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JackZipesArefairytalesstillusefultoChildren?
Name:
GEMMAGmez

Email:
FillouttheformandpressplaytohearJackZipesthepreeminentwriter
gemma.gomez@gmail.com
aboutandtranslatoroffairytalesappearontheArtofStorytellingwith
BrotherWolf.

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FairyTalesarestillrelevanttothechildrenoftoday.

JackZipesintheFlesh.
JackZipeswrites
Attheirbest,thestorytellingoffairytalesconstitutethemostprofoundarticulationofthehumanstruggletoformandmaintainacivilizing
process.Theydepictmetaphoricallytheopportunitiesforhumanadaptationtoourenvironmentandreflecttheconflictsthatarisewhenwefailto
establishcivilizingcodescommensuratewiththeselfinterestsoflargegroupswithinthehumanpopulation.Themorewegiveintobaseinstincts
baseinthesenseofbasicanddepravedthemorecriminalanddestructivewebecome.Themorewelearntorelatetoothergroupsofpeopleand
realizethattheirsurvivalandthefulfillmentoftheirinterestsisrelatedtoours,themorewemightconstructsocialcodesthatguaranteehumane
relationships.Fairytalesareuncannybecausetheytelluswhatweneedandtheyunsettleusbyshowingwhatwelackandhowwemightcompensate
forlack.
Fairytaleshintofhappiness.Thishint,whatErnstBlochhascalledtheanticipatoryillumination,hasconstitutedtheirutopianappealthathasa
strongmoralcomponenttoit.Wedonotknowhappiness,butweinstinctuallyknowandfeelthatitcanbecreatedandperhapsevendefined.Fairy
talesmapoutpossiblewaystoattainhappiness,toexposeandresolvemoralconflictsthathavedeeprootsinourspecies.Theeffectivenessoffairy
talesandotherformsoffantasticliteraturedependsontheinnovativemannerinwhichwemaketheinformationofthetalesrelevantforthelisteners
andreceiversofthetales.Asourenvironmentchangesandevolves,sowechangethemediaormodesofthetalestoenableustoadapttonew
conditionsandshapeinstinctsthatwerenotnecessarilygeneratedfortheworldthatwehavecreatedoutofnature.Thisisperhapsoneofthelessons
thatthebestoffairytalesandteachus:weareallmisfitfortheworld,andyet,somehowwemustallfittogether.Fairytaleshaveanextraordinary,
uncannypoweroverus,andGeorgesJeanlocatesthispowerontheconsciouslevelinthewayallgoodfairytalesaestheticallystructureanduse
fantasticandmiraculouselementstoprepareusforoureverydaylife.Magicisusedparadoxicallynottodeceiveusbuttoenlightenus.Onan
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fantasticandmiraculouselementstoprepareusforoureverydaylife.Magicisusedparadoxicallynottodeceiveusbuttoenlightenus.Onan
unconsciouslevel,Jeanbelievesthatthebestfairytalesbringtogethersubjectiveandassimilatoryimpulseswithobjectiveintimationsofasocial
settingthatintriguereadersandallowfordifferentinterpretationsaccordingtoonesideologyandbelief.Ultimately,Jeanarguesthatthefantastic
poweroffairytalesconsistsintheuncannywaytheyprovideaconduitintosocialreality.Yet,giventheproscriptionoffairytalediscoursewithina
historicallyprescribedcivilizingprocess,amorecarefuldistinctionmustbemadebetweenregressiveandprogressiveaspectsofthepoweroffairy
talesingeneraltounderstandtheliberatingpotentialofcontemporarytalesforallhumanbeings.SigmundFreudsconceptoftheuncannyandErnst
Blochsconceptofhomecanenableustograsptheconstitutiveelementsoftheliberatingimpulsebehindthefantasticanduncannyprojectionsin
fairytales,whethertheybeclassicalorexperimental.Inhisessayontheuncanny,Freudremarksthatthewordheimlichmeansthatwhichisfamiliar
andagreeableandalsothatwhichisconcealedandkeptoutofsight,andheconcludesthatheimlichisawordthemeaningofwhichdevelopsinthe
directionofambivalence,untilitfinallycoincideswithitsopposite,unheimlichoruncanny.ThroughaclosestudyofE.T.A.Hoffmannsfairytale
TheSandman,Freudarguesthattheuncannyorunfamiliar(unheimlich)bringsusinclosertouchwiththefamiliar(heimlich)becauseittoucheson
emotionaldisturbancesandreturnsustorepressedphasesinourevolution:Ifpsychoanalytictheoryiscorrectinmaintainingthateveryeffect
belongingtoanemotionalimpulse,whateveritskind,istransformed,ifitisrepressed,intoanxiety,thenamonginstancesoffrighteningthingsthere
mustbeoneclassinwhichthefrighteningelementcanbeshowntobesomethingrepressedwhichrecurs.Thisclassoffrighteningthingswouldthen
constitutetheuncannyanditmustbeamatterofindifferencewhetherwhatisuncannywasitselforiginallyfrighteningorwhetheritcarriedsome
otheraffect.Inthesecondplace,ifthisisindeedthesecretnatureoftheuncanny,wecanunderstandwhylinguisticusagehasextendeddasHeimliche
(homely)intoitsopposite,dasUnheimlicheforthisuncannyisinrealitynothingneworalienbutsomethingwhichisfamiliarandoldestablished
inthemindandwhichhasbecomealienatedfromitonlythroughtheprocessofrepression.Thisreferencetothefactorofrepressionenablesus,
furthermore,tounderstandSchellingsdefinitionoftheuncannyassomethingwhichoughttohaveremainedhiddenbuthascometolight.Freud
insiststhatonemustbeextremelycarefulinusingthecategoryoftheuncannysincenoteverythingwhichrecallsrepresseddesiresandsurmounted
modesofthinkingbelongstotheprehistoryoftheindividualandtheraceandcanbeconsidereduncanny.Inparticular,Freudmentionsfairytalesas
excludingtheuncanny.Infairytales,forinstance,theworldofrealityisleftbehindfromtheverystart,andtheanimisticsystemofbeliefsisfrankly
adopted.Wishfulfillments,secretpowers,omnipotenceofthoughts,animationofinanimateobjects,alltheelementssocommoninfairystories,can
exertnouncannyinfluenceherefor,aswehavelearnt,thatfeelingcannotariseunlessthereisaconflictofjudgmentastowhetherthingswhichhave
beensurmountedandareregardedasincrediblemaynot,afterall,bepossibleandthisproblemiseliminatedfromtheoutsetbythepostulatesof
theworldoffairytales.
Althoughitistruethattheuncannybecomesthefamiliarandthenorminthefairytalebecausethenarrativeperspectiveacceptsitsototally,
thereisstillroomforanotherkindofuncannyexperiencewithinthepostulatesandconstructsofthefairytale.Thatis,Freudsargumentmustbe
qualifiedregardingthemachinationsofthefairytale.However,Idonotwanttoconcernmyselfwiththispointatthemomentbutwouldsimplylike
tosuggestthattheuncannyplaysasignificantroleintheactofreadingorlisteningtoafairytale.UsingandmodifyingFreudscategoryofthe
uncanny,Iwanttoarguethattheveryactofreadingafairytaleisanuncannyexperienceinthatitseparatesthereaderfromtherestrictionsofreality
fromtheonsetandmakestherepressedunfamiliarfamiliaronceagain.BrunoBettelheimhasnotedthatthefairytaleestrangesthechildfromthereal
worldandallowshimorhertodealwithdeeprootedpsychologicalproblemsandanxietyprovokingincidentstoachieveautonomy.Whetherthisis
trueornot,thatis,whetherafairytalecanactuallyprovidethemeansforcopingwithegodisturbance,asBettelheimargues,remainstobeseen.Itis
true,however,thatoncewebeginlisteningtoorreadingafairytale,thereisestrangementorseparationfromafamiliarworldinducinganuncanny
feelingwhichcanbebothfrighteningandcomforting.
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Actuallythecompletereversaloftherealworldhasalreadytakenplacebeforewebeginreadingafairytaleonthepartofthewriter,andthewriter
invitesthereadertorepeatthisuncannyexperience.Theprocessofreadinginvolvesdislocatingthereaderfromhis/herfamiliarsettingandthen
identifyingwiththedislocatedprotagonistsothataquestfortheHeimischeorrealhomecanbegin.Thefairytaleignitesadoublequestforhome:
oneoccursinthereadersmindandispsychologicalanddifficulttointerpret,sincethereceptionofanindividualtalevariesaccordingtothe
backgroundandexperienceofthereader.Thesecondoccurswithinthetaleitselfandindicatesasocializationprocessandacquisitionofvaluesfor
participationinasocietywheretheprotagonisthasmorepowerofdetermination.Thissecondquestforhomecanberegressiveorprogressive
dependingonthenarratorsstancevisAvissociety.InbothqueststhenotionofhomeorHeimat,whichiscloselyrelatedetymologicallytoheimlich
andunheimlich,retainsapowerfulprogressiveattractionforreadersoffairytales.Whiletheuncannysettingandmotifsofthefairytalealreadyopen
usuptotherecurrenceofprimalexperiences,wecanmoveforwardatthesametimebecauseitopensusuptowhatFreudcallsunfulfilledbut
possiblefuturestowhichwestillliketoclinginfantasy,allthestrivingsoftheegowhichadverseexternalcircumstanceshavecrushed,andallour
suppressedactsofvolitionwhichnourishinustheillusionofFreeWill.
Obviously,Freudwouldnotcondoneclingingtoourfantasiesinreality.Yet,ErnstBlochwouldarguethatsomeareimportanttocultivateand
defendsincetheyrepresentourradicalorrevolutionaryurgetorestructuresocietysothatwecanfinallyachievehome.Dreamingwhichstandsstill
bodesnogood.Butifitbecomesadreamingahead,thenitscauseappearsquitedifferentlyandexcitinglyalive.Thedimandweakeningfeatures,
whichmaybecharacteristicofmereyearning,disappearandthenyearningcanshowwhatitreallyisabletoaccomplish.Itisthewayoftheworldto
counselmentoadjusttotheworldspressures,andtheyhavelearnedthislessononlytheirwishesanddreamswillnothearkentoit.Inthisrespect
virtuallyallhumanbeingsarefuturistictheytranscendtheirpastlife,andtothedegreethattheyaresatisfied,theythinktheydeserveabetterlife
(eventhoughthismaybepicturedinabanalandegotisticway),andregardtheinadequacyoftheirlotasabarrier,andnotjustasthewayofthe
world.Tothisextent,themostprivateandignorantwishfulthinkingistobepreferredtoanymindlessgoosesteppingforwishfulthinkingiscapable
ofrevolutionaryawareness,andcanenterthechariotofhistorywithoutnecessarilyabandoningintheprocessthegoodcontentofdreams.
WhatBlochmeansbythegoodcontentofdreamsisoftentheprojectedfantasyandactionoffairytaleswithaforwardandliberatinglook:human
beingsinanuprightposturewhostriveforanautonomousexistenceandnonalienatingsettingwhichallowsfordemocraticcooperationandhumane
consideration.Realhistorywhichinvolvesindependenthumanselfdeterminationcannotbeginaslongasthereisexploitationandenslavementof
humansbyotherhumans.Theactivestruggleagainstunjustandbarbaricconditionsintheworldleadstohome,orutopia,aplacenobodyhasknown
butwhichrepresentshumankindcomingintoitsown:Thetruegenesisisnotatthebeginning,butattheend,anditstartstobeginonlywhensociety
andexistencebecomeradical:thatis,comprehendtheirownroots.Buttherootofhistoryistheworking,creatingman,whorebuildsandtransforms
thegivencircumstancesoftheworld.Oncemanhascomprehendedhimselfandhasestablishedhisowndomaininrealdemocracy,without
depersonalizationandalienation,somethingarisesintheworldwhichallmenhaveglimpsedinchildhood:aplaceandastateinwhichnoonehasyet
been.Andthenameofthissomethingishomeorhomeland.[x]Philosophicallyspeaking,then,therealreturnhomeorrecurrenceoftheuncannyisa
moveforwardtowhathasbeenrepressedandneverfulfilled.Thepatterninmostfairytalesinvolvesthereconstitutionofhomeonanewplane,and
thisaccountsforthepowerofitsappealtobothchildrenandadults.
InBlochstwomajoressaysonfairytales,DasMarchengehtselberinZeit(TheFairyTaleMovesonitsOwninTime)andBessere
LuftschlsserinJahrmarktundZirkus,inMrchenundKolportage(BetterCastlesintheAirinFairandCircus,intheFairyTaleandPopular
Books),Blochisconcernedwiththemannerinwhichtheheroandtheaestheticconstructsofthetaleilluminatethewaytoovercomeoppression.He
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focusesonthewaytheunderdog,thesmallperson,useshisorherwitsnotonlytosurvivebuttoliveabetterlife.Blochinsiststhatthereisgood
reasonforthetimelessnessoftraditionalfairytales,Notonlydoesthefairytaleremainasfreshaslongingandlove,butthedemonicallyevil,which
isabundantinthefairytale,isstillseenatworkhereinthepresent,andthehappinessofonceuponatime,whichisevenmoreabundant,still
affectsourvisionsofthefuture.
ItisnotonlythetimelessaspectoftraditionalfairytalesthatinterestsBloch,butalsothewaytheyaremodernizedandappealtoallclassesand
agegroupsinsociety.Insteadofdemeaningpopularcultureandcommonappeal,Blochendeavorstoexploretheadventurenovels,modernromances,
comics,circuses,countryfairs,andthelike.Herefusestomakesimplisticqualitativejudgmentsofhighandlowartforms,ratherheseekstograsp
thedrivingutopianimpulseintheproductionandreceptionofartworksformassaudiences.Timeandagainhefocusesonfairytalesasindicationsof
pathstobetakeninreality.Whatissignificantaboutsuchkindsofmodernfairytalesisthatitisreasonitselfwhichleadstothewishprojectionsof
theoldfairytaleandservesthem.Againwhatprovesitselfisaharmonywithcourageandcunning,asthatearliestkindofenlightenmentwhich
alreadycharacterizesHanselandGretel:consideryourselfasbornfreeandentitledtobetotallyhappy,daretomakeuseofyourpowerof
reasoning,lookupontheoutcomeofthingsasfriendly.Thesearethegenuinemaximsoffairytales,andfortunatelyforustheynotonlyappearinthe
pastbutinthenow.
BlochandFreudsetthegeneralparametersforhelpingusunderstandhowourlongingforhome,whichisdiscomfortingandcomforting,draws
ustofolkandfairytales.Theyprovidecluesandrevealwhywecontinuetobeattractedtotheuncanny.
LearnmoreaboutJackZipesonWikipedia.
Tags:EnvironmentalEducation,MidwestStorytelling,MinnesotaStorytellers,StorytellingforChildren
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June29,20089:50am

13Comments

Bynaphini,February1,2009@2:06pm
Thisessayisutterlyfantastic!(Nopunintendedwell,okitwasintended).Ihaventencounteredamoresuccinctandclearadvocationof
clingingtoourutopiandreams,thesenseofhomeanddesperatelongingtogetthere.Thereisindeedmoretofantasythanescapism,Isuspect,
andrudedismissalsoffairytalesandotherfantasiesassuchtooeasilydisregardthevalueofthatlonging.NowIllhavetopickupandread
JackZipesImhooked.Myquestion:canthishopeandlonging,presentedtousintales,bereconciledwithaclearandhonestvisionofthereal
worldhonestlikethenihilismorabsurdismofCamus,whoseekstodestroyhopeasabarriertoourhappiness?Imustreconcilethetwo.
NowAway!
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ByGina,January24,2010@5:17pm
Thisisamagnificentessaythatiseasytoreadandgreatlyhelpedmewithmypsychologypaper.

ByJenniferArmstrong,March6,2011@9:16am
IalwayshavesomethingnewtolearnfromZipes.Iveneverstoppedtellingfairytalestomydaughter,andIcontinuetoadviseotherparentsto
dothesame.

Byellen,April1,2011@9:13am
CanIaskforareferenceforthisessay,ienottheurlforthispagebutwhereisitpublished?Ifitwaswrittenforthewebsitethenobviouslynot,
butifitisfromabookofhisorajournalarticlewouldsomeoneletmeknow?
Thanks

ByBrotherWolf,April1,2011@9:19am
ThisEssaywassubmittedbytheauthortothiswebsitesoyesitwaswrittenforthiswebsite.HowevertheunderstandingbetweentheAuthor
andthePublisherwasthathewasallowedtouseworkthatwaspreviouslypublishedaslongashehadretainedtherighttodosowiththe
previouspublishers.Inshorthewasencouragedtousepartsofpreviousworksinthiswork,butwelcometosubmitwhateverhethoughtwas
relavent.
AlltheBest
EricWolf
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Byellen,April2,2011@3:45am
Thankyousomuch.
Allbest
Ellen

ByMostafa,April8,2011@8:14pm
Thanksverymuchforthisgreatconversationaswellasthewholewebsite!

ByRoberta,October28,2015@11:33am
Iliketheparagraphwheretheauthortreatsthedualitybetweencannyanduncannyinliteratureforchildrenandhowchildreactstoafairytale.
Iandmysisterhavebeengrownbyfairytales,Idsaytheyareveryuseful,evenessential,toovercomepainofgrowthandfearswhichfoil
childrenandblocktheirgrowth.

ByOG,October31,2015@8:23pm
WhenIstartedtheessayIthoughtIlikedit.Thebeginningisnotbadhowever,asIgottothesecondparttheconstantcitingofBlochbothered
me.InBlochsinterpretation,Marxismisanapplicationofthefairytaletosocietysoweendupwiththeideathatfairytalesexpresshumanitys
needforaMarxistutopia.IstheMarxistworldviewsomesortoffairytale?Yes,butitscapacityfordestructiondoesnotfitwithmyideaof
whatafairytalewouldbe.WhenMaohad30millionpeoplekilledtocreateabetterworld,thiswasacatastrophe,notafairytale.Fairytales
arenotrevolutionarybyanymeans.Theybelongtoadifferentkindofworld.
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ByJill,December18,2015@3:12pm
Hithere!
IwouldlovetousethispieceaspartofagraduateessaybutImunsureofthecitation..couldyouprovideMLAreferencematerial?whenthe
piecewaspublished?diditcomefromalongeressayorbookofZipes?Thankyouverymuch!

OtherLinkstothisPost
1.LosniosquenoerancomoniosBlogyRapunzellAugust20,2010@8:30am
2.Essay:ArtandtheAbjectFairyTale|artymsMarch7,2013@10:17am
3.FairytalesteachrobotsnottomurderCNETFebruary17,2016@1:30am
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