dng), s dng kh khn v chi ph vn hnh cao.
Cc u, nhc im ca dy chuyn cng v FMS c tm tt li trong bng
sau:
Ch tiu nh gi

Dy chuyn cng

HT sn xut linh hot

Nng sut gia cng

Cao

Thp

c im chuyn mn ho

Theo i tng

Theo cng ngh

Cn c thit k chc nng ca h

thng

Theo yu thc t
ca cng ngh

Cao nht c th

linh hot (kh nng thay i

sn phm)

Kh, hn ch

Cao, d thay i

C u th v kinh t khi

Sn lng ln,
chng loi t

Chng loi nhiu, sn

lng thp

Nhng u, nhc im ca cc dng sn xut trn bt ngun t c im

chuyn mn ho ca chng: DML chuyn mn ho theo i tng nn cho nng
sut cao, cht lng sn phm tt v n nh, nhng c nhc im c bn l tnh
linh hot thp, kh p ng yu cu thay i mu m sn phm. Ngc li, FMS
chuyn mn ho theo cng ngh, d dng thch ng vi s thay i sm phm.
Tuy nhin, cc my CNC trong sn xut linh hot l my vn nng, c thit k
v ch to theo v kh nng c th ca ngi sn xut ra n ch khng cn
c vo nhu cu s dng, v vy c nhiu chc nng tha hoc rt t c s dng.
V d, cc trung tm CNC nhiu trc, tc cao rt t nhng phn ln thi gian
c s dng khng ht tnh nng, gy lng ph v tng ga thnh sn phm.
T nm 1999, trng i hc tng hp Michigan pht minh ra mt gii
php mi p ng yu cu thng xuyn bin ng ca th trng: h thng
sn xut ti cu hnh c (Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems - RMS) v cc
my cng c ti cu hnh c (Reconfigurable Machine Tools - RMT). Theo [7,
8], RMS c nh ngha nh sau:
28

H thng sn xut ti cu hnh (RMS) l h thng c thit k theo modul,

c kh nng thay i nhanh v cu trc phn cng v phn mm, c th iu
chnh nhanh nng lc sn xut v chc nng gia cng nhm sn phm, p ng s
bin ng bt thng ca th trng.
p ng yu cu trn, RMS c 5 c im:
- C th hon i c (Convertibility): c th thay i chc nng cng
ngh, v d t phay doa sang tin, mi,...
- C th tu bin c (Customization): c th thay i tnh nng k thut:
cng sut, tc , vng gia cng,... theo yu cu k thut ca sn phm.
- C th modul ho c (Modularity): c th
- C th tch hp c (Integrability)
- C th chn on c (Diagnosability).
Cn c vo kh nng ti cu hnh ca phn cng v phn mm, ngi ta
phn cc thit b thnh cc loi khc nhau nh trong hnh 1.15.

Khng c phn mm

Phn cng khng ti cu

hnh c
My iu khin bng tay,
Dy chuyn cng

Phn mm iu khin
c cu trc cng

My CNC, Robot, FMS

Phn mm iu khin
ti cu hnh c

B iu khin kiu
modul hoc c cu trc
m

Phn cng ti cu hnh

c
My t hp c cu trc
modul
My CNC c cu trc
modul, thay i c
RMS, RMT

Hnh 1. 15: Phn loi thit b theo kh nng ti cu hnh ca phn cng v phn
mm
Ta thy my CNC, robot v FMS u c phn cng v phn mm cu trc
cng, cn RMS v RMT c phn cng v phn mm cu trc kiu modul, ti cu
hnh c.
im khc nhau c bn gia FMS v RMS l ch:
- FMS c thit lp trn c s cc my CNC dng chung. Mc tiu ca FMS
l p ng s thay i v chng loi ca sn phm theo din rng. My c xu
hng nhiu chc nng, nhiu trc, kch thc ln, chnh xc cao, tc cao,...
m khng tnh n nhim v c th. Ngi dng chn my lun lun phi tnh n
nhim v cng ngh kh khn nht, mc d thi gian my thc hin nhim v

29

 khng ln. Nh vy, phn ln thi gian my lm nhng vic di kh nng ca

n. l gii php khng kinh t.
- Mc tiu ca RMF l p ng nhanh s thay i ca sn phm trong
phm vi mt nhm (Part Family). RMS c thit lp trn c s cc my CNC
hoc cc my cng c ti cu hnh c (Reconfigurable Machine Tools - RMT).
H thng nh vy c cu trc modul. Cn c vo nhim v cng ngh c th
(kch thc, hnh dng, vt liu chi tit, chnh xc gia cng,...) ngi dng
chn mua hoc thu cc modul theo ng yu cu cng ngh, khng thiu, khng
tha. Khi thay i nhim v sn xut, ch cn la chn, thm bt, thay i cc
modul v t hp li h thng. Cc modul b ra c tr v kho dng li, iu cho
b phn khc dng hoc tr li ca hng cho thu. Gii php ny k tha c cc
u im chuyn mn ho ca DML, tnh linh hot ca FMS.
Hnh 1.16 cho thy khng ch DML m c FMS vn cn l cc dng sn
xut cng v c nhiu hn ch: DML c nng sut cao nhng chc nng rt hp,
ch gia cng c mt loi sn phm; FMS linh hot nhng nng sut thp. Nh
kh nng ti cu hnh nn RMS c tnh linh hot ca FMS nhng li c nng sut
cao nh DML. Hnh 1.17 cho thy, vi sn lng thp, FMS yu cu vn u t t
nht. Trong khong gia, RMS l gii php kinh t nht. Khi sn lng cao, DML
(ng gch gch) kinh t nht.

Hnh 1. 16: Nng lc SX ca DML, RMS

v FMS

Hnh 1. 17: Vn u t cho DML,

RMS v FMS

1.6. Xu hng pht trin ca my cng c

Ging nh cc ngnh cng nghip khc, ngnh ch to MCC lun lun chu
sc p ca nhu cu s dng v s cnh tranh khc lit ca th trng, ng thi
cng c tha hng nhng tin b k thut. Ni ring, trong bi cnh hin nay,
tha mn nhu cu cao v a dng v thit b sn xut ca cc ngnh kinh t,
ng thi tip thu c cc cng ngh mi, c bit cng ngh gim st v iu
30

khin nh my tnh, MCC thay i rt nhanh v kt cu v tnh nng k thut. V

vy, hnh dung c xu hng pht trin ca MCC, trc ht phi nm bt
c tnh hnh pht trin ca cng ngh ch to, sau l nhng thnh tu mi
nht ca k thut c kh, iu khin, in v in t lin quan.
1.6.1. Cc yu cu mi i vi cng ngh ch to c kh
Ni chung, cc yu cu i vi MCC vn khng c g khc hn l tha mn
yu cu ca cc nh sn xut c kh v nng sut gia cng, chnh xc, gi
thnh ca chi tit gia cng. Tuy nhin, cc yu cu trn thay i trong mi giai
on v ngy cng cao, cng kh t hn.
Trong sn xut hin i, hnh dng ca chi tit ngy cng phc tp, vt liu
c bn cao, trong khi sn lng khng cao, cn hon thnh trong thi gian
ngn, nn nng sut gia cng khng ch c tnh bng nng sut ct (th tch vt
liu dc ct trong 1 n v thi gian) m thin v c tnh theo thi gian tng
hp hon thnh sn phm (xem mc 1.4.1). MCC hin i khng nhng phi
pht huy cng sut ln khi ct gt (gim thi gian chnh) m phi gim c c
thi gian ph (chy khng, nh v, thay dao, thay phi,...). Cc my v trung tm
gia cng CNC hin c gim c ng k thi gian ph. Tuy nhin, cuc chy
ua v nng sut gia cng vn ang cn tip din.
Cht lng chi tit gia cng l mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh "ai thng
ai" trong cuc cnh tranh ton cu. Ngi tiu dng hin i i hi cc thit b
lm vic vi cng v hiu nng ngy cng cao. tha mn yu cu ,
trc ht phi nng cao c cht lng gia cng v lp rp cc tit my v iu
lin quan trc tip n MCC. Chng hn, nh c ch ra trong hnh 1.18 [9],
vo nhng nm 1960, cc phng php gia cng thng thng ch c th t
chnh xc c 10m v mun gia cng vi chnh xc 1m th phi dng cc
phng php gia cng t tin hn. n nm 2000, chnh xc 1m c th
t c bng cc phng php gia cng thng thng. Vi cng mt phng
php gia cng, chnh xc ca my c nng ln nh nng cao chnh xc
gia cng v lp rp cc chi tit; nh ci tin kt cu, tng cng vng, gim rung
ng, gim ma st, gim sai s do nhit v tng chnh xc iu khin,
Gi thnh cng ngh l yu t khng th b qua khi chn gii php cng
ngh, trong c la chn MCC. Thng gi thnh ca MCC c coi nh t l
vi kch thc ca my nhng l hm m ca chnh xc v phc tp ca kt
cu. Tuy nhin, tnh kinh t tng hp ca MCC (gm c chi ph mua sm ln chi
ph vn hnh) mi l iu m ngi s dng quan tm. Nh vy ngi thit k

31

MCC lun lun phi ng v tr ca khch hng (ngi s dng MCC) m gii
bi ton kinh t.

Hnh 1. 18: chnh xc gia cng ngy cng c ci thin

1.6.2. Nhng pht trin mi v cng ngh ch to c kh
Cng ngh ch to c kh khng ngng pht trin, i hi s pht trin
tng ng ca MCC, trong c th k n cc cng ngh c nh hng trc tip
n kt cu v iu khin MCC nh sau:
1. Cng ngh ln p (Roller Burnishing and Deep Rolling). Bn cht ca
phng php ny l cho mt dng c kiu con ln, va ln va p ln b mt gia
cng, to ra bin dng do, l bng b mt gia cng. Bng phng php ny c
th nng cao nhm b mt v to ra lp b mt c cng t vi cao, c ng
sut d nn, v cui cng l nng cao ng k sc bn mi ca chi tit. Cng
ngh hin i cho php s dng h thng thy lc, t ng iu khin c lc p
v h CNC t ng iu khin qu o chy dao.
2. Ct c rung ng siu m, hay ct xung (Ultrasonic Assisted Machining,
l phng php ct, ngoi chuyn ng chy dao thng thng, dao cn c
cung cp dao ng siu m (tn s khong 20-40kHZ, bin khong 5-20m
(hnh 1.19). Nh , lc ct khng tc dng lin tc m tc dng xung. Theo
cng b trong mt s ti liu, rung ng siu m cho php gim lc ct hng
chc ln, nhit vng ct thp ngang nhit trong phng, bng b mt rt
32

cao v khng c ba via. Phng php ny thng c ng dng gia cng cc

vt liu kh gia cng, qu cng hoc qu do. p dng phng php ny, ch
cn trang b mt ngun pht siu m, kp vo dng c hoc gchi tit.

Hnh 1. 19: Nguyn l ct c rung ng siu m

3. Gia cng c s dng kh lm lnh (Cryogenic Gas), nh Nit. Di tc
dng lm lnh cao ca kh m qu trnh to phoi c ci thin, tng c tc
ct (n 200%), tng tui bn ca dao (n 250%), hn ch hin tng dnh bm
do c hc v ha hc, nng cao cht lng b mt. Phng php ny c s
dng khi ct cc vt liu cng.
4. Gia cng nh tia dung dch cao p. Trong trng hp ny, tia dung dch
trn ngui c phun vi p sut rt cao, n 350bar, c tc dng tng t nh
gia cng vi kh lm lnh. Phng php ny c bit quan trng khi gia cng cao
tc. V d, khi mi cao tc, tc ct ln ti 150m/s hoc hn, mt lp kh bao
quanh , ngn dng cht lng ti vo vng tip xc gia vo chi tit. Mun
khc phc ro cn khng kh , dng dung dch phi c p sut cao v c ti
chnh xc vo vng tip xc.
5. Mi vi lng chy dao nh (Creep Feed Grinding) l phng php mi
vi chiu su ct rt ln (0,5-30mm), nhng lng chy dao dc rt nh (0,150mm/s), tri ngc vi mi thng thng. Phng php ny to ra chiu dy
phoi tng ng vi mi ht mi nh, do lc ct ca mi ht cng nh, nh
c th tng th nng sut ct m vn m bo cht lng b mt tt. CFG cho
chnh xc v cht lng b mt cao, c p dng c hiu qu khi gia cng cc
chi tit phc tp, t vt liu kh gia cng, nh cnh turbine trong cng nghip
t, my nng lng v hng khng v tr.
Vn i vi CFG l, do s ht mi ng thi tham gia ct trong trng
hp CFG ln v cung cp dung dch trn ngui vo vng ct kh khn, dn n
lc ct tng cng ln v kh thot nhit. V vy my mi v cc c cu truyn
dn cn c cng vng v bn c hc cao, c h thng cung cp dung dich
33

trn ngui p sut cao v ti chnh xc. H thng sa cng phi c kh nng
sa lin tc.
Dng pht trin ca CFG l phng php mi su c hiu qu qu cao (High
Efficiency Deep Grinding - HEDG hay High Performance Grinding). HEDG khc
phc c nhng khuyt im, trong khi vn gi c nhng u im ca CFG.
My mi dng cho HEDG tng t nh cho CFG. Bng sau so snh cc thng s
cng ngh c bn ca 2 phng php mi trn vi mi thng thng.
Chiu su ct
(mm)

Lng chy
dao (m/ph)

Tc ct
(m/s)

Lng ct
(mm2/mm/s)

0,001-0,05

1-30

20-60

0,1-10

CFG

0,1-30

0,05-0,5

20-60

0,1-15

HEDG

0,1-30

0,5-10

80-200

50-2000

Phng php mi
Thng thng

6. Gia cng tiu hnh (Micro-Machining) l gia cng cc chi tit c kch
thc c micromet, dng trong vi in t, mobile phone, sensor, y t,... Phng
php ny cng c ghp vo nhm cc phng php gia cng siu chnh xc
(Ultraprecision Machining). V hu ht cc chi tit tiu hnh mi dng 2,5D
nn thng dng my phay, c chnh xc c 0,1m (IT2-IT3, trong chnh
xc khi gia cng thng l IT7, IT8). Thng cc my ny c cc c im sau:
- Truyn ng tuyn tnh siu chnh xc;
- ng trt khng ma st;
- Thot hoc cn bng nhit tt;
- Tc trc chnh rt cao (t 40 000v/ph tr ln);
- Thn hoc khung bng granit;
- H thng nh v iu khin kn, siu chnh xc;
- H CNC c th x l v hin th n nanomet;
- C thit b gim st dao khng tip xc v phng i hnh nh.
Kch thc cc my ny ch khong vi milimet, khng ln hn 10 ln kch
thc chi tit gia cng m vn phi m bo mi yu cu cng ngh, vi ch
gia cng c bit: lng chy dao rng <1m, chiu su ct 1-15m, tc trc
chnh c 50 000v/ph, ng knh dao c 0,1m.
Xu hng chung l ngi ta thit k ra my tch hp chc nng gia cng vi
lp rp v gim st, kiu nh my tiu hnh (Micro-Factory). Tuy nhin, trn thc
t, cc thit b nh trn cha c trn th trng. V vy, ngi ta vn dng cc

34

my c kch thc bnh thng nhng c thit k c bit tha mn nhng

yu cu gia cng siu tinh xc.
7. Gia cng cao tc, hay thng c gi l ct cao tc (High Speed Cutting
- HSC) l phng php gia cng vi tc ct ti hng trm m/ph (vi thp), thay
v vi chc m/ph trong gia cng thng thng, v l mt trong nhng gii php
cng ngh nng cao hiu qu gia cng. Hiu qu ca vic tng tc ct l: 1.
gim h s ma st gia dao v phi; 2. lm mt hin tng lo dao, do tng
bng b mt; 3. gim lc ct; 4. hu nh ton b nhit ct i theo phoi; 5. nguyn
nhn chnh ca mn dao l khuych tn, c th khc phc bng lp ph trn dao.
Hiu qu ca HSC l: 1. tng nng sut ct; 2. gim lc ct; 3. gim thi gian ct;
4. nng cao cht lng b mt; 5. gim rung ng, tng n nh; 6. gim b dy
phoi v gim hin tng phoi cun.
HSC l gii php a qu trnh ct tin gn ti trng thi l tng. Tuy
nhin, cng ngh ny i hi rt cao v cng vng, n nh c, nhit ca h
thng c kh v nhng tnh nng c bit ca h thng gim st v iu khin.
1.6.3. Cc xu hng pht trin kt cu ca my cng c
T nhng phn tch trn, c th rt ra mt iu l mi yu cu ca ngi
dng u phi c nh sn xut MCC phn tch k lng khi la chn gii php
kt cu. Ngy nay cc nh thit k MCC c nhiu phng n kt cu la chn.
Mt khc, nhiu c cu v h thng c kh phc tp, cng knh trc y c th
c thay th bng cc h thng in, thy lc n gin v d iu khin hn.
Nhiu cu trc, tnh nng iu khin trc y do phn cng m nhim th ngy
nay c chuyn cho phn mm. Ngi thit k cn phi cp nht cc thng
tin cng ngh mi c th chn gii php kt cu ti u.
Xu hng chung trong thit k MCC l s dng cc gii php tng hp v
kt cu, vt liu, gim st, iu khin,... C th k ra mt s hng sau:
1. S dng cc gii php kt cu mi trong c kh, thu lc, kh nn, in v
kt hp gia chng; s dng cc kt cu c nguyn l mi: m t, thu tnh,
thu ng, ng c tuyn tnh,... gim kch thc, nng cao chnh xc,
linh hot v n nh.
2. ng dng nguyn tc c in t nng cao chnh xc, tnh linh hot
v thng minh ca my; gip cho kt cu gn nh, hiu nng cao.

35

Trong hnh 1.20 l v

d v kt cu cm trc chnh
ca my tin - phay (trc
chnh kt hp trc C) ca
hng IKEGAI (Nht). Khi
tin, cp bnh rng 2 b tch
ra, trc chnh 3 lm vic
bnh thng (ch trc Z).
Khi phay (ch trc C),
cp bnh rng 2 truyn
chuyn ng t ng c
servo 1 ti trc chnh.

Hnh 1. 20: Cm trc chnh my tin vi trc C

Gc quay ca trc c o nh sensor o gc 5. Phanh 6 c nhim v gi

trc v tr xc nh. S vo, ra khp ca cp bnh rng 2 c iu khin bng
xi lanh thu lc.
3. Dng cc c cu bin i chuyn ng m rng kh nng cng ngh
ca my. V d, c cu quay trong hnh 1.21 cho php thay i phng ca trc
chnh my phay (nm ngang hay thng ng). u trc chnh 2 cha cp bnh
rng cn truyn chuyn ng quay t ng c n trc chnh 1.
Trc ca bnh rng cn ch ng nghing 45O so vi phng thng ng.
y cng chnh l trc quay ca mt bch 4, khi quay c th thay i phng ca
trc chnh. B l xo a c tc dng gi mt bch v tr xc nh.

Hnh 1. 21: Kt cu trc chnh my phay xoay c

36

4. Thay th cc h truyn ng c kh truyn thng bng cc h truyn ng

in - c hin i rt ngn xch truyn ng, tng linh hot, nng cao hiu
sut ca h thng. V d, s dng ng c iu khin tc v cp thay cho hp
i tc c kh, dng ng c tuyn tnh thay cho h vt me ai c truyn thng c
th rt ngn xch truyn ng. Cc h truyn ng trc tip hoc tch hp ng c
bn trong cho php gim ti a sai s truyn ng.
5. Tng thm cc c cu cng tc hay c cu b tr nng cao nng sut
hoc m rng kh nng cng ngh ca my: thm i dao, thm trc chnh, h
thng thay dao t ng, h thng ti phoi, dng robot phc v, trang b h thng
gim st tnh trng cng tc ca my v thng s mi trng. Bng cch ny c
th to ra cc my vn nng rng (nhiu chc nng), c kh nng tp trung
nguyn cng. Trn hnh 1.22 l mt v d v tp trung nguyn cng trn my tin
CNC. Nh c trang b cc trc C, Y v dao c dn ng (Driven Tools) m
my c th phay lc lng, khoan l lch tm, khoan hng knh,... Nh c 2 trc
chnh m my c th gia cng t c 2 u.

Hnh 1. 22: Tp trung nguyn cng trn my tin 2 trc chnh, c trc C, Y
6. Modul ho kt cu, s dng nguyn tc my t hp (hnh 1.23) nhanh
chng p ng nhu cu cng ngh a dng vi cc modul trc chnh (u lc) c
37

chc nng cng ngh khc nhau (tin, phay, khoan, mi,...) vi cng sut khc
nhau; s dng cc i dao c s dao khc nhau; cc modul khc nhau thay i
cu trc ca thn my.

Hnh 1. 23: Nguyn tc thit lp my t hp t cc modul

7. Nng cao chnh xc, kh nng lm vic, tin cy ca cc chi tit
bng cch: nng cao chnh xc gia cng, nhit luyn, dng cc vt liu chu
mn, bn nhit,... V d, dng vt me ai c bi thay cho vt me ai c thng, dn
vt liu gim ma st, chu mn ln ng trt,... Cc loi hay ng trt thy
tnh, m kh, m t c dng trn cc my cao tc, cho php gim h s ma
st xung gn bng 0.
1.6.4. Cc xu hng pht trin ca h iu khin my cng c
Cng vi gii php kt cu, gii php gim st v iu khin l yu t khng
th thiu khi mun p dng cc cng ngh mi.
Gia cng cao tc v gia cng tiu hnh i hi cc phng php lin tc
gim st qu trnh: o kch thc gia cng bng phng php tip xc v khng
tip xc; o lc ct, cng sut, m thanh, nhit vng ct, rung ng. Cc thit
b o lc ct c th l phn t bin dng hay phn t p in; sensor m thanh
(Acoustic Emission - AE) c s dng ph bin v khng i hi tip xc trc
38

tip, d g t; o cng sut ct cho php nh gi ng x ca h thng (lc,

mmen) mt cch gin tip v c dng nhiu trong cng nghip; gia tc k
thng c dng nht gim st rung ng. Cc thit b gim st ny i km
vi iu khin thch nghi phng nga s bin ng qu mc ca cc thng s
cng ngh, trc ht l lc ct v ti u ha ch cng ngh trong qu trnh gia
cng (ti u ha ng).
Cc h thng iu khin thng thng, c thit k cho cc thit b c cu
hnh v iu kin lm vic quy nh trc, cc thng s lm vic tnh, theo
chng trnh cng, tc ng chm,... khng th thch ng c vi nhng bin
ng nhanh v bt thng trong qu trnh ct cng nh tc ng bn ngoi. H
iu khin a cp c h tr bi h thng sensor gim st trc tuyn qu trnh
gia cng l m hnh iu khin ph hp vi MCC hin i.
M hnh h iu khin hin i (hnh 1.24) c hnh dung l h iu khin
a cp (Multi-level Hierarchical Control), c 3 cp: 1. cp iu khin my
(Machine Level); 2. cp iu khin qu trnh (Process Level) v 3. cp gim st
(Supervisory Level).
Cp iu khin my, v c bn c chc nng nh b CNC thng thng
ang dng: chc nng ni suy, xc nh cc im trung gian trong qu o dng
c; v chc nng iu khin v tr c cu chp hnh (servo).
Cp iu khin qu trnh, c nhim v tng nng sut gia cng bng cch
pht huy ti a cc thng s cng ngh trong phm vi cho php (quy nh bi h
thng cc iu kin rng buc). y l h iu khin thch nghi theo iu kin
gii hn (Adaptive Control with Constraint - ACC), c trnh by chng 5.
Trong a s cc trng hp, iu kin rng buc l lc hoc mmen ct, cn
thng s iu khin l lng chy dao (Adaptive Feedrate Control - AFC). u
vo ca cp qu trnh l ch ct (c ti u ha nh cp trn) v cc thng s
(bin) trng thi ca qu trnh (lc ct, rung ng,...). u ra ca n l ch
cng ngh, thay i theo gi tr ca cc bin trng thi ca qu trnh.
Cp gim st qu trnh, c nhim v ti u ha qu trnh theo cc bin nh
gi (Merit Variables) v hm mc tiu (Objective Function) cho trc. Ty theo
c tnh ca chi tit v yu cu gia cng, cp ny tnh ton v cung cp cho cp
di ca n (cp iu khin qu trnh) ch ct ti u v cc thng s trng thi
ca qu trnh. Cc bin nh gi c th l: 1. nng sut ct ti a; 2. tc mn
dao nh nht; 3. trnh pht sinh t rung (chatter); 4. gi thnh nh nht; 5. m bo
cht lng b mt; v 6. m bo dung sai kch thc. Ty theo yu cu c th m
cc bin trn c th c t hp theo trng lng hnh thnh hm mc tiu.
39

i theo h iu khin ny l h thng cc sensor gim st qu trnh gia

cng, ch cng ngh v trng thi ca dng c. H thng sensor lm vic trc
tuyn (In-process hay On-line). Ngoi ra cn c th km theo modul tr gip ra
quyt nh xc nh chin lc gia cng, tnh ton cc thng s cng ngh v
lp trnh. Modul ny lm vic ngoi tuyn (Off-line), hay "trc qu trnh (Preprocess)".

Hnh 1. 24: S kt cu ca h thng iu khin a cp

V mt s xu hng mi pht trin h thng iu khin, c th k n h
CNC cu trc m (Open-Architecture CNC System), trong PC c tch hp
vi CNC v h thng iu khin v gim st ni mng (Networked Control and
Supervision), trong cc thnh phn, nh sensor, b iu khin, h thng chp
hnh,... c lin kt theo cng ngh mng my tnh.
40

Chng 2: Truyn ng c kh trn my cng c

Nhim v chnh ca my cng c (MCC) l thc hin chuyn ng to hnh
- chuyn ng tng i gia li ct ca dao v phi to ra cc b mt trn
chi tit gia cng. Mn "Nguyn l ct kim loi" cung cp nguyn l to hnh cho
cc b mt c bn trong chi tit my: tr, phng, ren, rng thn khai,... Mn
"Cng ngh ch to my" hay mn "Cng ngh kim loi" trang b kin thc v
cc phng php gia cng cc b mt trn cc nhm MCC khc nhau. ng hc
MCC l lnh vc nghin cu kt cu ng hc v chuyn ng ca cc c cu
thc hin chuyn ng to hnh. Nghin cu ng hc MCC khng ch phc v
cho cc k s thit k MCC m cn to kin thc nn tng cho t ng ho cc
h thng ny.
Trong na th k qua, k t nm 1949, khi chic MCC iu khin s u
tin ra i ti Vin Cng ngh Massachusetts (MIT), chng ta c chng
kin s pht trin thn k ca k thut MCC. C th thy s n lc v nhng
thnh tu chnh c tp trung vo lm tng hiu qu (s linh hot, tc ,
chnh xc, tin cy) ca chuyn ng to hnh. Chnh v vy, h thng chuyn
ng to hnh cng l i tng chnh ca t ng ho MCC.
Trn cc MCC, nht l trn cc my hin i, h thng to hnh khng phi
ch gm cc h thng c kh m c cc h thng truyn ng in, thu lc, kh
nn. Tuy nhin, h thng c kh lun lun ng vai tr trung tm. V l do v
cng thun tin cho vic nghin cu, cc h thng c kh, thu lc, in c
trnh by thnh cc chng c lp. Chng ny tp trung vo phn c kh.
2.1. Cc khi nim c bn
2.1.1. Cc thnh phn c bn ca xch ng hc
- Khu ng hc: chi tit my tham gia trc tip vo s thay i cc thng
s ng hc ca h thng (thay i v tr, tc , hng chuyn ng). V d v
cc khu ng hc l bnh rng, bnh ai, trc vt, ai c,...
- Cp ng hc: cp truyn ng gia cc khu ng hc lin tip nhau.
Trong mi cp ng hc c 1 khu ch ng hay khu vo (cp chuyn ng) v 1
khu b ng hay khu ra (nhn chuyn ng). Quan h ng hc ca mi cp
ng hc thng c nh gi bng t s truyn. l t s (i) gia tc khu
b ng (n2) v tc khu ch ng (n1): i =

n2
. Cp ng hc c i > 1 l cp
n1

tng tc, i < 1 l h gim tc.

41

- Xch ng hc: chui lin tip cc cp ng hc. T s truyn ca chui

bng tch t s truyn ca cc cp ng hc trong chui: i = i1 i2 ... in .

Hnh 2. 1: Cc k hiu quy c trong s ng MCC

2.1.2. Biu din v phn tch ng hc

ng hc ca mt my, c cu,... thng c biu din, phn tch nh s
ng hc, phng trnh xch ng, biu vn tc.
- S ng hc (s ng) biu din quan h ng hc ca my hoc c
cu. Trong s ng hc, ngi ta s dng cc k hiu quy c biu din
cc khu. Trong hnh 2.1 l k hiu ca cc khu c bn.

42

- Phng trnh xch ng biu din bng ton hc quan h ng hc gia

khu trong chui.
- Biu vn tc (cn gi l biu hnh tia): biu din bng hnh hc quan
h ng hc gia cc thnh phn trong xch ng.
Chng ta hy lm r cc khi nim trn thng qua v d v mt xch ng.
S ng ca xch c dng nh hnh 2.2 (a). Ta thy, xch ng c 3 trc
(I, II, III). Trn trc I (trc ch ng) c khi 3 bnh rng di trt vi s rng Z1,
Z2, Z3. Tc quay ca trc I l n. Trc II (trc trung gian) c 3 bnh rng c
nh vi s rng Z4-9, Z2-11, Z6-7. Trc III l trc ra, mang khi bnh rng di trt
Z8, Z10, Z12. Sau y chng ta s phn tch v s thy l trc ra c 9 tc , c
k hiu l n1 n9(*).

(a)

(b)

Hnh 2. 2: s ng (a) v biu vn tc ca xch ng (b)

Phng trnh xch ng th hin mi quan h ng hc gia cc khu. T
s ng ta c th vit:
n1=ni1-2i7-8=

z 1 z7
z z
z z
. ; n2=ni1-2i9-10= 1 . 9 ; n3=ni1-2i11-12= 1 . 11 ;
z2 z8
z 2 z 10
z 2 z 12

n4=ni3-4i7-8=

z 3 z7
z z
z z
. ; n5=ni3-4i9-10= 3 . 9 ; n6=ni3-4i11-12= 3 . 11 ;
z4 z8
z 4 z 10
z 4 z 12

n7=ni5-6i7-8=

z 5 z7
z z
z z
. ; n8=ni5-6i9-10= 5 . 9 ; n9=ni5-6i11-12= 5 . 11 .
z6 z 8
z 6 z 10
z 6 z 12

(*)

Quy c: (1)- Bnh rng ch ng c ch s l (v d Z1, Z3, Z7); bnh rng b ng c

ch s chn (v d Z2, Z4); (2)- Trn cng 1 trc, bnh rng c s rng ln th mang ch s nh (v
d Z1>Z3>Z5); (3)- Cc bnh rng n khp nhau c ch s lin nhau (v d Z2 n khp vi Z1).

43

Hoc c th vit gn nh sau:

z1

z2
i1 2 i7 8

z
n1 n9 = n i34 i9 10 = n 3
i i

z4
5 6 1112
z5
z
6

z7

z8
z9

z 10
z 11
z
12

Nu bit s rng ca cc bnh rng, ta c th tnh dy tc ca trc ra

(III).
Biu vn tc c dng nh trn hnh 2.2 (b). N cho bit s trc (cc
ng thng ng) v s cp tc c th (ng ngang) vi quy c tc cao
c ch s thp (n1>n2). Ngoi s tc ca tng trc v gi tr c th ca chng
(nh phng trnh xch ng), biu vn tc cn ch ra mt cch trc quan s
tng tc (dc ln), gim tc (dc xung) qua tng cp ng hc.
2.2. Cc c cu chnh trong xch ng hc my cng c
p ng yu cu cng ngh v theo quan im thit k, kt cu ng hc
ca cc loi MCC ht sc a dng. Tuy nhin, chng c t hp t cc c cu c
s, trong c nhiu dng kt cu in hnh. Nu nm chc cc kt cu in
hnh, chng ta c th d dng nhn dng v phn tch kt cu ca bt k my no.
Trong mc ny, chng ta s nghin cu cc c cu in hnh trong h truyn
ng trc chnh (HTTC) v trong h truyn ng chy dao (HTCD). Trn c
s , s phn tch ng hc ca mt s h truyn ng trn cc my cng c
in hnh.
2.2.1. H truyn ng trc chnh
2.2.1.1. Cc c cu thng dng trong h truyn ng trc chnh
C cu bnh rng di trt
C cu bnh rng di trt (hnh 2.3) c dng nhiu nht trong cc
HTTC cng nh cc HTCD. Chuyn ng c truyn gia bnh rng c nh
trn mt trc v bnh rng di ng (dch dc trc) trn trc kia. Khi cn thay i
t s truyn, ta dch khi bnh rng di trt thay i cp bnh rng n khp.
C cu ny c u im l tin cy, lm vic c tc cao v truyn c m
men xon ln. Nhc im ca c cu ny l kch thc chiu trc ln, khng
dng c bnh rng nghing v c cu iu khin phc tp.

44

Hnh 2. 3: S xch tc dng bnh rng di trt

2. C cu then ko
Trong c cu then ko, c 2 khi bnh rng thng xuyn n khp vi nhau
(hnh 2.4). Khi bnh rng trn trc I c nh, khi trn trc II quay trn (hnh
2.4, a). Then ko c lng vo gia trc, c th di ng dc trc nh c cu iu
khin ngoi. Ti mi thi im, then ch c ci vo 1 bnh rng, khin n c
th truyn mmen xon sang trc (hnh 2.4, b).

Hnh 2. 4: C cu then ko trong

u im ca c cu then ko l gn, c th b tr khi nhiu bnh rng
to ra hng chc t s truyn khc nhau; c th s dng bnh rng nghing v c
cu iu khin n gin. Nhc im chnh ca c cu ny l khng truyn c
m men ln, do hn ch v kh nng chu lc ca then.
45

 C cu bnh rng thay th

Trong trng hp t s truyn khng phi thay i thng xuyn th c cu
bnh rng thay th pht huy c u im: kch thc chiu trc ca c cu nh v
khong cn c cu iu khin. Vi c cu bnh rng thay th, t s truyn gia 2
trc c thay i nh thay i b bnh rng truyn ng. Nu gia 2 trc c nh
ch dng c 1 cp bnh rng truyn ng trc tip th kh nng thay i rt kh
khn. khc phc nhc im , ngi ta dng mt b bnh rng trung gian,
lp trn 2 chc di ng. Hnh 2.5 th hin kt cu mt cm bnh rng thay th c
bnh rng trung gian. M men c truyn t trc I sang trc III thng qua cp
bnh rng trung gian lp trn trc II. Ta thy l chc 1 quay c quanh tm trc
III nn d trc I v III c nh, truyn ng gia cc bnh rng vn c thc hin.

Hnh 2. 5: C cu bnh rng thay th

Cm bnh rng thay th thng c ch to sn, cung cp km theo my
thc hin cc chc nng truyn ng nht nh, v d trong h truyn ng
chy dao ca my tin.

46

 Dng ng in c nhiu tc
Dng ng c in nhiu tc (hnh 2.6) khin cho hp tc cng
knh v d iu khin. i vi ng c d b 3 pha, bin php thng dng l i
/Y hoc dng ng c c nhiu cun dy.

Hnh 2. 6: C cu dng ng c nhiu cp

Bin i tc v cp
Bin i v cp tc trc chnh c th dng truyn ng thy lc, c kh,
in,... Cc dng truyn ng ny s c gii thiu cc chng sau.
Vi c cu truyn ng ma st (hnh 2.7, a), m men c truyn t bnh 1
trn trc I sang bnh 3 trn trc II qua b bnh trung gian 2. T s truyn gia 2
trc l n=d1/d2. Khi quay bnh 2 quanh cht th quan h d1, d2 thay i, lm thay
i v cp t s truyn. Trn hnh (hnh 2.7, b) l s hp tc ca my tin
c dng b truyn ng ma st. u im chnh ca dng truyn ng ny l thay
i c tc v cp tc trc b ng trong khi tc ca trc ch ng
khng thay i. Mt khc, truyn ng ma st vn d c c tnh m du, t gy
n. Nhc im chnh ca dng truyn ng ny l hiu sut thp, d b trt,
nht l khi cc b mt ma st b bn hoc dnh du m. m bo lc ma st
cho truyn ng, lc php tuyn trn cc mt tip xc phi ln, dn n tng lc
chiu trc, khin b mn nhanh. C cu ny c dng trn my tin 1M620
(hnh 2.9).
Ngy nay cc c cu dng ny t c dng, m c thay bng ng c 1
chiu, ng c xoay chiu vi bin tn hoc ng c servo, v chng c c tnh
c tt, cho hiu sut cao v d iu khin.
47

Hnh 2. 7: Hp bin i tc v cp dng ma st

2.2.1.2. Mt s h truyn ng trc chnh in hnh
minh ha v ng dng cc c cu ni trn, ng thi gip bn c
lm quen vi cc kt cu my c th, di y xin gii thiu mt s s ng
ca cc nhm my thng gp. Theo c im kt cu, chng ta s lm quen vi
cc nhm my: tin; khoan, phay; bo, xc v my t ng, bn t ng.
Hp truyn ng trc chnh ca cc my tin
My tin c s dng rng ri nht trong gia cng kim loi. Trn my tin
thc hin nhiu cng vic khc nhau: tin dc, tin ngang, tin trn, tin ren,...
Yu cu ca h truyn ng trc chnh my tin, ngoi m men v cng sut ln,
l cho di tc rng, nhiu cp.
Trong nhm my tin, cc my tin ren vt vn nng l ph bin nht. Sau
y m t hp tc ca my tin ren vt vn nng 1A616.
My 1A616 l my tin ren vt cao tc do Lin X sn xut. S ng hp
tc ca n nh trong hnh 2.8. Tc ca trc chnh c thay i nh cc
khi bnh rng di trt: B1 trn trc II, B2 trn trc III, B3 v B4 trn trc IV.
Vi cc thng s kt cu nh trn, ta c phng trnh xch ng nh sau:
31
41 25
26 26
1
98 2357
135 39 32
n7 = n1

34 20 =
v / ph
168 31 19 12 295

68 80
14 38
55 14

44

48

S cp tc ca trc chnh (trc VII) l 1.3.4.2=24, hnh thnh 2 di: di

tc cao (982357) v/ph nhn c bng cch ni trc tip trc V vi trc VII
qua ly hp M1. Di tc thp (12295 v/ph) nhn c nh ni trc V vi trc
VII thng qua trc trung gian VI. Cc s liu trn c tnh vi gi thit tc
danh nh ca ng c in l 1500v/ph. Trn thc t, s liu c th thay i cht
t, ph thuc tc thc t ca ng c.

Hnh 2. 8: H HTTC my tin ren vt vn nng 1A616

Trn my tin, ng knh phi thay i thng xuyn, v vy tc ct b
thay i theo. V vy, cc nh cng ngh mong mun tc trc chnh c th
thay i v cp. Trc khi cc ng c in nhiu tc c s dng, c cu
bin i tc nh ma st c dng ph bin.
My tin 1M620 s dng c cu nh vy. My 1M620 l my tin cao tc,
c nng cp t my tin ren vt vn nng 1620, hp trc chnh c s ng
nh trong hnh 2.9. Trc chnh ca 1M620 c th t ti 3000v/ph v c iu
khin v cp nh cp truyn ng ma st gia trc II v trc III vi t s truyn
thay i t 0,52. ng c in c cng sut l 14kW, tc danh nh
1450v/ph.
49

Hnh 2. 9: S ng HTTC ca my 1M620

Cn c vo s ng, ta thy my c 2 di tc : di cao nhn c t
trc V - 19/38 72/36 - trc X; di thp t trc V - 19/38 - trc VII - (22/88,
60/60) - trc VIII - (22/88, 49/49) - trc IX - 27/54 - trc X. Tm li, ta c
phng trnh xch ng sau:

n10

50

72

3000 750
36

750
190
1 200 19 60 49

=
= 1450 ( 2 )

v / ph .

190 47
2 192 38 60 49 27

22 22 54

47 12
88 88

Cc ly hp in t M1 v M2 dng o chiu quay ca trc chnh. Phanh

M3 hm trc trung gian VIII.
My tin revolver l loi my tin c i dao quay (c gi l u
revolver), trn gn c nhiu dao. u im chnh ca my revolver l gim
thi gian thay v g dao, ph hp vi gia cng cc b mt nh hnh phc tp.
Yu cu u tin i vi my revolver l thay i tc nhanh. My 1326 l
mt v d v my tin revolver. l my tin cao tc, hp tc c s ng
nh hnh 2.10.

Hnh 2. 10: S ng HTTC ca my tin revolver 1326

Vic thay i tc c thc hin nh 5 ly hp in t M1-M5. Mt pha
ca cc ly hp gn vi bnh rng lng khng, pha kia gn cng vi trc. Cc cp
bnh rng lun lun n khp nhng khi khng c lc ht th chng khng truyn
chuyn ng. Khi c lc ht, chuyn ng t bnh rng truyn qua ly hp sang
trc tng ng. Vi 2 cp truyn trn trc II, 3 cp trn trc III, my c 6 cp tc
. Vic o chiu quay trc chnh do ng c m nhim. Trn mt s my c
dng ng c 2 hoc 3 tc . Khi s cp tc tng ng s c tng ln 2
hoc 3 ln. Cc thng s ng hc ca h truyn ng trc chnh nh sau: ng
c in 4,5kW-1450v/ph; Z1=50; Z2=50; Z3=25; Z4=75; Z5=70; Z6=35; Z7=50;
Z8=40; Z9=35; Z10=75; D3=300; D4=200.

51

 H truyn ng trc chnh ca cc my khoan, phay, doa

Cc my nhm khoan, phay, doa c c im chung l trc chnh mang dao,
gia cng bng dao quay trn. V mi dao c ng knh c nh nn tc ct
khng thay i theo hnh hc ca phi. Vic thay i tc trc chnh thng
ch cn thit khi thay dao.
Trong nhm my khoan, my khoan ng c hp tc phc tp nht. Sau
y, chng ta nghin cu loi my kh ph bin l my khoan ng 2A150.
My khoan ng 2A150 c 12 cp tc trc chnh, thay i bng cc
khi bnh rng di trt (hnh 2.11).

Hnh 2. 11: S ng hp tc trn my khoan ng 2A150

T s ng, ta c phng trnh xch ng nh sau:
43
40
50 61

43 47
36

173 47 29 21 61

n6 = 1500
173 30 50 72 47

55
21 20
23
72 61

60
theo , trc c 12 cp tc . Tc ln nht t c:

52

nmax = 1500

173 43 29 50 61

1400v / ph
173 40 50 43 47
I

II

III
43/40

IV

VI

1500 173/173
36/47
30/55

61/47 1411
29/50

23/60

1106
50/43
716
503
354
252
21/72
179
126
89
64
45
20/61
32

My doa c dng gia cng tinh cc l. Chng c nhng c im gn

ging my khoan, phay, nhng c khc l tc trc chnh thng ln v c
nhiu cp tc .
My doa ngang 2654 c ng c in chnh, cng sut N=14kW, tc
1450v/ph. Xch HTTC (hnh 2.12) t ng c - bnh rng 1, 2 (trc I) - khi B1
(trc II) - ai (trc III) - khi B2 - bnh rng 7, 8, 9 (trc V) - khp 10 (trc VI) bnh rng 11, 12 - khi B3 (trc VII) - bnh rng 13 (trc VIII).
- Nu B5 dch sang phi, th chuyn ng c truyn qua cp bnh rng
18-19, bnh ai 20-21 ra trc XI (tc cao). Nu B5 dch sang tri th chuyn
ng c truyn qua bnh rng 17 ra trc IX (tc thp). Bng c 2 ng,
trc XI nhn c 36 cp tc , t 7,5 n 950v/ph.
- Nu ly hp B4 c gt sang tri th chuyn ng t trc VIII qua cp
bnh rng 15-16 sang trc XII. Trc XII nhn c 18 cp tc , t 3,75 n
192v/ph.
Trn thc t, trong s 36 cp tc ca trc doa ch dng 22. Cc tc
khc trng nhau hoc rt st nhau.

53

ng c 22 (0,5kW, 1410v/ph) c nhim v iu khin cc khi bnh rng

di trt thay i tc .
Cc khp 6 v 10 phng qu ti.

Hnh 2. 12: S ng h HTTC ca my doa ngang 2654

My phay l loi my vn nng, c s dng ph bin, c l ch sau my
tin. Nhm my phay gm c my phay ngang (c trc nm ngang) v my phay
ng (c trc thng ng).
My phay ngang 680 thuc nhm my phay c trung. ng c c cng
sut 2,8kW. Theo s ng trong hnh 2.13, my c 322=12 cp tc , t
50-2240v/ph. Phng trnh xch ng nh sau:
45
45 52

1
38 38 210

n7 = ndc

52 29 210 31 24

83 71
30 61
60

54

Hnh 2. 13: S ng h HTTC ca my phay ngang 680

My phay ng 6H12 l my phay kiu cng xn. ng c c cng
sut 10kW, tc 1450v/ph. Theo s ng trong hnh 2.14, trc chnh c 18
cp tc , t 63 n 3150v/ph. Cc cm bnh rng di trt: B1(19, 22, 16);
B2(37, 47, 26); B3(82, 19); B4(58). Phng trnh xch ng nh sau:
22 39
33 26 82

32 19 28 38 32 86

n7 = ndc
48 36 37 19 32 58

16 18 71
39 47

Nh vy, trc chnh c 18 tc . Tc ln nht bng:

nmax = 1440

32 22 39 82 32 86

= 3070v / ph
48 33 26 38 32 58

55

Hnh 2. 14: S ng h HTTC ca my phay ng 6H12

H truyn ng trc chnh ca cc my bo, xc
Cc my h bo, xc thc hin qu trnh gia cng nh s chuyn ng tnh
tin qua li tng i ca dao so vi phi. Chuyn ng ny thng c bin i
t chuyn ng quay nh c cu tay quay thanh truyn, bnh rng - thanh rng
hoc c cu cu lt. Trn cc my ln, dng h thng thy lc, cho lc ln, chuyn
ng m v c th thay i tc v cp.
My bo ngang 735 c s ng nh trn hnh 2.15. Truyn ng t
ng c, cng sut 4,5kW, qua cc khi bnh rng di trt B1 (33, 28); B2 (23,
18); B3 (16-48). a 4 nhn c 8 cp tc , t 12,3 n 138m/ph. Trn a gn
con trt 3 ca c cu cu lt, bin chuyn ng quay thnh chuyn ng thng
ca u bo 1. Hnh trnh ca u bo c thay i nh di chuyn con trt 3
theo phng hng knh ca a 4. Hnh trnh ln nht ca u bo l 500mm.
Theo s ng, ta c phng trnh xch ng nh sau:
33
28

48
28

158 33 15 80

n6 = ndc

348 23 48 16
107
38
18

43

56

Hnh 2. 15: S ng ca h HTTC ca my bo 735

H truyn ng trc chnh ca cc my t ng v bn t ng
Khi nim my t ng v bn t ng rt rng v cu trc ca chng cng
a dng, ty theo mc tiu c th ca t ng ha l g. Cc my t ng trong
dy chuyn cng thng l my chuyn dng, c kt cu n gin. Khi hp
tc thng c t cp tc v thay i bng bnh rng thay th. Cc my vn
nng, my revolver li yu cu tc trc chnh thay i v cp, trong di rng.
Ni chung, trong h thng truyn ng trc chnh ca cc my t ng, ngi ta
t dng cc bnh rng di trt m thng dng ly hp in t d iu khin.
Ngoi ra, trn cc my t ng nhiu trc, cng sut ca ng c chnh phi c
phn phi cho cc trc nn trong hp tc c thm b phn phi chuyn ng.
Sau y chng ta xem xt s ng ca my tin t ng 4 trc, kiu
1265-4 (hnh 2.16).

57

My 1265-4 l my tin t ng 4 trc, trong c 2 trc chnh v 2 trc

dng c. Cc trc chnh VI c dn ng bi ng c C (N=28kW, tc
1450v/ph) b truyn ai 130/308 trc I cp bnh rng tr 30/60 trc
II cp bnh rng thay th A/B C/D cc trc trung tm IV v V ly hp
cc cp bnh rng nghing 45/45 trc chnh VI.
Tc quay ca cc trc chnh:
n6 = 1450

130 30 A C 45
v / ph
308 60 B D 45

C 18 b bnh rng thay th, cho php to ra 26 cp tc ca trc chnh,

t 60-1000v/ph.

Hnh 2. 16: S ng h HTTC ca my tin t ng 4 trc 1265-4

T trc trung tm IV - cp bnh rng 47/22 - bnh rng thay th P sang trc
dao (khoan) XII. Trc chnh VI v trc dao XII quay vi tc khc nhau. Tc
quay tng i gia chng (tc ct) bng tng cc tc tuyt i ca
chng, ngha l:
nc = n6 (1 +

47
)
P

Khi bit tc tuyt i ca 2 trc, c th tnh s rng ca bnh rng

thay th:

58

P=

47.n6
n12 n6

Xch ct ren (trc XI) bng ta r hoc bn ren bt u t trc trung tm IV cp bnh rng 41/41 - trc VII - cp bnh rng thay th S/T - trc VIII - ly hp in
t M1 - M2 - trc X - cp bnh rng 34/52 - trc XI. Trong trng hp ny, trc
chnh VI quay cng chiu v nhanh hn trc ct ren XI. Tc ct ren l hiu ca
2 tc tuyt i:
ncr = n6 (1

34.S
)
52.T

T y c th tnh t s truyn ca cp bnh rng thay th:

n
S 52
=
(1 cr )
T 34
n6

tho ren, ngt ly hp M1, ng M2. Trc ren XI nhn chuyn ng t

trc trung tm IV qua cp bnh rng 41/41 - trc VII - cp bnh rng thay th S/T
H/P - trc IX - cp 47/47 ly hp M2 - trc X - cp 34/52.
V 2 trc quay cng chiu nn tho c ren, trc ren XI phi quay
nhanh hn trc chnh. Tc tng i tho ren bng:
ntr = n6 (

34.S .H
1) .
52.T .P

2.2.2. H truyn ng chy dao

2.2.2.1. Cc dng kt cu thng dng trong h truyn ng chy dao
HTCD thc hin cc chuyn ng chy dao trn MCC. Phn ln chuyn
ng chy dao l chuyn ng thng (tin, khoan, bo, phay), i khi l chuyn
ng quay (phay ren, mi trn); c th l chuyn ng lin tc (tin, khoan) hoc
dn on (bo, xc). c im ca c cu chy dao l cng sut khng ln nhng
i hi phm vi iu chnh rng, nh v chnh xc. Kt cu ca cc HTCD ht
sc a dng, nhng thng c t hp t cc c cu c bn.
S dng cc c cu nh trong HTTC
HTCD cng cng s dng cc c cu thng dng trong cc hp tc ,
nh bnh rng thay th, bnh rng di trt v then ko,... (xem li mc 2.2.1). Sau
y l cc c cu c bit, chuyn dng cho HTCD.

59

 C cu Norton
C cu Norton gm mt khi bnh rng hnh thp v cm bnh rng di trt
(hnh 2.17). V khong cch gia trc bnh rng di trt v cm bnh rng hnh
thp c th thay i c, khng chu rng buc bi tng s rng nn c cu
Norton cho php to ra t s truyn chnh xc v cho s cp tc ln vi s trc
v s bnh rng nh. Tuy nhin, c cu Norton c nhc im ln l cng
vng thp, chiu dy bnh rng khng c ln v kh nng ti thp. Vi cc u,
nhc im trn, c cu Norton thng c s dng trong cc xch tin ren trn
my tin.

Hnh 2. 17: Khi bnh rng hnh thp (Norton)

C cu Meandr
C cu Meandr (hnh 2.18) c 3 trc. Trn trc I v II c cc khi bnh rng
ging nhau, mi khi c 2 bnh rng to thnh chui c t s truyn thay i
theo cp s nhn (thng c cng bi = 2). Chuyn ng c truyn qua trc
III nh cm bnh rng di trt. Trong c cu trn hnh 2.18, a, bnh rng di trt
Z5 ch c th n khp vi cc bnh rng to nn s cp tc b hn ch. Nu
dng bnh rng trung gian nh hnh 2.18, b th s cp tc tng ln.
C cu Meandr c u im l kch thc chiu trc nh, iu khin n
gin, khng sinh lc chiu trc, cho di iu chnh tc rng. V vy, n c
dng ph bin trong HTCD my tin. Nhc im ca c cu Meandr l tt c
bnh rng cng quay, bt k n c truyn m men hay khng.
60

Hnh 2. 18: C cu Meandr

2.2.2.2. Mt s h truyn ng chy dao in hnh
Xch tin ren trn my tin
H chy dao trn my tin thuc loi phc tp nht so vi cc loi my khc
v HTCD ca my tin phi m bo tin ren cc loi (quc t, anh, modul,
pitch) v tin trn c dc ln ngang.
Cc loi ren c th ct trn my tin gm:
- Ren quc t: i lng c trng l bc ren tp;
- Ren modul: i lng c trng l modul m =

tp

; bc ren tp = m (mm);

- Ren anh: i lng c trng l s vng ren trn 1 tc anh (Inch):

n=

25 ,4
25 ,4
; bc ren t p =
;
n
tp

- Ren pitch: i lng c trng l s modul trn 1 tc anh:

25 ,4 25 ,4.
25 ,4.
=
; i ra bc ren: t p =
.
Dp =
m

tp

Dp

Hnh 2.19 l s ng ca 1 xch tin ren, cho php tin ren h mt, h
anh. S ny c p dng trn cc my tin ren vt, c thay i cht t cho ph
hp vi h thng truyn ng chung.

61

Hnh 2. 19: S ng xch tin ren

Chuyn ng chy dao c trch t trc chnh, thng qua cm bnh rng
thay th z72-z75-z72. V vy, i vi h ang xt th trc I l trc ch ng.
Bnh rng z61 trn trc I c 3 v tr. Bn tri cho tin ren Anh; gia cho
ren h mt v ren modul; bn phi cho tin ren chnh xc. Chng ta s xem xt c
th tng v tr.
- Khi z61 bn tri, thng qua bnh rng trung gian z65 n n khp vi z61
trn trc IV, khin cc bnh rng di trt z32, z42 ca c cu Norton quay,
truyn chuyn ng cho 1 trong cc bnh ca khi bnh rng hnh thp (lng
khng trn trc III), to cho khi ny 11 tc . T y, qua trc V v khi bnh
rng di trt, to cho trc VI 114=44 cp tc .
ct ren Anh, bnh rng di trt z38 trn trc VI n khp vo bnh rng
trong ca trc ren c bc ren 25,4/2mm. Bc ren c tnh nh sau:
tp =

61 32 32
25,4 25,4
i1
=
61 z 64
2
n

y, z - s rng ca cc bnh rng trong khi hnh thp (z=32, 36 ... 52, 56);
i1 - t s truyn gia trc V v VI: i1 = (

64 48 32 19
1 1
; ; ; ) = ( 2;1; ; ) ;
32 48 64 76
2 4

n- s ren cn ct trong 1 inch.

T y, ta nhn c s ren trn 1 Inch: n =

z
.
8i1

ct ren h mt, z61 v tr trung gian, truyn chuyn ng qua cc bnh

rng z65, z37, z49 trc III cc cp z44/z36, z50/z40, z56/z36 c cu
noron. Bc ren:
62

tp =

61 37
32 32
25,4
i2 i1
65 49
z 64
2

trong , i2 - t s truyn gia trc III v IV: i2 = (

V

44 50 56
11 5 14
; ; ) = ( ; ; ).
36 40 36
9 4 9

61 37
18
nn ta nhn c bc ren h mt:

=
65 49 25,4

tp =

144.i1 .i2
.
z

Ngoi ra, ct ren modul hay ren pitch th dng bnh rng thay th.
tin ren chnh xc, ta gt z61 sang phi, ni thng trc I vi trc VI v
cho z38 trn trc VI n khp thng vi bnh rng trong trn trc ren. Khi , xch
tin ren ngn do c cu Norton b loi khi xch. Bc ren c xc nh bi b
bnh rng thay th.
Mun tin trn th cho bnh rng z38 trn trc VI n khp vi z48 trn trc
trn VII.
H truyn ng chy dao ca my khoan
My khoan thng khng i hi lng chy dao chnh xc, c cu chy
dao thng n gin, trch chuyn ng t truyn ng trc chnh. Trn hnh 2.20
l s ng ca h chy dao trn my khoan 2135 vi c cu chnh l c cu
then ko. Nu trc I c 1 tc th, thng qua cp bnh rng di trt, trc II c 2
tc , trc III c 8 tc . Phng trnh xch ng ca c cu nh sau:
Z Z Z Z Z Z
n3 = n1 1 , 3 5 , 7 , 9 , 11
Z2 Z4 Z6 Z8 Z10 Z12

Hnh 2. 20: S ng ca HTCD ca my khoan 2135

63

 H truyn ng chy dao ca my phay

H truyn ng chy dao trn my phay thng c dn ng bng mt
ng c ring. ng c dng chung cho c 3 trc: dc, ngang, ng (X, Y, Z).
Sau c cu bin i chung, chuyn ng c phn phi cho cc trc nh cc ly
hp hoc cam. HTCD ca my phay ngang v my phay ng tng t nhau.
Trn hnh 2.21 l HTCD trn my phay ngang 6H82. H thng c
truyn ng bi 1 ng c c lp. Gia trc III v trc IV c 3 t s truyn
36 27 18
24 21 18
, , . Gia trc IV v trc V c 3 t s truyn
, , . Chuyn ng
18 27 36
34 37 40
t trc V c th c truyn ln trc VI qua cp bnh rng 40, 40 (khi ng ly
13 18 40
. Nh vy trc VI c 18 tc .
hp) hoc qua
45 40 40
Phng trnh xch ng ca ton b HTCD nh sau:
36 24
18 34
40

26 20 27
21
40
n0
= (n1 n18 )
44 68 27 37 13 18 40
18 18
45 40 40
36 40

Chuyn ng ny c th c truyn cho trc chy dao dc, ngang hoc

ng tu theo cam phn phi.

Hnh 2. 21: S ng HTCD ca my phay ngang 6H82

64

2.2.3. Cc c cu iu khin
Cc h thng v c cu iu khin c nhim v truyn tc ng iu khin
t tay quay, cn gt, nm xoay, nt n,... n c cu truyn ng: bnh rng di
trt, ly hp,... Ban u, chng l cc c cu c kh, gm n by, bnh rng,
thanh rng, cam,... Sau ny, nh s dng kt hp vi h thng thy lc, kh nn,
in,... m cc h thng iu khin nh nhng, linh hot, tin cy hn. Tuy nhin,
ngay c hin nay, khi my tnh c dng ph bin trong cc h thng iu
khin hin i, mt s c cu vn ang c s dng.
Nhng yu cu c bn m mt h thng v c cu iu khin cn t l:
chnh xc, tin cy, nh nhng, an ton, gim v d thao tc, c kh nng ghi nh
v tr v trnh t hot ng,... Mt yu cu rt quan trng ca h thng iu khin
l c kh nng phng nga cc s c do thao tc, nhm ln,... ca ngi dng.
Cc bn php chnh c s dng cho mc ch ny l: c nh c cu ti mi v
tr lm vic; kha c cu sao cho khng gy chuyn ng ng thi cho cc c
cu khng c lm vic trng nhau (v d ng thi truyn mmen cho 2 bnh
rng trn cng 1 trc); t c hn ch chuyn ng; dng tn hiu bo trng thi
lm vic hoc cnh bo nguy him,... gim thi gian thao tc, ngi ta to mi
lin ng gia cc c cu cn lm vic ng thi, ch vi mt thao tc, c th
iu khin nhiu c cu, hoc dng c cu cho php chn ty ch cng tc
m khng phi theo mt trnh t bt buc (v d c th chn tc bt k ch
khng nht thit t thp ln cao v ngc li).
Cc h thng iu khin trn cc my cng c ht sc a dng, nhng theo
nguyn l lm vic c th phn thnh cc nhm: iu khin c kh, iu kin thy
lc, iu khin in, in t v cc h iu khin da trn s kt kt hp cc
nguyn l trn. Cng cn ni thm l trong phn ny ch yu ni v cc h iu
khin tng t, ngha l cc h iu khin trc tip dng tn hiu lin tc ca cc
i lng vt l. Cc h iu khin s s c trnh by trong phn ring.
Vi mc ch kt ni cc tng sng to trong iu khin, sau y xin gii
thiu mt s c cu v h thng iu khin in hnh.
2.2.3.1. Cc h iu khin c kh
Cc h thng iu khin c kh thng dng phi hp c cu n by, bnh
rng, cam. Cc h
Trn hnh 2.22 l mt trong nhng s c cu iu khin dng n by,
trong hp tc ca my tin 163. Hp tc (s b) c 4 khi bnh rng di
trt B1-B4 v ly hp M o chiu quay.

65

Hnh 2. 22: S c cu iu khin hp tc ca my tin 163

Vi hp tc trn, trc chnh ca my 163 c 24 tc . chn mt
trong cc tc , dng 2 cn gt. Cn gt s 1 thng qua trc 26 cp bnh rng
25-8 cht lch tm 9 con trt 11 iu khin khi bnh rng di trt B2;
ng thi qua a cam 7 cht 6 n 5 con trt 32 ng trt 31, iu
khin khpp B1. Tng t, cn gt 27 iu khin cc khi B3, B4. Cn gt 1 c 6
v tr, c c nh bi cc rnh f v hin th qua ca s e trn a 2. Tng t,
cc rnh ch V trn a 16 c tc dng c nh v tr ca cn gt 27.
Hnh 2.23 (a) l c cu iu khin dng n by khc, nhng n c c
im l iu khin hp chy dao vi ch 1 tay iu khin. C cu ny c dng
trn my phay ngang 680 (6P80G). C cu gm c tay quay 14, h thng
truyn ng bnh rng, a cam 6. Trn a cam c 3 rnh (a, b, c), thng qua 3
cn gt (3, 5, 19) iu khin 3 khi bnh rng di trt. Trn a cam c cc rnh
ch V c nh v tr. Trn a 12 c khc gi tr lng chy dao. T s truyn
c kh m bo cho 1 vng quay ca a cam 6 ng vi 1 vng quay ca a khc
gi tr lng chy dao.

66

Hnh 2. 23: S iu khin hp chy dao ca my phay 6P80G

Hnh 2.23 (b) l c cu iu khin hng chy dao theo nguyn tc "gi
nh", ngha l gt cn iu khin 1 theo hng no (A, B, C hay D) th bn my
s chy v hng . Nu gt cn 1 theo phng ngang (A hoc B) th cht c,
thng qua tay n 5 s lm quay trc 14 v a 13. Cht lch tm gn trn a 13
quay tay n 8, thng qua con trt 7 ng ly hp chy dao ngang theo hng A
hoc B. Nu gt cn 1 theo phng ng (C hoc D) th ng 3 s quay quanh cht
2, thng qua rnh cam b, cht 15, lm quay tay n 6, ng ly hp chy dao ng
theo hng C hoc D.
Hnh 2.24 l s iu khin hp tc nh cam a. Theo s ng,
hp tc c 5 trc, trong trc V l trc chnh. Trc I c 2 khi bnh rng di
trt (a v b); trc III c 1 khi (c); trc IV c 1 khi (d). Nh vy trc chnh c
4212=16 tc . Cc khi bnh rng di trt ny c iu khin bng cc
rnh trn cc a cam 2 v 1. Trn a 1 c 2 rnh (c v d) 2 mt i din nhau,
iu khin 2 khi bnh rng c v d. a 2 ch c 2 rnh nhng iu khin 2 khi
bnh rng a v b bng cch t 2 cht lch nhau 180 .

67

Nhn s khai trin ca cc rnh cam, ta thy rnh d thc hin 1 chu k th
rnh c thc hin 2 chu k, cc rnh a v b phi 4 chu k. Nh vy, a 1 quay 1
vng th a 2 phi quay 4 vng.

Hnh 2. 24: S c cu sang s dng cam

2.2.3.2. Cc h iu khin thu lc
H thng iu khin thy lc cho php iu khin mt cch linh hot cc h
thng phc tp. u im ca iu khin thy lc l gn, m du, d thay i
chng trnh iu khin hn so vi h thng c kh, ng thi d lin kt vi h
thng in, in t to thnh cc h iu khin theo chng trnh. Mt h iu
khin thy lc n gin nh trong hnh 2.25. H gm c 4 xilanh thy lc: cc xy
lanh X1 v X4 c 3 v tr, X2 v X3 c 2 v tr. Chng trc tip iu khin cc
khi bnh rng di trt tng ng. Khi van iu khin thao tc bng tay c 18 v
tr, tng ng vi 18 tc ca trc chnh.
Trn c s h thng iu khin thy lc, kh nn hoc in thy lc, in
kh nn c th to ra h thng iu khin t xa h thng truyn ng trc chnh
hoc h thng truyn ng chy dao. Hnh 2.26 l s rt gn ca mt h nh
vy. Trong h thng ny, mi xi lanh (X) iu khin mt khi bnh rng di trt
hoc ly hp. Tn hiu iu khin cc xi lanh c pht ra t panel iu khin
trung tm hoc b iu khin t xa, truyn theo dy hoc khng dy n van in
t (xolenoid) tng ng.
68

Hnh 2. 25: S h thng iu khin thu lc ca hp tc

Hnh 2. 26: H thng iu khin t xa h thng truyn ng

69

2.2.3.3. Cc h iu khin theo chng trnh

Thc cht mi h iu khin, k c trn my vn nng u l iu khin
theo chng trnh. Tuy nhin, t "iu khin theo chng trnh" thng c
dng ch cc h thng t ng lm vic theo mt trnh t nh trc. Trnh t
ny c c ghi li di dng chng trnh. Vt lu gi chng trnh c
gi l vt mang tin. Vt mang tin c th l cc vu, cam, mu, trc phn phi,
bng cm, ba c l, bng a t,... di dng cc i lng vt l (iu khin
tng t) hoc h thng m dng k t (chng trnh s).
Theo gii hn v ni dung, cc h iu khin bng cam, vu c kh c
trnh by trn. Cc h iu khin in s c trnh by trong chng 3; iu
khin thy lc, theo nguyn tc bm s c trnh by chng 4. Ring cc h
iu khin s s c trnh by chi tit hn, trong cc chng 5, 6, 7.
2.3. ng hc my tin
My tin l loi my ct kim loi c dng rng ri nht gia cng cc
vt th trn xoay, trong mt s trng hp cn dng gia cng vt th nh
hnh. My tin chim khong 4050% my ct kim loi trong phn xng c kh,
c rt nhiu chng loi v kch thc khc nhau. My tin l loi my ang c
pht trin c chnh xc cao, nng sut ln vi vic s dng cc h thng iu
khin hin i nh h thng iu khin s.
Theo kt cu v cng dng, my tin c th phn thnh: my tin vn nng,
my tin chp hnh, my tin chuyn dng, my tin ng, my tin ct, my tin
nhiu dao, my tin revolve, my tin t ng v na t ng.
My tin ren vt vn nng l loi my thng dng nht trong nhm my
tin. N c lch s pht trin lu i, v cc nh my sn xut my tin trn th
gii khng ngng cho ra i nhng loi my mi vi mc hon chnh cao.
My tin ren vt vn nng c th gia cng rt nhiu loi chi tit, nhng ch
yu l cc chi tit c b mt trn xoay v ct ren.
2.3.1. My tin ren vt vn nng 1K62
1K62 l my tin ren vt vn nng in hnh ca Lin X c, c s dng
ph bin Vit Nam. Loi ny c ci tin mt t cho ph hp vi iu kin
Vit Nam v ly tn l T620.

70

2.3.1.1. c tnh k thut

c tnh k thut ch yu ca my 1K62 l:
- ng knh ln nht ca phi gia cng (mm)
- Khong cch gia hai mi tm, c ba c (mm)
- S cp vng quay ca trc chnh
- S vng quay ca trc chnh (v/ph)

400
710; 1000; 1400
z = 23
12,5 2000
19,0 2420

- Ren ct c: h mt (mm)

1 192

h anh (inch)

24 2/1

h modul

(0,5 48)

h pitch

(96 1)P

- Lng chy dao tin trn: dc (mm/vng)

ngang
- ng c trc chnh: cng sut (kW)
s vng quay (v/ph)

0,07 4,16
0,035 2,08
N = 10
n = 1450

2.3.1.2. ng hc ca my
S ng ca my 1K62 c th hin trong hnh 2.27.
a) Xch tc
Trc I nhn chuyn ng t ng c qua b truyn ai thang, ch c mt tc
. Nh b ly hp ma st a M1 c th thc hin 2 xch: truyn ng thun v
truyn ng nghch.
+ Xch truyn ng thun c thc hin khi ngt ly hp M1. Chuyn ng
56 51
t trc I sang trc II qua hai t s truyn:
, , khin trc II c hai cp tc .
34 39
21
38 29
Gia trc II v trc III c 3 t s truyn:
,
v
, khin trc III c 2 3 =
55
38 47
6 cp tc .
T y truyn ng c phn thnh hai nhnh:
- Nhnh tc cao: T trc III i thng n trc chnh (VI) vi t s truyn

65
, thc hin c 6 1 = 6 cp tc cao ca trc chnh: 612 2018 v/ph.
43

71

72

Hnh 2. 27: S ng ca my 1K62

Phng trnh xch ng ca nhnh ny l

38
56 38

142 34 29 65
ntc = ndc

= (612 2018)v / ph .
254 51 47 43
39 21

55

- Nhnh tc thp: Chuyn ng t trc III, qua IV vi 2 t s truyn

45 22
45 22
, , ti trc V vi 2 t s truyn tip l
,
ri n trc chnh qua t s
45 88
45 88
27
. Nh vy, nhnh ny thc hin c 6 (22-1) = 18 cp tc thp
truyn
54
45 22
ca trc chnh t n = 12,6 667 v/ph (c 2 t s truyn
trng nhau).
45 88
38
56 38 45 45

142 34 29 45 45 27
ntc = ndc


= (12,6 667)v / ph .
254 51 47 22 22 54
39 21 88 88

55

Tm li, xch truyn ng thun c tt c 6+18=24 cp tc .

Hai phng trnh ca xch truyn ng thun c th c vit gp li nh
sau:
38 65
= n1 n6
56 38 43

142 34 29 22 22
ntc = ndc

254 51 47 28 28 27
= n7 n24

39 21 45 45 54
55 45 45

+ Xch truyn ng nghch c thc hin khi ng ly hp M1, khi bnh

rng di trt B1b tch ra. Trc II nhn c 1 tc qua trc trung gian vi 2 t
50 36
s truyn
. T y, xch truyn ng lp li nh trng hp xch thun
24 38
nhng chiu ngc li.
73

- Nhnh tc cao c 3 cp tc :
38
38

142 50 36 29 65

= (923 2418)v / ph
ntc = ndc
254 24 38 47 43
21

55

- Nhnh tc thp c 9 cp tc (do 1 cp trng):

38
38 45 45

142 50 36 29 45 45 27


= (19 780)v / ph
ntc = ndc
254 24 38 47 22 22 54
21
88 88
55

Nh vy, xch truyn ng nghch c tt c 3+9=12 cp tc . Hai phng

trnh ca xch truyn ng nghch c th c vit gp li nh sau:
38 65
38 43 = n1 n3

142 50 36 29 22 22
ntc = ndc

254 24 38 47 28 28 27
= n4 n12
21

45
45
54

55 45 45

Khi b ly hp ma st M1 v tr m my, phanh in t lp trn trc III

cng tc th lm vic, hm trc chnh li.
b) Xch chy dao
y l xch truyn ng ni lin trc chnh vi trc vt me ( tin ren) hay
trc trn ( tin trn). Khi trc chnh quay c 1 vng th dao chy c mt
bc tp.
Chuyn ng chy dao ca my 1K62 gm c chuyn ng chy dao dc,
chy dao ngang khi tin trn v chuyn ng chy dao khi ct ren. Cc loi ren
ct c trn my 1K62 l ren quc t, mun, Anh v Pitch.

74

Lng chy dao c biu th

bng tp (mm) khi trc chnh quay1
vng v xch truyn ng c bn ca
chuyn ng chy dao c biu th
trong hnh 2.28.
Chuyn ng chy dao c
thc hin t trc chnh qua cc t s
truyn ca c cu o chiu ic, ca
cm bnh rng thay th itt, qua nhm
c s (dng c cu Norton) vi t s
truyn ics v nhm gp bi igb.

Hnh 2. 28: S xch chy dao

T y tch ra lm hai nhnh:

- Nu ct ren, truyn ng i thng n trc vitme c bc ren t = 12mm.
- Nu tin trn, truyn ng phi qua cm xe dao vi t s truyn ixd n
c cu bnh rng - thanh rng 10 3 thc hin chy dao dc, hoc n trc vitme
ngang t=5 2 u mi thc hin chy dao ngang.
Ta hy xt chuyn ng chy dao qua tng khu truyn ng.
Truyn ng t trc chnh (VI) trc khi n trc VIII ca h thng bnh
rng thay th phi qua c cu o chiu vi cc t s truyn ic gm c:
- Gia trc chnh VI v trc VII c t s truyn
- Gia trc VII v trc VIII c:
c nhm o chiu

60
.
60

28 42
, . Khi cn o chiu ct ren tri,
56 42

35 28
.
28 35

Mun tng bc ren ct c ln 2, 8 hay 32 ln, ngi ta cn dng nhng

t s truyn khuch i ik gia trc V v IV, gia trc IV v III. Khi , bnh
rng Z54 trn trc chnh VI, n khp vi Z27 trn trc V, bnh rng Z45 trn trc
III n khp vi Z45 trn trc VII, v cc t s khuch i s l:
88 88
32
54 22 22 45
ik =

= 8 .
27 45 45 45
2
45 45

75

Truyn ng t trc VIII n trc IX qua cc cp bnh rng thay th vi t

s truyn itt :
- ct ren quc t v ren Anh, itt =

42 95

.
95 50

- ct ren mun v ren Pitch, itt =

64 95

.
95 97

T trc IX, HTCD c hai xch truyn ng c bn truyn chuyn ng

n trc vt me khi ct ren:

Xch th nht c dng ct ren quc t v ren mun. Trng hp ny,

trc XI ca c cu Norton (khi bnh rng hnh thp) phi l ch ng, tc ly hp
M2 ng v bnh rng 35 trn trc X tch khi bnh rng 37 trn trc trung gian.
Nh th, t s truyn ca nhm c s (c cu Norton) c thc hin l:
ics =

Zn
vi Zn = (26, 28, 32, 36, 38, 40, 44, 48).
36

Xch th hai: dng ct ren Anh v ren Pitch. Trng hp ny, trc XI ca
c cu Norton phi l trc b ng, tc l bnh rng Z26 phi tch khi ly hp
M2, ng thi hai bnh rng Z35 v Z28 phi n khp vi nhau. T s truyn ca
c cu Norton c thc hin l:
=
ics

1 36
=
ics Zn

C hai xch u phi qua nhm gp bi vi cc t s truyn:

28 35 1
35 28 1 / 2

igb = =

18
15
1
/
4

45 48 1 / 8

Tm li

Xch th nht (ct ren quc t, modul):

VI

60
ic VIII itt IX M 2 XI ics X M 4 XII igb XIV M 5 XVI
60

Xch th hai (ct ren Anh, Pitch):

VI

76

60
35 37
28 1
35 28
ic VIII itt IX X XI XII igb XIV M5 XVI
60
37 35
25 ics
28 35

Xch tin trn trng vi xch tin ren n trc XIV, c th dng xch truyn
ng th nht hoc th hai. Truyn ng t trc vt me qua trc trn nh cp
bnh rng 28, 56 - ly hp mt chiu M0. Lc ny, ly hp M5 c m ra. Cc b
ly hp vu M6, M7, M8, M9 trong hp xe dao dng ng v o chiu chy dao
dc v ngang. Trn trc XVII c ly hp vu an ton phng qu ti. Ly hp mt
chiu M0 ct chuyn ng ngc khi chy dao nhanh nh ng c N = 1kW.

Xch chy dao dc tnh t trc XI nh sau:

XI

28
27 20
4
M0 XV XVII Mn XVIII
XIX
56
20 28
20
40 45
14

M6 45 37 XX 66 XXI chy dao dc thun

M 40 XX 14 XXI chy dao dc nghch

7 37
66

Xch chy dao ngang c tch t trc XIX nh sau:

40 45
61

M8 45 37 XXII 20 XXIII chy dao ngang thun

M 40 XXII 61 XXIII chy dao ngang nghch

9 37
20

dao chy nhanh, ta ng ng c c cng sut N = 1kW, qua b truyn

ai c i = 85:147 quay nhanh trc trn. Lc ny ly hp 1 chiu M0 ngt ng
truyn t trc XV ti trc XIV.
c) Ct ren phi tiu chun
Ngoi nhng loi ren tiu chun trn, ta c th ct nhng ren phi tiu chun
bt k ca tng loi mt. Xch truyn ng ct ren phi tiu chun cn phi
ging vi xch truyn ng ct bc ren tiu chun gn n nht v xch truyn
ng ny c iu chnh li bng t s truyn ca bnh rng thay th itt. V d:
ta mun ct bc ren quc t phi tiu chun l 3,25mm, ta dng xch truyn ng
ct bc ren tiu chun 3,5mm nh bit, vi b bnh rng thay th khc:
42 95

ct bc ren 3,5mm.
Ta dng b bnh rng
95 50
Vy cn phi dng itt bng bao nhiu c th ct bc ren 3,25mm?
42 95 3, 25 42 13 39 42
=

=
.
T y ta c: itt =
95 50 3, 5 50 14 42 50

Tc l c th ct c bc ren 3,25, ta dng xch truyn ng cho bc

39 42
vo.
ren tiu chun 3,5mm nhng phi thay b bnh rng thay th
42 50

77

d) Ct ren chnh xc
Khi ct ren chnh xc, cc xch ct ren cn gim n mc ti thiu cc khu
truyn ng trung gian. V th, b qua c cu Norton v nhm gp bi, ngha l
ng tt c cc ly hp M2, M3, M5 ni trc tip trc IX vi trc XVI. Cc bc
ren chnh xc c thc hin bng t s truyn ca bnh rng thay th.
e) Ct ren mt u
Ren mt u cn gi l rnh xon mt u. Phng php ct ny dng
gia cng cc ng xon nh ng xon c si mt trn a quay ca mm cp
ba vu t nh tm.
Mun ct rnh xon mt u, dao cn thc hin chy dao ngang hng vo
tm chi tit quay trn. V th, khng dng trc vitme, m dng trc trn a
truyn ng n trc vitme ngang c t = 5 2 u mi. Trng trng hp ny,
khi bnh rng Z28 - Z28 trn trc XV phi n khp vi bnh rng Z56 lp ngoi
b ly hp mt chiu.
2.3.2. My tin ren vt vn nng T616
2.3.2.1. c tnh k thut
T616 l loi my tin c hng va, c chnh xc cp 2, cng sut ng c
N = 4,5kW v vn tc ct nh.
- ng knh ln nht ca phi (mm)
- Khong cch gia hai mi tm (mm)
- S cp vng quay ca trc chnh
- Tc trc chnh (v/ph)
- Ren ct c: quc t (mm)
mun
anh (inch)
- Lng chy dao: dc (mm/vng)
ngang (mm/vng)
- ng c trc chnh: N(kW)/n(vg/ph)

320
750
z=12
441980
0,59
(0,59)
382/1
0,063,34
0,042,4
4,5/1445

2.3.2.2. ng hc ca my
My tin T616 c h HTTC gm hai phn: hp gim tc v hp trc
chnh. Hp gim tc c t di thn my lm cho trc chnh t b nh hng
ca rung ng v bin dng nhit.
S ng ca my T616 c trnh by trn hnh 2.29.

78

a) Xch tc
Xch tc thc hin chuyn ng bt u t ng c c N = 4,5kW, qua
h HTTC phn cp c 3 2 = 6 cp vn tc. T y truyn ng qua c cu
200
= 1 dn n hp trc chnh.
puli-ai truyn c ip =
200
Nu ta ng ly hp L1 c rng trong vo khp vi bnh rng z27, trc chnh
s nhn c trc tip cp s vng quay cao n = 350, 503, 723, 958, 1380 v
1980 v/ph.
Nu ta m ly hp L1 v cho truyn ng qua c cu Hacne c t s truyn
27 17

, trc chnh s thc hin cc s vng quay thp n = 44, 66, 91, 120, 173
63 58
v 248 v/ph. Tm li, chuyn ng chnh ca my T616 c thc hin qua:
31
47
27
17

27
71
V
42 38
200

II III
IV 63
58 VI = n1 n12

58 40
200
50
Z27 L1
45
48

33

Hnh 2. 29: S ng ca my tin T616

79

b) Xch chy dao

HTCD ca my T6161 khng dng c cu Norton lm nhm c s, m
dng bnh rng di trt, v nhm gp bi dng c cu Meandr. Truyn ng t
55
35 35
hoc qua c cu o chiu
.
trc chnh qua trc VII vi t s truyn
55
55 55
a c
T trc VII qua chc iu chnh vi cc bnh rng thay th n trc
b d
VIII ca HTCD. Nhm c s ca HTCD c thc hin bng t s truyn ca
27 30 26 21
27
v
. Mun ca cc bnh rng ny
cc bnh rng di trt
, , ,
24 48 52 24
36
khng ging nhau. T trc IX n trc X, truyn ng qua c cu gp bi
Meandr vi cc t s truyn ty theo v tr ca bnh rng z26 trn trc n khp vi
cc bnh rng z52 ca c cu Meandr:
39 52 2

=
39 26 1
26 52 1

=
52 26 1
26 39 26 52 1

=
52 39 52 26 2
26 39 26 39 26 52 1

=
52 39 52 39 52 26 4

(V bnh rng z26 ch c th n khp vi cc bnh rng ln ca c cu

Meandr, nn ch s dng phn na s t s truyn ca n).
Truyn ng t trc X c a n trc vitme XII hay trc trn XI nh
39
bnh rng di trt z39 trn trc X thc hin cc t s truyn
.
39
Chuyn ng chy dao dc hay ngang c thc hin t trc trn qua c
2
cu trc vit - bnh vit
, cc b ly hp ma st tng ng n c cu bnh
45
rng - thanh rng hay trc vitme ngang. Tm li, xch chy dao c thc hin
qua:

80

 27
24
39 52

30
39
26

48
26 52
55

55

a c
26
52 26

VI
VII
VIII
IX

X
b d
26
39
26
52
52
55 35

21
35 55

52 39 52 26

26 39 26 39 26 52
24

27
52 39 52 39 52 26

36
39

XII Ct renvt

39

25
24

60 XIV 55 XV Dc
39
2
XI

39 45
38 47
L3 .
XVI Ngang

47 13

c th ct c bc ren, nht l khi ct ren Anh, my T6161 phi dng

11 bnh rng thay th:
- Loi m = 1 c z = 55, 70, 75, 90, 95, 127.
- Loi m = 2 c z = 30, 45, 60, 65, 87.
T616 khng th ct c cc bc ren chnh xc, v khng c c cu
thc hin hin truyn ng t bnh rng thay th i thng n trc vitme.
2.4. ng hc my phay

My phay l loi my c phm vi s dng rt ln, nhng ch yu l dng

gia cng mt phng, cc b mt nh hnh, ct ren vt trong v ngoi, gia cng bnh
rng v dao ct nhiu li c rng thng hoc xon, ct rnh thng v xon v.v...
Chuyn ng chnh ca my phay lun lun l chuyn ng vng ca dao,
v chuyn ng chy dao phn ln l chuyn ng ca bn my. Trong mt s
my chuyn ng chy dao cng do dao thc hin.
Theo b tr khng gian th my phay c hai loi chnh: my phay ngang v
my phay ng. ng v mt cng dng th my phay li c rt nhiu loi, nhng
cng c th phn lm hai loi chnh:
a) My phay vn nng: trong loi ny th c cc kiu phay ngang, phay
ng.
b) My phay chuyn dng: c phm vi s dng hp nh my phay rnh
then, my phay renvit, my phay chp hnh v.v...
81

My phay vn nng ng thng ch khc vi my phay vn nng ngang

u trc chnh. Cc b phn khc nh tc , HTCD, bn my v.v... thng
c thit k nh nhau. Cc b phn ging nhau c khi chim ti 70 80%.
2.4.1. My phay ngang vn nng P82

My phay ngang vn nng l loi my phay c trc chnh nm ngang, bn

my c ba chuyn ng: dc, ngang v ng thng gc vi nhau. My phay
ngang vn nng ch yu dng gia cng mt phng vi dao phay tr; dng
gia cng rnh thng hoc rnh xon vi dao phay a; gia cng mt nh hnh vi
dao phay nh hnh, v i khi dng ct bnh rng vi dao phay mun.
Ngoi ba chuyn ng chy dao thng gc ni trn, bn my ca my phay
ngang vn nng cn c th quay chung quanh trc thng ng mt gc 45o.
Cng sn mang trc nm ngang c th thay bng mt u trc ng v bin thnh
my phay ng. My phay P82 l loi in hnh ca my phay ngang, s ng
ca n c trnh by trn hnh 2.30.

Hnh 2. 30: S ng my phay P82

82

2.4.1.1. c tnh k thut

My phay ngang vn nng P82 c nhng c tnh k thut nh sau:

- Kch thc ca bn my (mm)

320 1250
30 1500

- Tc trc chnh -18 cp (v/ph)

- Lng chy dao dc v ngang - 18 cp (mm/ph)

25,5 1180

- Cng sut ng c in chnh (kW)

2.4.1.2. ng hc ca my
a) Chuyn ng chnh

Chuyn ng chnh c thc hin t ng c in cps N = 7kW, n =

1440v/ph, qua h HTTC c 18 cp vn tc t trong thn my quay trc
chnh V mang dao phay theo xch truyn ng sau y:
16
39
39
26
82


38
26
22
28
II III IV V n1 n18
I
33
37
54
19
19
18
71


36
47

b) Chuyn ng chy dao

Lng chy dao my phay l lng di ng thng ca bn my. Tt c cc

chuyn ng ca bn my (dc, ngang v ng) u do ng c in N = 1,7kW
v n = 1420 v/ph qua HTCD t trong b ca my thc hin.
My phay P82 c 18 tc chy dao dc v ngang t 23,5 1180mm/f.
Truyn ng c thc hin t ng c in N = 1,7kW qua cc cp bnh rng
26 20
c nh
,
n trc III; gia trc III v trc IV c ba t s truyn:
44 68
18 36 27
18 21 24
, , ; gia IV v V c 3 t s truyn
, , . Truyn ng t trc V
36 18 27
40 37 34
n VI c hai t s truyn i theo hai nhnh:
a) Nu bnh rng di trt Z40 gt sang phi, n khp vi ly hp vu L1, ta
40
c t s truyn
thc hin mt s lng chy dao cao.
40

83

b) Nu bnh rng Z40 gt sang tri, t s truyn gia hai trc l

13 18 40
, ,
45 40 40

thc hin nhng lng chy dao thp.

Nu ta ng ly hp ma st L2 sang tri, s thc hin cc chuyn ng chy
dao lm vic theo xch truyn ng sau y:
- Chuyn ng dc s2 ca bn my: c thc hin t trc VI, qua cc t s
38 18 33 18 18
truyn c nh

v cui cng l trc vitme tx = 6mm.
35 33 37 16 18
- Chuyn ng ngang s1 ca bn my: cng i t trc VI, qua cc t s
38 18 33 37
truyn c nh
n trc vitme ngang t ,,x = 6 mm .

35 33 37 33
- Chuyn ng chy dao ng s3 theo xch: trc VI, qua

38 18 22 34

35 33 33 34

n trc vitme ng t ,,x = 6 mm .

- Chuyn ng nhanh ca bn my theo ba chiu c thc hin t bnh
44
rng z44 trn trc II, truyn thng qua trc V vi t s truyn
. Nu ta ng ly
57
57
hp ma st L2 sang phi, t s truyn
s lm cho trc VI quay v truyn
43
chuyn ng nhanh n cc c cu chy bn my tng ng.
Tm li:

18
24

36
34
40

L
1
40 G
20 III 36 VI 18 V

L2

18
40
26
38
18
68
13 18 40

II

I
VII
. .
VI


44
35
33
45 40 40

27
21

27
37

44
57 G

V
L2 (chy nhanh)

57
43

18
18 '
33
37 IX 16 X 18 t x s2

37 ''
33
VIII IX
t x s1
33
37
22 34 '''
33 . 34 t x s3

84

2.4.2. My phay ng vn nng P12

Hnh 2. 31: S ng ca my phay ng vn nng P12

My phay ng ch yu dng gia cng mt phng bng dao phay mt
u. N ch khc vi my phay ngang ch trc dao phay nm v tr thng
ng. Do , thng my phay ng v my phay ngang c thit k v ch to
cng lot vi nhiu chi tit v b phn my chung. Kt cu ring bit ca my
phay ng l thn my v u trc chnh. Ngoi v tr thng ng, u trc chnh
ca nhiu loi my phay ng c th iu chnh lch mt gc 45o so vi v tr
thng ng. Loi ny c gi l my phay ng vn nng.
HTCD cng ging vi my phay ngang, nhng my phay ng khng
c c cu quay lch bn my.
Hnh 2.31 l s ng ca my phay ng vn nng P12 ch to cng lot
vi my phay ngang P82 vi nhng b phn my gn ging nhau.
85

im khc bit ch yu v truyn ng gia n vi my phay ngang P82 l

trc cui cng ca h HTTC, truyn ng qua hai bnh rng cn

35
n
35

trc chnh thng ng.

Vi trc chnh thng ng, vic tho lp dao v iu chnh chi tit gia cng
c d dng hn, nhng thn my cn phi ch to c bit cng vng hn.
2.5. Bi mu phn tch s ng
2.5.1. Hp truyn ng trc chnh my 1A616

S ng ca h thng trong hnh 2.8.

Phng trnh xch ng

n7 = n.i1 2 .i2 3 .i34 .i4 5 .(

i5 7
)
i5 6 .i6 7

31
41 25
26 26
34

34
135 39 32 174

n7 = 1450

168 31 19 174 34 20
68 80
14 38

55 14

44
Biu vn tc

S cp tc :
1341(1+1)=24.
C 2 di tc :
- Di cao (942278v/ph), truyn thng t trc V sang trc VII thng qua ly
hp M1.
- Di thp (12285v/ph), nhn c t trc V, qua trc trung gian VI n
trc VII.
- Ly hp M1 v cp bnh rng di trt 5 lin ng vi nhau ti mt thi
im ch c 1 trong chng nhn chuyn ng t trc V.

86

2.5.2. S ng hp truyn ng trc chnh trn my tin 1M620

S ng ca h thng trong hnh 2.9.

Phng trnh xch ng ca hp tc :

i7 10

i i

n10 = n i2 3 i4 5 5 6 6 7
i
i
i
i

5 7
7 8 8 9 9 10

Z5

Z6
Z1 Z3

D14 D4 Z 2 Z 4 Z 13 Z 7

n10 = n

D12 D5 Z 1 Z 14 Z 8 Z 11

Z'

Z 15 Z 9 Z 12
2
Z Z

16 10

Cho gi tr ng knh cc puly v s rng ca cc bnh rng nh sau:

D4=240; D5=280; Z1=30, Z2=Z'2=30; Z3=Z4=45; Z5=55; Z6=45;
Z7=Z8=50; Z9=20; Z10=80; Z11=Z12=50; Z13=Z14=50; Z15=20; Z16=80.

87

 biu din di bin thin t s truyn ca cp ma st

D14
= (0,52), ta
D12

dng 2 ng bin ca di ny. V vy, ngay sau trc II, biu vn tc phn
lm 2 nhnh. Sau trc VII, c 2 nhnh tc . Nhnh tc cao (7603038v/ph)
truyn thng t trc VII sang trc X vi t s truyn 55/45. Nhnh tc thp
(391486v/ph) i t trc VII qua trc VIII - IX - X.
Sau trc V, c th o chiu trc chnh. Nhnh thun i qua cc cp Z1-Z2,
Z3-Z4. Nhnh o ch i qua 1 cp Z1-Z'2. S cp v gi tr tc ca cc cp
nh nhau, ch o du nn khng biu din trn biu .

2.5.3 Bi tp tng hp

Theo cch trn, Bn c hy lm cc bi tp sau:

1. V biu vn tc cho cc my hc (1K62, T616, P82, P12) da vo
phng php v biu vn tc nh trong cc s bn di.
2. Theo phng php phn tch s ng hc, t phn tch cc s
ng ca cc my ca Lin X sau y.

88

S ng my phay ngang vn nng 6H81

S ng my phay ng vn nng H05

89

90

Chng 3: H thng in t ng trn my cng c

Cng vi h thng c kh, h thng in khng th thiu c v ngy cng
chim u th trong cc h thng ng lc v iu khin trn MCC. Do vai tr,
c im v yu cu iu khin ca cc h thng, chng ta tm phn bit cc
mch iu khin truyn ng v cc mch ph tr.
3.1. Cc mch iu khin chuyn ng

H thng chuyn ng to hnh, gm chuyn ng chnh v chuyn ng

chy dao m bo thc hin chc nng chnh ca MCC. Chuyn ng ny quyt
nh nng sut, chnh xc gia cng. V vy t ng ha h thng chuyn ng
to hnh c u tin s 1 trn tt c cc MCC. Trong ti liu ny, chng ti tp
trung vo yu cu quan trng nht ca chuyn ng to hnh. l iu khin
(bin i v n nh) tc .
Mi loi MCC u c yu cu bin i v n nh tc . Nguyn tc thay
i tc c kh c trnh by trong chng 2. Chng c u im l tin cy,
nhng c nhc im ln l cng knh, kh iu khin. C bit, c yu cu, v d
t ng thay i s vng quay ca trc chnh khi ng knh gia cng thay i
duy tr tc ct khng i khi tin th h thng c kh khng p ng c. Vi
u im gn, nh, iu khin v t ng ha, cc h thng bin i tc nh
ng c in v mch in t thay th dn cc h thng c kh, v ngy nay
c s dng ph bin trn cc MCC hin i.
Cc loi ng c v h thng iu khin tc mi hin nay c dng ph
bin trn cc my CNC, robot,... l cc ng c bc, ng c 1 chiu khng chi
than, ng c servo, ng c khng ng b iu khin bng bin tn,... Chng
c gii thiu trong cc ti liu chuyn su. Phn ny gii thiu mt s phng
php n nh v bin i tc trn cc MCC th h trc ca my CNC.
3.1.1. Mch dng ng c lng sc nhiu cp tc

Phng php thng dng nht bin i tc ca ng c lng sc l

thay i cch u cc cun dy, t song song sang ni tip hay thay i cun dy
lm vic. Mch in trong hnh 3.1 phi hp c 2 phng php trn, c th c
dng thay i tc chy dao khi ng knh phi thay i. Ban u, (1BK,
2BK, 3BK)=0. Nhn nt K, r le trung gian 1P(2)=1 -> 1P(2-3)=1, cun dy
khi ng chnh 1K(3)=1 -> cc tip im 1K trong mch ng lc ng, ni
cun dy th nht theo kiu -> ng c c tc thp nht.

91

Khi cn tng tc , v d dao tin vo tm chi tit n ng knh no y,

th tip im 1BK(9)=1 -> cun dy r le trung gian 2P(9)=1, ng mch cho
cun dy khi ng t 2K(4) -> cc tip im 2K trong mch ng lc ng, ni
cun dy th hai theo kiu -> ng c c tc cao hn (cp tc 2).
Tip tc, nu ng knh phi tip tc gim th 2BK(10)=1 -> cun dy r
le trung gian 3P(10)=1 -> 3P(6)=1, ng mch cho cc cun dy khi ng t
3K1(6) v 3K(6) -> cc tip im 3K1 v 3K trong mch ng lc ng, ni cun
dy th nht theo kiu Y kp -> ng c chy vi cp tc 3.
Tng t, khi ng knh gia cng gim tip, 3BK(11) ng, tng t nh
trng hp trn, ng c chy vi cp tc 4.
Bn c c th t tm hiu nguyn l kha lin ng gia cc tc , m
bo ti 1 thi im, ng c ch c ni v lm vic vi 1 tc nht nh.
Mch in trn c u im l s dng c ng c xoay chiu rotor lng
sc r tin v n gin; c th iu chnh tc trong khong rng. Nhc im
d thy ca h thng ny l tc thay i theo cp v khng trn chu.

Hnh 3. 1: Mch in iu khin ng c 4 tc

3.1.2. Mch iu khin i tc nh ly hp trt

Dng ly hp trt l phng php n gin bin i tc v cp h

thng chy dao hoc trc chnh. Ly hp trt (hnh 3.2) c cu to tng t nh
ng c in lng sc, gm v (stator, phn ng)1, li (rotor, phn ng) 2 c
cha cun dy in t 3. Cun dy in t c cp in p 1 chiu t bin p TP
v nn dng B. Nguyn l lm vic ca ly hp trt tng t nh ca ng c
in lng sc.
92

V 1 (phn ch ng) ca ly hp c ni vi trc ng c 5, quay cng tc

vi ng c. Li ly hp c ni vi u vo ca h thng truyn ng trc
chnh hoc c cu chy dao. Nu khng c dng in (kch t) trong cun dy 3
th li khng quay. Khi c dng in kch t, trong v ly hp xut hin dng in
xoy. Tng tc gia dng in xoy vi t trng trong ly hp khin li ly hp
quay. Vi cng gi tr ca dng kch t khng i, nu tng tc ca v th m
men trn li gim. Gi thit li v v quay cng tc th xut in ng cm
ng trong v bng khng, v m men quay bng khng. Ni cch khc, tng t
nh trong ng c in khng ng b, m men quay ca li ch xut hin khi c
s sai khc v tc (s trt) gia v v li. M men ny ph thuc vo cc c
tnh kch thc v t ca ly hp, nh sau:
M=K

Btb2 D3 l v s
p

trong , K- h s t l; Btb- t thng trung bnh trong khe h khng kh; Dng knh trong ca v; l- chiu di ca li; v- vn tc gc ca v; s- h s
trt; p- s cc t ca li; , - t thm v t tr ca vt liu.

Hnh 3. 2: Mch in bin i tc nh ly hp trt

V m men ph thuc vo t thng, cn t thng li ph thuc vo dng
in kch t, nn thay i dng kch t s lm thay i m men truyn qua ly
hp. Gi thit ly hp lm vic trong vng tuyn tnh ca ng cong t ha (t
thng (Btb) t l vi dng in kch t I) th ta c th biu din c tnh c ca ly
hp bng phng trnh sau:
= v k

M2
I4

trong , - vn tc gc ca li ly hp; k- h s t l,ph thuc vo c tnh hnh

hc v t ca ly hp; I- dng in kch t.
93

 chng nh hng ca nhiu (s bin ng ca in p, nhit , ti,...)

h thng trong hnh 3.2 cn c thm cm bin tc P. Khi mi khi ng ng
c, li ly hp cha quay v tip im P cn ng, cun dy s cp ca bin th
TP nhn c ton b in p li, dng in kch t ln, khin m men ca ly
hp ln, tc ca li tng nhanh. Cm bin tc P c th l c (ly tm), in,
quang, t,...
u im chnh ca h thng iu chnh tc dng ly hp trt l n
gin, bn lu v tin cy. Loi ny ph hp vi cng sut 1-1,5kW, di iu chnh
tc khong (4-6):1, trong khi ng c in 1 chiu c di thay i ti 10:1.
3.1.3. Mch iu khin tc dng ng c 1 chiu

ng c 1 chiu cho php thay i tc trong di rng, thng khong

10:1. Trn cc my mi, my tin cn c yu cu n nh tc khi ti thay i,
nn ng c 1 chiu thng c iu khin nh h thng khuych i in t
(KT), khuych i t (KT) hoc cc b khuych i bn dn khc.
H thng KT cho php thay i tc trong khong 10:1 vi chnh
xc khong (5-10)%. Thit b khuch i gm 1 my pht 1 chiu t trng
ngang, c ko bng 1 ng c xoay chiu. V nhc im cng knh v c b
phn chuyn ng nn nu khng c yu cu c bit (v d cng sut ln),
chng c thay bng h thng KT gn v lm vic tin cy hn.
Trn hnh 3.3 l s n gin ha ca mt h ng c - KT.

Hnh 3. 3: Mch iu chnh tc nh KT

94

ng c in 1 chiu DC c cp in t KT thng qua cu chnh lu

1B. KT c 3 cun dy: cun lm vic W1, cc cun dy iu khin W2, W3,
trong W2 phn hi dng dng in phn ng, cun W3 va l cun ch o,
ng thi phn hi m in p. Tc ng c c t nh v tr con trt ca
bin tr PZ. in p trn cun dy ch o W3 bng:
Uw 3 = Ucd U + kI

Do , KT s sinh ra mt sut in ng:

Ekdt = Kkdt .Uw 3

trong , Kkdt l h s khuych i ca KT.

3.1.4. Mch duy tr vn tc ct khng i

Duy tr vn tc ct khng i l yu cu c bit ca my tin, v khi gia

cng, ng knh phi thng xuyn b thay i. Nh ta bit, gia vn tc ct
(v), tc quay ca trc chnh () v khong cch gia mi dao v tm (R) c
quan h v=R. Khi tin cc chi tit c tit din thay i hoc tin mt u, R lin
tc thay i, nu gi cho khng i th v s thay i, t l vi R. S thay i
ca vn tc ct dn n nhng bt li v cng ngh do khng s dng c tc
ct hp l: tng lc ct, gim tui bn ca dao, khng m bo cht lng b mt
yu cu,... ng thi gim nng sut gia cng. gim st ng knh gia cng,
trn my phi c thit b o, tnh v tr ca mi dao (R) khi R gim th tng ,
m bo v=const.
S thay i tc trc chnh c th c thc hin bng cch thay i t s
truyn ca hp tc (nh trnh by trong chng 2), dng ng c nhiu cp
tc (v d ng c lng sc c nhiu cun dy stator, i ni sao - tam
gic,... Tuy nhin thay i tc trc chnh theo cp cha phi bin php trit .
Bin php thng dng trc y l dng ng c 1 chiu kch t c lp v
in p kch t c iu khin theo ng knh gia cng.
Trn hnh 3.4 l mt s s nguyn l mch iu khin duy tr tc ct
khng i.
Trn hnh 3. 4-a sensor o ng knh chi tit gia cng l bin tr RD, con
trt ca n lin h vi bn dao qua b bin tc P. Phm vi di chuyn ln nht
ca con trt s tng ng vi ng knh gia cng ln nht trn mt. in p t
ln bin tr RD c ly t my pht tc FT1, t l vi tc gc ca chi tit, v
vy UD~D. in p t ln bin tr RV l in p n nh, t l vi tc ct v.

95

Hnh 3. 4: Cc s t ng duy tr tc ct khng i

Hiu in p cc u con trt ca bin tr RV v RD l UV-UD, c t
vo rle 3 v tr RTr2. R le ny s iu khin ng c X t tc quay ca
ng c chnh C.
Khi khi ng, bin tr Rc v tr tng ng vi tc gc nh nht, cn
UD = 0. Sau khi khi ng, do tip im RTr2(T) kn nn rle RT tc ng, ng
c X quay theo chiu thun, ng vi s tng tc ca ng c trc chnh v in
p my pht tc FT1. Khi in p UD=UV, in p t ln rle RTr2 bng 0, nn
RT ngt ng c X dng.
96

Tc ca ng c chnh s tng ng vi tc ct t trc v v tr bn

dao khi bt u gia cng.
Khi gia cng, nu bn dao di chuyn vo tm, con trt ca bin tr di
chuyn v hng gim UD, do rle RTr2, RT li tc ng; ng c X li
quay theo chiu tng tc ng c trc chnh, nh vy duy tr c in p
UD~D l hng s. Khi tc gc ng c chnh t gi tr ln nht, cng tc
hnh trnh 1BK tc ng, ng c X dng quay.
Khi dng mm cp, rle RTr2 tc ng tng ng vi tip im RTr2(N)
ng v ng c X quay theo chiu gim tc ng c chnh, con trt bin
tr Rc c di chuyn v v tr ban u, cng tc hnh trnh 2BK s b tc ng
dng ng c X.
Trn hnh 3. 4-b l s iu khin tc quay ca ng c C theo hm
ca ng knh chi tit gia cng theo nguyn l Uc UphD. in p ch o
Uc t l vi tc ct c t bng bin tr RV. in p phn hi UphD. Nu
h thng iu chnh c b iu chnh PI th lun lun c:
Uc = UphD, ngha l v=R.

Trn hnh 2-4-c l s iu khin duy tr tc ct l hng s kiu khng

tip im. in p pht ra ca sensor X31 t l vi vn tc ct v. in p phn hi
c ly t my pht tc FT, cun dy kch t pht tc c cp in p t sensor
X32, t l vi ng knh ca chi tit UCL2 = K1D, qua cu chnh lu CL2. Nh
vy in p pht tc UFT = K2D.
S iu khin trn m bo Uc= Uph= K2D, ngha l D = const.
chnh xc duy tr tc ct ph thuc vo nhng yu t: c tnh phi
tuyn ca sensor X32 v pht tc, ng cong t tr ca pht tc.
3.2. Mt s mch ph tr

Cc thit b ph tr trn MCC m bo cho vic vn hnh my c thun

li, an ton. Cc h thng ph tr c rt nhiu v a dng, t cc h n gin nh
ti phoi, iu ha nhit n cc h phc tp nh h thng thay dao, cp phi,
g kp,... Sau cc h thng chnh, cc h thng ph tr cng dn dn c t
ng ha. Mt s mch ph tr in hnh s c gii thiu, gm:
- Chuyn ch lm vic ca cc c cu,
- Phi hp cng tc ca cc c cu vi nhau,
- n nh ch lm vic ca cc c cu,...

97

3.2.1. Mch nhp

Khi hiu chnh my hoc khi thay i cp tc ca hp s c kh, nhiu

khi phi khi ng ng c ch nhp: chy - dng tc thp. Trn mt s
my c s dng mch nhp nh trong hnh 3.5, a.
Trong ch nhp, kho N
trong mch iu khin m. Bm
nt K, mch in khp kn qua
nt D - K - cun dy khi
ng t K, tip im r le nhit
PT. Cun dy K ca khi ng
t ht, cc tip im K ng cp
in cho ng c. Nu bung
nt K th mch khi ng b
ngt, ng c lp tc dng quay.
Mun a v ch lm vic
bnh thng th ng kho K.

Hnh 3. 5: Mch in nhp

Sau khi bm nt K, tip im K nhnh duy tr ng. Khi bung nt K,

dng in qua cun dy K vn c duy tr, ng c chy bnh thng.
Mun dng my, bm nt D, ngt dng in qua cun dy K. R le nhit
PT c tc dng bo v qu ti cho ng c. Nu ng c b qu ti, dng in qua
ng c (i qua 2 thanh lng kim ca r le nhit) vt qu nh mc trong thi
gian di, khin n bin dng, y vo tip im PT ngt dng in qua cun
dy K. ng c ngng quay. Sau vi pht cc thanh lng kim ngui, gii phng
tip im PT th ng c li c th lm vic bnh thng.
Mch nhp trong hnh 3.5, b dng nt nhp ring N. Khi bm nt N, dng
in i vo cun dy K khi ng ng c. Khi bung ra th dng b ngt
nhng tip im ca n sn sng trng thi ch. Khi bm nt K th dng in
i vo cun dy K khi ng ng c. Bung nt K, dng in vn c duy
tr nh tip im K v nt N trong nhnh duy tr.
Mch ni trn ch nhp ng c theo 1 chiu v tc ng c khi khi
ng (thng khng ti) ln, sinh va p. Mch in trong hnh 3. 6 cho php
nhp theo chiu tu v khi ng tc thp.
Khi n nt nhp NT, dng in qua D - NT - KH - cun dy KB - PT, ng
cc tip im KB trong mch ng lc. ng c quay theo chiu tin.

98

Mun khi ng theo

chiu tin, bm nt khi
ng tin (KT), dng in
qua cun dy KB. Khi
bung ra, dng in qua
cun K vn c duy tr nh
cc tip im NT - NL - KB.
Ch li xy ra
tng t vi vic s dng
cc nt NL v nt KL.
iu khc y l
cun dy KH lm vic, ng
cc tip im tng ng trn
mch ng lc. Th t pha
b o, ng c quay ngc.

Hnh 3. 6: Mch nhp c o chiu v i tc

Ch , trong cc mch o chiu ng c, cc nt tin v li phi c ch

kho nhau trnh chp mch do ng mch quay thun v quay ngc ng
thi. Mun vy, phi gi mt tip im thng ng ca khi ng t KB vo
mch cun dy ngc KH v ngc li. Khi cun dy KB c in th tip im
KB trn mch quay ngc b ngt, lm v hiu cc nt quay ngc NL v KL.
Khi mun chy tc cao th m kho B, tip im thng m ca r le thi
gian PB nhnh cun dy 2K h cn tip im thng ng nhnh 1K ng.
Bn mch ng lc, cc tip im 1K ng, 2K ngt. ng c c ni tam gic
vi cc cun dy ni tip nhau. Khi mun chy tc thp, ng kho B, khi
ng t 2K ng, cc cun dy c ni hnh sao vi cc nhnh song song.
3.2.2. Mch hn ch chuyn ng hoc dng chnh xc c cu cng tc

Yu cu hn ch hnh trnh, dng chnh xc c cu cng tc thng gp vi

c cu chy dao trnh c cu khng vt khi vng lm vic quy nh hoc va
chm vi cc c cu khc. Trong mt s trng hp c th gp c trn h trc
chnh, v d khi gia cng ren.
Trng hp n gin nht l a 1 cng tc hnh trnh vo nhnh duy tr
ca mch khi ng ng c (hnh 3.7, a). Cng tc hnh trnh c cc dng c,
quang, t,... Khi n im gii hn th c tn hiu tc ng, ngt cng tc, do
ngt lun c khi ng t L ca ng c. dng nhanh ng c c th dng
thm phanh in c TZ. Nhc im chnh ca phng php ny l sau khi ngt

99

th cng tc hnh trnh khng t ng li m ngi dng phi ng cng bc

nu khng th khng khi ng li c ng c.
Trn nhiu my c yu cu hn ch chiu di hnh trnh v t ng o
chiu ng c, v d chuyn ng chy bn my mi, chuyn ng ct ca my
bo,... Khi ngi ta t 2 c hnh trnh 2 u vi khong cch theo yu cu.
Trn hnh 3.7,b l s mch
hn ch hnh trnh v t ng o
chiu xilanh thu lc dn ng bn
my. Khi bn my i ht hnh trnh
th chm vo c, tip im BK ng.
R le thi gian PB gi chm mt
khong thi gian nht nh ri ng
tip im thng m PB, ni thng
in vo cun dy rle trung gian
PK, cp in cho cun dy ZH ca
van in t. Van ny iu khin
xilanh o chiu, v v tr ban u.

Hnh 3. 7: Mch in hn ch hnh trnh

Ti v tr ban u cng c c hnh trnh BKI. Khi b tc ng, n s ngt

in ca van in t ZH, li o chiu chuyyn ng v iu khin xilanh chuyn
ng tip. Nt KH dng cng bc xilanh v v tr ban u vo bt c lc no.
3.2.3. Mch lin ng

Qu trnh cng ngh lun lun i hi s phi hp cng tc nhp nhng,

chnh xc gia cc b phn. iu khng ch m bo cho qu trnh cng ngh
c thc hin ng m cn do yu cu v an ton, tin ch s dng my. Mch
lin ng thc cht l mt mch logic, c nhim v phi hp cng tc ca cc c
cu mt cch t ng.
Khi ng trc chnh m khng c du bi trn th ht sc nguy him.
Mch in trong hnh 3.8,a bt buc khi ng bm du trc trc chnh, ng
thi khi tt bm du th trc chnh cng dng. K1 l nt khi ng bm du.
Ch sau khi bm K1 th mi c in ti nt khi ng trc chnh K2.
Tuy nhin, gii php ny cha tht tin cy, v ngay c khi ng c chy
th cha hn c du. S trong hnh 3.8,b dng sensor p sut du RA
kim tra tnh trng du bm ln. Khi p sut t mc quy nh th rle mi ng,
cho php khi ng trc chnh. Nu tt bm du (bm nt dng D1) th rle RA
m, ng c trc chnh cng b tt theo.
100

Hnh 3. 8: S phi hp truyn ng chnh vi bm du

Mch in trn hnh 3.9 cng dng tn hiu p sut du khng ch ng
c trc chnh, nhng c cc c im sau:
+ Bm nt K1 -> ng c bm du lm vic -> khi p sut du -> rle
p sut RA ng mch cun dy ca rle trung gian RP -> cun dy RP ht
- Ni mch khi ng ng c trc chnh
- Ngt mch rle thi gian PB
- Ngt mch bo ng bn th cp ca bin p Tp.
+ Bm nt K2
- ng c trc lm vic
- ng tip im K2 trong mch rle thi gian PB
- ng tip im K2 trong mch bo ng.
+ Nu p sut du t mc yu cu th h thng lm vic bnh thng.
+ Nu p sut du gim xung di mc cho php -> tip im RA m ->
cun dy RP mt in.
- Tip im RP trong mch bo ng ng -> n LC sng, chung ZV ku
- Tip im RP trong mch rle thi gian ng -> cun dy PB ca rle thi
gian c in. ng c trc chnh vn lm vic.
- Sau mt thi gian tr (khong vi pht) cho ngi dng kp tin hnh cc
thao tc khn cp (v d rt dao khi phi) th rle thi gian mi tc ng, ngt tip
im PB trn mch iu khin ng c trc chnh, cun dy K2 mt in.

101

Hnh 3. 9: S t ng tt ng c trc chnh khi p sut du khng

- Ngt cc tip im K2 trn mch ng lc -> ng c trc chnh dng
- Ngt tip im K2 trn mch bo ng, n v chung tt.
Nguyn tc trn cng c th c s dng cho nhiu trng hp khc, v d
cha kp cht phi hoc cha ng ca an ton th khng chy c trc chnh,...
Trn cc my ln, cc x ngang hoc u cng xn thng c nng h
bng ng c in. Sau khi dch chuyn, chng cn c kp chc trc khi lm
vic. Mun tip tc dch chuyn, trc ht li phi m kp. Qu trnh m kp,
dch chuyn, kp cn c phi hp vi nhau mt cch t ng, gip cho thao tc
ca ngi dng c d dng v an ton. Mch in trn hnh 3.10 cho php thc
hin iu .
H thng c 2 ng c: 1 kp, nh c cu, 2 nng h c cu.
+ Bm v gi nt ln (L) -> cun dy ca rle trung gian 1RP c in:
- ng mch cun dy nh (N), ng c 1 quay theo chiu nh;
- ng tip im 1RP trong mch cun dy nng ln (NL), ng c 2
quay theo chiu nng;
- Ngt mch tip im 1RP trong mch cun dy 2RP, kho chiu xung;
- Ngt tip im 1RP trong mch cun dy kp (K).
+ Cui hnh trnh nh, c hnh trnh 3BK tc ng:
- Ngt cun dy N;
- ng mch cun dy NL, khi ng ng c 2 theo chiu nng ln.
102

+ n v tr thch hp, bung nt L:

- Ngt mch cun dy NL, ng c nng 1 dng;
- ng tip im 1RP trong mch cun dy kp K, 1 quay theo chiu kp.
+ Qu trnh h xung tng t, vi vic bm nt xung (X).

Hnh 3. 10: Mch in phi hp nng h v kp c cu

+ Cc c hnh trnh 1BK, 2BK khng ch hnh trnh pha trn v pha di.
+ Trong qu trnh kp, c hnh trnh 3BK cha tc ng. Dng in i vo
cun dy K qua cc tip im K v PM. Nu lc kp t gi tr quy nh th PM
tc ng, dng ng c kp.
Khi gp s c khn cp, dng ton b hot ng ca my tht nhanh,
ngi ta thng b tr mt nt dng my s c (Emergency Stop). chuyn ng
ct ngng trc chuyn ng chy dao th nguy him. Mong mun ca ngi
dng l khi n nt dng s c th h thng chy dao dng trc, sau mi dng
trc chnh. Mt gii php n gin l khng b tr phanh trn xch truyn ng
trc chnh n chy theo qun tnh lu hn. Nhng gii php ny va km tin
cy, va nh hng n kh nng gia cng ca my. S trong hnh 3.11 khc
phc c nhc im trn.
Mch in c 3 nhnh:
- Nhnh trc chnh c cun dy khi ng t Ktc iu khin ng c trc
chnh (khng v y);
- Nhnh chy dao c cun dy khi ng t Kcd iu khin ng c chy
dao, cun dy rle thi gian PB.
- Nhnh iu khin chung dng ton h thng.
103

c im ca mch in
ny nh sau:
- C th khi ng trc
chnh bt c lc no bng cch
bm nt TC. Dng in qua
cun dy Ktc, tip im rle
trung gian RP, nt TC. Nu
bung nt TC th c tip im
Ktc duy tr.

Hnh 3. 11: S phi hp truyn ng

chnh vi truyn ng chy dao

- Nu h thng chy dao khng lm vic th rle thi gian PB m, khi bm

nt Stop, rle trung gian RP mt in, tip im RP ngt, trc chnh dng ngay
tc khc.
- Nu h thng chy dao lm vic, tip im ca rle thi gian PB trong nhnh
trc chnh ng. V vy, d c bm phm Stop th trc chnh cng khng dng.
- Mun dng trc chnh phi bm phm D, ng c chy dao s dng ngay.
Sau khong thi gian nht nh (khng t hn thi gian duy tr ca rle thi gian),
mi bm nt Stop dng nt trc chnh.
3.3. S in trn mt s my t ng in hnh

Mc ch ca phn ny khng phi l dy v mt my c th m l minh

ho v cc mch truyn ng in v iu khin thng gp trn my cng c v
gip sinh vin rn luyn k nng phn tch mt s in. Sau khi luyn tp
c k nng phn tch s in, sinh vin c th t phn tch s in ca
cc my khc. Bm st mc tiu t ng ha, y cng khng gii thiu cc
mch in n gin, nh trn my tin, khoan, phay thng thng m ch tp
trung vo cc my c trnh t ng ha cao.
phn tch c s in ca mt MCC, trc ht cn phi hiu c:
- Cc chc nng cng ngh ca my: loi my g, gia cng loi chi tit no,...
- Nguyn l lm vic ca cc h thng chnh: chuyn ng ct, chy dao, g
kp, cc chuyn ng ph tr, cc thit b an ton,...
- Cc phng php phi hp hot ng ca chng v cc yu cu k thut
ch yu, nht l phn on v mc t ng ho, mi quan h (logic) ca cc
h thng.
Ni chung, khai thc s dng mt my, cn c trong tay thuyt minh v
kt cu, s ng hc ca my.

104

3.3.1. S in ca my tin revolver

My tin revolver l mt dng my t ng hoc bn t ng in hnh,

tng c s dng ph bin trong nhng nm 70-90 ca th k trc. Tuy hin nay
chng cn c s dng t, nhng kt cu c kh v logic iu khin chng c k
tha trn cc my hin i. My tin revolver 1340 s c gii thiu sau y l
mt my tin t ng, c th gia cng phi thanh ng knh n 40mm.
Truyn ng trc chnh v chy dao dng chung 1 ng c khng ng b 3
pha 7kW. Tc trc chnh c thay i theo cp nh hp s c kh c ly hp
in t, t 150 n 2000v/ph v t 60 n 800v/ph (tng ng vi v tr I v II ca
bnh rng di trt 10). Bn dao dc c 2 chuyn ng dc vi tc 0,05 0,4mm/vng v 0,1-0,8mm/vng (v tr III, IV ca bnh rng di trt 31). Bn dao
ngang c chuyn ng chy dao dc v chy dao ngang vi cng lng chy dao l
0,05 - 0,4 mm/vng (v tr I, II ca bnh rng di trt 30).
c im ca my l dng cc ly hp in t lp ngay bn trong hp s v
hp chy dao, nn c kh nng t ng thay i tc trc chnh v lng chy
dao m khng phi dng my. Tin dc v khoan, doa c thc hin nh di
chuyn bn dao dc mang u revolver theo bng my dc. Bn dao ngang m
nhim cc cng vic tin ngoi, vt mp, ct rnh.
S lc v ng hc ca my (xem s ng trong hnh 3.12) nh sau:
Chuyn ng t ng c in 1, qua b truyn ai thang ti puly 2 gn cng
vi trc 3. Hp trc chnh c 3 trc. Gia trc 3 v trc 4 c 2 cp bnh rng n khp
thng trc, nhng ti mt thi im ch c 1 cp truyn lc, tu thuc vo vic
ng ly hp in t 5 hay 6. Tng t, truyn ng gia trc 4 v 7 cng c 2 cp,
tu thuc ly hp in t 8 v 9. Truyn ng gia trc 7 v trc chnh 27 thng qua
cp bnh rng di trt 2 cp 10. Nh vy, trc chnh c 222 = 8 tc .
Chuyn ng chy dao nhn c t trc chnh, thng qua h truyn ng
bnh rng. Cc ly hp in t cng c s dng thay i tc chy dao.
Gia trc 12 v 13 c 2 cp bnh rng n khp 14-15, 16-17, c iu khin
bng 2 ly hp in t 18 v 19. Tng t, gia cc trc 13 v 20 dng 2 cp bnh
rng 21-22, 23-24 vi 2 ly hp in t 25 v 26. Chuyn ng ca bn dao dc v
bn dao ngang u nhn c t trc 20 thng qua cc khi bnh rng di trt
tng ng.

105

Hnh 3. 12: S ng ca my tin revolve 1340

S nguyn l ca h thng in trn my tin revolver 1340 nh trong
hnh 3.13.
My c 3 ng c: DC - ng c trc chnh, BD - ng c bm du, CP ng c cp phi.
My c mt ng gi phi thanh, phi c t ng v tr ng tm vi
l trc chnh ca my. Mt tip im thng m GP c dng m bo chc
chn ng c lp ng trong qu trnh lm vic. Nu ng c lp ng, tip
im ny mi ng mch iu khin, cho php khi ng cc thit b cng tc.
Khi bm nt cp phi CP, cun dy KC c in, tip im KC trong mch
ly hp MT3 mt in, phanh hm c cu kp m ra, ng thi cc tip im KC
trong mch ng lc ng, ng c cp phi CP khi ng. Cui hnh trnh, c
cu cp phi vo tip im PB3, khin n b ngt. ng c CP ngng cp phi,
ly hp MT3 ng, phi c kp.

106

Hnh 3. 13: S in ca my tin revolve 1340

Tham gia vo iu khin ng c trc chnh, ngoi cc phm K v D cn
c mt tay gt 3 v tr quy nh ch lm vic:
- Ti 1 v tr gii hn (lm vic), n lm ng tip im thng m YP, nh
vy khi bm nt K th khi ng t KB ca ng c bm du lm vic, cho
php khi ng bm du. Tip theo, khi ng t KP ht, khi ng trc chnh.
- Ti v tr gii hn th 2 (phanh), ngt tip im thng ng YT, ngt
ng c bm du v trc chnh, ng thi ng mch phanh in t MT, hm
nhanh trc chnh.
- Ti v tr trung gian nh c hai tip im YP v YT khng b n, c trng
thi nh trn hnh v. Khi n nt K th bm du v trc chnh lm vic, nhng
khi bung ra th chng dng v nhnh duy tr b YP ngt. H thng lm vic ch
nhp.
Nh vy, khi trc chnh ang lm vic, c th dng bng 2 cch: a tay gt
v v tr 2 dng nhanh (c phanh) hoc a tay gt v v tr trung gian dng
bnh thng (khng c phanh).
Chiu quay ca trc chnh do RSP quy nh. Ti v tr bnh thng (nh
trong hnh v), trc quay phi (nh khi ng t KP). Nu n nt RSP th khi
ng t KT lm vic, trc quay tri.

107

H thng tip im 1KA-4KA (ni in cho cc ly hp in t 1MC-4MC)

cng vi tay gt iu khin bnh rng di trt s 10 (xem li s ng) dng
t tc trc chnh. T hp cc v tr ca cc tip im v v tr ca bnh rng di
trt quy nh tc trc chnh (xem bng s tip im trong hnh 3. 13). V
d, mun t tc n = 475v/ph th 1KA ngt, 2KA ng, 3KA ng, 4KA ngt,
v tr bnh rng II.
Ch rng, khi 2KA ng th tip im ca n trong mch cun dy KT b
ngt, ng c khng quay tri c. Ni cch khc, khng th quay tri ng c
tc cao (475 - 2000). Ly hp in t 3MC b khi ng t KP khng ch, ch
lm vic khi n ht, ngha l ng c quay phi. Khi ng t KT khi ht s ni
tt tip im 4KA ca ly hp in t 4MC. Ngha l, khi ng c quay tri th
mc nhin 4MC lm vic. Tng hp cc logic trn: 2KA khng cho quay tri
475-2000 v/ph, 3KA ch quay phi, khng cho quay tri 60 v 150 v/ph, 4KA
mc nh quay tri. Cui cng l: ch c quay tri tc 100 v 265 v/ph.
Tng t nh tc trc chnh, lng chy dao c t nh h thng tip
im 5KA-8KA v 2 khi bnh rng di trt s 30, 31. Bng s tip im cho
php xc nh lng chy dao cn thit.
3.3.2. S in ca my doa ngang

My doa dng gia cng tinh xc cc l. Nguyn l doa ging nh khoan

nhng doa t chnh xc kch thc, v tr v bng b mt cao nh my,
dao c cng vng cao, chuyn ng chy dao chnh xc, tc trc chnh cao
v c th iu chnh trn chu. chi tit vi cc nguyn cng: khot l, khoan l. c
th dng phay.
Theo phng trc chnh, ngi ta phn bit 2 loi my doa: my doa ng
v my doa ngang. My doa ngang dng gia cng cc chi tit c trung bnh v
nng. Trn hnh 3.14 l s kt cu in hnh ca my doa ngang, gm trc
chnh 5 c th di ng ln xung theo tr 6. Dao c th dch chuyn theo phng
ngang. Bn 4 g chi tit, c th dch chuyn theo 2 phng ngang, dc.
Yu cu i vi truyn ng trc chnh ca my doa l di tc rng (ti
130/1) v thay i trn; i vi chuyn ng chy dao l phm vi thay i tc
rng (ti 1500/1) v lng chy dao tinh (t 2 n 600mm/ph) v tc chy
khng ln (ti vi mt/ph).
My doa ngang 2630 c ng c trc chnh cng sut 10kW, tc trc
chnh c th thay i trong phm vi 12,51600v/ph; ng c chy dao c cng
sut 2,1kW, tc 2,11500v/ph.
108

Hnh 3. 14: S kt cu ca my doa ngang

Trn hnh 3.15 l s in truyn ng chnh ca my doa ngang 2630.
S gm 2 ng c khng ng b: B l ng c bm du bi trn c
ng, ngt nh cng tc t KB. ng c truyn ng chnh l ng c khng
ng b lng sc hai cp tc : 1460vg/ph khi stato u tam gic () v
2890vg/ph khi u hnh sao kp (YY). Vic chuyn i tc t thp ln cao
tng ng vi chuyn i tc t u sang YY v ngc li c thc hin
bi tay gt c kh 2KH(5). Nu 2KH(5) = 0, ng c c u , tng ng vi
tc thp. Khi 2KH(5) = 1, ng c c u YY, cho tc cao. Tip im
1KH(4) lin quan n thit b chuyn i tc trc chnh. N trng thi h
trong thi gian chuyn i tc v ch kn khi chuyn i xong. ng c
c o chiu nh cc cng tc t 1T, 1N, 2T, 2N. My c cc ch lm vic
c bn sau:
Ch khi ng: Gi s 1KH(4) = 1, 2KH(5) = 1. Mun khi ng thun
n MT(1) 1T(1) = 1 1T(3) = 0, 1T(8) = 1, 1T(1-2) = 1 KB(2) = 1
tKB(2) = 1, ni vi 1T(1-2) to mch duy tr. KB(4) = 1 Ch(4) = 1, ng thi
RTh(7) = 1. Sau mt thi gian quy nh, RTh(4) = 0 Ch(4) = 0; RTh(5) = 1
1Nh(5) = 1 1Nh(6) = 1 2Nh(6) = 1.

Kt qu khi n MT ta c: KB, 1T, Ch c in; sau KB, 1T, 1Nh, 2Nh

c in. KB(l) = 1, ng c B quay bm du bi trn. 1T(l) = 1, v Ch(l) =
1, ng c c ni , khi ng vi tc thp; sau mt thi gian duy tr,
1T(l) = 1, 1Nh(l) = 1, 2Nh(l) = 1, ng c c ni YY chy vi tc
109

cao. Nu 2KH(5) = 0 th ch c 1T(1) v Ch(4) c in ng c ch chy tc

thp.
Mun khi ng ngc, n nt MN(3).

Hnh 3. 15: S in truyn ng chnh ca my doa ngang 2620

Ch hm: chun b mch hm v kim tra tc ng c, s s
dng rle kim tra tc RKT ni trc vi ng c (khng th hin trn s
). RKT lm vic theo nguyn tc ly tm: khi tc ln hn gi tr chnh nh
(thng khong 10% tc nh mc), nu ng c ang quay thun th tip
im RKT-1(8) ng; nu ang quay ngc th tip im RKT-2(11) ng.

Gi s ng c ang quay thun. RKT-1(8) = 1 1RH(8) = 1 1RH(8-9)

= 1, v 1RH(13-14) = 1.
Nu ng c ang quay chm th KB, 1T, Ch c in; nu quay nhanh th
KB, 1T, 1Nh, 2Nh, RTh c in Ch(13) = 0, hoc RTh(13) = 0. Mun dng,
n D(1) 1T, KB, Ch hoc 1T, KB, 1Nh, 2Nh, RTh mt in Ch(13) = 1,
hoc RTh(13) = 1 2N(14) = 1. Trn mch ng lc, 1T, KB, Ch, 1Nh, 2Nh m
ra, 2N ng li ng c c o hai trong 3 pha lm cho ng c hm
ngc. Khi tc gim n di 10% nh mc th RKT-1(8) m 1RH(8) = 0,
1RH(13-14) = 0 2N(14) = 0 ng c c ct ra khi li dng t do.

110

Ch th my: Mun iu chnh hoc th my, n TT(12) hoc TN(14)

2T(12) = 1, hoc 2N(14) = 1 ng c c ni vi in tr ph Rf nn
ch chy vi tc thp.

H thng truyn ng n dao (hnh 3.16) dng my in khuych i

(MK) c b khuch i in t trung gian, thc hin theo h kn phn hi m
tc . Tc n dao c iu chnh trong phm vi (2,21760)mm/ph. Di
chuyn nhanh u dao vi tc 3780mm/ph ch bng phng php in kh.
Tc n dao c thay i bng cch chuyn i sc in ng ca khuch i
my in khi t thng ng c l nh mc, cn di chuyn nhanh u dao c
thc hin bng cch gim nh t thng ca ng c khi sc in ng ca
MK l nh mc.
Kch t ca MK l hai cun 1CK v 2CK c cung cp t b khuch
i in t hai tng. Tng 1 l khuch i in p (n kp 1T) v tng hai l
tng khuch i cng sut (n 2T v 3T).
Tn hiu t vo tng 1 l:
Uv1= Uc - .-Um2
trong : Uc - in p ch o ly trn bin tr 1BT;
. - in p phn hi m tc ng c, ly trn FT;

Um2- in p phn hi mm, t l vi gia tc v o hm gia tc, ly

u ra ca cun th cp 2BO-2 v 2BO-3 ca bin p 2BO. Cun s cp ca 2BO
(2BO-1) ni tip vi mch R, C. Do , dng in s cp ca bin p vi phn 2B01 gm hai thnh phn t l vi tc v t l vi gia tc ca ng c. Nh vy
in p th cp bin p 2BO s t l vi gia tc v o hm ca gia tc ng c.
in p t vo tng khuch i 2 l Uv2 c xc nh bng biu thc:
Uv2 = Ur1-Um1

trong : Ur1 - in p u ra tng 1, l in p ri trn in tr R8, R9; Um1- in

p phn hi mm t l vi o hm dng in mch ngang, c ly trn hai
cun th cp 1BO-2 v 1BO-3; cun s cp 1BO-1 mc ni tip trong mch
ngang ca MK.
Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng nh sau: khi in p ch o (Uc) bng
khng, do s b khuch i ni theo s cn bng nn dng in ant hai
na n 1T l nh nhau (IaP = IaT), in p ri trn R8 v R9 bng nhau, nh vy
in p ra tng 1 bng khng:
Ur1=(IaP - IaT).R8 = 0.

111

Tng t, dng in ant hai n 2T v 3T bng nhau (Ia2=Ia3), hai cun

dy 1CK v 2CK c in tr v s vng nh nhau, sc t ng ca chng tc
dng ngc chiu nhau nn sc t ng tng ca KM bng khng:
F = F1CK-F2CK = (Ia2-Ia3).W = 0.

Khi RT = 1 Uc > 0, do s phn cc ca in p ch o nn na n phi

thng yu hn na n bn tri ca 1T, in p trn R8 ln hn in p trn R9,
in p ra ca tng 1 c cc tnh lm cho n 3T thng mnh hn 2T tc l
Ia3 > Ia2 hay I2CK > I1CK v sc t ng F c du tng ng vi chiu quay thun
ca ng c. Tc ng c ln hay b tu thuc vo in p ch o.
Khu phn hi m dng in c ngt: li dng tnh cht ca MK l khi c
dng in phn ng, in p ra ca n s gim do tc dng ca phn ng phn ng.
Mch phn hi m dng in c ngt gm c cun b, cu chnh lu 1V v bin
tr 2BT. Khi dng in phn ng cn nh v nh hn dng in ngt
(I < Ing), st p trn cun b nh hn in p trn bin tr 2BT(U0); cu chnh lu
1V khng thng, v dng in cun b hon ton tng ng vi dng in phn
ng, MK c b . Vi gi thit Ib = I th sc t ng ca cun b s l:
Fb = Ib.Wb = I.Wb

Khi I >Ing th ta c Ub > U0; cc van 1V thng, xut hin dng in phn
mch I1V v dng in cun b s gim i mt lng:
Ib = I- I1V

Mc b gim i v kt qu in p ra ca MK gim nhanh khi dng

in phn ng tng lm cho dng in phn ng c hn ch.
Trong trng hp ny, sc t ng ca M l:
F=F12+Fb-Fd=F12+(I-I1V).Wb-I.Wb=F12-I1V.Wb

trong : F12 - sc t ng ca hai cun 1CK v 2CK;

Fb = Ib.Wb - sc t ng ca cun b;
Fd = I.Wb - sc t ng dc trc c b khi I < Ing.
T cng thc trn ta thy, khi I > Ing th sc t ng ca MK b gim i
mt lng (Ilv.Wb). Nh vy c th coi sc t ng tng ca MK c sinh ra
bi hai cun 1CK-2CK l F12 v cun b Wb vi sc t ng (I1V.Wb) ngc chiu
sc t ng F12.

112

Hnh 3. 16: S in h thng chy dao ca my doa ngang 2620

3.3.3. S in ca my mi

Mi l phng php gia cng tinh xc. Tuy nhin, khng nh cc phng
php gia cng khc, mi t nhm b mt v chnh xc gia cng cao khng
phi nh h thng truyn ng trc chnh (mang ) chnh xc m nh h thng
chy dao. V vy h thng truyn ng trc chnh ca my mi rt n gin,
thng dng ng c in xoay chiu khng ng b, truyn ng trc tip hoc
113

qua b truyn ai thang. Ring my mi trn trong, mi c cc l nh, tc

ng c trc chnh phi n 20 000-50 000v/ph, cc bit n vi trm ngn
v/ph. Ngc li, h thng chy dao (quay chi tit, chy dc v ngang ) kh
phc tp, yu cu iu khin t ng chnh xc, phn gii cao v n nh.
Trong h thng truyn ng quay chi tit thng dng ng c xoay chiu ng
b c nhiu cp tc hay ng c 1 chiu, dng my pht - ng c, dng
thyristor hoc cc loi khuych i t. Trn cc my mi hin i, cng nh cc
loi my khc, thay i v cp tc ng c, thng dng bin tn. Chuyn
ng dc ca bn my thng dng thy lc; chuyn ng ngang ca
thng dng c kh hoc thy lc.
C rt nhiu loi my mi: mi trn, mi phng, c tm, khng tm. Ngoi
ra cn cc loi my mi chuyn dng, nh mi ren, mi rng,... My mi trn c
my mi trn ngoi, mi trn trong. Phn sau y trnh by nguyn l h thng
in ca mt trong nhng loi my mi thng dng nht: mi trn ngoi.
Trn hnh 3.17 l hnh b tr chung, cng l s ng ca mt my mi
trn ngoi, my 3174.

Hnh 3. 17: S ng ca my mi trn ngoi 3174

Trn my dng cc h truyn ng c lp vi nhau v c kh:
- H truyn ng dng ng c khng ng b 3 pha 1, cng sut
20kW v b truyn ai thang n ;
114

- Chuyn ng quay chi tit nh ng c 1 chiu 2, tc c iu

chnh trong phm vi 1501500v/ph nh h thng my pht - ng c (F-) v 3
b truyn ai;
- Chuyn ng dc ca bn my nh ng c in 1 chiu 3, thng qua h
thng F-, cho tc quay 401000v/ph, tng ng tc chy bn
0,12,5m/ph hoc bng tay, nh tay quay 20;
- Chuyn ng chy dao ngang (ca ) c thc hin bng tay (tay quay
3) hoc t ng, nh h thng thy lc, iu khin t ng nh h thng in t.
Trn hnh 3.18 l s in ( n gin ha) ca my mi trn ngoi
3A161. Nguyn l c bn ca h thng nh sau:
ng c M (7kW, 930v/ph) quay mi.
ng c T (1,7 kW, 930 vg/ph) bm du cho h thng thu lc thc
hin dao n ngang ca , n dao dc ca bn my v di chuyn nhanh n
vo chi tit hoc ra khi chi tit.
ng c C (0,76 kW, 250 2500 vg/ph) quay chi tit mi.
ng c B (0,125 kW, 2800 vg/ph) quay bm nc.
ng m van thu lc nh cc nam chm in 1NC, 2NC v cc tip im
2KT(10) v 3KT(11).
ng c quay chi tit c cung cp in t khuch i t KT. KT ni
theo s ba pha kt hp vi cc it chnh lu, c 6 cun lm vic v 3 cun
dy iu khin CK1, CK2 v CK3. Cun CK3 c ni vi in p chnh lu
3CL(21), to ra sc t ho chuyn dch. Cun CK1 va l cun ch o va l
cun phn hi m in p phn ng. in p ch o Uc ly trn bin tr
1BT(16), cn in p phn hi Uph m ly trn phn ng ng c. in p t vo
cun dy CK1 l:
UCK1 = Uc - Uph = Uc - kU

Cun CK2 l cun phn hi dng dng in phn ng ng c. N c

ni vo in p th cp ca bin dng BD qua b chnh lu 2CL. V dng in s
cp ca bin dng t l vi dng in phn ng ng c (I1= 0,815I) nn dng
in trong cun CK2 cng t l vi dng in phn ng. Sc t ho phn hi
c iu chnh nh bin tr 2BT.
Tc ng c c iu chnh bng cch thay i in p ch o Uc nh
bin tr 1BT(16). lm cng c tnh c vng tc thp, khi gim Uc cn
phi tng h s phn hi dng dng in. V vy, ngi ta t sn khu lin
h c kh gia con trt 2BT v 1BT.
115

Hnh 3. 18: S in ca my mi 3A161

S cho php iu khin my ch th my v lm vic t ng.
Trong ch th my, cc cng tc 1CT(5), 2CT(8), 3CT(10,11) c
ng sang v tr 1. M my ng c T nh n nt MT(2), sau c th khi
116

ng ng thi cc ng c M v B bng nt n MM(4). ng c C c

khi ng bng nt n MC(8).
Trong ch t ng, qu trnh hot ng ca my gm 3 giai on theo
th t sau:

1) a nhanh vo chi tit gia cng nh truyn ng thu lc, ng cc

ng c C v B;
2) Mi th, ri t ng chuyn sang mi tinh nh tc ng ca cng tc t;
3) T ng a nhanh ra khi chi tit v tt cc ng c C, B.
Trc ht ng cc cng tc t 1CT, 2CT, 3CT sang v tr 2. Ko tay gt
iu khin (c b tr trn my) v v tr di chuyn nhanh vo chi tit (nh
h thng thu lc). Khi i n v tr cn thit, cng tc hnh trnh 1KT(9) tc
ng, ng mch cho cc cun dy cng tc t KC(8) v KB(6), cc ng c C
v B c khi ng. ng thi truyn ng thu lc ca cc my c khi
ng. Qu trnh gia cng bt u. Khi kt thc giai on mi th, cng tc hnh
trnh 2KT(10) tc ng, ng mch cun dy rle 1RTr(10). Tip im ca n
ng in cho cun dy nam chm 1NC(l), chuyn i van thu lc, lm
gim tc n dao ca , bt u giai on mi tinh. Khi kch thc chi tit
t yu cu, cng tc hnh trnh 3KT(11) tc ng, ng mch cun dy rle
2RTr(11). Tip im rle ny ng in cho cun dy nam chm 2NC(l) iu
khin van thu lc, a nhanh v v tr ban u. Sau , cng tc 1KT(9)
phc hi ct in cng tc t KC(8) v KB(6); ng c C c ct in v c
hm ng nng nh cng tc t H(12). Khi tc ng c nh, tip im rle
tc RKT(12) m ra, ct in cun dy cng tc t H(12). Tip im ca H(17)
ct in tr hm(17) ra khi phn ng ng c.
3.3.4. S in t ng trn my phay

My phay c dng gia cng cc mt phng, rnh, mt nh hnh v c

rt nhiu loi: my phay ngang, my phay ng, my phay ging,... vi nhiu
kch c rt khc nhau. Ngoi ra cn c cc loi my phay chuyn dng, v d
phay rng theo phng php bao hnh. Cc my phay c nh v c trung c kt
cu v c kh v iu khin n gin. Cc my phay c ln c yu cu thay i v
n nh tc , t ng iu khin hnh trnh,... nn c t ng ha. V phay l
phng php gia cng c s dng nhiu (c l ch sau tin) nn my phay l
i tng c u tin t ng ha. Cc my phay chp hnh in v thy lc,
my phay iu khin s c s dng ngy cng ph bin, v chng thay c my
khoan, doa,... nhng c trnh by cc chng sau. Phn ny ch a ra c tnh

117

minh ha s iu khin chuyn ng thng thng. Trn hnh 3. 19 l b tr

chung, ng thi l s ng ca my phay ng kiu 654.

Hnh 3. 19: B tr chung my phay ng kiu 654

Cc thng s k thut chnh ca my nh sau:
1600 630
Khong dch chuyn ti a X/Y/Z (mm)
1300/600/650
S cp tc trc chnh/ di tc (v/ph)
18/25 1250
Cng sut ng c khng i trong ton di tc (kW) 11
Lng chy dao c bin tc X,Y/Z (mm/ph)
10100/440
Lng chy dao khng c bin tc X,Y/Z (mm/ph)
1001000/40400
Tc chy dao nhanh X,Y/Z (m/ph)
2/0,8
Trc chnh c dn ng bi ng c xoay chiu khng ng b M1, cng
sut 13kW; c 18 cp tc , thay i nh 2 khi bnh rng di trt 3 cp v 1
khi 2 cp.
Kch thc bn my (mm)

118

Chuyn ng chy dao c dn ng bi ng c in 1 chiu M2, tc

thay i v cp trong phm vi 10:1. Phng chy dao c thay i nh 6 ly hp
in t. B bin tc trong hp chy dao cho php m rng di tc (100:1). B
bin tc cng c iu khin nh cc ly hp in t, c th ng ngt t xa.
S nguyn l h ng lc ca my nh trong hnh 3.20. Chiu ca ng
c trc chnh M1 c thay i nh chuyn mch BP. M1 c khi ng nh
nt n K1, dng nh D1. Mch ny n gin nn khng cn thuyt minh thm.

Hnh 3. 20: S in truyn ng chnh ca my phay ng 654

Chuyn ng chy dao do ng c 1 chiu M2, cng sut 4,5kW cung cp.
Tc ca M2 c iu chnh nh 3 b khuych i t (MY) loi 1 pha, cc
cun dy lc 1 ca n c cung cp t b chnh lu slen. Tc ca M2 c
th thay i trong khong 1501500v/ph bng cch thay i in p t ln phn
ng v c th t ti 3000v/ph nh gim t thng. Cc cun dy 2 v 3 l cc
cun dy iu khin ca MY. Cc cun 2 thc hin phn hi m in p phn
ng v phn hi dng dng in mch ngoi qua bin dng TT. Tc ca
ng c M2 c iu chnh nh bin tr RC, khi dch chuyn con trt ca n
s lm thay i dng in qua cc cun 2. Khi con trt ca RC v tr di
cng th ng c M2 t tc nh mc. Di chuyn con trt ln trn s lm
119

gim tc ca M2. R le PM c nhim v hn ch dng in khi khi ng

M2. Khi bt u khi ng M2, dng qua 2 ln, MY "thng", r le PM tc
ng, tip im ca n m ra, ngt in p ln cc phn ng. Do , dng in
phn ng gim, n gi tr nht nh th r le PM mt tc dng, tip im ca n
ng, ni cc cun dy 2 vi ngun in p. C nh th, r le lm vic trong ch
rung cho n khi hon thnh qu trnh khi ng M2. Bng cch , PM c
tc dng phng s tng dng in phn ng qu mc khi c s c.
tng tc ca M2, n nt chy nhanh B. Khi r le 2RP lm vic
cc cun 2 khng chu s chi phi ca bin tr RC m c cung cp y
in p ngun. Phn ng ca M2 c cp in p, ng thi trong mch kch
t c thm in tr, khin t trng kch thch gim. Cc tc ng khin ng
c t tc cao (ti 3000v/ph).
Phng chuyn ng chy dao c chn nh cc chuyn mch 1PY(1),
2PY(1) hoc 3PY(1) - xem hnh 3. 21.
Cc ly hp in t 1M(7), 2M(10) ng m xch chy bn. Khi bn my
tin ti v tr tn cng bn phi 1BK(7)=0, 1BK(8)=1 1M97) ngt, ly hp
phanh 9M(9) ng bn my dng. Tng t, 2BK(10,11) hn ch hnh trnh
ca bn my bn tri. Dng di chuyn ca bn my bng cch dch chuyn
2PY(1).
Tng t, chuyn mch 1PY(1) v cc ly hp in t 3M(12), 4M(16) iu
khin bn my vo, ra xung, 10M(14) iu khin phanh. Chuyn mch 3PY(1)
v cc ly hp in t 5M(18), 6M(22) iu khin u dao ln, xung, cn
11M(20) iu khin phanh.
Khi dch chuyn bn my vo, ra bng tay, tip im 7BK(23)=0 r le
4RP(23)=0.
Cc ly hp 7M(4), 8M(6) r le 3RP(1) tng ng dng ng, ngt mch
bin tc. Mch bin tc cho php m rng di tc chy dao m khng cn
thm cc c cu i tc phc tp, ng thi cho php t ng ha mch iu
khin tc .
Ngoi 2 ng c M1, M2, trn my cn c 2 ng c khng ng b ko
bm du bi trn v bm dung dch trn ngui. Cc ng c khng c m
t y.

120

Hnh 3. 21: S iu khin ng ngt c cu chy dao ca my phay ng 654

121

122

Chng 4: H thng thu lc trn my cng c

H thng bm thy lc tng v vn ang c s dng rng ri trong
nhiu ngnh k thut nh -t, tu thy, hng khng, pho binh,... Trong ngnh
ch to my, h thng bm thy lc l b phn c s ca cc h thng iu khin
theo chng trnh trn cc my chp hnh t ng hoc bn t ng, c ng
dng rng ri trong nhng nm 1960, 1970. S dng h thng chp hnh trn cc
my cng c cho php gim thi gian chnh v thi gian ph, tng nng sut gia
cng t 8 n 10 ln. So vi cc h thng cng chc nng nhng dng truyn
ng in - c, in - thy lc hoc kh nn, h thng chp hnh thy lc c cc
u im sau:
- C qun tnh nh, d iu khin chnh xc, d o chiu, d thay i tc
hoc dng, cho php gia cng chnh xc cc b mt phc tp vi tc cao,
nng cao chnh xc v bng b mt gia cng;
- Khng phi dng cc b khuych i tn hiu phc tp nh trong cc h
truyn ng in - c hay in - thy lc hoc cc thit b chp hnh cng knh
nh truyn ng kh nn;
- C kt cu n gin, lm vic m du, tin cy, d lp t, iu chnh.
nhng my chp hnh, thng thng chnh xc dao ng trong khong
(0,10,5)mm, cn nhng my c chnh xc cao c th t ti
(0,010,06)mm.
4.1. Khi nim v phn loi h thng chp hnh thy lc
4.1.1. Khi nim h thng bm

H thng bm l h thng t ng iu chnh, tn hiu ra lun lun "bm

theo" tn hiu vo theo mt quy lut no .
Mt h thng bm thy lc iu khin cnh li ca my bay c s n
gin nh trong hnh 4. 1. Khi ngi li ko cn li 4 theo phng y, v lc iu
khin con trt 1 ca van iu khin rt nh so vi lc cn ca piston 2 nn im B
coi nh khng chuyn ng m ch c con trt ca van ri khi v tr trung gian.
Khi cc ca van m, du t bm du vo cc khoang tng ng ca xi lanh, tc
ng ln piston lm n chuyn ng. Kt qu l im B chuyn ng tng ng
vi dch chuyn ca cn li.
Sau khi tc ng ln cn li chm dt, piston tip tc chuyn ng, thng
qua n by 4 ko con trt 1 tr v v tr trung gian. Khi cc ca van b ng kn
123

th piston cng dng li. Qu trnh hot ng ca h thng xy ra mt cch lin

tc, tn hiu ra lun lp li qui lut chuyn ng ca tn hiu vo, hay ni mt
cch khc l tn hiu ra lun "bm theo" tn hiu vo.

Hnh 4. 1: S h thng bm iu khin cnh li my bay

Mt h thng bm thy lc n gin trn my chp hnh nh trong hnh 4. 2

Hnh 4. 2: S h thng bm n gin trn my chp hnh thy lc

124

H thng gm c:
- Cm u d, thc cht l van trt, c xi lanh 4, cc ca s ca n cng
cc mp ca piston 5 hnh thnh 4 mp iu khin a1, a2, a3, a4. Mt u piston
ni vi con ln 15, u kia tip xc vi l xo hi v 16. L xo lun to lc p, duy
tr mi tip xc gia con ln 15 v mu 17, khin cho chuyn ng ca con ln
lun lun bm theo bin dng ca mu.
- Cm xi lanh lc, gm xi lanh 8, piston 10. Thn xi lanh c gn c nh
vo thn my 9. Cn piston ni vi u trt 11, mang theo dao phay v thn xi
lanh 4 ca van trt, khin chng cng chuyn ng theo piston 10.
- H thng cp du, gm bm du 1, b lc 2, van iu p 13, p k 11 v
cc ng ng,...
- Bn my mang phi 18 v mu chp hnh 17.
Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng nh sau.
Du t bm 1 qua lc 2 vo ca s gia ca o van 4. Nu con trt 5 v
tr trung gian, b rng ca khe a2 bng khe a3, khe a1 bng a4, lu lng du n
khoang trn v khoang di ca xi lanh lc 8 bng nhau, p sut gia 2 khoang
cn bng, nn piston 10 ng yn.
Lc u, khi con ln 15 ca u d cha tip xc vi mu 17 th l xo 16
y con trt van i xung. Cc khe a1, a3 c m rng, a2 v a4 b thu hp, lu
lng du vo khoang trn v lng du thot khi khoang di ca ca xi lanh
lc u tng, khin p sut khoang trn tng, p sut khoang di gim,
piston mang dao i xung. Do c gn vi dao 11 nn o van 4 cng i xung,
c xu hng thu hp cc khe a1, a3 v m rng cc khe a2 v a4, gim lng du
vo khoang trn v gim lng ra lng du thot khi khoang di, a h v
trng thi cn bng. Tuy nhin, khi con ln vn cha tip xc vi mu th l xo 16
vn tip tc y con trt i xung. Qu trnh tip tc, cho n khi con ln tip
xc vi mu th piston dng li, o van dng li theo. Nh vy o van ng vai
tr phn t phn hi m, lun lun c xu hng a h v trng thi cn bng.
C cu chy dao dc to cho bn my mang phi v mu chuyn ng
(c gi l chuyn ng dn) vi tc dc V0. Con ln di chuyn theo sn
mu, khin con trt i ln, thu hp cc khe a1, a3 v m rng cc khe a2, a4.
Lng du vo khoang di v lng du ra khi khoang trn ca xi lanh lc u
tng, to ra lc y piston mang dao i ln. Vi chc nng phn hi, o van i ln
125

theo, c xu hng xc lp trng thi cn bng mi ca h thng. Nu con ln tip

tc di chuyn theo sn ln ca mu th dao cn i ln, thc hin chuyn ng
bm. Phi hp chuyn ng dn V0 v chuyn ng bm Vb khin dao ct vo
phi theo ng bin dng ca mu. Khi con ln t ti nh mu th con trt
khng chuyn ng, chuyn ng bm cng dng. Tng t, khi con ln di
chuyn theo sn xung th dao cng bm theo. Kt qu l dao thc hin chuyn
ng, chp ng bin dng ca mu sang phi. V ch iu khin chuyn ng
bm theo 1 phng (thng ng), h thng trn c gi l h thng chp hnh
thy lc 1 ta .
Tuy khc nhau v kt cu v cng dng, hai h thng bm trn c cng mt
cu trc iu khin v c biu din bng mt s khi nh trong hnh 4. 3.
Qua s khi, ta thy h thng bm thy lc c cc b phn ch yu sau:
- C cu pht lnh, to ra tn hiu iu khin X. chnh l tn hiu vo ca
h thng bm. Trong 2 v d trn, c cu pht lnh l cn li hoc mu.
- B phn cm bin (van trt gn vi cn li hoc u d), c nhim v
nhn tn hiu vo t tay ca ngi li hay t mu.
- C cu chp hnh, l cc b piston - xi lanh thy lc, cho tn hiu ra Y (dch
chuyn ca cn piston, ko theo cnh li hoc dao) lun lun bm theo tn hiu
vo. Trong c 2 trng hp, xi lanh thy lc ng c vai tr b khuych i lc, to
ra lc trn cn piston ln hn nhiu so vi lc chuyn ng ca cn li hoc u
d. Tn hiu ra s c a ti c cu cng tc (cnh li my bay hoc dao).
- B phn phn hi, lin kt cn piston vi van trt, ly tn hiu ra so snh
vi tn hiu vo. Trong c 2 trng hp, chuyn ng tng i gia cn piston v
van trt u c xu hng lm gim sai lch gia 2 tn hiu nn ta c phn hi m.

Hnh 4. 3: S khi ca h thng bm

126

Ti liu ny ni v mt dng ca h thng bm thy lc c bit. l h

thng bm dng trn my chp hnh, gi tt l h thng chp hnh thy lc.
4.1.2. Phn loi h thng chp hnh thy lc

Cc h thng chp hnh thy lc c phn thnh cc loi sau:

- Theo s chuyn ng c iu khin bm, c h thng chp hnh 1 ta
, 2 ta , 3 ta hay nhiu hn. Thng h thng chp hnh 3 to tr ln
c t hp t cc h chp hnh 1, 2 ta .
- Ty theo tc ng ca tn hiu t cm bin ln c cu chp hnh c thng
qua h thng x l trung gian (v d khuych i) hay khng m c h thng bm
tc ng tc tip v h thng bm tc ng gin tip. C 2 v d trn u l h
thng bm tc ng trc tip v xi lanh thy lc (c cu chp hnh) kim c
nhim v khuych i.
- Theo c im ca tn hiu iu khin, c h thng iu khin lin tc v
h thng iu khin gin on (xung). Hu ht h thng chp hnh thy lc l h
iu khin lin tc.
- Ngoi ra, theo tnh cht ca c cu chp hnh, ngi ta phn bit c cu
chuyn ng thng v c cu chuyn ng quay. Theo tnh cht ca van trt
iu khin, ngi ta phn bit van 1, 2 hoc 4 mp iu khin.
4.2. Cc h thng chp hnh c bn
4.2.1. H thng chp hnh 1 ta tc ng trc tip

Trong cc h thng chp hnh thy lc 1 ta , mt c cu chy dao thng

thng (mang dao v mu chp hnh) thc hin 1 chuyn ng chy dao, cn h
thng bm thc hin chuyn ng chy dao th hai, vung gc hoc lch vi
phng chuyn ng th nht mt gc no .
Phn ln h thng chp hnh 1 ta dng van trt 4 mp iu khin, v
loi ny cho chnh xc v nhy iu khin cao. Mt u im quan trng
na ca van trt 4 mp iu khin l cho php thc hin nhiu phng n ni
ghp khc nhau (hnh 4. 4). S trong hnh 4. 4, a l dng n gin ca s
trong hnh 4. 2, m t c cu in hnh, i din cho cc h thng chp hnh thy
lc 1 ta dng van trt 4 mp iu khin. Nguyn l lm vic ca n c
m t mc 4.1.1.

127

Hnh 4. 4: Cc s chp hnh 1 ta dng con trt 4 mp iu khin

Ngoi cc xi lanh c cn piston 2 pha, trong h thng ny cn c th
dng xi lanh c cn piston 1 pha (hnh 4. 4, a v c) hoc ng c chuyn ng
quay (hnh 4. 4, b). Phn ln cc trng hp, xi lanh lc c gn c nh ln
thn my, cn cn piston mang dao di chuyn. Nhng cng c khi cn piston c
nh cn xi lanh di chuyn (hnh 4. 4, c). Trong trng hp ny, cc mp iu
khin c b tr trn cc on gia 1 ca con trt v trn thn con trt c
b tr cc ca ra 2. Van tit lu 3 (hnh 4. 4, d) c b tr trn ng du chy v
b iu chnh tc chy dao. S trn hnh 4. 4, e dng van ph hn ch
s mt n nh ca h thng khi tt bm du. Nu do s mt cn bng gia khi
128

lng u dao v i trng khin u d c nguy c tch khi mu, do p sut

khoang di ca xi lanh cn cao, cnh van 4 b y sang tri, m rng ng cho
du t khoang di v b, gim nhanh p sut. Ngc li, khi piston c nguy c
ri t do, v p sut du khoang di nh, l xo 5 y cnh van 4 sang phi,
gim lu lng thot du, duy tr p sut cn thit b tc dng ca trng lng
u dao. Khi bm du lm vic, van ph khng nh hng n s lu thng ca
du. Trong trng hp ny, van ph c tc dng gim xung, tng t nh i
trng. Khi chp hnh vi lng chy dao ln, do cng sut ca bm c hn nn p
sut du trong h thng khng n nh, khin h thng phn ng khng kp, gy
nn sai s gia cng. Bnh tch (c quy) 6 trn hnh 4. 4, f c tc dng nh mt
ngun nng lng b tr. p sut trong bnh tch c duy tr nh kh nn. Van
mt chiu 8 m bo cho du c cp cho h thng v tr vo bnh khi bm lm
vic v ngn khng cho du t chy v b khi bm ngng hot ng. Van trn 7
duy tr p sut du u ra ca bm. Hnh 4. 4, g l s chp hnh tc dng 2
pha, trong con ln ca u d trt trong rnh ca mu 10. v tr hin ti
ca s , h thng chp cnh A ca mu. Khi chp cnh B, van 9 quay i 45
hon i chiu cung cp du gia khoang trn v khoang di ca xi lanh lc.
Cc s c bn ca h thng chp hnh 1 ta dng con trt c 2 mp
iu khin nh trong hnh 4. 5. u im chnh ca h thng ny l kt cu n
gin. Thay v phi gia cng chnh xc b rng ca 3 ca s trn thn xi lanh ca
con trt nh loi 4 mp, loi 2 mp ch cn m bo 1 hoc 2 ca s. Nhc
im chnh ca loi ny l cho t phng n kt cu v phi dng xi lanh vi sai (l
lc tc dng sinh ra nh chnh lch din tch hiu dng gia 2 pha ca piston)
lm xi lanh lc. Thng quan h gia ng knh D ca nh v ng knh d ca
cn piston c chn sao cho v tr cn bng th p sut pha cn ln gp i p
sut pha nh, ngha l d = D / 2 .
Gi s piston i ln, khi p sut khoang di bng p sut ra ca bm
(Pn), cn p sut khoang trn bng 0 th lc t c l ln nht, v bng:
Fl max =

(D2 d 2 )
4

1 D2
Pn =
Pn .
2 4

Gi s piston i xung, lc ln nht t c khi p sut c 2 khoang u

bng p sut ra ca bm (Pn):
Fx max =

D2
4

Pn

(D2 d 2 )
4

Pn =

1 D2
Pn .
2 4

129

Ta thy, trong c 2 trng hp lc ln nht m xi lanh vi sai t c u

ch bng mt na lc ca xi lanh thng thng. R rng l to ra cng mt gi
tr lc nh xi lanh thng thng, din tch piston phi ln gp i. l l do,
khin h thng chp hnh 1 ta dng van trt 2 mp iu khin c dng
cho cc my cng sut khng ln v ti trng t thay i.
Trong hnh 4. 5, a l s thng dng nht ca h thng chp hnh 1 ta
dng con trt 2 mp iu khin. Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng c m t
tm tt nh sau. Du t bm 1 c cp trc tip vo khoang di, ng thi qua
khe A ca van vo khoang trn ca xi lanh lc 3. Trn thn van c ca s 8, rng
hn bc gia ca con trt 5. Ban u, khi con trt mang u d 9 cha p st
mu 10, l xo 11 y con trt i xung, m rng khe a1 v thu hp khe a2. Du
chy t do qua khe a1 vo khoang trn, ng thi theo ng ng 2 vo khoang
di ca xi lanh lc, v vy p sut 2 khoang gn nh nhau v bng p sut ra
ca bm (Pn). Do din tch hiu dng ca piston pha trn (khng c cn) ln hn
pha di (c cn) nn lc tc dng ln mt trn ln hn, y piston (mang dao)
i xung, ko theo c thn van trt (c gn cng vi dao), khin a1 b hp
dn li, ng thi a2 rng dn ra. Du t khe A chy tt qua khe B v b nhiu,
khin p sut khoang trn gim dn, trong khi p sut trong khoang di vn
c duy tr. Kt qu l lc tc dng ln piston c xu hng v trng thi cn
bng, theo tc di chuyn xung di ca piston b gim dn. Nh vy, do
c gn vi dao, thn van trt ng vai tr khu phn hi v tr, lun lun c
xu hng trit tiu chuyn ng, a h v trng thi cn bng. Nu u d cha
chm mu th l xo 11 vn tip tc y n xung. Qu trnh trn (u d i xung
- ph v trng thi cn bng v thn u d xung theo - lp li trng thi cn
bng mi) tip tc cho n khi u d chm mu th chuyn ng b ngng.

Hnh 4. 5: Cc s chp hnh 1 ta dng con trt 2 mp iu khin

130

Gi s c cu chy dao dc lm bn my (gn phi 15 v mu 10) chuyn

ng vi tc V0, khin con ln 9 trt trn mt dc ca mu 10 ln trn. Khi
, con trt 5 i ln, m rng khe a2 v thu hp khe a1. Lu lng du bm ln
khoang trn b gim, khin p sut khoang trn ca xi lanh lc gim, trong khi
p sut khoang di vn c duy tr. Lc tc dng ln piston hng ln trn,
khin piston cng dao i ln. Trong vai tr phn hi v tr, thn van trt c
gn vi dao cng i ln, c xu hng trit tiu chuyn ng, a h tr li trng
thi cn bng. Con trt cn i ln th dao cn i ln theo. Khi u d t ti nh
ca mu th n khng i ln na, chuyn ng chy dao theo phng thng ng
cng ngng mc d chy dao dc vn tip tc. Khi u d trt theo sn dc
xung, qa trnh xy ra theo chiu ngc li.
Nh vy, chuyn ng chy dao dc (chuyn ng dn) l tc nhn ban u
ca h thng chp hnh 1 ta . Nh s phi hp gia chuyn ng dc v
chuyn ng thng ng (bm theo) ca dao m bin dng ca chi tit c chp
li t bin dng ca mu.
i khi s nh hnh 4. 5, b c dng, trong con trt ch c 2 bc
16. Kt cu ny trnh cho ng khng b un khi lm vic do s di chuyn tng
i gia 2 u v lm n gin kt cu ca con trt. Tuy nhin, kt cu ca thn
li phc tp ln, v phi lm 2 ca s hoc 2 rnh thay v 1 nh trng hp (a).
trnh phi dng xi lanh vi sai, c th dng s nh hnh 4. 5, c, c 2
bm cung cp du cho 2 khoang ca xi lanh lc, m bo khi con trt v tr
trung gian th lc 2 pha ca piston bng nhau. Nu con trt lch khi v tr
trung gian, v d i ln th ca a1 rng ra, a2 hp i, khin p sut khoang trn
gim, khoang di tng, khin piston mang dao i ln. Mi qu trnh xy ra
tng t nh cc trng hp trn. Kt cu chp hnh dng ny c th t chnh
xc v nhy cao. Tuy nhin, tn hao v s cn bng cng sut ca cc bm c
th lm gim chnh xc iu khin.
H thng chp hnh 1 ta dng con trt 1 mp iu khin c cc dng
nh trong hnh 4. 6, trong s (a) l dng c bn. Khoang di ca xi lanh
lc c ni trc tip vi u vo ca bm, c p sut Pn khng i. Khoang trn
ca xi lanh c ni vi ng du v thng qua mp iu khin a. L tit lu 4
thng gia 2 khoang c tit din nh, khin p sut khoang trn lun lun nh
hn p sut khoang di. H cn bng khi tng hp cc lc tc dng ln 2 pha
ca piston bng nhau. Khi h chp hnh lm vic, l xo 11 lun lun p con ln 9
tip xc v chuyn ng theo sn ca mu 10. C cu chy dao dc to cho bn

131

my mang phi 12 v mu 10 chuyn ng dn V0. Nguyn l to chuyn ng

bm (chy dao thng ng) tng t nh cc trng hp 2 mp iu khin, ch
khc l lng du chy v b c iu chnh ch nh 1 mp iu khin a. V d,
nu con trt i ln th khe a c m rng, du t khoang trn ca xi lanh thot
nhanh v b, p sut ti khoang trn gim trong khi p sut khoang di vn gi
gi tr Pn. Chnh lch p sut to ra lc y piston (mang dao v o van) i ln,
thc hin chuyn ng chy dao, bm theo chuyn ng ca u d. V lu lng
du v b ch i qua khe a, khng c nhnh tt song song nh trng hp 2 hay 4
mp iu khin nn h thng t nhy, km chnh xc v cho php tc chy dao
thp hn.

Hnh 4. 6: Cc s h thng chp hnh 1 ta dng con trt 1mp iu khin

Trong s (b) v (c) khng c l tit lu ni gia 2 khoang ca xi lanh.
Mp iu khin c tc dng iu chnh p sut khoang di ca xi lanh lc, cn
p sut ca khoang trn c gi khng i nh ngun p sut bn ngoi (b) hoc
nh mt bm c lp (c). Tuy nhin, trng hp (b), lc a piston i xung l
trng lng ca dao, cn trong trng hp (c) th lc ny do bm 1 to ra.
132

Trong s (d), du t bm c cp cho c 2 khoang ca xi lanh, nhng

p sut khoang di c duy tr khng i nh van 2, cn p sut khoang
trn thay i ty theo rng a ca mp iu khin. Nu u d i xung, khe a
tng, lu lng du vo khoang trn tng, do p sut khoang trn tng, khin
piston mang dao i xung. Khi u d i ln, qu trnh bm xy ra ngc li. Van
1 c nhim v gii hn p sut khoang trn.
4.2.2. H thng chp hnh 1 ta tc ng gin tip

Trong cc h thng chp hnh m t trn, v tn hiu iu khin (lu lng

v p sut du) t cm bin (u d) c truyn trc tip n c cu chp hnh
(xi lanh lc), nn cn c u d ln m bo lu lng v p sut cho cc
xi lanh lc hot ng. H thng nh vy c qun tnh ln, nhy thp, sai s ln
v tc lm vic b hn ch. Nu thm b phn khuych i vo gia u d v
xi lanh lc th c th gim kch thc v p sut lm vic ca u d, khc phc
c cc nhc im trn. H c thm khi khuych i trung gian gia u d
v xi lanh lc c gi l h tc ng gin tip. Khi khuych i l mt van
trt c 1, 2 hoc 4 mp iu khin, nhn tn hiu t u d, cng l van trt
iu khin nh m t trn.
Trn hnh 4. 7 l s h thng chp hnh 1 ta tc ng gin tip, dng
u d - van trt c 1 mp iu khin c ghp lin vi khi khuych i - van
trt c 4 mp iu khin. Khi u d gm con trt 2 c ng knh nh, c
lng trong piston 4 ca xi lanh vi sai, c khoang trn 5 v khoang di 7. Con
trt ca van khuych i 3 c gn ln piston ca u d. Bm B1 c lu lng
v p sut nh cp du cho u d, cn bm B2 ln hn, l bm chnh cp du
cho h thng.
Khi u d l van trt 1 mp iu khin. Khi con trt 2 v tr trung
gian th lc tc dng ln piston 4 cn bng. Nu con trt i xung th khe a rng
ra, du t khoang di 7 thot v b nhanh hn, p sut trong gim, trong khi
p sut khoang trn 5 vn khng i, khin piston 4 i xung, ko con trt 3
ca van khuych i xung theo. Nh vy, chuyn ng ca piston 4 bm theo
chuyn ng ca u d, cn chuyn ng ca con trt 3 li bm theo chuyn
ng ca piston 4. Nguyn l tng tc gia van khuych i vi xi lanh lc hon
ton ging nh trong cc h thng tc ng trc tip. u d c kch thc nh,
yu cu lu lng v p sut lm vic thp nn lc cn thit chuyn ng v
qun tnh nh, cho php nng cao chnh xc, nhy v tc chuyn ng
chy dao.

133

Hnh 4. 7: H thng chp hnh 1 ta tc ng gin tip

Cc h thng iu khin m t trn u l cc h iu khin t l (P), v
dch chuyn ca c cu cng tc t l vi lch v tr ca con trt khi v tr
trung gian. H nh vy khng trnh khi sai s tnh. Tc di chuyn v ti cng
ln th sai s tnh cng tng. trnh sai s tnh, cn to ra b iu khin PI bng
cch a vo h thng mt khu tch phn song song vi khu t l. Khi , vn
tc ra (ca dao) t l vi vn tc vo (u d), cn v tr ca dao bng tch phn
ca tc vo.
Hnh 4. 8 l s h thng chp hnh thy lc 1 ta tc ng gin tip,
iu khin PI, dng cho my pay v my tin vi vn tc n vi mt/pht. H
thng c:
Xi lanh lc c piston 1 c iu khin bi van trt 3. Tn hiu iu khin
c tng hp t 2 thnh phn:
- Dch chuyn ca con trt 3 t l vi lch khi v tr trung gian ca u
d 9 thng qua n by 5, v
- Dch chuyn ca thn 10, t l vi tch phn theo thi gian ca lch
khi v tr trung gian ca u d 9, thng qua con trt 4, piston 6 v n by 7.
Van tit lu 8 c nhim v iu chnh tc dch chuyn ca piston 6. Lin
h ngc c hnh thnh bng cch ghp cng u dao v xi lanh khuych i 6
vi thn u d.Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng nh sau.
Khi u d 9 cn cha tip xc vi mu 11, l xo 12 y u d 4 i xung
khi v tr trung gian. Thng qua n by 5, con trt 3 i ln khi v tr trung gian,
m ng du t bm vo khoang trn ca xi lanh lc 1 v thng khoang di v
b. Kt qu l piston 1 mang theo dao i xung. Mt khc, khi 4 i xung th du
t bm c cp vo khoang di ca xi lanh khuych i 6, du t khoang trn
134

thng v b, khin piston 6 i ln, thng qua n by 7 ko thn van 10 i xung.

Chuyn ng xung ca thn van cng tc dng vi chuyn ng ln ca piston 3
khin piston 1 xung nhanh hn. Vy dch chuyn ca piston 1 c 2 thnh phn:
thnh phn th nht t l vi dch chuyn ca 4 v thnh phn th 2 t l vi tch
phn theo thi gian ca dch chuyn ny.

Hnh 4. 8: S h thng chp hnh 1 ta tc ng gin tip, iu khin PI

Khi bt u chm mu, u d lp tc dng li, nhng dao vn tip tc i
xung cho n khi c 2 con trt cng v tr trung gian. Gi s bn my chy,
u d i theo sn dc ln. Lc u con trt 3 cn i xung th khe to ra cha
rng to ra chuyn ng ln ca piston 1. Trong khi , piston 6 i xung,
y thn van 10 i ln, m rng khe cho du vo khoang di ca xi lanh lc,
gp phn y piston lc i ln. Khi piston lc i ln, u d v v tr trung gian,
piston 6 dng li nhng do c gn vi u dao, thn xi lanh vn i ln, ko
thn con trt 10 i xung, lm chuyn ng tt nhanh hn. Nh vy, cm xi
lanh khuych i va tng nhanh qu trnh khi ng khi u d lch khi v tr
trung gian, va dp tt nhanh chuyn ng khi u d v v tr trung gian. iu
c ngha l h thng iu khin nhy hn v thi gian qu gim. Tuy nhin,
nu ch c 2 cc khu tch phn ni tip nhau (u d 4 vi xi lanh khych i 6;
van trt 3 v xi lanh lc 1) th h c tnh dao ng. Thm khu t l (n by 5)
vo h thng khin dao ng b kh, lm cho qu trnh qu khng cn tnh
chu k, do h thng bm s lm vic m hn.

135

Nhc im ln nht ca ca cc h thng chp hnh 1 ta vi lng

chy dao c lp khng i l lng chy dao tng hp thay i theo bin dng
ca b mt gia cng, t nht cng khin cho nhm b mt thay i, cn trong
trng hp xu hn th gy nn s c do lc ct tng qu kh nng lm vic ca
thit b.
Theo hnh 4. 9, a, biu din hnh hc s thay i ca lng chy dao V vo
dc trn bin dng ca mu , ta c quan h:
V=

V0
,
cos

trong , V0 l lng chy dao dc c lp.

Ta thy, nu = 45o th V ln gp 1,4 ln V0, cn khi = 60o th V ln gp
i v s tng rt nhanh khi dn n 90o. Ni chung, vi h thng chp hnh 1
ta vi lng chy dao dc khng i, ngi ta gii hn gc nng khng qu
45o.
Khi bt buc phi gia cng mu vi dc ln, ngi ta phi thay i lng
chy dao dc V0 gi cho lng chy dao tng hp V khng vt qu gii hn
cho php.
Hnh 4. 9, b biu din phng n thay i theo cp lng chy dao dc V0.
Gi s lng chy dao tng hp cho php ln nht l Vmax v h thng chy dao
dc c cc tc lm vic l V01, V02, V03, V04. T th, ta xc nh c cc gi
tr cho gii hn c th gia cng l 1, 2, 3, 4 . c th thay i lng chy
dao dc theo cp, ngi ta thng dng ng c c 3 hoc 4 cp tc hoc
dng hp chy dao c kh, bin i tc theo cp. H thng ny vn khng
khc phc c mt cch trit s bin i ca lng chy dao tng hp khi gia
cng chi tit c bin dng phc tp. Chng hn, gia cng chi tit c dc t
0 n 2, ta phi chn cp tc chy dao dc l V02. Nh vy lng chy dao
thc t s bin ng trong khong tng ng, t V0 n V02/cos2. Hu qu l va
hn ch nng sut, va khng m bo s ng u ca cht lng b mt gia
cng.
thay i lng chy dao mt cch trn tru, c th dng h thng chy
dao dc bin i tc v cp (hnh 4. 9, c) hoc h thng chp hnh 2 ta
(hnh 4. 9, d). Chi tit v cc h ny s c trnh by cc mc sau.

136

Hnh 4. 9: Lng chy dao vi cc loi chp hnh khc nhau

4.2.3. H thng chp hnh 1 ta vi lng chy dao dc bin i

V bin dng chi tit thay i thng xuyn trong qu trnh gia cng nn s
thay i v cp lng chy dao dc khng th thc hin bng tay m cn c t
ng theo dc thc t ca mu. Trn hnh 4. 10 l s mt h thng nh vy.
V c bn, y vn l h thng chp hnh 1 ta dng van trt 4 mp
iu khin. Tuy nhin, con trt 3 ca u d c thm 2 mp a1 v a2 iu
khin ca xi lanh truyn ng chy dao dc 4. Xi lanh ny ch lm vic theo 1
chiu, y bn my t phi sang tri. Du t bm c cp trc tip vo khoang
phi. Du t khoang tri qua van iu tit 8, van tit lu 9, 2 khe a1 v a2 v b.
Nh vy, lu lng du chy v b, v do tc chy dao dc c iu
chnh.
Khi u d cha tip xc vi mu 6, l xo 10 y con trt 3 i xung; cc
mp ca con trt m thng ng cp du vo khoang trn v ng thot du
t khoang di v b, khin piston 2 i xung, ging nh bnh thng. ng thi
khe a1 b ng, piston 4 cha chy. Khi u d chm mu, con trt dng li,
trong khi thn ca n vn i xung cng vi dao, khe a1 m thng ng du t
khoang tri ca xi lanh 4 v b, piston 4 cng bn my (mang phi 7 v mu 6)
chy t phi sang tri. Nu mt gia cng l mt phng, v tr ca con trt 3 s
137

c xc lp v tr gia. Cc mp iu khin xi lanh lc u ng, piston 2

khng chuyn ng, nhng cc khe a1, a2 u m mc trung bnh khin piston 4
chy t phi sang tri, thc hin chy dao dc. Lc ny, tc chy dao dc (ln
nht) c iu chnh nh tit lu 9.

Hnh 4. 10: H thng bm c iu chnh t ng lng chy dao dc nh con

trt
Nu con trt di chuyn trn sn ln ca mu, van trt 4 mp iu khin
m cho du cp vo khoang di ca xi lanh lc v cho du t khoang trn v b.
Piston 2 mang dao i ln, thc hin chuyn ng bm. Mt khc, khe a2 b thu
hp, gim lng du t khoang tri ca xi lanh 4 v b, lng chy dao dc b
gim. dc ca mu cng cao th tc chy dao thng ng cng cao nhng
a2 cng hp, lng chy dao ngang cng thp, nh vy m lng chy dao tng
hp gn nh khng i. Khi con trt di chuyn trn sn xung ca mu, qu
trnh xy ra tng t, nhng khe a1 ng vai tr iu tit tc chy dao dc.
Cm van iu tit 8 c vai tr n nh p sut trong h thng chy dao dc.
Nhc im ca h thng ny l tc dng gim tc chy dao dc ch c th
nhn bit c khi dc ng k (khi lch ca con trt khi v tr gia t
0,04-0,06mm).
H thng trn hnh 4. 11 s dng mt b iu chnh tc c bit. H
thng bm dng con trt 4 mp iu khin nh bnh thng. C 2 xi lanh chy
dao dc v thng ng u c cp du trc tip t bm. Khi lm vic, xi lanh
chy dao dc chy t tri sang phi. Trn ng du v ca 2 xi lanh c b tr 2
van tit lu: van 5 khng ch lu lng du v b t xi lanh lc, cn van 9 khng
ch ng v ca xi lanh chy dao dc. B iu chnh tc c con trt 8, mt

138

u ca n tip xc vi l xo 10, u kia c 2 bc. Bc nh trong khoang A, chu

p sut pha trc van tit lu ca xi lanh lc; bc ln trong khoang B chu p
sut tng ng ca van tit lu 9. H lc tc dng ln l xo cn bng, ngha l
tng p lc du ln 2 bc ca con trt bng lc l xo v khng thay i. B iu
chnh v cc van c thit k v iu chnh sao cho p sut trong bung A v B
(trc mi van tit lu) t l vi bnh phng lu lng du qua chng, ngha l
t l vi bnh phng vn tc di chuyn ca cc piston. V tng p sut trong 2
bung l hng s nn tng bnh phng tc chy dao theo 2 phng cng lun
lun l hng s, hay tc chy dao tng hp khng i v khng ph thuc vo
dc ca mu.

Hnh 4. 11: H thng iu chnh lng chy dao dc nh b iu chnh tc

4.2.4. H thng chp hnh 2 ta

H thng chp hnh 2 ta m bo lng chy dao tng hp khng i

trn ton b bin dng ca chi tit. Tuy nhin, khc vi h thng chp hnh 1 ta
c lng chy dao dc bin i, h thng chp hnh 2 ta khng c chuyn
ng no l chuyn ng dn. C 2 chuyn ng theo cc trc (dc v ngang)
u l chuyn ng bm, c lp v bnh ng vi nhau.
C nhiu phng n cu trc cho cc h thng chp hnh 2 ta , nhng
chng u s dng cc phn t c bn sau:
- Cm u d (D), c nhim v nhn tn hiu hnh hc ca mu (tn hiu
vo), tch tn hiu vo (dch chuyn ca u d) ra 2 thnh phn vung gc nhau;

139

- Hai h chp hnh, l cc ng c thy lc (C), cung cp chuyn ng

cho dao theo 2 trc;
- Hai h truyn ng (T) ca c cu cng tc, bin i v truyn chuyn
ng t ng c n c cu cng tc, y l u dao;
- Cm bin v tr (CB), nhn bit sai s v tr ca c cu cng tc so vi v tr
yu cu (t mu);
- Khi hiu chnh (HC), c nhim v hiu chnh v tr ca u d;
- Khi phn hi (PH) kt qu hiu chnh v tr ca u d.
Trn hnh 4. 12 l cc s khi ca 2 phng n cu trc c bn ca h
thng chp hnh 2 ta , trong a l phng n ni song song khi cm bin
v khi hiu chnh v tr, b l phng n ghp ni tip gia chng. Trong phng
n b, 2 khi ghp ni tip to thnh khu tch phn, c kh nng gim dao ng.

Hnh 4. 12: Hai phng n cu trc c bn ca h thng chp hnh 2 ta

Gi s cn gia cng b mt c bin dng cong nh trong hnh 4. 13.

Hnh 4. 13: S hnh thnh lng chy dao trong h thng chp hnh 2 ta

140

 nhn c mt cong trn chu, phi m bo, ti mi im tip xc gia

dng c v phi (A), vector tc chy dao V c gi tr khng i v c phng
tip tuyn vi bin dng cong, ngha l phi m bo mi quan h:
Vx = V cos ;Vy = V sin , vi V l hng s chn trc theo yu cu cng ngh.
V nguyn tc, h thng chp hnh 2 ta c tng hp t 2 h thng
chp hnh 1 ta , lm vic c lp vi nhau (hnh 4. 14). Hai u d (2 v 3)
ca chng c t lch nhau 90o, theo 2 phng chy dao X, Y. Mi u s
iu khin mt xy lanh lc (4 v 5), to cho dao 2 chuyn ng tng ng.
n gin tnh ton, cam mu c thay th bng mt a trn bn knh r, quay
quanh tm O, lch khi tm thc (A) mt khong e.

Hnh 4. 14: H thng chp hnh 2 ta dng cam quay

T tam gic OAB ta c:
r 2 = e2 + x 2 2ex cos ,

trong r - bn knh ca a; x - bn knh vector t tm quay O n im

tip xc gia u d v mu.
T y ta suy ra:
x = e cos e2 cos 2 + r 2 e 2 .

141

Khong dch khi v tr trung gian ca con trt 3 theo phng X:

x = x r = e cos r( 1 1

e2
sin 2 ) .
2
r

Tng t, khong dch khi v tr trung gian ca con trt 2 theo phng Y:
y = y r = e sin r( 1 1

e2
co s 2 ) .
r2

nhn c chuyn ng tng t, ta thay vo y mt cam c bin dng,

c biu din bng phng trnh:
= r + e cos ,

trong

- bn knh vector m t bin dng ca cam;

r - bn knh trung bnh ca cam;
e - hnh trnh ln nht ca con trt khi v tr trung bnh.

Khi phm phi sai s

= r( 1 1

e2
sin ) vi gi tr ln nht khi sin=1.
r2

V d, khi r=55mm, e=1,3mm th 0,016mm. Gi tr ny chp nhn c.

Qu trnh iu khin theo mi trc tng t nh trong h thng chp hnh 1
ta . Tc di chuyn ph thuc vo gi tr ca e, nn khi thay i e ta c th
iu chnh tc chy dao.
Theo nh ngn ng iu khin hin nay th h thng u d nh m t
trn ng vai tr ca b ni suy - Interpolator, phn tch tn hiu chuyn ng
theo bin dng cong ca mu ra 2 thnh phn theo 2 trc to v c gi l b
phn tch hm sin ( a).
H thng ni trn dng mu dng cam tr, quay quanh 1 trc c nh nn
c gi l h thng chp hnh dng cam quay. V nguyn tc, vi t cch l
mu, c th dng cc bin dng hnh hc khc, v d cam mt u, cam thng,
cam phng (chuyn ng tnh tin,...), min l m t c bin dng ca chi tit
cn gia cng. Hnh 4. 15 l s h chp hnh thy lc dng mu dng mt
phng.
V nguyn tc, h thng iu khin trc tip cc u d nh n by (hnh
4. 15, a) khng khc so vi h dng cam quay. Vai tr ca bnh lch tm do cn
tit din trn ca n by 1 m nhim. lch tm c iu chnh nh cht
cn 2, cn phng lch tm c iu khin trc tip nh bin dng ca mu 3.
142

Cc kt cu trn u tc ng trc tip nn n gin, nhng c nhc im

l i hi tn hiu (lc) ln, do nhy, chnh xc b hn ch. S 4.
15, b dng b khuych i trung gian, khc phc c nhc im ny. H thng
dng 4 u d 1, t ln mt a 3, khin chuyn ng dc trc ca cc con trt
t l vi sin v cosin gc nghing ca trc 2 khi v tr thng ng. Tn hiu ra
trung bnh ca mi cp con u d i nhau c a n b tng tc thy lc 4.
Chiu rng cc khe iu khin ca cc u d 1 c chn sao cho gim p
trong mi cp u d t l vi dch chuyn ca cc con trt khi v tr trung
gian, cn dch chuyn ca cc piston 5 khi v tr trung gian li t l vi gim
ca p sut ln cc mt piston, nn cui cng piston 5 ca b tng tc bm theo
dch chuyn ca con trt u d 1 vi t l khuych i nht nh. Nh vy,
dch chuyn ca piston 5 cng t l vi sin v cosin gc nghing ca trc 2.
Thng qua cc n by 7, dch chuyn ca piston 5 lm dch chuyn cc con
trt ca van 8, iu khin cc xi lanh lc 9. Tc chy dao c iu chnh
nh thay i t s truyn ca n by 7.

Hnh 4. 15: H thng chp hnh 2 ta dng n by (a) v dng mu phng (b)

143

4.3. Cm u d trong h thng chp hnh thy lc

H thng thy lc bm phi c y cc phn t nh mi h thng truyn

ng thy lc khc: bm, lc, van, o, ng c, Cu to v hat ng ca cc
phn t thy lc c trnh by mt cch y v c h thng trong cc gio
trnh my thy lc hoc h thng iu khin t ng thy, kh. Ti liu ny ch
cp b sung v thit b c trng ca h thng chp hnh thy lc trn MCC.
l cm u d.
u d l khu trung gian gia mu v van trt iu khin ca h thng
chp hnh, c d liu hnh hc ca mu v sinh ra tn hiu iu khin, c nh
hng rt ln n chnh xc, nng sut ca h thng.
C 2 loi u d: tip xc v khng tip xc. u d tip xc nhn thng tin
thng qua s tip xc trc tip vi b mt mu, nn thng i gi l u d c
kh. u d khng tip xc thu nhn tn hiu nh cc hiu ng t, kh nn, quang
hc, m khng c s tip xc trc tip vi phi. u d tip xc c nhc im
c bn l sinh ra lc tip xc nn c sai s do bin dng c hc. V nguyn tc,
u d khng tip xc loi tr c sai s do bin dng v c nhiu trin vng
trong tng lai, nhng cho n nay u d c kh vn chnh xc hn.
4.3.1. u d c kh

u d c kh lm vic theo nguyn tc nhn to tng im trn b mt

mu bng cch tip xc trc tip.
u d c nhim v thay i
lng m ca van trt iu khin
tng ng vi s thay i bin
dng ca mu. u d lun c t
st vo b mt ca mu bng l xo
t trong van trt. m bo
cht lng lm vic ca h thng,
u d cn c chuyn ng d
dng, c cng vng m bo v
c th di chuyn c khi gp gc
nghing.
Hnh 4. 16: u d chp hnh cc chi tit c gc nghing n 45o
Loi u d n gin nht l loi con ln (hnh 4. 16, a). Trong loi ny,
mt u ca con trt ngi ta lm thm phn nh ra 1 c lp con ln 2. cho

144

u d lun t st vo b mt ca mu, m bo cho vic chp hnh c chnh

xc, pha u trn ca con trt c lp l xo 3.
Loi u d ny c u im l kt cu n gin, nhng ch dng c khi
gia cng cc b mt c gc nghing nh. Trong trng hp phi gia cng nhng
mt c gc nghing ln hoc mt bc, ngi ta thng dng loi u d nh trn
hnh 4. 16, b. Loi ny ch gia cng c nhng chi tit c gc nghing n 45o.
Bi v khi gc nghing ln hn, u d khng m bo t st vo b mt ca mu
lm cho s gia cng thiu chnh xc. Cng nh loi con ln, loi ny s truyn
tn hiu cho con trt theo phng dc trc cho nn khng gy ra lc hng knh,
v do ma ma st gia con trt vo op van nh.
Kt cu ca u d bao cc mu c gc nng n 90o c biu din
trn hnh 4. 17.

Hnh 4. 17: u d chp hnh cc chi tit c gc nghing n 90o

trng thi I, khi u d 1 khng tip xc vi b mt ca mu 2, th n

by 3 lp trn mt cu 4, di tc dng ca l xo 5 trng thi ng. trng thi

ny, mt cu 7 pha trn n by 3 t st vo nh ca mt nn 4. Van trt iu
khin 8 lc ny chim v tr tn cng pha di.
trng thi II, do tc ng ca mu 2, u d 1 dch i mt on a0, ng
thi n by 3 cng lc quanh v tr cn bng (mt cu 4). Mt cu 7 pha trn tc
ng ln mt nn 6 y con trt 8 dch chuyn ln trn chim v tr trung gian.
145

 trng thi III, khi u d 1 dch i mt on a1 > a0, con trt 8 dch ln
trn mt lng ln hn v chim v tr tn cng pha trn.

Do c kt cu nh vy m u d lun truyn cho con trt ca van iu khin

mt lng di ng tng ng vi lch ca n quanh v tr thng ng. Nu gc
cn bng 90o th nhn c lng dch chuyn ca con trt: x=ar2/r1.
u im ca loi u d ny l c th lm vic theo mi phng, v vy m
n c th c dng gia cng cc chi khng gian phc tp. Do trong kt cu
c s tip xc gia mt nn v mt cu m loi u d ny c mt nhc im c
bn l sinh ra lc hng knh, lm tng ma st gia con trt v o van.

Hnh 4. 18: Mt v d v kt cu ca u d c kh
Ngoi nhng kt cu k trn, ngi ta cn dng nhiu loi u d khc.
c bit l nng cao cht lng chp hnh ngi ta thng dng kt hp
gia loi ny vi loi khc hoc dng ng thi nhiu u d trong mt h
thng chp hnh.

146

Hnh 4. 18 biu din chi tit hn kt cu ca u d, c s nguyn l nh

trn hnh 4. 17. y l u d dng con trt 4 mp mp iu khin bnh thng,
gm con trt 2 v o van 5. iu c bit, ng ni y l gii php kt cu c
th. gim lc ngang t u d 1 tc dng trc tip ln con trt 2, gim ma st
gia con trt v o van, gia chng c lp thm cn y 3. Cn y truyn
y lc dc trc nhng chu hon ton lc ngang. Trn hnh 4. 18, a cn y
trt trong l ca bc 4 nn ma st cn ln. khc phc iu , nh thy trn
hnh 4. 18, b, cn y c lp trn mng 4. Nh c dng tm mng, mng
chuyn ng nh nhng theo chiu trc nhng li rt cng vng theo chiu
ngang. Gii php ny khc phc c gn nh hon ton lc ngang tc dng ln
con trt, ng thi lc cn chuyn ng dc trc rt nh. gim ma st gia
con trt 2 v o van 5, gia chng cn c lp bi 6.
Trn cc my o ta (CMM) v my CNC hin i, ang c dng ph
bin cc loi u d c kh vi cm bin quang v cm bin p in (hnh 4. 19).
Vi cc lai u d ny, lc tip xc rt nh v chnh xc rt cao.

Hnh 4. 19: Kt cu u d c kh dng cm bin quang v cm bin lc

147

4.3.2. u d in - thy lc v kh nn

Trong tt c cc h thng chp hnh trnh by, cc u d u l cc van

tit lu, c s dng cc truyn ng c kh. Ngoi nhng hn ch nu ra, nh
lc truyn ng v qun tnh ln, truyn dn kh khn, cn c nhiu l do dn
n cc gii php h thng, kt hp c kh, thy lc, in,... vi nhau. V d:
- Trn mt s my, bin dng chi tit gia cng c cho di dng bn v,
nn cn thit b c quang in;
- Trn cc my gia cng chnh xc, thit b o c dng l u o kh nn,
thc cht l sensor p sut;
- Trn cc my ln, khong cch t u d n xi lanh lc ln, truyn ng
thy lc vi cc ng du p sut cao khng thun li bng truyn ng in;
- Trn cc my iu khin s ngay t th h u, chng trnh c ghi
trn cc bng, a t nn cn thit b nhn tn hiu in t.
Trn cc h thng hn hp, cu trc iu khin vn nh trong hnh 4. 3, ch
c mt s khu thy lc thun ty c thay bng cc khu in, kh nn,... hoc
phi hp gia chng, nh in - thy lc, in - kh nn, kh nn - thy lc, c in t,... l xu hng pht trin tt yu ca cc thit b t ng ni chung. S
ra i ca my NC, CNC nh du bc ngot trn con ng pht trin ca my
cng c, nhng phi trn c s k tha v bin i, nng cp cc my t ng
trc , bng cch thay th tng b phn n ton h thng.
Sau y chng ta xem xt vi v d.
Trn hnh 4. 20 l s h thng bm thy lc ca my iu khin s
-1 (ra i khong nm 1960).
Thay v dng mu c kh,
chng trnh c ghi trn ba
c l, u c cho ra tn hiu
in. Tn hiu ny c x l
v khuych i nh b iu
khin - khuych i in p 1,
a vo cun dy 2 ca van
in t. Lc in t lm dch
chuyn con trt ca van trt
4 mp iu khin, iu khin
ng c thy lc 4.

148

Hnh 4. 20: S h thng bm thy lc kt

hp iu khin in trn my -1

Vic s dng tn hiu in thay cho u d c kh cho php gim kch thc
ca con trt (nh hn 10-12mm), gim p sut lm vic (di 30kG/cm2), ng
thi loi tr c nhng vn do tip xc c hc gia u d v mu gy nn,
nh lc tip xc, sai s do kch thc ca u d, hn ch dc ca mu,...
Thng qua b bin tc, c cu vt me - ai c 5, ng c lm bn my 6 di
chuyn. Mt nhnh tn hiu v tr c phn hi qua bin th quay ti b iu khin.
H thng trn hnh 4. 21
c dng trn my iu khin
theo chng trnh kiu 642.
H thng dng cm bin in
thy lc 1, dng tn hiu in
iu khin van kim 5, thng qua
van trt 2, iu khin xi lanh
3.Du c cp ti cm bin,
kim khuych i in - thy lc
1 t mt bm c lp 4, cng
sut nh (5l/ph), qua khe gia l
ca tm ngn 6 v mi kim van
1 v b.

Hnh 4. 21: S h thng bm thy lc kt

hp iu khin in trn my 642

ng thi, mt nhnh i vo khoang A iu khin con trt 2. Do p

sut trong khoang A (mt tri ca tn van) khng i, cn p sut ln mt phi
ca tn ph thuc vo m ca van kim.
Khi van i ln, m ln, con trt 2 dch sang phi, tng lng du t
bm chnh 11 vo khoang phi ca xi lanh 3, ng thi cng tng lng du t
khoang tri v b. Kt qu l piston lc di chuyn v bn phi. Lc lm di
chuyn kim van rt nh, ch khong (0,03-0,04)N nn h thng lm vic rt nhy
v chnh xc.
Ngoi in thy lc, cc h thng bm thy lc dng cm bin kh nn cng
thng c s dng. Lc iu khin ch khong (0,08-0,2)N. Chng cho php
gia cng chnh xc n 0,01mm v nhm b mt n 0,002mm.
4.4. T ng ha my cng c dng chp hnh thy lc
4.4.1. H thng chp hnh 1 to vi lng chy dao dc khng i

Trn hnh 4. 22 l s h thng chp hnh 1 to dng xi lanh vi sai v

van trt 1 mp iu khin.

149

H gm c mu 1 g c nh.
Thn van 2, trong c con trt 3 gn
lin vi u d. Thn xi lanh 4 gn
trn bn xe dao dc chuyn ng
vi vn tc S1 khng i. Bn dao
ngang 6 (mang dao) c gn ln
cn piston 5, chuyn ng theo
phng chuyn ng bm S2.
Vn tc S1 khng i do c
cu chy dao dc thc hin.

Hnh 4. 22: Chp hnh 1 to

Khi u d cha tip xc vi mu 1, di sc p ca l xo, con trt 3 i

xung ng kn ca du v b.
c im ca h ny l p sut du khoang nh (A) khng i. p sut
trong khoang B c iu khin nh thay i tit din ng du v b trong van 2.
Du t bm cp vo khoang A ca xi lanh, chy qua l 7 dang khang B. Do
ca v b b ng kn nn p sut du trong 2 khoang ca xi lanh tng dn n gi
tr nh mc. Do din tch piston pha B ln hn (thng gp 2 ln) pha khoang A
nn lc tc dng ln mt trn ln gp 2 ln lc tc dng ln mt di, y piston i
xung. Do cn piston 6 v thn van 2 c gn lin khi nn thn van 2 cng i
xung, mang con trt xung theo. n khi u d chm vo mu, dng li, cn
thn 2 vn i xung, khin ca du v c m ra. Du t khoang B chy v b,
khin p sut trong khoang B gim, piston c gi v tr cn bng. Trng thi
c duy tr trong sut thi gian u d trt trn ng ngang ca mu.
Khi u d i xung sn dc, ca du v hp li, p sut khoang B tng,
y piston (mang dao) i xung n su vo phi. Khi u d trt trn mt
nghing th dao cng tip tc i xung vi vn tc S2. Vec tor vn tc tng hp S
s c phng song song vi ng nghing trn mu. Khi u d trt trn ng
ngang th ca du v m rng thm, p sut trong khoang B gim, duy tr trng
thi cn bng.
Trn hnh 4. 23 l s h thng chp hnh dng xi lanh vi sai v con trt
c 2 mp iu khin.
H thng ny ging h trc ch p sut du khoang nh (A) c cp
thng t bm khng i. p sut du trong khoang ln (B) c iu khin nh

150

con trt 2 mp iu khin 3. Khi 3 v tr gia, du cp qua khoang trn ca

thn van 2 s chy v b qua khoang di m khng vo xi lanh.
Nu u d i xung th mp trn ca 3 m rng ca cp du cho khoang B,
ng thi ng bt ca thot khin p sut trong khoang B tng, y piston (c
gn dao) i xung n su vo phi. Thn van 2 ng thi cng i xung theo n
v tr trung gian.
Nu u d i ln th qu trnh xy ra ngc li.
Trn hnh 4. 24 l mt h chp hnh 1 to , dng van trt 1 mp iu
khin v xi lanh tc dng 1 pha. Bn c t xc nh nguyn l lm vic ca h
thng ny.

Hnh 4. 23: H thng chp hnh 1 to

vi van c 2 mp iu khin

Hnh 4. 24: H thng chp hnh 1

to dng xi lanh tc dng 1 pha

Trn hnh 4. 25 l s h thng chp hnh 1 to dng van trt 2 mp iu

khin. Nguyn l lm vic ca c cu ny nh sau:
Van trt 3 v xi lanh truyn lc 4 mang dao ct 6 cng c lp trn bn
dao ngang 5. Piston ca xi lanh truyn lc c c nh trn bn dao dc, chuyn
ng nh trc vt me ca my vi lng chy dao dc S1.
v tr trung gian ca con trt 3, du t bm du chy qua van iu khin
ri tr v b du, xi lanh truyn lc 4 ng yn, tc l lng chy dao bm S2=0.

Vi S1 khng i, S2=0, thc hin gia cng mt tr.

Khi mi d 2 n mt nghing ca mu 7 lp ngoi bn trt, dch con trt
i mt lng X (theo mi tn). Lc ny mp iu khin ca ra m rng thnh
X0+X, p sut P1 gim xung, hiu p gia hai bung c hnh thnh.

151

V piston c nh trn bn
dao dc, nn xi lanh mang bn
trt 5 cng dao ct 6 thc hin
lng chy dao S2 theo chiu
tng kch thc phi. Do o
van trt 3 v xi lanh 4 cng
lp vo mt khi, nn xi lanh 4
di ng theo S2, khe h ca ra
ca van trt iu khin tng
ln.
Nu mi d 2 vn di ng
trn mt nghing ca mu, con
trt vn di ng theo hng X
th qu trnh trn vn tip din
Hnh 4. 25: C cu chp hnh mt ta cho n khi cc khe h tr v
gi tr v tr trung gian.
dng cho my tin
4.4.2. H thng chp hnh 1 ta vi lng chy dao dc thay i
loi ny, lng chy dao dc v lng chy dao ngang u c thc hin
bng du p. H thng bm trong c cu ny thng c s dng l van trt 4
mp iu khin. n nh lng chy dao tng hp, h thng c lp thm b
n tc nh trn s hnh 4. 26.

Hnh 4. 26: C cu chp hnh vi lng chy dao dc thay i

152

Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng nh sau:

Du t bm du c p sut P0 c a vo bn phi ca xi lanh 1, y
piston gn lin vi bn trt 9 qua tri thc hin lng chy dao dc. Du t
bung tri qua van gim p 8 v van tit lu 7 ca b n tc v b. Van tit lu 7
dng iu chnh lng chy dao dc. Khi u d 5 tip xc vi mu chp hnh,
con trt 3 ca van iu chnh 2 nng ln, du qua mp a-a vo bung A ca xi
lanh 10, y piston mang u dao 11 i ln. Du t bung B qua mp b-b v van
tit lu 6 iu chnh lng chy dao ngang v b du. V o ca van iu khin 2
v u dao 11 l mt khi, nn o ca van iu khin cng i ln lm gim khe
h a-a. Lc ny chuyn ng dao dc vn tip tc, con trt 3 vn tip tc nng
ln lm tng khe h a-a, u dao 11 li i ln. Khi u d tip xc vi phn thp
dn ca mu th qu trnh xy ra theo chiu ngc li.
Khi thc hin lng chy dao ngang lng du Qt chy t xi lanh 10 ln, v
do p sut P2 tc dng ln tit din f2 ca van gim p 8 tng qu lc iu
chnh ca l xo, y con trt i ln, lm gim tit din chy ca ra ca xi lanh
1. Tc chy dao dc bng V1 do m gim xung cho n khi cc lc tc
dng ln con trt ca van gim p 8 tr li trng thi cn bng.
P2f2 + P3f3 - PLX = 0

C cu chp hnh dng van 4 mp iu khin c h s khch i tc ln

hn c cu chp hnh dng van 2 mp iu khin. Do vy m chnh xc v
kch thc v hnh dng khi chp hnh cao hn. H s khuch i lc ( cng vng)
ca hai loi nh nhau, nhng nhy ca loi 4 mp iu khin km hn do ma st
con trt v n hi du nhiu hn. Tuy vy nhc im ny khng ng k so
vi u im ca n vi h thng chp hnh dng 2 mp iu khin.
Trn hnh 4. 27 l s h thng chp hnh 2 to dng trn nhm my
tin chp hnh bn t ng kiu 1722-1732. Bn dao ngang c dn ng nh xi
lanh 4, cn bn dao dc nh xi lanh 2.
Khi trt trn mu 10, u d 9 dch chuyn, con trt 8 s i ln, m 2 l
trn thn van 7. Du t bm 14 c cp vo khoang di ca xi lanh 4. Du t
khoang trn thot v b qua van tit lu 13. Bn dao ngang 11 mang dao chuyn
ng ln thc hin chy dao ngang.
Thn van 7 c ni cng vi cn piston 5 nn cng di chuyn theo ln trn,
c xu hng ng kn l cp du, a qu trnh tr li trng thi cn bng, v vy
bn dao ngang 11 lun lun di chuyn phng ngang, bm theo u d 9.

153

Du t bm 14 ng
thi cng c cp vo
khoang phi ca xi lanh 2,
khin piston 3 mang bn dao
dc di chuyn sang tri, thc
hin chy dao dc. Du
trong khoang tri ca xi lanh
2 b nn, chy qua b t
ng iu chnh v b qua
van tit lu 12. B t ng
iu chnh 1 c nhim v
iu chnh tc chy dao
dc cho ph hp vi tc
chy dao ngang.
Hnh 4. 27: Chp hnh 2 to trn my tin
Gi s tc chy dao ngang tng, p sut pha trc van tit lu 13 tng,
ko theo p sut trn nh piston ca b iu chnh 1 tng, y con trt i
xung, gim tit din thot du ca xi lanh 2. Kt qu l tc chy dao dc
gim i, lm tng dc ca b mt gia cng.
My tin vi h thng trn c th gia cng trc nhiu bc, k c gia cng
mt u vung gc vi ng tm.
4.4.3. Mt s v d v h thng bm trn my cng c

Trong cc thp k trc 1980, khi my CNC cn cha c s dng ph

bin th truyn ng thy lc c mt trn rt c cc loi my cng c, t my
chnh xc nh my mi, tin, phay,... n cc loi my gia cng th, nh my
cn, un, rn dp,... Sau ny, truyn ng v iu khin in t, vi u th v tnh
linh hot, d ghp ni, truyn dn thay th dn tng phn hoc ton b, nhng cc
tng v cu trc iu khin vn c k tha vi nhiu mc khc nhau.
Trn mt s my cng c hin i, truyn ng thy lc vn c s dng cho
n ngy nay. Mt s v d sau y minh ha ng dng ca h thng bm thy
lc trn cc my cng c truyn thng.
4.4.3.1. T ng ha my phay

H thng bm thy lc c ng dng trn tt c cc loi my phay: ngang,

ng, ging,... Ty theo yu cu gia cng, c th s dng h 1 hoc 2 ta .

154

Trn hnh 4. 28 l mt phng n ng dng h thng chp hnh thy lc 1

ta trn my phay ngang 6H82 gia cng cc rnh cong. u trc chnh
c c lp trn tr ng, mang dao phay ngn hoc dao phay tr v dn ng
t ng c 5. Chuyn ng ln xung ca trc chnh c thc hin nh xi lanh
lc 2. Chy dao dc ca bn my c iu khin nh ng c c lp hoc bng
tay. Trn bn my c lp phi 10 v mu 11. Van trt c 4 mp iu khin.

Hnh 4. 28: H thng chp hnh trn my phay ngang - phng n 1

Ni chung, v nguyn l v kt cu, y l h thng chp hnh 1 ta c
bn. Cc thng s kt cu ca h thng bm nh sau: chiu rng ca khe
h0=40m, chiu di b=94mm; xi lanh lc c ng knh D=120mm, hnh trnh
H=100mm; bm du c cng sut Q=12l/ph, p sut cng tc 12kG/cm2
(1,18Mpa).
Hnh 4. 29 th hin phng n 2, ng dng h thng chp hnh trn my
phay ngang 6H82. Khc vi phng n trn, y dng van trt 1 mp iu
khin, c thit b gim rung 8; xi lanh lc 6 c lp gia 5 v phn cng xn
4 c lp bn my, to chuyn ng ln xung. Dao phay c lp trn trc nm
ngang. Trn bn my c lp h thng chy dao ngang: gi c nh 12, bn trt
13, mu chp hnh 14, con ln 15 lun lun t st mt mu nh l xo. Chuyn
ng chy dao dc ca bn my c thc hin bng tay quay hoc ng c
ring. y thc cht l h thng chp hnh 2 ta (1 c kh, 1 thy lc) nn c
th gia cng mt cong khng gian, nh cnh qut, mt cam,...

155

Hnh 4. 29: H thng chp hnh trn my phay ngang - phng n 2

4.4.3.2. T ng ha my tin

Trn cc my tin thng c dng 1 hoc kt hp 2 h thng chp hnh 1

ta , ch trong trng hp c bit ngi ta mi dng cc h thng 2 ta .
Trn hnh 4. 30 l s my -500, c s dng nhiu trong cng
nghip, c trang b h thng chp hnh 1 ta vi u d 4 mp iu khin.
Xi lanh 1 c lp vo mt trn ca i dao. Cn piston 4 cng thn u d c
lp vi chui dao, thc hin chuyn ng bm. Mu 6 c lp ln bn dao
ngang, thc hin chuyn ng dn. Khi vn tay quay ch dao ngang, mu trt
tng i vi u d theo phng S1. u d, thng qua van trt 2 lm cn
piston cng dao thc hin chuyn ng bm S2. i dao c th c t gc
no ph hp nht vi dng li ct.
Cc thng s kt cu ca h thng bm nh sau: chiu rng ca khe
h0=40m, chiu di b=78mm; xi lanh lc c ng knh D=70mm, hnh trnh
H=90mm; bm du c cng sut Q=(12-18)l/ph, p sut cng tc (12-25)kG/cm2.

156

Hnh 4. 30: H thng chp hnh trn my tin

Trn hnh 4. 31 l s my -200, c TH gia cng cc trc
bc. Thn u d 7 c lp ln bn dao dc, nhn chuyn ng S1 t c cu chy
dao dc. Mu 9 c lp c nh vo thn my. Thn xi lanh c lp ln bn
dao ngang, lch 45o vi phng chy dao dc. Nh vy c th gia cng c trc
bc 90o.

Hnh 4. 31: H thng chp hnh trn my tin

157

4.4.3.3. T ng ha cc loi my khc

Cc h thng truyn ng v iu khin thy lc khng ch c dng trn

cc my ct kim loi, m cn trn nhiu loi my cng c khc na, k c cc
my rn dp, cn, un. Sau y l v d ng dng ca chng trn my un.
Trn hnh 4. 32 l s my un thp tm dng h thng bm thy lc. C
2 h thng chnh: h thng dn phi, c nhim v dch chuyn phi (thp tm) v
h thng bm thc hin cng vic un thp theo bin dng nh trc. Phi 1
c , kp v dch chuyn theo phng ngang nh h cc thng con ln dn
ng (3, 5) v dn hng (4). Mt xch ng hc, lin kt chuyn ng tnh tin
(S1) ca phi vi chuyn ng quay () ca mu 6, sao cho khi phi dch c
mt khong bng chu vi ca chi tit th mu quay ng 1 vng.

Hnh 4. 32: H thng chp hnh trn my un thp tm

H thng bm gm van trt iu khin 10, xi lanh lc 8 mang theo con ln
to hnh 2, mu 6. Khi con ln quay, thng qua n 12, cn 11 lm dch chuyn
con trt 9 khi v tr trung gian, a du vo xi lanh, to chuyn ng bm S2
ca piston. Gi s con trt i ln, du t bm vo khoang A, du t khoang B v
b, khin piston 8 i ln. Khi con trt i xung, ngc li du c bm vo
khoang B, thot t khoang A v b, piston 8 i xung.
Tay quay 13 c dng khi cn chuyn ng piston 8 bng tay.

158

Chng 5: Nhp mn iu khin s my cng c

My NC (Numerical Control Machine Tools) nu c dch mt cch y
phi l my cng c iu khin theo chng trnh s, nhng thng c gi tt l
my cng c iu khin s hoc my NC. Tuy cng thuc nhm my t ng,
nhng my NC c nhng tin b vt bc v nn tng cng ngh v tnh nng.
c th hiu su sc hn v bn cht ca NC, nhng u im v ng dng ca my
NC, chng ta hy im qua v vn t ng ho qu trnh cng ngh v v my
t ng ni chung trc khi i vo nhng vn ring ca my NC.
5.1. Khi qut v iu khin qu trnh cng ngh

t c kt qu gia cng mong mun, qu trnh cng ngh (gia cng

trn my cng c) cn phi c iu khin. C th ni lch s pht trin ca
khoa hc cng ngh ch to my gn lin vi lch s pht trin ca k thut iu
khin my cng c. iu khin my cng c c nh ngha l s tc ng ln
cc c cu ca my thc hin qu trnh cng ngh gia cng chi tit t cc ch
tiu k thut, nng sut v chi ph [7]. iu khin my cng c c th "bng tay"
(do con ngi thc hin) hoc "t ng", ngha l khng c s can thip trc tip
ca con ngi. Tng ng vi 2 phng php iu khin l 2 loi my: my thng
thng v my t ng.
My thng thng (Conventional Machine Tools), i khi cn c gi mt
cch khng tht r rng l my vn nng (Universal Machine Tools hoc General
Purpose Machine Tools), l cc my cng c khng c t ng ho hoc t
ng ho mc rt thp. Mc d c nhng tin b vt bc v kt cu; c th
t chnh xc gia cng cao (n m); tc lm vic cao (3000 4000v/ph) v
kh nng cng ngh cao (gia cng c nhiu dng b mt khc nhau); cc tin ch
s dng c ci thin (v d o, hin th to v chu trnh gia cng dng s),...
nhng v nguyn l lm vic v kt cu c bn th cc my vn nng th h mi
(hnh 1.13) khng c g khc so vi my c in (hnh 1.12). V bn cht, chng
u c ngi iu khin trc tip. Ngi th ng my phi trc tip thc hin
hu ht cc cng vic, t g phi, chn dao, t ch ct, dch chuyn dao, gim
st qu trnh v kim tra kt qu gia cng,... n tho chi tit khi my.

Trn my t ng (Automated Machine Tools), mt s chc nng c iu

khin t ng. T my thng thng thnh my t ng iu khin s hin i,
my cng c tri qua nhiu giai on TH. Trc ht ngi ta u tin TH h
thng chuyn ng to hnh, sau l TH cc h thng ph tr.
159

5.1.1. iu khin qu trnh cng ngh vi my cng c truyn thng

My cng c truyn thng c iu khin bng tay (hnh 5. 1). Qu trnh

cng ngh cha ng tng tc c, l, ho gia cc yu t ca h thng v cc
yu t nhiu lon. Thng s u vo ca h thng l ch cng ngh (tc ct
S v lng chy dao F), cc thng s u ra Y th hin phn ng ca h thng
(kch thc, nhm b mt, lc ct, nhit vng ct, rung ng, mn dao,...).
Chc nng iu khin hon ton do con ngi (cng nhn) thc hin. Con ngi
cn c yu cu cng ngh, tnh ton cc thng s cng ngh X, t chng vo
my, gim st u ra Y ca qu trnh thc hin cc hiu chnh cn thit. Trong
h thng ny hon ton khng c yu t t ng iu khin. V nguyn tc, y
l h iu khin qu trnh. Vi cu trc ny ca h thng, qu trnh cng ngh
nm trong vng iu khin nn mc d khng t c chnh xc v nhy
cn thit (do con ngi thc hin), nhng h thng li c kh nng thch ng vi
bin ng ca qa trnh. Do cc c im ni trn m my cng c thng thng
c gi l h thng iu khin thch nghi bng tay (Manual Adaptive Control).

Hnh 5. 1: S iu khin qu trnh theo cng ngh truyn thng

5.1.2. iu khin qu trnh cng ngh vi my t ng
Khi thc hin qu trnh cng ngh trn my t ng (hnh 5. 2), vic tnh
ton cc ch cng ngh vn do con ngi thc hin. B iu khin thay th
con ngi a cc thng s cng ngh (S, F) vo my v iu khin my hot
ng theo cc gi tr n nh. N ch gip t ng ho khu nhn, c, gii
m chng trnh, tnh ton v iu khin h thng thc hin ng trnh t v
thng s cng ngh quy nh sn. Chnh v vy, iu khin my cng c l iu
khin theo chng trnh.

Hnh 5. 2: S iu khin qu trnh trn my t ng

160

Mc tiu iu khin t ng trn cc my cng c hin nay l m bo cc

c cu cng tc hot ng theo ng trnh t v cc ch cng ngh (S, F) ghi
trong chng trnh ch khng phi l cc thng s ra (Y) ca qu trnh. Cht
lng ca qu trnh hon ton ph thuc vo tnh ng n ca php tnh thng
s cng ngh ban u. Qu trnh cng ngh nm ngoi vng gim st ca b iu
khin nn b iu khin khng th nhn bit v khng th phn ng trc cc
bin ng (nhiu lon) trong xy ra trong qu trnh cng ngh v nhng bin
ng ca thng s ra Y. V vy, b iu khin ny c gi l b iu khin tnh
(Fixed Controller).
5.1.3. iu khin thch nghi qu trnh cng ngh

Mun t ng kim sot kt qu gia cng, b iu khin phi c kh nng

nhn bit nhng thay i ca cc thng s ra Y hoc cc thng s mi trng c
trng, c kh nng b tr hoc hn ch bin ng ca chng, nhm duy tr s lm
vic bnh thng hoc m bo hiu qu cao nht cho qu trnh. H thng iu
khin nh vy c gi l h iu khin thch nghi (KTN). S KTN my
cng c c th hin trong hnh 5. 3. Trong h thng ny, con ngi ch phi
tnh ch gia cng. B iu khin (thng l CNC) vn gi chc nng nhn v
duy tr thng s cng ngh nh. B KTN gim st thng s ra hoc thng s
mi trng, ra quyt nh iu khin v lnh cho b CNC thc hin cc hiu
chnh cn thit cc thng s cng ngh. Vic gim st v hiu chnh ch cng
ngh c thc hin trong thi gian thc, khin my cng c lm vic vi ch
gia cng S2, F2 khc vi ch gia cng tnh ton S1, F1, m bo gi tr hp l
nht ca thng s ra.

Hnh 5. 3: S iu khin thch nghi qu trnh cng ngh

V cu trc logic, s KTN trong hnh 5. 3 tng t nh s iu
khin bng tay trong hnh 5. 1, nhng KTN do my mc thc hin nn m bo
c chnh xc v nhy cao. Khc v bn cht so vi iu khin thng
thng, KTN mang tnh tch cc, ng v thng minh.
161

5.2. Cc dng iu khin t ng my cng c

T my thng thng n my CNC hin i, my cng c tri qua nhiu

giai on pht trin. l qu trnh t ng ho tng phn, tng h thng ca
my vi s ng dng cc k thut tin tin nht ca mi thi k. Trc ht, ngi
ta u tin TH h thng chuyn ng to hnh, sau TH cc h thng ph tr.
V k thut, tt c cc dng TH dng tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s c
ln lt s dng.
m bo cc thng s hnh hc v cht lng gia cng, h thng chuyn
ng to hnh phi lm vic theo mt chng trnh lp trc. Chng trnh gia
cng c biu hin di cc dng khc nhau v c ghi ln mt phng tin
thch hp, c gi l vt mang tin. Cn c vo dng biu din chng trnh v
vt mang tin (phn t xm trong hnh 5. 4), c th phn bit 4 dng iu khin.
l dng iu khin bng cam (I), iu khin theo mu (II), iu khin nh
bng cm (III) v iu khin theo chng trnh s (IV).

Hnh 5. 4: Cc dng iu khin my cng c

162

5.2.1. iu khin bng cam

Trong h thng iu khin bng

cam (Cam Control), khong v tc
dch chuyn ca cc c cu c iu
khin nh bin dng ca cam. S phi
hp gia cc c cu c thc hin
nh v tr tng i ca cc cam vi
nhau trn trc phn phi. Hnh 5. 5 l
s c cu chy dao ca my t
ng revolver. Bin dng ca cc cam
1, 2, 3 quyt nh quy lut dch
chuyn ca cc bn dao tng ng (6,
5, 7). Tc n dao ph thuc vo tc
ca trc phn phi 4 v ng b
vi tc trc chnh. Cc dao hot
ng theo chu trnh. Trong dng iu
khin ny, chng trnh gia cng c
th hin qua hnh hc v tr ca cc
cam. Tn hiu iu khin l tn hiu
tng t v h thng cam - trc phn
phi l vt mang tin.

Hnh 5. 5: H thng iu khin bng

cam

5.2.2. iu khin theo mu

H thng iu khin theo

mu (Tracer Control) cn c
gi l h thng chp hnh, trong
qu o ca dao (to nn bin
dng ca chi tit gia cng) c
sao chp t bin dng ca mu
(hnh 5. 6). Tu theo c cu
truyn chuyn ng t u d 2
n dao 8 m ngi ta phn bit
h thng chp hnh c kh (dng
con trt, n by c kh) hoc h
thng bm (thu lc, in hoc
in - thu lc).

Hnh 5. 6: H thng chp hnh thu lc

163

Trong h thng chp hnh, chng trnh c cha trong mu. Tn hiu iu
khin l tn hiu tng t v mu chp hnh l vt mang tin.
5.2.3. iu khin nh bng cm

Bng cm (Plugboard) l tn chung ch

cc bng phng (Panel
Type) hoc tang trng
(Drum Type), trn cha
ma trn (hng ct) cc l
cm cm dy, ni kn
mch in (qua cc phn t
logic in, in t nh tip
im, rle, diode, b m,
nh thi,...) iu khin
mt chui cng vic nht
nh (hnh 5. 7).

Hnh 5. 7: Bng cm l vt mang tin

Nh vy trong trng hp ny, bng cm chnh l vt mang tin. Mi hng

trong bng tng ng vi mt lnh trong chng trnh, nn s hng trn bng
cm (thng l 24) gii hn s lnh iu khin. Trn mi hng c cc l (thng
l 34) cch u nhau. Khi mi l c cm th mt chc nng tng ng c
kch hot (v d dch chuyn theo chiu +X). Khi mi lnh (hng) c hon
thnh th cc cng tc hnh trnh s tc ng, cho php chuyn sang lnh ghi
trong hng k tip. V vy, iu khin dng bng cm thuc dng iu khin ni
cng (Hard-Wired Control).
Mt b iu khin c th dng kt hp nhiu bng cm, mi bng cha mt
modul chng trnh theo chc nng nht nh. Trn mt s my cng c cn
dng 2 loi bng cm: bng cm c - in, cha cc dng, vu, cng tc in
iu khin qu o v to dch chuyn ca c cu cng tc v bng cm in
iu khin cc chc nng ph tr (nh bt tt, o chiu ng c, thay dao,
ti dung dch,...). Tn hiu iu khin dng vi bng cm c th l lin tc hoc
ri rc, tu theo phn t c dng.
C th ni, iu khin bng bng cm cha phi l iu khin theo chng
trnh s, nhng vic dng v tr cc phn t (v d l cm, r le, cht,...) m
ho chc nng iu khin gi ra tng mang tnh cch mng trong lnh vc
iu khin my cng c: iu khin theo chng trnh s.
164

5.2.4. iu khin theo chng trnh s

iu khin theo chng trnh s l dng iu khin theo chng trnh cho
trc, c sn sinh v lu tr di dng cc k t (ch s, ch ci hoc cc k t
c bit). Nh s dng chng trnh dng k t m vic sn sinh, sa i chng
trnh d dng hn; thit b lu tr v c chng trnh a dng v n gin hn,
nht l khi my tnh c s dng vi t cch b iu khin. V iu khin s my
cng c l ni dung c bn, xuyn sut ca ti liu ny nn tng vn : khi nim,
kt cu, vn hnh, lp trnh cho my cng c iu khin s s c trnh by k
hn, theo tng chng ring.
c im ca cc dng iu khin ni trn c tm tt trong bng sau.
Dng iu
khin

Vt mang tin
Nhim v

Hnh hc

Chc nng ph
tr

Ni sn sinh
chng trnh

Bng cam

nh v, dch
chuyn

cam (a, thng, mt u)

phng thit
k

Bng mu

nh v, dch
chuyn

mu, dng

phng thit
k

Bng cm

nh v, dch
chuyn

vu, mu

bng cm

ti my

NC

nh v, dch
chuyn chnh xc

bng c
l, bng t

chuyn mch,
bng l, bng t

phng cng
ngh

CNC

nh v, dch
chuyn chnh xc
vi dng hnh hc
phc tp

bng c l, bng t, a t,
b nh trong

phng cng
ngh hoc
ti my

5.3. iu khin s my cng c

5.3.1. Khi nim iu khin s

Hin c nhiu nh ngha v iu khin theo chng trnh s(*).

(*)

Thut ng "iu khin s" c dch trc tip t "Numerical Control". Tuy nhin, trong
ting Vit, "iu khin s" cn c ngha l iu khin dng tn hiu s "Digital Control". Trong
nhiu trng hp, cn phn bit trnh nhm ln. Trong ti liu ny, tr nhng ch c ghi ch,
thut ng "iu khin s" cn c hiu mt cch chnh xc l "iu khin theo chng trnh s"
(nh trong ting Nga: " ").

165

Theo Hip hi cng nghip in t M [3] (U. S. Electronic Industries

Association - EIA), thit b iu khin s l mt h thng, hot ng ca n c
iu khin bng d liu s. H thng phi dch t ng t nht mt phn ca d
liu ny.
Theo Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, iu khin s l iu khin mt h
thng hay thit b bng cch nhp trc tip d liu di dng ch s, ch ci, k
hiu, t hoc t hp cc dng trn.
Theo 20523-80 [7], iu khin theo chng trnh s my cng c l
iu khin qu trnh gia cng theo chng trnh, trong cc d liu c biu
din di dng ch ci v ch s.
Hai nh ngha u ng cho cc h iu khin s ni chung. Vi i tng
nghin cu c th ca chng ta (my cng c) th nh ngha 3 n gin v r rng
hn.
Vn iu khin s my cng c lin quan mt thit n mt s thut ng
sau:
Chng trnh gia cng (Part Program) l bn hng dn gia cng, trong
cha cc thng tin hnh hc (m t qu o chuyn ng tng i gia dao
v phi) v thng tin cng ngh (tc trc chnh, lng chy dao,...). Cc lnh
v t trong chng trnh c tp hp theo mt quy tc v trnh t quy nh v
c biu din theo mt h m tiu chun (v d ISO) m b iu khin c th
hiu v x l c. Nh m ho m cc thng tin c biu din di dng s.
B iu khin phi dch chng trnh ra m my x l.
M ho l s chuyn i thng tin cc dng khc nhau (ngn ng ni, s)
sang dng s (k t). V d lnh "Chy dao theo ng thng t v tr hin ti
n to X=100, Y=150 vi tc 300mm/ph" c m ho nh sau: G01 X100
Y150 F300; "Khi ng trc chnh theo chiu kim ng h" c m ho thnh
M03. Nh thng tin c s ho (thot ly bn cht vt l) m n c th c ghi
vo cc thit b lu tr vn bn. Thit b lu tr (vt mang tin) dng cho my NC
rt a dng v thay i khng ngng theo s tin b ca phng tin truyn v
lu tr thng tin: bng c l, ba c l, bng t, a t, cc thit b in t (nh
RAM, Memory Card, USB Flash Drive). Chng trnh NC cn c th c truyn
qua cp (RS 232, RS 485) hoc truyn file qua mng my tnh, nh mng cc b
(LAN) hoc Internet.

Tuy cc phng tin lu tr v truyn thng tin khc nhau v bn cht vt

l, nhng nguyn tc m ho vn ging nh bng c l.
166

Theo nguyn tc my tnh s, mi thng tin c s ho v c biu din

theo m nh phn, trong ch dng 2 k t, l "0" v "1". Trong my NC th h
c, "1" tng ng trng thi c tn hiu (xung), "0" tng ng trng thi khng c
xung. Trong my CNC (b iu khin l my tnh s) trng thi "1" hoc "0"
c cha trong 1 bit thng tin. Nh s dng kt hp cc bit theo mt quy tc
nht nh, ta c th biu din bt c k t no.
Do hn ch v kch thc, cc bng c l ch c 8 rnh (Track), nn h m nh
phn thun tu ch biu din c 258 k t, khng th biu din c cc s ln v
cc s thp phn nhiu ch s. khc phc iu , ngi ta a ra h m thpnh phn (Binary-Coded Decimal Code), gi tt l BCD Code. Trong h m BCD,
ch cc ch s t 0-9 l c biu din di dng nh phn, cn phn s l thp phn
c biu din di dng thp phn. Vi 1 bng c l 8 rnh, ta c th biu din bt
c k t no v lng thng tin l khng hn ch.
Hnh 5. 8 m t mt on bng c l theo h m BCD, chun ISO. Bng gm
8 rnh (Track) cha thng tin (nh s t 1-8) chy dc sut chiu di ca bng v 1
hng l (nh) n khp vi rng ca c cu dch chuyn. Mi hng (vung gc vi
phng chuyn ng) biu din 1 k t. V tr c l biu th gi tr 1, v tr khng c
l - gi tr 0.

Hnh 5. 8: Biu din thng tin trn bng c l 8 rnh nh BCD code
Quy tc kt hp cc bit c gi l h m (Code System). Ta ly 2 h m
thng dng lm v d v cch m ho thng tin (hnh 5. 9). l h EIA ca

167

Hip hi cng nghip in t M v h ISO ca t chc tiu chun th gii. Quy

c v cc rnh theo cc h m nh sau:
5.3.1.1. H EIA:

- rnh 1-4 biu din cc ch s 1-9 theo m nh phn;

- rnh 5 cha m kim tra;
- rnh 6 s 0;
- rnh 6 v 7 kt hp vi cc rnh 1-4 biu din cc ch ci v k hiu;
- rnh 8 kt thc dng lnh.
5.3.1.2. H ISO(*):

- rnh 1-4 kt hp vi rnh 5, 6 biu din cc ch s 0-9;

- rnh 1-5 kt hp vi rnh 7 biu din cc ch ci A-Z;
- rnh 8 cha m kim tra;
- rnh 1-4 kt hp vi rnh 6 biu din cc k hiu.
M kim tra (Parity Check) dng kim tra li. H EIA i hi s l trn
mi hng phi l. Nu s l mang thng tin l s chn th my c l phi t
ng c thm l vo rnh 5 to thnh s l l. Khi c thng tin gia cng,
nu gp hng c s l chn th b iu khin (NC) coi l li. H ISO yu cu
s chn v m kim tra rnh 8.
Theo h m ISO th on bng trn hnh 5. 8 biu th lnh G01 X25Y4.
Cng ngy my tnh trn my NC cng gn vi my tnh thng dng. V vy
mi phng tin lu tr v truyn thng ca my NC cng c dng chung vi
cc loi my tnh khc. Ngoi h m BCD ni trn, h m ASCII
(Ameriacan Standard Code for Information Interchange), mt h m dng chung
cho my tnh, ang dn dn c dng ph bin cho cc b iu khin cng
nghip trn nn my tnh s, trong c my CNC. Trn mn hnh ca cc b
CNC ra i trong khong thp nin gn y, chng trnh NC c hin th nh
file vn bn (text file), ngi dng c th sa cha, lu tr, sao chp. Hu ht cc
b CNC hin i c th c trc tip hoc chuyn i (Import, Export) cc
chng trnh NC c son tho bi cc b son tho vn bn (Text Editor) thng
dng. Trn thc t, ngi vn hnh cc my CNC hin i khng phi bn tm
n h m no ang c s dng. Vic son tho, sa cha v x l cc chng
trnh NC c thc hin nh vi cc file vn bn thng thng.

(*)

168

H tiu chun c DIN 66024 cng da trn h ISO

169

Hnh 5. 9: Quy c v biu din thng tin theo h m EIA v h m ISO

B iu khin (Machine Control Unit - MCU) v my cng c l 2 b phn

cu thnh chnh ca my NC (hnh 5. 10). MCU thc hin mi chc nng iu
khin, cung cp tn hiu cho cc thit b chp hnh trn my cng c. V phn
mnh, MCU c 2 modul thc hin 2 chc nng c bn: b x l d liu (Data
Processing Unit - DPU) v cc mch iu khin chp hnh (Control Loops Unit CLU). DPU c nhim v c v gii m chng trnh, tnh ton khong cch v tc
dch chuyn ca cc trc chy dao (ni suy) v cung cp s liu cho CLU. S
liu gm to im cn ti, chiu v vn tc chuyn ng ca mi trc chy
dao; cc thng tin ph tr (chiu quay trc chnh, dung dch bi trn,...). CLU cp
tn hiu chuyn ng cho cc thit b chp hnh v nhn tn hiu phn hi v v tr
v vn tc ca c cu cng tc. Nh vy, ch khi no CLU xc nhn lnh trc
hon thnh th DPU mi cung cp thng tin tip theo.

Hnh 5. 10: S cu trc ca my CNC

170

5.3.2. NC v CNC

C th quan nim mt cch n gin rng my CNC l my NC c iu

khin bng my tnh, hay ni cch khc, trn my CNC, my tnh gi vai tr b
iu khin. T c cng thc:
CNC = Computer + NC.
Quan nim khng sai, nhng cha th hin s tin b v cht ca
CNC so vi NC. Vic s dng my tnh s lm b iu khin lm thay i cn
bn cu trc v tnh nng ca ton h thng.
V cu trc, qu trnh chuyn ho t NC sang CNC trc ht l qu trnh
chuyn dn cc chc nng t phn cng sang phn mm. iu khin NC thng
c gi l iu khin ni cng (Hard-Wired Control), ngha l cc chc nng
u c thc hin bi cc modul phn cng v cc modul ny c ni cng vi
nhau nh dy dn, gic cm, chuyn mch,... Cho n cui thp k 196x, khi
minicomputer xut hin (vo nm 1969) th mt s chc nng c chuyn t
phn cng sang phn mm. Tuy nhin, vo thi , minicomputer cn t so vi
gi ca my cng c. Cho n cui thp k 197x v thp k 198x, microcomputer
mi c ng dng rng ri trong NC nh tnh nng tt m kch thc nh gn
v r tin. Cc b CNC da trn microcomputer c ng dng rng ri trong
cng nghip cho n by gi. Vai tr ca phn mm trong CNC ngy cng chim
u th v ngy nay CNC c quan nim l iu khin ni mm (Soft-Wired
Control), trong cc qu trnh thu nhn, x l v truyn d liu (t iu khin
vo/ra, ni suy, qun tr d liu, to lnh iu khin, gim st h thng,...) u do
my tnh vi phn mm thch hp thc hin. V d, b NC c ch to nm 1968
cha 400 bng mch, trong khi cc b CNC hin i vi cng chc nng ch c 1
bng mch. Hnh 5. 11 minh ho s chuyn cc chc nng iu khin t phn
cng sang phn mm.

V c bn, trn cc my NC, c DPU v CLU u c cu trc phn cng.

Trn my CNC, chc nng DPU do my tnh m nhim, cn CLU vn gi cu
trc phn cng.
- Tn hiu iu khin s dng trong cc h iu khin ni cng l xung in
p. Mi xung in p to nn dch chuyn bng 1 n v chiu di c s (Base
Length Unit - BLU) ca trc c iu khin. S lng cc xung cp cho ng c
xc nh khong cch cn dch chuyn, cn tn s cp xung xc nh vn tc dch
chuyn. Ngc li, tn hiu iu khin trong h CNC c dng s nh phn. Mi t

171

(Word) cha s bit nht nh (thng l 8, 16 hoc 32 bit tu theo b vi x l).

Mi bit d liu to ra dch chuyn bng 1 BLU cho trc iu khin.

Hnh 5. 11: S chuyn cc chc nng iu khin t phn cng sang phn mm
V tnh nng, CNC c nhiu u vit nh vic s dng my tnh s vi phn
mm tch hp trong iu khin. Hnh 5. 12 cho thy s khc nhau gia NC v
CNC.

172

Hnh 5. 12: So snh tnh nng ca NC v CNC

- My tnh CNC c y cc dng phn mm c bn(*): h iu hnh,
phn mm h thng v phn mm ng dng. V vy, CNC thc hin c cc
chc nng ca my tnh: qun l v iu hnh file, qun l b nh, iu khin
mn hnh, bn phm, mng truyn thng, son tho chng trnh, m phng
ho, truyn thng,...). Cc b CNC trn nn PC (PC Based CNC) dng cc h
iu hnh thng dng, nh Windows, Unix, to cho ngi dng mi trng lm
vic thun li v quen thuc.
- Giao din ngi dng ca my CNC hp dn v tin li: mn hnh ho
mu tr gip lp trnh v m phng kim tra chng trnh, thng bo trng
thi v cnh bo li, hng dn vn hnh,...)
(*)

Cc loi phn mm c h iu hnh (Operating System - OS), thc hin chc nng giao
din ngi dng, qun tr b nh, qun tr file,...; phn mm h thng (System Software) - qun
tr, phi hp ng b v iu khin ton b phn cng ca h thng, nh truyn d liu, ghi file
vo b nh, hin th thng tin ln mn hnh,... v phn mm ng dng (Application Software) thc hin cc chc nng chuyn bit, nh son tho chng trnh, m phng ho, thu nhn tn
hiu, iu khin cc c cu,...

173

- My tnh to cho b iu khin tnh linh hot, d bin i v d nng cp.

Ch bng cch thay i phn mm, c th to ra cc chc nng, thm ch c cc
b iu khin khc nhau m khng phi hoc phi thay i rt t v phn cng. V
d, ch cn ci li phn mm, ngi dng c th nhn c h iu khin Fanuc,
Siemens, Heidenhian,... trn cng mt h thng my tnh v phn cng. Thng
qua phn mm c th quy nh cu hnh ca my: s trc iu khin, nh gii
hn vng lm vic (Software Limit Switch), chiu v tc chuyn ng, thm
bt cc thit b ph tr,...). Cc b CNC hin i thng c thit k vi cu
hnh chun. Cu hnh phn cng v cc tham s lm vic c th ca my cng c
c khai bo v qun l nh phn mm.
- Kh nng bo mt h thng c tng cng. Phn mm khng ch gip
nh sn xut gi c bn quyn v b quyt cng ngh m cn cho php ngi
dng bo v cc khai bo cu hnh h thng, chng trnh iu khin; ngn chn
s truy cp, sao chp, sa i tri php v tnh hay c . Phn mm cng cho
php sao lu h thng v chng trnh khi cn th khi phc li.
Do gi vai tr ngy cng quan trng nn gi tr ca phn mm ngy cng
tng so vi phn cng (hnh 5. 13). u tin, cc b iu khin n gin vi cc
CPU chuyn dng c to ra. Sau , chng c thay bng cc CPU thng
dng vi phn mm chuyn dng. Ngy nay nhiu b iu khin c to ra hon
ton nh phn mm chy trn PC (PC based CNC) vi h iu hnh thng dng
(Windows hoc Unix). T thp k 198x, cc b NC thun tu da trn phn cng
khng c sn xut v hin nay, NC mc nhin c hiu l CNC.

Hnh 5. 13: Gi tr phn mm ngy cng tng so vi phn cng

174

Bng sau cho php so snh mt cch tm tt cc c im ca NC v CNC.

So snh NC v CNC

c tnh so
snh
Thi gian xut
hin
Thc hin cc
chc nng iu
khin
Dng tn hiu
iu khin
Nhp chng
trnh

Kh nng

Cu trc phn
cng iu
khin
B nh (lu
tr) chng
trnh

iu khin NC

iu khin CNC

1954 - u thp k
197x
Mch phn cng in
t

Khong 1970 - nay

Xung in p. Mi
xung to dch chuyn
1 BLU
T bng, ba c l,
nh thit b c. c
v thc hin theo tng
block.

Tn hiu s (bit). Mi bit to dch

chuyn 1 BLU

Gii hn cc chc nng

c bn: ni suy, nhn
nh dng bng t, v
tr tuyt i v tng
i, nhn m k t
Phc tp, bi v cc
chc nng iu khin
c thc hin bi cc
mch in t
Khng c b nh
trong

My tnh vi cc chng trnh iu

khin my cng c

Dng mi thit b lu tr thng

dng (bn phm, b nh trong, b
nh ngoi, cc giao din truyn
thng, mng cc b, Internet,...)
c 1 ln nhiu block, ghi vo b
nh m v s dng dn.
Bao gm cc chc nng c bn
nh NC v m rng: thm dng
ni suy (parabol, xon c), son
tho, truyn thng, b nh, hin
th, giao tip vo/ra,
n gin hn v nhiu chc nng
iu khin c thc hin bi phn
mm
C b nh trong, ng thi s
dng cc thit b lu tr thng
dng (bng t, a t, USB flash
drive,...)

5.3.3. Trung tm gia cng CNC

Trong cc h thng sn xut hin i thng c mt cc trung tm gia cng

CNC (CNC Machining Center). Trung tm gia cng CNC (TTGC) khc my
CNC thng thng ch c kh nng thc hin nhiu nguyn cng cng ngh
khc nhau, nh tin, phay, doa, gia cng ren, mi,... m bnh thng phi dng
175

mt s my CNC thng thng. Do yu cu v tp trung nguyn cng m cc

trung tm gia cng c nhng c im kt cu sau:
- C nhiu trc iu khin (4, 5 trc hoc hn);
- C h thng thay dao t ng;
- C c cu cp phi, kp phi t ng.
- C kh nng giao tip vi cc thit b sn xut khc, nh robot, bng ti,...
Nh c kh nng tp trung nguyn cng cao m cc TTGC cho php tng
nng sut, tng chnh xc gia cng.
Ngi ta thng phn bit 2 loi TTGC chnh, l TTGC ngang v TTGC
ng. TTGC ngang da trn c s my tin, cn TTGC ng da trn my phay.
Ngoi 2 trc X, Z nh my tin, TTGC ngang thng c thm cc trc Y, C.
Kho cha dao trn trung tm ngang thng c dng revolver (Turret), trn cc
dao c th c dn ng (Driven Tool). Mt s TTGC ngang c ti 2 trc chnh,
2 i dao, iu khin 8 trc nn c th gia cng hon chnh cc chi tit c hnh
dng phc tp, nh cc rnh, l lch tm hoc hng knh; c th gia cng cc
mt profile theo phng php bao hnh,... Trong hnh 5. 14 l hnh nh mt TTGC
ngang nh vy v cc dng chi tit c gia cng trn .

Hnh 5. 14: Trung tm ngang CNC

176

TTGC ng c cu hnh c bn nh my phay, nhng thng c ti 4, 5 trc

hoc hn. Kho cha dao c nhiu dng: dng a, dng xch, dng tang trng,...
V d trung tm trn hnh 5. 15 c 6 trc (X, Y, Z, B, C, W), trong c 1
bn quay (trc C), dao c th quay (trc B) v tnh tin (trc W). Vi cu hnh
ny, trung tm c th gia cng nhiu dng mt cong khng gian phc tp, nh cnh
bm ly tm.

Hnh 5. 15: Trung tm gia cng ng 6 trc

Vi kho dao ln, thng thi gian thay dao ko di khong vi giy. Khi
dng u revolver, hay cn gi l kho cha dao dng a (hnh 5. 16), thi gian
thay dao ch c 0,1 giy.
TTGC nh trong hnh 5. 17 c 5 trc (X, Y, Z, B, U) c kho cha dao dng
xch v h thng cp phi t ng (Automatic Pallet Changer). H thng cp
phi t ng thng c dng nhiu trong sn xut linh hot. Cc phin g
(Pallet) c tc dng nh g. Phi c lp ln phin g trc khi gia cng v
c gia cng ngay trn . Sau khi gia cng xong, c phi v phin g c
chuyn n nguyn cng sau. Vic g, tho phi c thc hin bn ngoi my,
trng vi thi gian gia cng chi tit khc nn khng chim thi gian my.

177

Hnh 5. 16: Trung tm gia cng 5 trc vi kho cha dao dng a

Hnh 5. 17: Trung tm gia cng ng 5 trc

5.3.4. iu khin s trc tip
iu khin s trc tip (Direct Numerical Control) hay iu khin s phn
b (Distributed Numerical Control), u c vit tt l DNC, l gii php ni
mng cc my CNC c th dng chung cc thit b nhp, lu tr chng trnh
178

v cc tin ch khc (v d phn mm CAD/CAM). Bnh thng, mi my CNC

c lp cn c thit b nhp (bn phm, thit b c) v lu tr ring. iu
khng ch bt li v mt kinh t, gy phin phc khi s dng (v d, b nh ca
my khng lu tr trn vn cc chng trnh ln, gy gin on qu trnh gia
cng) m cn gy kh khn cho vic qun l thng nht d liu v chng trnh.
C DNC, cc my CNC ring l khng cn hoc ch cn b nh chng trnh rt
nh. Cc chng trnh ln c truyn trc tip tng block t my tnh DNC ti
my CNC thc hin, hoc cc chng trnh c phn b cho cc my CNC
theo nhim v.

Hnh 5. 18: Gii php DNC

179

V kt cu, h DNC (hnh 5. 18) l mng my tnh nn gm c:

1. My tnh trung tm (DNC Computer). My tnh DNC c nhim v c

chng trnh, lu tr v phn phi cho cc my CNC theo yu cu. V vy, n
phi c cu hnh mnh, c bit l b nh dung lng ln, c ci cc phn
mm chuyn dng (phn mm DNC) phc v qun l, phn phi chng trnh v
h iu hnh mng v trang b cc thit b c chuyn dng. My tnh DNC cng
nhn d liu phn hi t cc my cng c phc v cho vic cung cp chng
trnh v phc v cho cng tc iu hnh, qun l (thng k v lp bo co s
lng sn phm, thi gian gia cng, s c,...). p ng nhu cu gia cng ca
cc my CNC v nhn thng tin phn hi ngay lp tc, h thng thng tin 2 chiu
ny hot ng theo thi gian thc.
2. Thit b mng (gm cc ng cp, giao din, chuyn mch) lin kt
cc thit b trong h thng.
3. Cc my CNC - i tng phc v.
Tng t nh cc mng my tnh thng thng, mng DNC cng c ni
theo vng trn (hnh 5. 19) v theo hnh sao hay hng tm (hnh 5. 20).

Hnh 5. 19: Phng php ni mng

DNC theo vng trn

Hnh 5. 20: Ni mng DNC kiu

hng tm

5.3.4.1. Nhng khc bit chnh gia DNC v CNC l:

- Cc my tnh iu khin DNC phn phi d liu chng trnh ti, v thu
thp d liu t nhiu my cng c. Cc my tnh iu khin CNC ch iu
khin mt my cng c, hoc mt s t my cng c.
- My tnh DNC thng c t xa cc my cng c. My tnh iu
khin CNC phi c t lin my cng c.

180

- Phn mm DNC c pht trin khng ch iu khin tng b phn ca

thit b sn xut m cn phc v nh l mt phn ca h thng qun l thng tin
trong h thng sn xut ca cng ty. Phn mm DNC c c th b sung (tng
cng) cc kh nng ca my CNC c bit.
5.3.4.2. Nhng u im chnh ca DNC:

- iu khin nhiu my bi my tnh (Time Sharing).

- Kh nng lu tr v tnh ton ln.
- V tr ca my tnh c t xa khu vc sn xut nn d m bo v mi
trng.
- Loi b c bng t v thit b c bng t my cng c nng cao
tin cy.
- Loi b b iu khin ni cng (Hardwired Controller) trn mt s h
thng.
- Cho php dng chung cc phn mm t tin (CAD/CAM, Post-Procesor)
v gim dung lng lu tr. V d cc chng trnh c lu tr di dng chung
(CL Data), khi cn chuyn cho my no th mi dch (Post-processed) theo m
v cu hnh tng ng.
5.4. Lch s pht trin ca my NC

Mu u tin ca my cng c iu khin s (gi l my NC - Numerical

Control) do Vin cng ngh Massachusetts (MIT) - M thit k v ch to vo
nm 1949, theo t hng ca Khng lc Hoa k, sn xut cc chi tit phc tp
v chnh xc ca my bay.
Trc , cc chi tit my hoc cc khun mu phc tp thng c chia
thnh cc phn n gin hn. Sau khi gia cng xong, chng mi c ghp li vi
nhau thnh chi tit hon chnh bng phng php hn, tn,... Cng ngh khng
kinh t v khng m bo c chnh xc v kch thc v hnh hc mong
mun cng nh s ng u v c tnh vt liu. Sau ny, nh phng php chp
hnh, ngi ta ch to c cc chi tit phc tp hn. Tuy vy, cng ngh gia
cng trn my chp hnh vn cn nhiu nhc im, nh chnh xc khng cao
(do qun tnh ca h thng ln, do sai s truyn ng c kh, do sai s ca mu,...);
nng sut thp (do phi hn ch tc trt ca u d trn mu); t v km linh
hot (v cc dng mu l cc chi tit c kh chnh xc, dng vt liu c bit nn
kh ch to). tng p dng iu khin s vo my cng c gy nn cuc
cch mng trong cng ngh ch to c kh. C th hnh dung my cng c iu
181

khin s l mt my chp hnh, nhng cc dng, mu, cam,... c kh c thay

bng chng trnh my tnh. Chng trnh khng b mn nh cc dng mu,
mang i mang li d dng. Vic son tho, sa i chng trnh li d, nhanh v r
hn nhiu so vi ch to cam, dng,... nn my NC nhanh chng c hoan
nghnh.
Ngay sau khi mu my NC u tin xut hin c phng n ch to my
NC cng nghip c ngh vi 3 nguyn tc sau:
- S dng my tnh(*) tnh ton qu o chy dao v lu d liu vo ba
c l.
- Dng thit b c ti my t ng c d liu t ba c l.
- H thng iu khin c nhim v x l v lin tc a ra thng tin iu
khin cc ng c c gn ln trc vt me.
Nm 1952, chic my phay ng 3 trc iu khin s ca hng Cincinnati
Hydrotel c trng by ti MIT. Nh vy, tng dng nguyn l iu khin s
vo my cng c xut hin do nhu cu ca qun i. Mi khong gia thp k 60,
my NC mi c sn xut v s dng trong cng nghip. Tuy nhin cc b iu
khin s u tin dng n in t nn tc x l chm, cng knh v tiu tn
nhiu nng lng. Vic s dng chng cng rt kh khn, nh chng trnh c
cha trong cc bng v ba c l, kh hiu v khng sa cha c. Giao tip
gia ngi v my rt kh khn v khng c mn hnh, bn phm. Sau khi cc linh
kin bn dn c s dng ph bin trong cng nghip (khong nm 1960) th
my gn hn, tc x l cao hn, tiu tn t nng lng hn,... Cc bng c l
sau ny c thay bng bng hoc a t,... Nhng ni chung, tnh nng s dng
ca cc my NC vn cha c ci thin ng k, cho n khi my tnh c ng
dng vo y.
S xut hin IC (1959), LSI (1965), vi x l (1974) v cc tin b k thut
v lu tr v x l s liu lm nn cuc cch mng trong k thut iu khin
s my cng c. Cc b iu khin s trn my cng c c tch hp my tnh
v thut ng CNC (vit tt ca Computer Numerical Control) c s dng t
u thp k 70. My CNC u vit hn my NC thng thng v nhiu mt, nh
tc x l cao, kt cu gn,... nhng u im quan trng nht ca chng l
tnh nng s dng, giao din vi ngi dng v cc thit b ngoi vi khc. Cc
my CNC ngy nay c mn hnh, bn phm v nhiu thit b khc trao i
(*)

Chic my tnh in t u tin mang tn ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer) do Mauchly v Eckert ch to vo nm 1943.

182

thng tin vi ngi dng. Nh mn hnh, ngi dng c thng bo thng

xuyn v tnh trng ca my, cnh bo bo li v nguy him c th xy ra, c th
m phng kim tra trc qu trnh gia cng,... My CNC c th lm vic ng
b vi cc thit b sn xut khc nh robot, bng ti, thit b o,... trong h thng
sn xut. Chng c th trao i thng tin trong mng my tnh cc loi, t mng
cc b (LAN) n mng din rng v Internet.
Ngoi k thut iu khin t ng, s pht trin ca my CNC v cng ngh
gia cng trn chng cn gn lin vi mt lnh vc khc ca cng ngh thng tin:
thit k v sn xut c tr gip ca my tnh m chng ta quen gi l CAD/CAM.
l lnh vc ng dng my tnh vo cng tc thit k, tnh ton kt cu, chun
b cng ngh, t chc sn xut, hch ton kinh t,... Mt h thng sn xut t
ng, c kh nng t thch ng vi s thay i i tng sn xut c gi l h
thng sn xut linh hot (Flexible Manufacturing System - FMS). FMS gm
my cc my hoc trung tm gia cng CNC, robot, cc thit b vn chuyn, thit
b kim tra, o lng,... lm vic di s iu khin ca mt mng my tnh. S
tch hp mi h thng thit b sn xut v tch hp mi qu trnh thit k - sn
xut - qun tr kinh doanh nh mng my tnh vi cc phn mm tr gip cng
tc thit k v cng ngh, kinh doanh,... to nn h thng sn xut tch hp nh
my tnh (Computer Integrated Manufacturing - CIM).

Hnh 5. 21: Lch s pht trin ca CNC v cc lnh vc lin quan

183

CAD/CAM l lnh vc c lin quan mt thit vi k thut iu khin s cc

thit b sn xut. CAD (Computer Aided Design), c dch l "thit k c tr
gip ca my tnh", l mt lnh vc ng dng ca CNTT vo thit k. N tr
gip cho cc nh thit k trong vic m hnh ho, lp v xut cc ti liu thit k
da trn k thut ho. CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing), c dch l
"sn xut c tr gip ca my tnh", xut hin do nhu cu lp trnh cho cc thit
b iu khin s (my CNC, robot, thit b vn chuyn, kho tng, kim tra) v
iu khin chng. Chng vn xut hin c lp vi nhau, nhng ngy cng xch
li gn nhau. CAD/CAM l thut ng ghp, dng ch mt mi trng thit k sn xut vi s tr gip ca my tnh.
Qu trnh xut hin, pht trn ca my CNC v cc lnh vc lin quan, l
CAD/CAM, CIM c tm tt trong hnh 5. 21. Chng ta thy vo cui th k
XX, CAD/CAM, CNC ang trong thi k pht trin mnh v k nguyn ca CIM
c khi u.
5.5. Cc u, nhc im ca my CNC

V bn cht vt l, qu trnh gia cng trn my thng thng v my CNC

hon ton nh nhau: kch thc v cht lng b mt ca chi tit gia cng c
hnh thnh v iu khin bi s tng tc c, l, ho gia dng c v chi tit gia
cng. Nn tng l thuyt ct gt kim loi c nghin cu v ng dng hng trm
nm nay da trn my truyn thng vn ng cho my CNC. Hiu qu do iu
khin s mang li, thc cht l cho php thc hin hp l hn cc ch gia
cng, pht huy nng lc ca my mc cao hn m trn my thng thng,
do hn ch ca iu khin th cng, khng thc hin c. S tch hp gia k
thut c kh, iu khin t ng v cng ngh thng tin to ra cho my CNC
cc tnh nng mi, vt tri so vi my thng thng. Vic chuyn vai tr iu
khin ca con ngi cho my mc to nn s chnh xc, linh hot, nhanh nhy,
bn vng ca h thng cng ngh. Nh cc tnh nng ngy cng u vit ca h
thng tch hp c kh - iu khin t ng - cng ngh thng tin m my CNC c
rt nhiu u im.
5.5.1. Cc u im ca my CNC

Hiu qu kinh t - x hi ca vic s dng my CNC c th hin cc

kha cnh sau y:
5.5.1.1. Nng sut gia cng cao

Tng thi gian gia cng mt lot chi tit T gm 3 thnh phn:

184

T = Tc + Tp + Tck,

trong , Tc - thi gian chnh (trc tip ct gt); Tp - thi gian ph (thi gian chy
khng, thay dao, thay i ch ct, kim tra,...); Tck - thi gian chun b - kt
thc lot gia cng (chun b dao c, g, dng c o, phi liu,...).
V l thuyt, iu khin s khng lm gim thi gian chnh m ch gim 2
thnh phn thi gian cn li. Tuy nhin, trn thc t my CNC cho php gim c
3 loi thi gian so vi my cng c truyn thng.
- Thi gian chnh Tc c ci thin nh pht huy ti a cng sut gia cng
ca my, trong khi trn my thng thng, do hn ch v tay ngh hoc tnh
trng tm sinh l ca cng nhn iu khng t c. V d, tc trc chnh
trn my tin CNC c th ti hng vn vng/pht, cn khi lm vic trn my
thng thng, cng nhn ch c th chy ti vi ngn vng/pht. My CNC c kt
cu c kh cng vng, n nh v c, nhit nn tc v cng sut gia cng c
th pht huy ti a. Ch cng ngh trn my CNC dng nh ch ph thuc
vo bn, cng vng ca h thng cng ngh v yu cu k thut ca chi tit
gia cng. Cng ngh ct cao tc (High Speed Cutting) ch pht huy c hiu qu
cao trn my CNC. Vic gia cng bng nhiu dao, nhiu v tr ng thi cng lm
gim ng k thi gian chnh.
- Thi gian ph Tp gim trc ht nh tng tc chy khng v gim thi
gian nh v. Cc my CNC hin i cho php tng tc chy khng ln ti vi
chc mt/pht m khng gy va chm v nh v vn chnh xc. Trn cc my c
h thng thay dao t ng, thi gian thay dao ch tnh bng giy. Ch cng ngh
c thay i t chng trnh, cng nhn khng mt thi gian gt s. Vic dng
my kim tra kch thc trong cc nguyn cng hu nh c loi b do kh
nng iu khin chnh xc v tr v qu o ca my CNC rt cao. Cc trung tm
gia cng thng c h thng cp phi, kp nh phi, ly chi tit t ng nn thi
gian g kp phi rt ngn. Khi lm vic vi my CNC, cng nhn ch ng vai tr
gim st ch khng tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh gia cng nn my c th lm
vic c khi vng mt cng nhn v mt cng nhn c th trng coi nhiu my.
- Vic chun b my CNC gia cng mt loi sn phm mi rt nh nhng:
np chng trnh gia cng v chun li cc to . Ton b thi gian trn ch cn
khng qu 30 pht. Trong khi , nu chi tit i hi thit k v ch to g th
thi gian trn c th ko di hng tun. Kh nng iu khin v phi hp chnh xc
cc trc theo chng trnh cho php loi b cc g v dao nh hnh phc tp.
Nh vy khng nhng gim c thi gian lp t, cn chnh g m cn loi b

185

cc sai s truyn ng do ch to v hao mn c kh, tng chnh xc gia cng.

Vic lp chng trnh mi c th tin hnh ngoi my (trn my tnh c lp) hoc
thc hin ngay trong khi my gia cng nn chim thi gian my khng ng k.
- Cc my v cc trung tm gia cng CNC cho php tp trung nguyn cng
cao . Trn mt my c th gia cng nhiu b mt, bng cc phng php cng
ngh khc nhau; c th gia cng th v tinh trn cng mt my, trong cng mt
ln g, bng nhiu dao, nhiu trc ng thi. iu gim bt vic vn chuyn,
g t nn khng nhng lm tng nng sut m cn gim sai s gia cng.
Ngi ta tng kt rng, thi gian trc tip gia cng (Tc) trn my thng
thng ch chim khng qu 10% trong tng s thi gian gia cng (T). Trn my
CNC thi gian ln ti 70%.
Nng sut gia cng trn my CNC hu nh khng ph thuc vo tay ngh
v trng thi tm, sinh l ca cng nhn.
5.5.1.2. Cht lng gia cng cao

Cht lng gia cng ( chnh xc kch thc, hnh dng v cht lng b
mt gia cng) suy n cng ph thuc 3 yu t: nguyn vt liu, thit b v cng
nhn.
Yu t nguyn vt liu gi thit l khng thay i. So snh v thit b th
my CNC m bo chnh xc cao v ng u nh h thng iu khin - o
lng rt chnh xc (c 0,01 - 0,001 mm), h thng c kh cng vng v n nh,
qu trnh ct c iu khin hon ton nh chng trnh nn loi tr c cc
sai s do ch to v hao mn cc c, dng. Cc my CNC hin i u c kh
nng b kch thc v mn dao, b khe h v bin dng nhit c kh. Trn my
thng thng, tay ngh v tnh trng tm, sinh l ca ngi th nh hng rt ln
n cht lng gia cng. Khi gia cng trn my CNC, cng nhn ch c nhim v
np chng trnh, gim st vic g phi, thay dao v tnh trng lm vic ca my.
V vy tm sinh l, tay ngh ca cng nhn hon ton khng nh hng n cht
lng gia cng.
Trong s cc thng s k thut ca my CNC, c 2 thng s nh hng trc
tip n chnh xc gia cng. l chnh xc nh v (Accuracy hay
Positioning Accuracy) v chnh xc lp li (Repeatability).
chnh xc nh v (CXV) lin quan ti thut ng phn gii iu
khin (Control Resolution). phn gii iu khin (PGK) ni ln kh nng
ca MCU, c th chia khong dch chuyn ca bn my thnh nhng on nh
m b iu khin c th nhn bit c. Ni cch khc, l khong dch chuyn
186

nh nht ca bn my m b iu khin c th iu khin c. Nu khong dch

chuyn nh hn phn gii iu khin th b iu khin khng th nhn bit
c v ta s mc mt sai s iu khin. phn gii iu khin ph thuc nhiu
yu t, nh nng lc x l (s bit) ca b NC, b iu khin truyn ng (v d
s bc/vng ca ng c bc), phn gii ca h thng o (v d s xung
pht ra trong 1 vng quay ca encoder). Vi mt h phc hp, phn gii iu
khin s l phn gii thp nht ca cc yu t thnh phn. lm v d, ta ly
trng hp s bit ca NC l yu t quyt nh. Nu gi n l s bit ca mi trc th
s khong chia (s im iu khin) trn trc s l

S im iu khin = 2 n
phn gii iu khin l khong cch gia 2 im iu khin k nhau:
PG K =

Kho ng dch chuyn

2n

Do nhiu yu t (sai s iu khin, cc sai s c kh, nh khe h truyn

ng, bin dng ca h thng c kh,...) nn khi gia cng lun lun mc phi sai
s nh v (Positioning Error), ngha l khng bao gi chng ta c th nh v
chnh xc tuyt i bn my ti mt v tr xc nh.
CXV ng ngha vi sai s nh v, ni ln kh nng nh v chnh xc
bn my ti mt v tr (to ) xc nh.
Sai s nh v ln nht xy ra khi im cn n D nm chnh gia hai im
iu khin k nhau P1 v P2 (hnh 5. 22).

Hnh 5. 22: Biu din CXV v CXLL ca my NC

187

Gi thit sai s c kh tun theo lut phn b chun, khi tuyt i a s gi

tr o (99,74%) nm trong khong 3 ( l phng sai). CXV c tnh theo
cng thc:
CX V =

PG K
+ 3
2

chnh xc lp li (CXLL) l kh nng iu khin bn my lp li

nhiu ln ng v tr xc nh c lp trnh. N ni ln kh nng t gi tr
kch thc mt cch n nh trong mt lot chi tit gia cng. Nguyn nhn ca
sai s lp li l cc sai s c kh nh nhc n trn. Khi cc kch thc gia
cng tun theo lut phn b chun th tuyt i a s kch thc nm trong vng
3. V vy c th nh ngha CXLL nh sau:

CXLL = 3 , hay CXLL = 6.

nh ngha v PGK, CXV, CXLL cng c minh ho trong hnh
5. 22.
V d, mt b NC iu khin my tin theo 2 trc vi s bit l 16 (gi l b
iu khin 16 bit). Khong dch chuyn ca trc Z l 800 mm, trc X l 300 mm.
Sai s c kh tun theo lut phn b chun vi phng sai = 0.0075 mm. Ta th
tnh PGK, CXV v CXLL ca h thng. Ta s gii bi ton trn cho b
iu khin 8 bit v 32 bit so snh kt qu.
V 2 trc c khong dch chuyn khc nhau nn phi xc nh PGK v
CXV cho tng trc. Ta c th lp mt bng tnh Excel nh sau tnh lun
cho c 3 trng hp: b iu khin 8, 16 v 32 bit.
Sigma =

0.0075

n=

Khong dch Z
PGK (mm) Z/2
Khong dch X
PGK (mm) X/2

3.125

0.0122 0.000000186

1.585

0.0286 0.022500093

1.172

0.0046 0.000000070

0.608

0.0248 0.022500035

300
n

CXV (mm) PGK/2 + 3*sigma

T v d trn, ta rt ra kt lun:

188

32

800
n

CXV (mm) PGK/2 + 3*sigma

Trc X

16

256
65 536 4 294 967 296
2 =
0.0225 CXLL = 6*sigma = 0.0450

S im K
C 2 trc
3*sigma =
Trc Z

- chnh xc lp li khng lin quan g n b iu khin m do cht lng

phn c kh ( chnh xc, khe h, cng vng, n nh,...) quyt nh.
- Nng lc ca my tnh (s bit) cng ln th chnh xc nh v cng cao.
Cc b iu khin mi dng my tnh 32 bit nn c th t chnh xc nh v
rt cao.
- Khi PGK thp th sai s nh v ph thuc nhiu vo sai s iu khin.
Khi nng cao PGK th sai s c kh chim v tr quan trng.
- Vi cng mt b iu khin, mun tng khong dch chuyn (khong iu
khin) ca bn my th phi hy sinh chnh xc nh v.
5.5.1.3. Tnh linh hot cao

My CNC hn hn my thng thng tnh linh hot. iu biu hin

hai kha cnh. Th nht, trn mt my CNC c th thc hin nhiu chc nng
cng ngh khc nhau v vic chuyn i gia cc chc nng rt d dng. V d,
trn my phay CNC c th thc hin cc nguyn cng khoan, khot, doa, gia
cng mt phng, nh hnh, rng, ren, gia cng cc rnh, hc phc tp nh hc
trn, ch nht, elip,... Cc mt cong khng gian, nh mt cu, mt xon c,...
cng c th gia cng trn my phay 3 trc. Cc my phay 4-5 trc ci thin ng
k nng sut v cht lng gia cng v c th gia cng cc sn phm ngh thut,
nh tc tng. My tin CNC, ngoi cc chc nng nh my thng, c th gia
cng ren vi bc thay i, ren trn mt cn. iu quan trng l cc mt cong
nh hnh c th gia cng trn my CNC mt cch d dng, dng g v dao
thng thng ch khng cn g v dao chuyn dng. Trn cc trung tm gia
cng c th thc hin cc cng vic phay, khoan, doa, tin, mi,... ng thi.
Chnh v vy m my CNC c kh nng tp trung nguyn cng cao gia cng
cc chi tit phc tp. Biu hin th hai ca tnh linh hot l vic thay i i
tng gia cng trn my CNC rt d dng, gn nh ch thay i chng trnh ch
khng cn thay g, dao c phin phc nh trn my thng thng. Nh c kh
nng thch ng linh hot vi i tng gia cng m my CNC l thit b c bn
ca cc h thng sn xut linh hot.
Nh tnh linh hot cao ca mnh m my CNC c s dng ph bin
khng ch trn cc dy chuyn, trong cc t bo sn xut t ng m cn c s
dng ring l trong loi hnh sn xut n chic, lot nh, thm ch c ch th.

189

5.5.1.4. Chi ph gia cng gim

Chi ph gia cng lot N chi tit c th c biu din qua cng thc sau:
C = Ccb + Ctx(1 + p)N

trong , C - chi ph tng cng; Ccb - chi ph c bn, gm khu hao thit b, nh
xng; Ctx - chi ph thng xuyn cho mt chi tit gm lng cng nhn, nguyn vt
liu, nng lng chy my,...; p - t l ph phm trung bnh; N - s lng chi tit
trong lot.
My CNC c nng sut cao,
khng i hi cng nhn bc cao, t
sinh ph phm nn cho php gim chi
ph thng xuyn. Tuy nhin, chi ph
mua sm, bo tr, lp trnh, m bo
mi trng cho my CNC ln hn
nhiu ln so vi my thng thng.
Ngc li, my chi ph ban u mua
sm my thng thng nh hn nhng
chi ph thng xuyn ln hn. V vy,
theo hnh 5. 23, nu sn lng N>N0
th nn dng my CNC (v c chi ph
Hnh 5. 23: La chn phng n u t
tng cng nh hn).
5.5.2. Cc nhc im ca CNC

My CNC c nhiu u im v c s dng ngy cng rng ri. Tuy nhin,

chng cng c nhng nhc im cn quan tm khi chn, mua sm v s dng
chng.
- My CNC, c bit l cc trung tm gia cng rt t tin. Gi ca chng
t vi chc ngn n hng triu la M, gp t 5 n hng chc ln gi my
thng thng cng c.
- My CNC l thit b cng ngh cao, c h thng c kh chnh xc v h
thng iu khin, o lng tinh vi, phc tp. bo m chnh xc, chng
cn iu kin bo qun v lm vic kht khe. Cc yu cu v dng c, vt t bo
qun, bo dng my CNC cng cao v tn km hn my thng.
- My CNC i hi i ng cn b k thut c o to chuyn su. My
CNC tuy khng i hi ngi vn hnh c thay ngh cao nhng li i hi mt
i ng cn b k thut ng b v c o to chuyn su. Lp trnh vin phi
190

c kin thc vng v cng ngh gia cng c kh, hiu bit v cu hnh my, thnh
tho ngn ng v cng c lp trnh (CAD/CAM). Th vn hnh phi nm chc
kt cu, tnh nng, ch vn hnh my, ch bo qun bo dng v khc
phc cc s c thng thng; ng thi c kh nng lp trnh c bn. Cn b k
thut bo tr, sa cha cn hiu bit su kt cu chung v kt cu tng h thng
ca my; c kh nng chn on tnh trng hot ng v phn tch, khc phc s
c ca my. Trong nhiu trng hp, cn lin h vi nh sn xut nhn tr
gip k thut. Ni chung, i ng cn b k thut lm vic vi my CNC gm
cc k s c in t, c o to chuyn su v lp trnh, vn hnh, bo tr, sa
cha cc h thng sn xut t ng ho.
- My CNC l my c cu hnh cng (Fixed Configuraton, NonReconfigurable Machine Tools), ch c nh sn xut mi thay i c. Nh sn
xut lun lun a ra cc cu hnh tuy chn (Options) hp dn ( chnh xc cao,
nhiu trc iu khin, tc gia cng cao, nhiu chc nng t ng ho,...).
Ngi mua my nu khng xut pht t nhu cu v trnh s dng thc t th s
b tin ra mua cc my t tin vi y chc nng nhng c nhiu chc nng
tha, rt t dng, dn n s lng ph ln.
- V bn cht, CNC l iu khin cng. My CNC lm vic theo chng
trnh, ngha l mi hot ng ca n tun theo ng trnh t v ch cng ngh
quy nh sn trong chng trnh (xem li mc 1.1). B iu khin khng th nhn
bit c v khng th phn ng trc nhng bin ng trong qu trnh cng
ngh (s bin ng v kch thc, c tnh vt liu phi; s thay i kh nng ct
ca dao;...) nn cc ch cng ngh ghi trong chng trnh mang tnh d phng
cao. iu khin trong phn ln thi gian, my lm vic di kh nng. iu
dn n s lng ph v nng sut gia cng.
5.6. Hng s dng v pht trin my CNC

Trong phn trn, chng ta phn tch cc u, nhc im ca my CNC

thng thng. pht huy u im, khc phc nhng nhc im ca my CNC
cn tm ra v p dng cc gii php v kt cu, iu khin v s dng chng. Sau
y chng ta s phn tch mt s gii php quan trng nht.
5.6.1. La chn v s dng hp l my CNC

Khi la chn v s dng my CNC cn phi tr li 2 cu hi quan trng:

dng my vn nng hay CNC v nu dng my CNC th vi cu hnh no?

191

5.6.1.1. Dng my vn nng hay my CNC?

Xu th hin nay l gi tr phn cng ca b iu khin gim rt nhanh, trong

khi gi tr phn c kh v phn mm li tng. V vy cc my CNC c trung bnh,
b iu khin contour n gin trn c s PC (PC Based CNC) khng t hn
nhiu so vi my vn nng. Nh tr gip ca cng ngh CAD/CAM, my o
hoc u d 3 chiu,... vic thit k v chun b chng trnh cho my CNC tr
nn n gin. My CNC ngy cng c s dng ph bin v dn dn thay th
my vn nng c trong gia cng thng thng.
Hnh 5. 24 biu din khu vc s
dng hiu qu ca my thng thng
v my CNC. Theo , my vn nng
thng thng gi r nhng chnh
xc thp c dng ch yu trong sn
xut n chic lot nh cc chi tit c
phc tp v chnh xc thp (vng
I). Khi yu cu phc tp v
chnh xc cao (vng II) th my CNC
ph hp hn. Trong iu kin , my
CNC vn cho hiu qu kinh t cao c
khi sn xut n chic, lot nh v ch
Hnh 5. 24: Vng hiu qu kinh t ca
th, thm ch sn xut theo yu cu
my thng thng (I) v my CNC (II)
c bit.
Cng vi cc yu t cng ngh ni trn, hiu qu kinh t cn c tnh
ton, cn nhc khi thay th my vn nng bng my CNC.
5.6.1.2. Dng my CNC vi cu hnh no?

Cc my v trung tm gia cng CNC khc nhau rt nhiu v cu hnh, tnh

nng v tt nhin l gi c v cc chi ph s dng. V vy, chn my cho ph hp
vi nhu cu s dng cng l bi ton k thut v kinh t. Cc my CNC c va,
cu hnh thp (v d my phay 3 trc, my tin 2 trc) thng c s dng ti
cc xng my vi cc chc nng gia cng thng thng. Cc trung tm gia cng
c th c dng ti cc xng ch th vi cc chi tit phc tp nhng s lng
t. Tr dy chuyn cng (hng khi), cc my v trung tm gia cng CNC c
ng dng trong mi loi hnh sn xut (hnh 5. 25). Tuy nhin, cu hnh ca my
v trung tm gia cng cn thay i tu theo ng dng c th.

192

Khi sn lng thp, sn phm thay i thng xuyn th cc my hoc trung

tm CNC n l c s dng. Trn cc my ny, cc chc nng chnh c u
tin t ng ho. Mt s chc nng ph tr, nh cp phi t ng, giao tip vi
robot, bng ti,... khng cn thit. Khi sn lng cao hn, chng c ghp vo
cc t bo, h thng, dy chuyn sn xut linh hot.
Trn cc h thng , cc thit b gia cng c chuyn mn ho mc
cao hn nn chuyn ng ct gt khng nht thit phi phc tp (v d di tc
trc chnh c th hp hn, s trc chy dao khng nht thit phi nhiu). Nhng
cng lm vic vi my CNC cn c cc robot, bng ti, my o to , thit b
lu tr,... Do , cc my CNC phi c giao din ph hp. gim s can thip
ca con ngi (khi h thng lm vic nhiu ca, k c ban m, ngy ngh khng
c ngi gim st v phc v), cc h thng ph tr v phc v v gim st (cp
phi, cp dao, o dao, ti chi tit, ti phoi,...) cn c t ng ho.

Hnh 5. 25: Phm vi ng dng my v trung tm gia cng CNC

Hnh 5. 26 cho php so snh hiu qu kinh t ca cc loi hnh sn xut c
s dng CNC. My CNC n l c th s dng khi sn lng rt thp nhng nng
193

sut ca chng khng cao, chi ph sn xut (tnh cho 1 chi tit) ln. Trong cc t
bo hoc cc dy chuyn sn xut linh hot, my c chuyn mn ho, c h
thng phc v y , c nng sut cao, do chi ph sn xut thp hn.

Hnh 5. 26: Tnh kinh t ca vic s dng CNC

5.6.2. iu khin thch nghi my CNC
5.6.2.1. Khi nim v iu khin thch nghi my cng c

Nh ni mc 1.5.2, CNC l b iu khin cng, lm vic theo chng

trnh lp trc. Nhim v ca CNC l iu khin my cng c thc hin qu trnh
v duy tr ch gia cng theo ng chng trnh. Trn thc t, qu trnh cng
ngh thc lun c bin ng khng bit trc v khng theo quy lut no nht
nh. V d, s thay i ca chiu dy v b rng ct; c tnh vt liu; kh nng
ct ca dng c; rung ng ca h thng; cng vng thc t ca phi, dao,...
Nh ch ra trong hnh 5. 2, qu trnh cng ngh nm ngoi vng iu khin
ca CNC nn n khng nhn bit v x l c.
m bo cht lng gia cng v an ton ca h thng, trong cng ngh
truyn thng, ch ct c xc nh theo nguyn tc phng nga, ngha l theo
iu kin kh khn, nng n nht. Trn thc t, iu kin ch l gi nh hoc
xy ra trong khonh khc. Tromg phn ln thi gian, my lm vic di kh
nng, vi nng sut thp, chi ph cao. My CNC khng nm ngoi tnh trng .

194

Nh trn hnh 5. 27 lng chy

dao trn my CNC (FCNC) c xc
nh sao cho khi ct vi chiu su ct
ln nht (Hmax) dao khng b m.
Trong sut qu trnh gia cng, tuy
chiu su ct thc (H) nh hn Hmax
rt nhiu nhng h iu khin vn duy
tr gi tr FCNC khng i.
Nu bng cch no , b iu
khin hiu chnh c lng chy dao
FAC theo chiu su ct thc th nng
sut s tng ln rt nhiu. H iu
khin c kh nng gim st theo thi
gian thc cc bin ng ca mi
trng v t hiu chnh ch lm
vic sao cho t c tt nht mc tiu
iu khin c gi l iu khin thch
nghi (Adaptve Control - AC).

Hnh 5. 27: Ch ct trn my CNC

Trong trng hp trn, c th thit k b AC vi nhim v gim st (trc

tip hay gin tip) chiu su ct v t ng hiu chnh lng chy dao FAC, duy tr
gi tr lc ct khng vt qu ngng no (v d, khng gy dao).
Nh vy, khc vi cng ngh CNC truyn thng (thit lp ch cng ngh
trc khi gia cng (Off-line), theo nguyn tc phng nga, b ng), AC l gii
php tch cc, thng minh v hiu chnh ch cng ngh ngay trong khi gia
cng (On-line).
AC khng phi tng mi. B AC u tin c thc hin ti Bendix
Research Liboratories vo khong nm 1962-1964, di s bo tr ca Khng lc
M. Vo khong thi gian , hng Cincinnati Milacron cng xy dng mt h
tng t. C hai ni u nhn ra rng khng th to ra mt h thng c kh nng
o trc tuyn ch tiu hiu qu (Performance Index - PI) ca qu trnh. Mt khc
cc h AC ny u qu t c th ng dng trong cng nghip. Sau , hng
lot cng trnh nghin cu c tin hnh tm ra gii php kh thi v k thut.
Cc h AC cho my cng c c phn lm 3 loi:
- H b hnh hc thch nghi (Geometric Adaptive Compensation - GAC)
nhm nng cao chnh xc gia cng bng cch gim st v b trc tuyn sai

195

s hnh hc do s bin ng ca nhit vng ct, do sai s hnh hc ca

my, do mn dao,... Tuy nhin, do kh khn trong vic o trc tuyn lng
mn dao v nhit vng ct nn cho n nay cha c b GAC no c ng
dng thc t [11].
- H iu khin thch nghi ti u (Adaptive Control Optimization - ACO)
nhm hiu chnh ch ct t c ch tiu ti u nht nh, v d nng sut
ct cao nht hay chi ph gia cng nh nht. ACO cng gp phi kh khn tng
t nh GAC, khng c thit b o trc tuyn mn dao v nhit vng ct.
- H iu khin thch nghi theo trng thi gii hn (Adaptive Control with
Constraints - ACC), thng l m bo lc ct khng vt qu gii hn cho php.
Hin nay y l hng kh thi nht cho AC my cng c.
5.6.2.2. Mt s h iu khin thch nghi hin c

Trong s nhiu h KTN c nghin cu trn th gii th c mt s h

ACO, nhng nhiu nht l cc h ACC.
Nm 2002, ti B mn My t ng v robot, Hc vin KTQS, mt b ACC
c xy dng (hnh 5. 28). H gm c:

Hnh 5. 28: S ACC ti Hc vin K thut qun s

- Mt my phay CNC (phn trn) vi b iu khin TNC360 ca hng
Heidenhain (CHLB c). l my phay ng, 3 trc. C 3 trc chy dao (X, Y,
Z) u dng cc h iu khin ng c servo, c phn hi v tr bng thc
quang.

196

- Sensor o lc c dng l h thng o lc ct 3 thnh phn kiu 9257BA

hoc kiu 9602 do hng Kistler (Thy s) sn xut. Nhim v ca n l o Online gi tr lc ct, chuyn thnh tn hiu in p cung cp cho ACC.
- Chc nng AC (phn di) c thc hin nh mt PC, c cm Card thu
nhn v x l tn hiu (Data Acquisition - DA) kiu PCL-812 PG do hng
Advantech (i loan) sn xut v phn mm tr gip thit k cc modul thu thp,
x l tn hiu v iu khin DASYLab ca hng DASYTEC (c). Nhim v
ca cm ny l nhn tn hiu ct P, chuyn i A/D, tnh ton, so snh vi gi tr
t (ngng Pmax) v tin hnh hiu chnh lng chy dao F theo lut xc nh
duy tr quan h PPmax. Cc chc nng suy lun logic v ra quyt nh iu khin
ni trn c thc hin bi mt khi cc modul logic v mt modul PID. Tn hiu
ra ca ACC cng di dng in p, c a trc tip vo b ni suy ca CNC.
Trn hnh 5. 29 l s ni ghp thit b phn cng, hnh 5. 30 l nh mt
my ca b ACC c thit k.

Hnh 5. 29: S ni ghp thit b ca ACC

197

Hnh 5. 30: Hnh nh mt my ca b ACC

Theo ti liu cng b nm 2008 [10] th cc h tng t c thc hin
v thng mi ho bi hng Omative (Ixrael). H c tn gi l ACM (Adaptive
Control & Monitoring), c chc nng gim st, hiu chnh on-line tc trc
chnh v lng chy dao duy tr lc ct di gii hn cho php (hnh 5. 31).

(a)

(b)
Hnh 5. 31: Ch ACC ca h ACM

198

 thc hin chc nng ti u ho ch ct trong khi cha gii quyt c

vn o trc tuyn cc thng s cng ngh, F. Cus v cc cng s ti khoa C kh,
HTH Maribor (Slovenia) kt hp chc nng ti u ho off-line vi b ACC
hiu chnh on-line lng chy dao theo iu kin lc ct gii hn (hnh 5. 32).
H c 2 modul:
- Modul ti u ho ch ct (lng chy dao) da trn h suy lun m
thch nghi (Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System - ANfis). Modul ny cung
cp gi tr ch ct ti u cho b CNC.
- Modul ACC nhn tn hiu t b o lc ct, tnh ton lng hiu chnh ch
ct (lng chy dao) v chuyn tn hiu ti b CNC thc hin qu trnh
hiu chnh on-line thng s ny.
Lng chy dao c hiu chnh bng cch nhn gi tr Feedrate Override
Percentage (DNCFRO) vi lng chy dao trong chng trnh.

Hnh 5. 32: H iu khin thch nghi vi chc nng TH ch ct

199

200

Chng 6: c im kt cu v iu khin my CNC

V kt cu chung, my thng thng, my NC v my CNC u c phn c
s (thn my, bn my, h thng truyn ng trc chnh, h thng chy dao, h
thng iu khin, h thng g kp v cc thit b ph tr (lm mt, bi trn, chiu
sng,...).
Tuy nhin, kt cu chung cng nh kt cu ca tng h thng ca my CNC
c nhiu im khc so vi my thng thng. S thay i trong kt cu chung
ca my CNC ch yu do s c mt ca b iu khin. Khng i su vo kt cu
chi tit ca cc h thng, chng ta c th ch ra mt s c im kt cu d nhn
thy my CNC, nh sau:
- H truyn ng c kh c ch to cng vng, chnh xc, gim thiu ma
st. Cc ng trt thng c nhit luyn, ph hp kim gim ma st v mi
mn hoc dng con ln. Cc truyn ng vt me thng c dng vt me - ai c
bi gim ma st v trit tiu khe h. H thng h s, hp tc gn nh khng
cn v cc ng c u c iu khin v cp.
- Vng lm vic ca my CNC thng c bao kn m bo an ton ti
a cho ngi s dng. Vic thay dao, thay v kp phi, ti phoi,... thng c
thc hin t ng.
- My CNC hu nh khng cn cc tay quay, cn gt c kh v cc chc
nng thay i ch gia cng, dch chuyn bn my (hoc dao) u c thc
hin t ng hoc dng cc phm iu khin, tay quay in t.
- Thay v kt cu c, h thng khung sn ca my CNC thng c kt cu
khung hn, cho php gim khi lng, t b bin dng nhit m vn cng vng v
n nh.
- Cc my v cc trung tm gia cng CNC thng c trang b cc h
thng thay dao t ng, cp phi t ng, ti phoi t ng. V tr ca i dao
thng c chuyn v pha sau my thun tin cho iu khin v khng cn
tr quan st ca cng nhn. Bng my tin thng c t nghing tng
n nh, gim kch thc chiu ngang v d thot phoi.
6.1. Nguyn tc iu khin CNC

Vic iu khin ton b hot ng cc h thng ni trn do b iu khin

trung tm, gi l MCU (Machine Control Unit) m nhim. Nhim v ca n l:
- c, gii m cc lnh trong chng trnh NC,

201

- Lc v x l cc thng tin hnh hc v thng tin cng ngh, tnh ton cc

thng s iu khin,
- Xut cc tn hiu iu khin cho cc c cu tng ng: trc chnh, chy
dao, thay dao v cc thit b ph tr khc;
- Gim st qu trnh m bo yu cu cng ngh v s an ton ca thit
b. Chc nng gim st v mt phn chc nng iu khin thng c thc hin
thng qua PLC.
Cc khi chc nng tng ng cc nhim v trn c th hin trn hnh
6.1. D liu c nhp vo b nh ca my nh bn phm hay cc phng tin
c khc, nh c a, c bng. Cc my CNC hin i c th trao i d liu
vi cc thit b lu tr bn ngoi qua giao din truyn thng chun, nh RS 232,
RS 485.

Hnh 6. 1: S chc nng ca CNC

Chc nng x l d liu do b x l trung tm (CPU) thc hin. Trn c s
cc d liu trong chng trnh, CPU tnh ton cc thng s iu khin h thng.
Cc thng tin cng ngh, nh chn dao, chiu v tc quay trc chnh, ti
dung dch hoc dng,... c chuyn ti h thng tng ng thng qua b hiu
chnh 4, thng l PLC.
Thng tin hnh hc ca ng chy dao (dng, hng, tc ) c phn tch
thnh chuyn ng c lp ca cc trc. B phn thc hin vic gi l b ni
suy 3 (Interpolator). l b phn quan trng bc nht trong CPU. Lnh chy dao

202

t b ni suy c a n mch iu khin v tr (gi l Position Control Loop),

gm cc b iu khin ng c, ng c, thit b o v tr, mch phn hi v tr nh
trnh by trong mc 1.3.3.
Trn hnh 6.2 l s ca mt h iu khin v tr cho 1 trc. N nhn tn
hiu (lnh chuyn ng) t b ni suy, so snh vi tn hiu phn hi t sensor
gim st v tr thc ca dao. Chnh lch gia 2 tn hiu trn c dng lm tn
hiu iu khin, qua khuych i iu khin v khuych i cng sut, bin i
thnh i lng tng t (v d in p), lm cho ng c chuyn ng. Sensor
gim st v tr ca dao thng dng l cc Encoder (quay hoc thng).

Hnh 6. 2: S iu khin v tr cho 1 trc

6.1.1. Cc phng php ni suy

Trong k thut, bt c mt ng thng hay ng cong no cng c th

hin gn ng di dng mt chui cc on thng ni tip nhau hnh thnh mt
ng gy khc. Cc on thng cng ngn th sai s cng nh, ngha l ng
gy khc cng bm st ng thc. l nn tng ca php ni suy. Mt cch
trc quan, chng ta xem xt trng hp chuyn ng n gin nh trn hnh 6.3.
Chuyn ng ca dao trong mt phng XY l tng hp cc chuyn ng
ring r ca 2 trc X v Y, do 2 ng c thc hin (tt nhin l thng qua b
truyn vt me - ai c). Tu theo quan h gia vn tc ca 2 ng c ny m
chng ta nhn c gc nghing khc nhau ca ng thng.
n gin, chng ta hnh dung qu trnh lm vic vi ng c bc. Tc
quay ca cc ng c chy dao c iu khin thng qua tn s xung m
ng c nhn c t b ni suy. Gi thit phn gii (gc quay ng vi mi
203

xung) ca cc ng c nh nhau th ng c no nhn c s xung trong mt

n v thi gian ln hn s quay nhanh hn. Cn di qung ng cn dch
chuyn cng c khng ch thng qua tng s xung pht cho mi ng c.

Hnh 6. 3: S hnh thnh chuyn ng thng t 2 trc

iu cng xy ra i vi cc ng c servo. im khc l trong mch
iu khin ca cc ng c ny c b chuyn i s - tng t chuyn tn hiu
s thnh in p iu khin ng c, cn v tr im ch l do h thng o v tr
gim st.
Bin dng ca phn ln cc chi tit trong k thut u c biu din di
dng ng thng hoc cung trn. V vy cc my CNC u dng 2 kiu ni suy
l ni suy ng thng v ni suy cung trn. Vi ni suy ng thng, t l vn
tc gia cc trc khng i trn sut qung ng. Vi lnh ni suy cung trn,
to gia 2 trc tun theo quan h X = Rcos; Y=Rsin (hnh 6.4).

Hnh 6. 4: M t qu trnh ni suy

204

6.1.2. Cc kiu iu khin

Tu theo yu cu cng ngh, ngi ta dng cc b iu khin vi cc kiu

iu khin khc nhau. Theo dng ng chy dao c th iu khin c, c kiu
iu khin im - im, iu khin ng v iu khin contour (hnh 6.5).
iu khin im - im

l kiu iu khin n gin nht:

dng c c iu khin chy nhanh (vi
tc quy nh trc, khng iu khin
c t chng trnh) theo ng thng t
im ny ti im kia. Qu trnh cng tc
ch thc hin ti cc im dng. Kiu
iu khin ny dng trn cc my khoan,
t l, hn im,...
iu khin ng

Kiu iu khin ny cho php chy

dao c gia cng (iu khin c tc
t chng trnh) theo tng trc. Ti mt
thi im ch c th chy dao t ng
theo mt trc, nn ch gia cng t ng
theo cc ng song song vi cc trc
to .
iu khin theo contour

B iu khin kiu ny c kh nng

iu khin c gia cng ng thi theo
nhiu trc khc nhau. Nh vy c th gia
cng ng thng hoc ng cong bt
k. iu khin kiu ny t tin nht
trong 3 kiu ni trn.
Phn ln cc b iu khin trong
cng nghip hin nay l iu khin
contour. Cn lu rng b iu khin
contour c th lm c cc vic ca 2
kiu iu khin trc.

Hnh 6. 5: iu khin im - im,

ng, contour.

205

Cc b iu khin contour li tip tc c phn loi theo s s trc c th

iu khin ng thi. Theo c im , chng ta phn bit kiu iu khin 2D,
2D v 3D (hnh 6.6) hoc nhiu hn.
iu khin 2D

My c kh nng iu khin
ng thi 2 trc. V vy ch c th
gia cng ng thng hoc ng
cong trong mt mt phng. Trong
v d hnh bn, my c th iu
khin ng thi 2 trc X, Y. Chy
dao theo trc Z phi thc hin bng
tay hoc sau khi dng 2 trc kia.
iu khin 2D

Tng t nh iu khin 2D,

ti mt thi im my ch c th
iu khin ng thi 2 trc. im
khc l c th thay i phng trc
dao, ngha l c th gia cng trong
mt phng X-Y, X-Z, Y-Z. Trc
th ba c th c iu khin t
ng khi dng 2 trc kia.
iu khin 3D

B iu khin 3D c th iu
khin ng thi 3 trc. Nh vy c
th gia cng cc ng, mt khng
gian: cu, xon vt tr. Tuy nhin,
trn mt s my ch c th gia
cng ng thng 3D, ng xon
c (ni suy cung trn theo 2 trc
v ng thng theo trc th ba).
Ch rng, s trc c iu
khin ng thi khng nht thit
bng s trc ca my.
Hnh 6. 6: Cc kiu iu khin

206

Ta c th gp cc trung tm gia cng vi s trc iu khin c ln, v d

trung tm tin c 3, 4 trc hoc trung tm phay c 4, 5 hoc 6 trc (xem thm
mc 1.3.5).
6.2. c im kt cu v iu khin cc h thng
6.2.1. H thng iu khin trc chnh

Cng nh trn cc my thng thng, trc chnh trn my CNC m bo

chuyn ng ct chnh. Trn my phay, l trc mang dao phay, cn trn my
tin l trc mang phi. Trn my mi, trc chnh mang mi. Trc chnh l b
phn tiu tn nng lng nhiu nht trn my. V vy cng sut trc chnh thng
c dng lm ch tiu nh gi cng sut gia cng ca my.
Yu cu c bn i vi trc chnh l c khong thay i s vng quay rng,
vi momen ln, n nh v kh nng qu ti cao. m bo iu , trn cc
my thng thng ngi ta hay dng ng c xoay chiu khng ng b hoc
ng b km hp s c kh c cp v v cp.
Trn my CNC, tc trc chnh cn c iu khin v cp, t ng theo
chng trnh, trong phm vi rng. iu rt cn thit, nht l khi thay i
ng knh dao phay hoc ng knh phi tin m li cn duy tr vn tc ct
khng i. Mt s cng vic, v d gia cng ren bng u ta r cng, gia cng ren
nhiu u mi,... cn i hi phi nh v chnh xc gc trc chnh. T cc yu
cu trn, ngi ta s dng cc loi ng c d iu khin t ng tc , nh
ng c mt chiu, xoay chiu ng b. Gn y, nh tin b v k thut iu
khin s, cc ng c khng ng b iu khin bng bin tn c s dng rng
ri. Khi cn nh v gc trc chnh, ngi ta gn encoder ln trc ng c.
So vi trc chnh ca my thng thng, trc chnh ca my CNC lm vic
vi tc cao hn (ti hng vn v/ph), thng xuyn c gia tc ln. V vy, yu
cu cn bng, bi trn c bit cao cc my CNC. Ngoi ra, do nhu cu thay
dao nhanh, thay dao t ng, kt cu kp dao trn my phay CNC khc so vi
my thng thng. C cu kp dao, phi trn cc my CNC thng c iu
khin t ng bng kh nn hoc thu lc.
6.2.2. H thng iu khin chy dao

H thng chy dao m bo chuyn ng to hnh, nn n quyt nh kh

nng cng ngh (tc l kch thc, hnh dng, chnh xc ca b mt gia cng)
ca my. Chuyn ng chy dao c th do dao hoc phi thc hin, nhng ngi
ta quy c trong mi trng hp coi phi ng yn, cn dao chuyn ng.

207

So vi cc h thng khc, h thng chy dao ca my CNC c nhiu thay

i nht so vi my thng thng.
- S thay i r nht l mi trc chy dao c iu khin bng mt ng
c ring. S phi hp gia cc chuyn ng to hnh theo cc phng l do b
iu khin m nhim. H thng truyn ng c kh lin kt ng hc gia cc
trc, k c cc tay quay l khng cn thit. Trn my phay thng c 3 trc c
iu khin l X, Y, Z (hnh 6.7). Tuy nhin, s trc iu khin c th nhiu hn
(4, 5, 6 trc hoc hn) to ra cc b mt phc tp hoc ci thin cht lng
gia cng. Trn my tin, s trc iu khin thng l 2 - trc X v Z (hnh 6.8).

Hnh 6. 7: iu khin trn my phay

Hnh 6. 8: iu khin trn my tin

Cc my hin i v cc trung tm gia cng thng c ti 4, 5, 6 trc iu

khin hoc hn. Chng c th l trc quay hoc tnh tin.
Theo cc tiu chun quc t,
ngi ta t tn 3 trc quay quanh
cc trc X, Y, Z l A, B, C. Nu c
cc trc tnh tin song song vi X,
Y, Z th ngi ta gi chng l U, V,
W (hnh 6.9).
m bo chnh xc v
m du chuyn ng, trong cc xch
truyn ng c kh ca my CNC
u dng c cu vt me - ai c bi
(hnh 6.10).

208

Hnh 6. 9: Trc to trn my CNC

Hnh 6. 10: V tr ca c cu vt me - ai c bi trong c cu chy dao

Mt u ca trc vt me c lp ng c truyn ng 1. ng c thng
c lp trc tip ln trc vt me hoc qua b truyn ai rng, c kh nng truyn
ng m v chng trt. Mt u ca trc c th (nu khng dng thc thng)
c gn thit b o v tr, encoder quay 3. Bn my 2 c gn trn ai c 5.
Vi mc ch kh
khe h, m bo m
du chuyn ng khi o
chiu v tng cng
vng ca h thng, ngi
ta thng to sc cng
gia vt me v ai c nh
lc kp gia 2 na ca ai
c bi 1 (hnh 6.11). Lc
cng v khe h c hiu
chnh nh thay i chiu
dy ca vng cch 2.

Hnh 6. 11: To lc cng trong ai c bi

K c sau khi p dng cc bin php trn th vn cn sai s ch to c

kh, v d sai s bc vt me, hoc sai s do bin dng c v bin dng nhit khi
gia cng. Phn ln cc b iu khin hin i u c kh nng b khe h v cc
sai s c kh ni trn. Tuy nhin, xc nh gi tr cc sai s v quy lut thay i
ca chng l vic lm phi rt t m v tn cng.
- Chuyn ng ca cc trc c iu khin t ng t chng trnh. Trn
cc my khng i hi chnh xc cao thng dng ng c bc. H iu khin
dng ng c bc c gi l h iu khin h, v khng c mch phn hi v tr.
Gc quay ca ng c ph thuc s xung v tn s pht xung ca b iu khin.
209

u im ca h iu khin dng ng c bc l n gin v r tin. Nhc im

chnh ca n l chnh xc thp v cng sut nh. Cng sut truyn ng c th
tng nu dng ng c bc kt hp vi h thng thu lc, nhng chnh xc th
khng th tng c. Trn cc my CNC cng nghip thng dng h thng iu
khin kn, ngha l phi c h thng o v phn hi v tr.
C 2 phng php o, l o trc tip v o gin tip. Hnh 6.12 l s o
trc tip dch chuyn ca bn my. Thc quang 2 c gn trc tip ln bn my
v chuyn ng theo bn my. Khi bn my chuyn ng, thc thng xuyn
pht ra tn hiu v to thc ca bn my di dng xung. u thu 1 tip nhn tn
hiu v chuyn v b iu khin so snh vi gi tr vo. B iu khin s a ra
lnh iu khin c cu chy dao theo xu hng gim sai lch gia gi tr thc v
gi tr t, cho n khi gi tr sai lch nm trong gii hn cho php. Phng php
o trc tip t chnh xc cao v kh c sai s ca xch truyn ng c kh.

Hnh 6. 12: H thng o trc tip

Hnh 6. 13: H thng o gin tip

Nu thit b o khng gn trc tip ln i tng o m qua mt khu truyn

ng trung gian no th chng ta c h thng o gin tip. V d, cng o
dch chuyn ca bn my c th dng mt encoder quay gn ln u trc vt me
nh trong hnh 6.13. Chuyn ng tnh tin ca bn my 1 c bin thnh chuyn
ng quay ca trc vt me 3 (v ca a quang 2) qua b truyn vt me - ai c.
Gc quay ca a 2, i din cho chuyn ng ca bn my, c dng lm tn
hiu phn hi. Php o gin tip ni trn phm phi sai s trn khu trung gian l
vt me - ai c.
Tu theo phng php khc vch trn a quang, chng ta phn bit phng
php o tuyt i v phng php o theo gia s. Thc o tuyt i (hnh 6.14)
c khc theo m nh phn. Mi im trn thc mang mt m ring, tng ng

210

vi khong cch t im n gc M. Sensor thu ch cn nhn c m ti v tr

ca bn my l bit ngay to thc ca n.
Trn thc o theo gia s (hnh 6.15) ch khc cc vch n gin, to thnh
cc vng sng v ti xen k nhau. Khong dch chuyn ca bn my t im xut
pht 2 n im ch 3 c nh gi bng s khong sng - ti trong . V tr
ca im 2 li c xc nh bng khong cch n mt im do nh ch to
my cng c quy nh, gi l im gc (Reference Point). Nh vy, trong trng
hp o tuyt i b iu khin lun lun nhn c m v tr ca bn my, cn
khi o theo gia s th n nhn c s xung pht ra khi bn my dch chuyn khi
im xut pht. im Reference ng vai tr nh ct cy s trn ng, nu
khng c n th b iu khin khng th bit c bn my ang u. Chnh v
vy m trc khi iu khin my, b iu khin lun lun nhc ngi dng chy
bn my v im Reference. cng l ng tc bt buc sau khi b iu khin
b tt do mt in hoc dng my s c.

Hnh 6. 14: S khc vch trn

thc o tuyt i

Hnh 6. 15: S khc vch trn thc

o theo gia s

Trn cc thc o theo gia s hin nay khng ch c 1 m nhiu im

Reference. V d, trn thc do hng Heidenhain (c) sn xut, c khong 20
mm l c mt vch Reference. iu gim c qung ng v thi gian ch
quy khng v tr bn my.
Ton b nhng iu ni trn v thc thng cng ng cho thc quay.
6.2.3. Thit b g kp chi tit

V c bn, c cu kp chi tit trn my CNC khng khc vi trn my thng

thng. Mt s im khc c th c do cc nguyn nhn:

211

- My CNC lm vic tc cao, gia tc gc ln. V vy cn bng ng

phi rt cao gim lc ly tm cng nh rung ng. H thng v bi trn cng
phi c kh nng lm vic tc cao.
- H thng kp phi c kh nng c iu khin t ng. V d, trn cc
my CNC, h thng kp t ng dng in c, thu lc, kh nn tc ng nhanh
t chng trnh hoc t robot hay c dng.
- Thng c cu kp phi c ni ghp v lm vic vi c cu cp phi t
ng.
6.2.4. H thng thay dao t ng

Ct gt l kt qu ca qu trnh tng tc gia dao v phi. V vy tnh

trng ca dao: vt liu, hnh hc li ct, tnh trng mn, cng vng ca dao
nh hng trc tip n nng sut v cht lng gia cng.
Nhim v ca h thng thay dao l ct tr c mt s lng dao cn thit
v a nhanh mi dao vo v tr lm vic khi c yu cu. Cc my CNC hin i
thng c trang b h thng thay dao t ng theo chng trnh (Automatic
Tool Changer - ATC). Yu cu c bn i vi h thng thay dao t ng l qun
l v thay i chnh xc dng c theo chng trnh. Mi dng c u c cc c
trng hnh hc v c hc ring. Nu h thng lp nhm dng c th khng ch nh
hng n nng sut, cht lng gia cng m cn gy nguy him. Trn my
CNC, mi dng c c c trng bi mt m ring. M cng vi cc thng
s b dao c lu tr trong mt CSDL c bit. Bnh thng cc dao c lp
sn trn i dao, ti mt v tr xc nh. Khi dao c a vo v tr lm vic th
b iu khin phi tham chiu n d liu ca n tnh ton lng b.
Trn hnh 6.16 l dng v cc thng s hnh hc chnh ca dao phay. V tr
ca dao c b iu khin xc nh qua to im B, nm trn mt u ca
trc g dao v ng tm l g. Chiu di dao L v bn knh dao R xc nh v tr
ca cc li ct, c gi l thng s b dao. Tu theo dao to hay nh, di hay
ngn m b iu khin tnh ton m bo kch thc gia cng.
Tng t nh vy, kt cu v cc thng s b dao tin c biu din trong
hnh 6.17. Chng gm khong cch t mi dao n im gc tnh theo hai
phng X, Z v bn knh mi dao. Chi tit v nguyn tc b dao s c trnh by
chng sau.

212

Hnh 6. 16: Thng s b ca dao phay

Hnh 6. 17: Thng s b dao tin

ATC gm 2 b phn: ni cha dao v

c cu thay dao. Ni cha dai c 2 dng:
u quay dng a (nh u Revolver) v
kho cha (gi l Tool Magazine).
u revolver c dng a (hnh 6.18)
hay c dng trn my tin, nhng i
khi cng dng cho my phay. Cc dao
c lp trn mt ngoi hoc trn mt u
ca a quay. a c ng c ring, c
iu khin theo chng trnh.

Hnh 6. 18: u revolver

Khi mt dao no c gi theo lnh trong chng trnh th i s quay

cho n khi dao v tr ch gia cng. Thng thi gian thay dao ch tnh bng
phn mi giy. Trn mt s my, b iu khin c kh nng xc nh chiu quay
sao cho gc quay ca i dao nh hn 180o.
Thng mi
i dao c th
cha 8 n 16 dao.
My ln c th c
2 - 3 i dao. Khi
c trn 48 dao th
thng dng kho
cha (hnh 6.19).
Hnh 6. 19: Kho cha dng c kiu xch
Kho cha thng c dng cho my phay, c nhiu dng: dng thng vi
cc dao xp theo hng; dng vng vi cc dao xp theo cc vng trn ng tm;

213

dng a vi cc dao xp trn mt u ca a; dng xch vi cc dao b tr trn

tng mt xch.
Khi dng kho cha, thay dao cn trang b tay gp c 2 cng gp (hnh
6.20). Khi c lnh thay dao, h thng lm vic theo trnh t sau:
- Di chuyn dao mi v trc chnh n v tr ch thay dao;
- Quay tay gp i din vi dao c trn trc chnh v dao mi trn kho (v tr 1);
- Chuyn ng dc trc rt dao c khi trc chnh v dao mi khi kho
cha (v tr 2);
- Quay 180o i ch 2 dao (v tr 3);
- t cc dao vo v tr mi trn trc v trn kho cha (v tr 4).

Hnh 6. 20: Trnh t thay dao t ng trn my phay

Vi kho dao ln, thng thi gian thay dao ko di khong vi giy. Khi
dng u revolver, thi gian thay dao ch c 0,1 giy.
Trn cc hnh t 5. 14 n 5. 17 l cc trung tm gia cng vi h thng thay
dao t ng c kho cha dng a v dng xch.
214

Chng 7: C s lp trnh gia cng trn my CNC

7.1. Cc ch lm vic ca my CNC

Cc my v trung tm CNC do nhiu hng sn xut, c chc nng cng

ngh v kt cu ht sc a dng, nhng ch lm vic ca chng v c bn l
ging nhau. V vy khi s dng thnh tho mt loi my th c d dng lm
quen vi cc my khc. Sau y l cc ch lm vic c bn ca my CNC:
7.1.1. Manual / JOG

l ch chy dao "bng tay". Cc trc c th di chuyn nh cc phm

trn bn iu khin hoc bng "tay quay in t" gn vi my. Khi cn c th
quay trc chnh theo chiu tri hoc phi. Ch ny c dng khi g dao, g
phi hoc gia cng n gin.
7.1.2. MDI (Manual Data Input)

Trong ch ny, c th nhp cc lnh v gia cng ngay theo cc lnh .

Sau khi thc hin xong, chng c xo khi b nh. Ch ny hay dng
kim tra to dao, phi hoc gia cng n gin.
7.1.3. Single Block

y l ch gia cng t ng, nhng ch chy tng lnh. Sau khi hon
thnh mi lnh, my dng ch ngi dng nhn nt mi chy tip lnh sau. Ch
ny c dng kim tra, tm li hoc th chng trnh.
7.1.4. Automatic

Chy t ng ton b chng trnh v l ch lm vic ch yu ca my.

Chng trnh c chy hon ton t ng t u n cui. C th thay i ch
gia cng (tc trc chnh, tc n dao) bng cc nt OVERRIDE. C th
tm dng chng trnh bng phm STOP, sau li tip tc. Nu nhn phm NC
STOP th chng trnh quay li t u.
Ch :
- Ch chy ch ny khi m bo chc chn v s ng n ca
chng trnh, g phi v dao.
- Khng tu tin gim tc trc chnh trong qu trnh gia cng phng
gy dao.
- Mun dng chng trnh (lnh STOP), phi ch lc dao khng ct vo
phi hoc phi gim tc n dao dn ti 0.
215

7.1.5. Son tho (Edit)

Dng son tho, sa cha chng trnh. Ngi dng nhp lnh t bn
phm. tit kim thi gian my, cc my CNC hin i cho php son tho mt
chng trnh trong khi ang gia cng theo mt chng trnh khc.
7.1.6. M phng

Mi chng trnh mi, trc khi dng gia cng cn phi c kim tra.
M phng l phng php kim tra bng cnh chy chng trnh trn mn hnh.
Nh m phng c th nhn thy din tin ca qu trnh gia cng, ngha l thy
dao chy v phi b ct i nh th no. M phng khng cho php kim tra ch
cng ngh.
C nhiu phng php m phng: v ng tm dao, v vt dao, m phng
trong mt hnh chiu, trong 3 hnh chiu v m phng 3D. M phng 3D i hi
tc x l ca my tnh phi cao v mn hnh mu c phn gii ln. Vi kh
nng ho my tnh hin nay, xu hng chung ca cc phn mm l hng ti
m phng 3D.
7.1.7. Dry run

Chy kh (dry run) l ch th chng trnh bng cch chy khng ti: trc
chnh khng quay, cn cc trc chy vi tc cao nht. Nh chy kh ngi dng
c th quan st trc chy thc. Cn c bit ch phng va chm nguy him khi
chy kh.
Mt s b iu khin c cc chc nng khc, v d:
- TEACH IN (dy), t ng ghi li chng trnh khi chy dao bng tay. Ch
ny c dng lp trnh gia cng nhng ch kh.
- REPOS, cho php ly li v tr va dng gia cng, v d sau khi gy dao.
- BLOCK SEARCH: cho php bt u gia cng t lnh chn bt k ca
chng trnh m khng phi t u chng trnh.
7.2. C s hnh hc ca vic lp trnh NC
7.2.1. Cc h to

to iu kin thun tin nht cho ngi lp trnh, my CNC thng cho
php dng tt c cc loi h to : to cc, to cc.
H to cc

H to cc c hnh thnh t cc trc vung gc vi nhau tng i

mt. V vy, n cn c gi l h to vung gc. Trong mt phng, n gm 2
216

trc to vung gc vi nhau X-Y, Y-Z, X-Z. Trong khng gian, n gm 3 trc
vung gc X-Y-Z (hnh 7. 1). H to cc c dng thng xuyn nht
trn my CNC.

Hnh 7. 1: H to cc
H to cc

Trong nhiu trng hp, v d lp trnh khoan cc l theo vng trn, dng
h to cc c th thun tin hn v gim c khi lng tnh ton cho my.
Trong h to cc, mt im c biu din bng bn knh cc (khong
cch t im n gc cc) v gc cc (gc gia trc to v tia ni gia im
v gc cc). Gc l dng nu i ngc chiu kim ng h (hnh 7.2).

Hnh 7. 2: H to cc vi gc >0 v <0

7.2.2. Phng php nhp to

To ca mt im c th c tnh bng to tuyt i hoc to

tng i (tnh theo gia s).
217

To tuyt i

To tuyt i ca mt im c
tnh theo khong cch t im n
gc to . V d, to tuyt i ca
im A l (5,5), ca im B l (20,15).
To tng i

To tng i ca mt im
c tnh bng khong cch theo cc trc
t im n im trc n. V d, to
tng i ca im A (so vi im B)
l (15,10).

Hnh 7. 3: To tuyt i v to
tng i

7.2.3. Quy nh gc to phi (zero phi)

im zero phi W c ngha quan

trng trong lp trnh v iu khin.
- Trong iu khin, W i din
cho v tr ca phi trong h to
chung ca my. V vy, sau khi phi
c g trn my, cn ng k im
zero phi. Vi ngha , im zero
phi phi l im d xc nh. Thng
trn my phay, ngi ta dng im gc
pha ngoi ca phi (hnh 7.4).
Hnh 7. 4: im zero my (M) v zero phi (W) trn my phay

218

Cn trn my tin, dng im tm nm trn mt u ca phi (hnh 7.5).

Trong lp trnh, im zero phi l gc kch thc. Vi ngha , ngi ta
chn im zero phi sao cho d biu din kch thc tng quan gia cc b mt.
V d, khi gia cng ch nht nn chn zero phi l im gc, khi gia cng vng
trn, nn chn tm. Trong mt chng trnh c th dng nhiu im zero phi
khc nhau. Trn hnh 7.6 l v d v phng php gia cng cc chi tit ging
nhau. Mc d chng c v tr khc nhau trn bn my, nhng kch thc ni b
ca chng ging nhau. V vy, ch cn chuyn im zero phi l c th dng
chung mt chng trnh.

Hnh 7. 5: im zero phi trn my tin

Hnh 7. 6: Chuyn zero phi trong chng trnh

Cc b iu khin CNC u cho php ng k ng thi nhiu im zero
phi trong bng d liu phi (Zero Offset) hoc cho php nh ngha li zero phi
vi s ln khng hn ch trong chng trnh. V d, cc b iu khin h
SINUMERIK cho php ng k 4 im zero phi trong d liu zero offset (dng
G54 n G57), ng thi cho php dng G58 nh ngha li zero phi trong

219

chng trnh vi s ln khng hn ch. Cc b iu khin h HEIDENHAIN c

chu trnh chuyn gc to CYCLE 7.0 DATUM SHIFT vi s ln dng tu .
My CNC lm vic vi cc h to (hnh 7.7, a). Mun lm vic c vi
my CNC th phi bit ngha ca chng v s dng chng mt cch hp l
trong tng trng hp.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)
Hnh 7. 7: Cc im gc to trn my CNC
220

- im gc my (zero my) M: l gc to tuyt i trn my, do nh ch

to t, ngi s dng khng cn quan tm. Dao khng bao gi chy ti im M.
- im gc trung gian (Reference) R: Trn my CNC dng h thng o theo
gia s, R l im i din cho M, c dng chun to dng c v phi khi
gia cng. Sau khi m my, b iu khin lun lun nhc ngi dng chy dao
n im ny. R lun cch M mt khong c nh, do nh ch to t.
- im gc to phi (zero phi) W: l gc to trn phi. Quy nh hp
l im ny s lm cho vic xc nh kch thc trn bn v c n gin.
- im gc to dao E: dng xc nh v tr dao (xem mc 1.3.3).
- im thay dao N: v tr dao phi chy n khi c lnh thay dao theo yu
cu ca h thng thay dao t ng.
Hnh 7.7, b v hnh 7.7, c minh ho v tr cc im gc trn my tin v trn my
phay.
Trc khi chy chng trnh, ngi vn hnh phi khai bo to im zero
phi. Hnh 7.7, d l s xc nh im zero phi trn my tin, hnh 7.7, e l s
cho my phay. Th tc xc nh c th theo hng dn vn hnh my.
7.2.4. B thng s dao

Dao bao
gi cng c kch
thc chiu di
v bn knh mi
dao nht nh.
Nu lp trnh
gia cng theo
ng
ng
hnh hc th bao
gi cng b sai
s. Hnh 7.8 cho
v d v sai s
do bn knh dao
gy nn.

Hnh 7. 8: Sai lch do bn knh dao khi tin

221

Mun gia cng ng ng bin th im gc dao phi li ra mt khong

tng ng vi kch thc dao. iu c gi l b dao (Tool Compensation).
Tnh ton b dao mt cch trc tip l vic khng th lm c v cc l do sau:
- Cc php tnh hnh hc b dao rt phc tp,
- Nu dng nhiu dao trong mt nguyn cng th chng trnh s rt di,
- Mi ln thay dao mi li phi sa chng trnh hoc lm chng trnh mi.
Chc nng b dao t ng lm n gin vic lp trnh, thay dao. Bn cht
ca qu trnh b dao nh sau:
- V tr ca dao c i din bi to gc dao,
- Cc thng s hnh hc ca dao c ng k trong bng d liu dao,
- Khi lp trnh ch cn quan tm n bin dng chi tit trong bn v, km
theo ch dn b dao tri, phi hay khng b dao,
- Khi gp lnh gi dao trong chng trnh, b iu khin s tm d liu ca dao
trong file d liu, t ng tnh cc tham s b v dch dao, mi dao ct ng
bin dng (hnh 7. 9).
Vi c ch , mi khi mi dao hay thm dao mi ch cn cp nht thng s
hnh hc ca chng vo bng d liu.

Hnh 7. 9: B bn knh dao

222

Hnh 7. 9: B bn knh dao (tip)

Mun b iu khin tnh ton c lng b dao th phi khai bo kch thc
ca mi con dao (dng dao, chiu di v bn knh mi dao) trong bng d liu dao
(Tool Compensation Table). Cc trung tm gia cng hin i u c h thng o v
nhp d liu t ng, m bo chnh xc cao. Trn cc my CNC thng thng
cng c cc cng c tr gip, nhng ngi dng phi o bng tay, theo ng th tc
ring ca tng my.
223

7.3. C s cng ngh ca vic lp trnh NC

Ti liu ny khng i su v cng ngh ct gt kim loi m ch im nhng

im ng ch khi gia cng trn my CNC, gm nhng c im v dao v ch
ct.
7.3.1. C s cng ngh tin
Dao tin

Theo tiu chun ISO, dao tin c phn loi theo cc ch tiu sau:
- Theo vt liu li ct, c dao thp gi, hp kim cng, gm, kim cng.
- Theo v tr ct, c dao tin trong v dao tin ngoi.
- Theo dng dao, c dao thng, dao u cong, dao u bng, dao mi nhn.
- Theo v tr ca li ct chnh, c dao tin tri, dao tin phi, dao u thng.
- Theo cng dng, c dao ct rnh, dao tin gc, dao tin ren,...
Ch gia cng khi tin
i vi nguyn cng tin cng c 2 thng s cng ngh cn nhp vo
chng trnh, l vn tc ct S (vng/pht hay mt/pht) v lng chy dao F
(mm/vng). My tin CNC c ch ct vi vn tc khng i, ngha l tc
trc chnh thay i theo ng knh phi duy tr vn tc ct khng i. Dng
vn tc ct khng i cho php m bo cht lng b mt ng u khi ng
knh chi tit thay i. Khi dng ch ny, cn phi gii hn tc trc chnh,
phng tc qu cao khi ng knh phi qu nh hoc tin dn ti 0 (v d,
khi ct t).
7.3.2. C s cng ngh phay
Dao phay
Dao phay c th c phn loi theo cc ch tiu sau:

- Theo vt liu cn gia cng, c kiu N dng cho thp thng thng; H cho
vt liu mm, phoi dy; W cho vt liu cng, phoi vn.
- Theo vt liu li ct, c dao thp gi, hp kim cng, gm, kim cng.
- Theo dng thn dao, c dao phay ngn; dao vnh xuyn.
- Theo dng u dao, c dao ct rnh ch T, kho mt, nh hnh.
Trn hnh 7.10 l cc dng dao phay thng dng vi cc thng s hnh hc
tng ng ca chng.

224

Hnh 7. 10: Cc dng dao phay

225

Ch gia cng

Vic tnh ch gia cng hon ton nh my thng thng.

C hai thng s cng ngh thng phi nhp vo chng trnh, l tc
trc chnh S (vng/pht) v lng chay dao F (mm/vng hoc mm/pht).
7.4. Nhng vn chung v lp trnh NC
7.4.1. Cu trc ca chng trnh NC

Chng trnh NC l mt file, c biu din di dng m BCD hoc

ASCII. Cu trc chung ca chng trnh NC nh trong hnh 7.11.

Hnh 7. 11: Cu trc chung ca chng trnh NC

Chng trnh l tp hp c cu trc ca cc cu lnh (Block), c sp xp
theo trnh t hot ng ca my, bt u v kt thc bng nhng k t c bit
b iu khin c th nhn bit. Mi Block gm mt s t (Word), c ngha nht
nh. Mi t c 2 phn: phn i ch (Address) l ch ci ch ngha ca t v
phn gi tr (Value), ch tr s i km. Block c kt thc bng mt k t c
bit b iu khin c th nhn bit c.
226

V d, block trn hnh 7. 11 c vit trong chng trnh nh sau (du cch
ch gip ngi lp trnh d c, khng c ngha vi b iu khin nn c th b
qua):
G01 X126.4 Y0.5 F170 S1200 T14 M06 LF
C 2 loi thng tin cn phi c trong chng trnh NC l:
- Thng tin v hnh hc ca chi tit gia cng (kch thc cc b mt);
- Thng tin v cng ngh (ch cng ngh, dng c, dung dch trn
ngui,...).
C th hn, cc thng tin sau cn c trong chng trnh NC:
- Chc nng dch chuyn (quy nh n v o, dng ni suy, kiu to
(tuyt i hay tng i), mt ni suy cung trn, b kch thc dao,...);
- H to phi (tnh tin hoc quay) v s bin i trong qu trnh gia
cng;
- Ch ct (tc trc chnh, lng chy dao);
- Dng c (thng s dao, thay dao,...);
- Chu trnh (khoan, gia cng ren, tin th, phay hc,...);
- Dung dch trn ngui (bt, tt, kiu ti,...);
- Cc chc nng ph tr (bt, tt trc chnh, chiu quay trc chnh, kp nh
phi, thay tm g (pallet),...
7.4.2. Cc phng php lp trnh

C 2 phng php lp trnh c bn:

- Lp trnh bng tay, ti my.
- Lp trnh c my tnh tr gip (ngn ng chuyn dng, CAD/CAM).
7.4.2.1. Phng php lp trnh bng tay, ti my

Lp trnh bng tay (Manual Programming) l phng php c bn nht,

c thc hin ngay ti my CNC, s dng b lp trnh (NC Editor) sn c ca
my (hnh 7. 12). c im ca phng php ny l lp trnh vin phi nhp tng
cu lnh vo b nh ca my m khng da vo mt cng c t ng sn sinh
chng trnh no. Lp trnh bng tay c u im l khng i hi thit b v phn
mm. Mc d cng c lp trnh ti cc my CNC hin i c ci tin rt
nhiu, nh tr gip ho, s dng ngn ng giao thoi, tng kh nng tnh ton
s hc v hnh hc, nhng lp trnh bng tay hin vn c nhc im quan trng,

227

l mang tnh th cng, mt thi gian, bun t v d nhm ln. V vy, lp trnh
bng tay thng ch c dng to cc chng trnh n gin hoc sa
chng trnh c.
Nh s dng cc my tnh c
hiu nng cao, nh cc chip Pentium
th h mi c tc x l cao, dng
b nh dung lng cao, mn hnh
mu c phn gii ln, kh nng
giao tip vi b nh ngoi v cc thit
b ngoi vi khc, tin ch lp trnh
bng tay ca cc my CNC hin i
thay i rt nhanh. Trong s cc
tin ch lp trnh th vic to mi
trng giao thoi (Interactive
Programming Tool) v cng c tr
gip ho l cc xu hng ni bt
nht. Vi cc tin ch trn, ngi lp
trnh khng cn nh cu trc cu lnh
m ch cn s dng cc phm biu
tng kch hot hm, sau in
cc gi tr theo yu cu ca my.

Hnh 7. 12: Lp trnh bng tay, ti my

Cng c tr gip ho cho php ngi dng kim tra to chy dao
ngay trong khi lp trnh, nh vy m c th sa cha ngay lp tc m khng cn
ch chy m phng. Hnh 7.13 minh ho cng c ca b iu khin TNC420
do hng Heidenhain (c) sn xut. Bn tri l cc phm biu tng lp trnh,
cn bn phi l cc cu lnh sinh ra v contour biu din to tng ng.
Mt trong nhng tin ch rt quan trng trong lp trnh NC l th vin cc
hm (Function) v cc chu trnh chun (Cycle). Chng cho php to nhanh cc
modul chng trnh gia cng cc b mt phc tp v thng dng, nh gia cng
bc v, khoan su, gia cng ren, gia cng cc rnh trn my tin hoc gia cng
cc hc, cc o, cc rnh nh hnh, gia cng khoan, khot, doa, ren cc l trn
my phay. Cc h iu khin th h mi, nh Sinumerik 840D, Fanuc Serie 21,
TNC430,... u c mt th vin cc hm rt phong ph, ng thi cn cho php
ngi dng nh ngha cc hm ring ca mnh.

228

Hnh 7. 13: Cng c tr gip lp trnh ca TNC420 (Heidenhain)

Hnh 7.14 minh ho chc nng to cycle gia cng rnh cung trn ca b
iu khin Sinumerik 840D (Siemens - c).

Hnh 7. 14: Chu trnh phay rnh trn ca b iu khin Sinumerik 840D
Mc d c cc tin ch trn, lp trnh bng tay cng ch c s dng vi
cc my c s trc hn ch, nh my tin 2 trc, my phay 3 hoc 4 trc.

229

7.4.2.2. Phng php lp trnh c my tnh tr gip

Khi chi tit v/hoc my phc tp hn th phi dng cc h lp trnh c my

tnh tr gip (Computer Aided Programming - AIP). Bn cht ca AIP l s dng
cng c chuyn dng tr gip (thng l t ng sn sinh chng trnh) trn
c s i tng gia cng v cc thng s cng ngh c ngi dng n nh.
Trc y, ngi ta hay ni n APT (Automated Programming Tool) nh mt
cng c tr gip lp trnh c lp. Khi dng APT, thay v phi trc tip vit
chng trnh di dng G-Code, ngi lp trnh c th m t hnh hc ca chi tit
bng ngn ng gn vi ngn ng giao tip thng thng, cn phn mm s gip
chuyn sang G-Code. Vi APT, kh khn chnh trong lp trnh NC, l xc nh v
m t ng chy dao (th cng) vn cha c gii quyt. Ngy nay APT truyn
thng khng cn c dng na. Cng c tr gip lp trnh thng dng nht by
gi l CAD/CAM, trong cc chi tit c thit k trong CAD-3D, cn CAM t
ng tnh ng chy dao v xut chng trnh NC theo i tng hnh hc m
ngi dng trc tip chn trn m hnh hnh hc ca CAD (hnh 7.15). S lin kt
CAD/CAM kt hp c kh nng ho mnh v d liu hnh hc chnh xc
ca CAD vi nng lc phn tch hnh hc, qun l d liu cng ngh, m phng
ca CAM. Nh CAD/CAM, vic lp trnh va d dng, nhanh chng, va chnh
xc. Mt khc, mi trng CAD/CAM l mi trng tng tc, cho php ngi
dng thc hin nhiu ln "vng lp" ...-> thit k -> lp trnh -> m phng (th
nghim) ->... to ra kt cu ti u ca chi tit, trnh c nhng tn km nh
th nghim mu thc. Cc phn mm CAD/CAM hin i, nh Pro/Engineer,
Catia, Cimatron, EdgeCAM,... cho php lp trnh cho cc my phay n 5 trc,
my tin n 4 trc, my ct dy n 4 trc.
Mt trong nhng phng php lp trnh c my tnh tr gip l kt hp cng
c s ho 3D vi cng c sn sinh chng trnh NC. l mt dng ca cng ngh
ngc (Reverse Engineering), dng thit b s ho quang hc, in c,... s ho
b mt 3D. D liu hnh hc 3D dng s ny s c chuyn cho phn mm CAD
dng li m hnh 3D ca vt th hoc chuyn trc tip thnh chng trnh NC
gia cng li chi tit. Bng phng php ny, ngi ta c th chp hnh cc bc
tng trong ngh thut to hnh, gia cng cc chi tit my phc tp trong ch to
my. Cng ngh ngc ny cn kt hp c vi cc cng ngh khc, phc v
cng tc thit k v ch to, nh cng ngh to mu nhanh (Rapid Prototyping)
ch to nhanh sn phm hoc khun mu.

230

M hnh CAD -> Qu o dao -> M phng > Chng trnh NC

Hnh 7. 15: Lp trnh NC nh CAD/CAM (Pro/E)

Hnh 7. 16: S ho 3D trn my CNC

thc hin cng ngh ngc trn my CNC, my c trang b u d 3
chiu vi phn mm s ho km theo. Nh phn mm ny m u d s c
iu khin qut ln b mt mu theo cc li qu o khc nhau (hnh 7.16).
Sau , li to s c chuyn thnh cc lnh NC, lu trong my tnh, c
231

s dng gia cng trn chnh my hoc trn cc my khc c h lnh tng
thch.
7.4.3. Cc loi ngn ng lp trnh
7.4.3.1. Ngn ng ISO (G code)

Tiu chun ISO 6983 quy nh cu trc chung v mt s lnh chnh ca

chng trnh NC. Ngn ng ISO (cch gi tt ca ISO 6983) l ngn ng truyn
thng, c s dng rng ri trn th gii. Hu ht cc hng ln trn th gii, nh
Siemens (c), Fanuc (Nht), Num (Php), Fago (Ty ban nha),... dng ngn ng
ny. Ngoi cc lnh v cc hm chnh quy nh trong tiu chun ISO 6983, cc nh
sn xut b iu khin c th thm vo cc lch v cc hm ring ca mnh. V
vy, tuy cng dng h m chun ISO, chng trnh NC vit cho b iu khin ny
thng khng chy c trn b iu khin khc. Tiu chun DIN 66025 ca c
c cu trc tng t ISO. Cc lnh chnh trong chng trnh ISO u dng ch ci
a ch G... nn m ISO cn dc gi l m G.
Bng sau y m t cc m m t chc nng chnh trong chng trnh ISO.
M t chc nng

MTS

SINUMRIK

FANUC

Chy dao nhanh

G00

G00

G00

Ni suy ng thng

G01

G01

G01

Ni suy cung trn theo chiu kim ng h

G02

G02

G02

Ni suy cung trn ngc chiu kim ng h

G03

G03

G03

Thi gian dng

G04

G04

G04

B lnh b dao

G40

G40

G40

B bn knh dao, tri

G41

G41

G41

B bn knh dao, phi

G42

G42

G42

G54-G57

G54

Chn im zero phi

Lp trnh theo to tuyt i

G90

G90

G90

Lp trnh theo gia s

G91

G91

G91

Gii hn vng quay trc chnh max (i vi G96)

Lng chy dao mm/ph

232

G92
G94

G94

G94

M t chc nng

Lng chy dao mm/vng

MTS

SINUMRIK

FANUC

G95

G95

G95

Vn tc ct khng i

G96

S vng quay trc chnh khng i

G97

To X ca im ch

To Y ca im ch

To Z ca im ch

Khong cch gia im xut pht vi tm vng

trn theo phng X
Khong cch gia im xut pht vi tm vng
trn theo phng Y
Khong cch gia im xut pht vi tm vng

Tc trc chnh

Lng chy dao

M dao

Khi ng trc chnh theo chiu kim ng h

M3

M3

M3

Khi ng trc chnh ngc kim ng h

M4

M4

M4

Dng trc chnh

M5

M5

M5

M6

M6

trn theo phng Z

Thay dao
Ti dung dch

M8

M8

M8

Thi ti dung dch

M9

M9

M9

Tm dng chng trnh

M00

M00

M00

Dng chng trnh, quay v u (Reset)

M30

M30

M30

Chng trnh NC gm cc cu lnh (block) k tip nhau, ch dn cho my

thc hin cc bc gia cng. Block u tin l tn chng trnh, thng bt u
bng mt k hiu, k theo l mt nhm ch ci hoc ch s. Tn chng trnh

233

phi theo ng quy nh ca nh sn xut, nu khng th my khng hiu c.

V d, cu trc chung ca chng trnh NC theo ngn ng ISO nh sau:
%0100

Tn chng trnh

N0005 G54 G90

Cc lnh (block) trong chng

trnh

.....
N0075 G01 X50 Z-10 S2500 F0.3 M03
.....
N0590 M30

Kt thc chng trnh

Mi lnh thng c s th t (khng bt buc), cc t (Word) v k t c

bit (LF), khng nhn thy, biu th kt thc lnh.
V d, lnh s 75 di y c 6 t.
N0075 G01 X50 Z-10 S2500 F0.3 M03
Mi t c mt ch ci a ch (Address) bo cho b iu khin loi cng
vic cn thc hin, tip theo l gi tr (Value), quy nh chi tit ngha ca t.
V d G01 l mt t, trong G l a ch, 01 l gi tr. G01 ch th "chy
dao theo ng thng vi lng chy dao quy nh". X50 l mt t, trong a
ch X biu din to theo phng X, 50 l gi tr to .
Theo chc nng, thng cc t c phn thnh 3 nhm:
- Nhm chc nng G, nh G00, G01, G40, G54,...
- Nhm to , nh X, Y, Z, A, B, C,...
- Nhm b xung v chuyn i ch , nh F, S, T, M,...
Tuy khng phi lun lun bt buc, cc t trong mt lnh thng c vit
theo trnh t nht nh. Gia cc t thng c du cch ch d c cho ngi
dng, cn my khng cn.
7.4.3.2. Ngn ng giao thoi ca HEIDENHAIN

Cc b iu khin h TNC ca Heidenhain c th dng 2 ngn ng: ngn

ng ISO v ngn ng giao thoi. Ngn ng giao thoi c 3 c im:
- Trong chng trnh, dng cc ch ci ting Anh m t cc chc nng.
- Dng cc phm biu tng lp trnh.
- Lp trnh theo phng php hi p (Conversation), trong my a ra
cc cu hi, ngi dng ch nhp cc gi tr m my yu cu.

234

Hnh sau minh ho cc phm biu tng lp trnh, chn ch lm vic

v iu khin my.

235

Ngn ng giao thoi khng i hi

ngi dng nh cu trc lnh v hn
ch ti a cc sai st v c php. N rt
thch hp cho lp trnh bng tay. V u
im ca ngn ng giao thoi m gn
y nhiu hng khc, v d FAGO cng
pht trin mi trng ny.
Di y l mt chng trnh nh,
minh ho cu trc ca chng trnh.
Chng trnh dng gia cng contour
hnh bn.
0 BEGIN PGM LINEAR MM

0 Bt u chng trnh

1 BLK FORM 0.1 Z X+0 Y+0 Z-20

1 nh ngha phi m phng

2 BLK FORM 0.2 X+100 Y+100 Z+0

3 TOOL DEF 1 L+0 R+10

3 nh ngha dao trong chng trnh

4 TOOL CALL 1 Z S4000

4 Gi dao, nh trc dao (Z), tc trc chnh (S)

5 L Z+250 R0 F MAX

5 Chy dao nhanh Z n to Z250

6 L X-10 Y-10 R0 F MAX

6 Chy dao nhanh n X-10 Y-10

7 L Z-5 R0 F1000 M3

7 Khoan xung Z-5, F1000, quay trc chnh (M3)

8 APPR LT X+5 Y+5 LEN10 RL F300

8 Tip cn contour theo ng thng, b dao tri

9 L Y+95

9 Ct thng n im 4

10 L X+95

10 Ct thng ti im 3

11 CHF 10

11 Vt cnh 10 mm

12 L Y+5

12 Ct ti im 2

13 CHF 20
14 L X+5
15 DEP LT LEN10 F1000
16 L Z+250 R0 F MAX M2
17 END PGM LINEAR MM

236

13 Vt cnh 20 mm
14 Ct thng ti im 1
15 Ri contour theo ng thng 10 mm vi F1000
16 Nhc dao, dng chng trnh
17 Kt thc chng trnh

237

238

Ph lc: Mt s my cng c
P1. My tin (Lathe)

My tin ren vt vn nng kiu: 1400F, hng: Sharp, nc: M

ng knh ln nht ca phi
Inch
14
Khong cch gia 2 mi tm
40
ng knh l trc chnh
11/2
Tc trc chnh
v/ph
14-1800
S cp tc trc chnh
16
Cn mooc u trc chnh
MT#5
Lng chy dao dc (s cp)
Inch/vg
0,0012-0,029 (40)
Lng chy dao ngang (s cp)
Inch/vg
0,0003/0,01 (40)
Bc ren
H Anh (s bc ren)
TPI
4-112 (40)
H mt
mm
0,45-7,5
ng c trc chnh (Cng sut/pha)
HP
3/3
Khi lng
LBS
1650

239

P2. My phay ng (Vertical Mill)

My phay ng/ngang hng nng: KMA-3H, hng: Sharp, nc: M

Inch
Khong di chuyn (dcngangng)
592431-1/2

Khong di chuyn ca nng trc chnh

Khong cch t tm trc chnh n thn
Khong di chuyn (ln, xung) trc ngang
Kch thc bn my (dirng)
Rnh T (rngs rnhkhong cch rnh)
Tc trc chnh (ng/ngang/s cp)
Lng chy dao Z (trc ng/trc ngang)
Lng chy dao X, Y
Tc chy dao nhanh
Cng sut ng c (trc ng/ngang/bn)
Kch thc my (DiRngCao)

240

35-1/2
22
25-1/2
8720

0,753-9/16
v/ph
(45-1500)/(40-1450)/12
In/v-In/ph (0,002-0,008)/(0-39)
In/ph
0-39
150
HP
20/5/2-1/2
Inch
175100115

P3. My phay ngang (Horizontal Milling Machine)

My phay ngang: UH-3, hng: Sharp, nc: M

Inch
Khong di chuyn (dcngangng)
37-3/814-13/168-1/2

Kch thc bn my (dirng)

Rnh T (rngs rnhkhong cch rnh)
Lng chy dao Z (khong/(s cp))
Lng chy dao X, Y (khong/(s cp))
Tc chy dao nhanh (ng/ngang)
Tc trc chnh (s cp)
Khong cch tm trc chnh n dm
Khong cch tm trc chnh n bn
Cng sut ng c (trc chnh/chy dao)
Kch thc my (DiRngCao)

Inch/ph
v/ph
Inch
Inch
Hp
Inch

51-3/1611-13/16
5/832-3/4
1/4-12-7/16 (12)
1/2-24-7/8 (12_
(59-13/16)/(116-1/2)
35-1382 (12)
5-5/16
0-18-1/2
7,5/3
1176967-5/16

241

P4. My doa ngang (Horizontal Boring Machine)

My doa ngang: KHM 180, hng: Sharp, nc: M

Inch
Kch thc bn my (dirng)
5931,5

Rnh T (rngs rnhkhong cch rnh)

mm

207100

Vng cng tc (XYZ)

Khong cch tm trc chnh n bn
Khong cch t u trc n tm bn
Tc trc chnh (s cp)
Lng chy dao X, Y, Z (gia cng/nhanh)
Cng sut ng c trc chnh
Bn quay (ty chn): - Kch thc

Inch

mm

705547
55
14-61
55-1500 (12)
1,1-34,5/113
10/4
800800280
5 (gia s)
227100

Inch

158169

- Khong quay
- Rnh T (rngs rnhkhong rnh)
Kch thc my (DiRng)

242

v/ph
Inch/ph
HP
mm

P5. My khoan cn (Radial Drill)

My khoan cn: RD-820, hng: Sharp, nc: M

ng knh ct
Inch
8,25
Khong cch tm ct n tm trc chnh
8,25-33
Khong dch chuyn ca u trc chnh
24,8
Khong cch t trc chnh n
13,7-47,6
Tm nng ca cn
25,5
Din tch hiu dng ca bn
191515
Cn mooc trc chnh
MT#4
Tc trc chnh (khong/s cp)
v/ph
88-1500/6
Tc chy dao (khong/s cp)
I/vg
0,002-0,06/3
Cng sut ng c (trc chnh/nng cn)
HP
3/1
Inch
ng knh dng c (khoantarodoa)
27/84-1/8
ng knh vi thp (khoantarodoa)
1-1/25/82-3/4

Kch thc my (DiRngCao)

663286

243

P6. My mi phng (Surface Grinder)

My mi phng: SG820-3A Hng: Sharp, nc: M

Inch
Kch thc mi (DiRngCao)
21,78,715,7

Kch thc bn my (DiRng)

820

Dch chuyn ca bn my (DcNgang)

23,69,25
Tc chy bn dc (thy lc/tay)
ft/min;ft/vg 3,3-82/2,7
Chy bn ngang (bc/lin tc/tay)
In;in/ph;in/vg (0,006-0,4)/47,2/0,2
Chy thng ng bng tay
In/vg
0,05
Ch n dao t ng - Lng n
Inch
0,00004-0,004
- Lng d tng/tinh
0-39,3/4.10-5-16.10-4
- S hnh trnh mi tia la
0-9
ng c (cng sut/tc ); Bm
HP/v/ph; HP 2/3420; 1
Kch thc my (DiRngCao)
835978

244

P7. My mi trn (Cylinder Grinder)

My mi trn: OD1660S, Hng: Sharp, nc: M

Khong cch t tm n bn
Inch
16,5
Khong cch gia 2 mi tm
60
ng knh phi ln nht
16
10
: - khong n ngang
- khong n t ng
- tc n t ng
- khong chy nhanh vo/ra
- tc chy tay
- gc xoay
mi (D ngoiDyD l/tc
Mi l (thm): - Kch thc l (DL)
-Trc (Cng sutTc )
u mang phi: - tc (thp/cao)
- Gc quay (thun/ngc KH)
Tc bn my (t ng/tay)
Cng sut ng c (/phi/bm)
Din tch t my (DiRng)

in/ph
Inch
in/vg

Inch;v/ph

0,00004-0,04
0,04-2,0
1,6
0,0002
+/-15
161,55/1960

Inch

(0,6-3,9) 3,9

HPv/ph
v/ph

in/ph;in/vg
HP
ft

120000
(30-180)/(100-600)
30/90
(2-160)/0,5
5(7)/0,5(1)/2
246

245

P8. Trung tm tin CNC (CNC Turning Center)

Trung tm tin CNC: STS20-1600, hng: Sharp, nc: M

Trung tm tin c 2 trc chnh hot ng ng b, mm cp thy lc, bng
nghing 45o, b iu khin Fanuc "i".

Kch thc ln nht ca phi (D/L)

Hnh trnh X, Z, B
Mm cp 3 chu, kch thc: (I/II)
Trc chnh (I/II) - Tc
- ng knh l
- Cng sut ng c
- M men
Lng chy dao: - nhanh X, Z, B
- ct
Cng sut ng c chy dao (X/Z/B)
i dao: - s dao
- thi gian thay dao
- dng truyn ng
- ng knh dao (ngoi/trong)
- tc trc dao c dn ng
chnh xc: nh v/lp li
Kch thc my (DiRngCao)

246

Inch
Inch
v/ph
Inch
HP
Nm
Inch/ph
Inch/ph
HP
giy
Inch
v/ph
Inch
-

16,1/55,5
8,07/57,8/54,6
10/8
3500/3500
3,5/2,2
30/25
552/167
708/945/788
500
4/5,2/2,6
12
0,25
servo, 2 chiu
1/1,6
4000
+/-0,001
1715582

P9. Trung tm phay CNC (Vertical Machining Center)

Trung tm phay ng CNC: SV-4323, hng: Sharp, nc: M

Inch
Khong di chuyn (dcngangng)
43,323,622

Kch thc bn my (dirng)

Rnh T (rngs rnhkhong cch rnh)
Khong cch t tm trc chnh n thn
Khong cch t u trc chnh n bn
Tc trc chnh (tiu chun/ty chn)
Cng sut ng c trc chnh
Chy dao: - Lng chy dao ct
- Nhanh (X/Y/Z)
- Cng sut ng c (X/Y/Z)
- M men ln nht (X/Y/Z)
S dao trong kho dao
chnh xc (nh v/lp li)
B iu khin
Kch thc my (DiRngCao)

v/ph
HP
m/ph
m/ph
HP
Nm
mm
Inch

51,123,6
0,763,9
25,6
3,9-29,9
8000/10000
10/15
10
20/15
2,5/4,5/5,4
12/22/30
20
+/-0,003/0,003
Fanuc "0i"
11586,2102/144

247

P10. My ct xung in CNC (Electric Discharge Machine)

My ct dy EDM: SED1501, hng: Sharp, nc: M

Inch
Kch thc bn my (dirng)
47,227,5

Dch chuyn trc (XY)

Khi lng ln nht (in cc/chi tit)
Kch thc b dung dch (LBH)
Ngun in: - Dng max
- Cng sut
- T l mn in cc
- nhm tt nht (Ra)

lbs
Inch

H thng dung mi: - Dung tch

- Cng sut bm

A
kVA
%
m
gal
HP

- Phng php lc
Kch thc my (DiRngCao)

Inch

248

39,319,6
660/8820
713922
150
11
0,2
0,25
360
0,52
Giy
89112118

Ti liu tham kho

1. Phm Vn Hng: C s my cng c, NXB Khoa hc v k thut, 2007.
2. Nguyn Mnh Tin, V Quang Hi: Trang b in, in t my gia cng
kim loi, NXB Gio dc, 2002.
3. Hans B. Kief, T. Frederik Waters: Computer Numerical Control,
Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, 1992.
4. Yoram Koren: Computer Control of Manufacturing Systems, McGrawHill, 1983.
5. Y. Koren (University of Michigan), U. Heisel (Universitat Stuttgart), F.
Jovane (Politecnico di Milano), T. Moriwaki (Kobe University), G. Pritschow
(Universitat Stuttgart), G. Ulsoy (University of Michigan), H. Van Brussel
(Katholieke Universiteit Leuven): Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems;
Annals of the CIRP, Vol. 48/2/1999.
6. Engineering Research Center for Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems:
Student Handbook; College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 2004.
7. Omative: Technical Specification Adaptive Control & Monitoring
Systems for CNC Metal Cutting Optimization, 2008.
8. F. Cus, U. Zuperl, E. Kiker, M. Mllfelner: Adaptive controller design for
feedrate maximization of machining process, Journal of Achievements in Materials
and Manufacturing Engineering, Volume 17, Issue 1-2, July-August 2006.
9. L.N. Lpez de Lacalle, A. Lamikiz: Machine Tools for High Performance
Machning, Springer, 2009.
10. . . : a
a , .
M.

11. . . :
, "", 1972.
12. . . :
, , 1962.

13. http://www.sharp-industries.com/

249

T ng ha my cng c
Chu trch nhim xut bn: TS. Phm B Ton
Chu trch nhim bn tho: Hc vin k thut qun s
Bin tp: Phng Qun s - NXB qnd
Trnh by:
Sa bn in:
Ba:
Nh xut bn qun i nhn dn
Website: http://nxbqdnd.com.vn
Email: nxbqdnd@nxbqdnd.com.vn
23 L Nam , Hon Kim - H Ni
T: (04) 38455766 - 37470780; Fax: (04) 37471106
Chi nhnh ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh
S 8 Nguyn Bnh Khim, Phng a Kao, Qun 1
T: 069.667452 - (08)3911563 - Fax: (08)3911563
C quan i din ti thnh ph Cn Th
Phi trng 31, ng Cch mng thng 8
T: 069.629905 - 0710.3814772 - Fax: 0710.3814772
C quan i din ti thnh ph Nng
15A Duy Tn, Qun Hi Chu
T/Fax: 0511.6250803
Bt u in: 6/2011
In xong: 6/2011 Np lu chiu: 6/2011
Kh sch: 1927cm S trang: 250
S lng: 220 cun
S xut bn: 105-2011/CXB/420 - 12/QND
In v ng ba ti: Xng in Hc vin K thut Qun s

S in: 40/QUNI