Republic

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the form of government. For the political ideology, see Republicanism. For
other uses, see Republic (disambiguation).
Part of the Politics series

Basic forms of government

Power structure

Separation

Associated state

Dominion

Chiefdom

Federalism

Federation
Confederation

Devolution

Integration

Empire
Hegemony

Unitary state

Power source

Democracy
power of many

Direct

Representative

Semi

others

Oligarchy
power of few

Aristocracy
Military junta

Plutocracy

Stratocracy

Timocracy

Theocracy

Kritarchy

Particracy

Autocracy
power of one

Despotism

Illiberal democracy

Semi-authoritarian

Dictatorship
Hybrids

Anocracy

Power ideology

Monarchy vs. Republic

socio-political ideologies

Absolute
Constitutional

Directorial

Legalist

Parliamentary

Presidential

Authoritarian vs. Libertarian

socio-economic ideologies

Capitalism

Colonialism

Communism

Distributism

Feudalism

Socialism

Anarchism vs. Statism

civil-liberties ideologies

Anarchy

Minarchy

Totalitarianism

Global vs. Local

geo-cultural ideologies

Central
City-state

National unity

World

Politics portal

A republic (from Latin: res publica) is a sovereign state or country[1] which is organized with a
form of government in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body[2]

[3]

and government leaders exercise power according to the rule of law. In modern times, the
definition of a republic is commonly limited to a government which excludes a monarch.[3][4]
Currently, 147 of the world's 206 sovereign states use the word "republic" as part of their official
names; not all of these are republics in the sense of having elected governments, nor do all
nations with elected governments use the word "republic" in their names.
Both modern and ancient republics vary widely in their ideology and composition. In the
classical and medieval period of Europe, many states were fashioned on the Roman Republic,
which referred to the governance of the city of Rome, between it having kings and emperors. The
Italian medieval and Renaissance political tradition, today referred to as "civic humanism", is
sometimes considered to derive directly from Roman republicans such as Sallust and Tacitus.
However, Greek-influenced Roman authors, such as Polybius[5] and Cicero, sometimes also used
the term as a translation for the Greek politeia which could mean regime generally, but could
also be applied to certain specific types of regime which did not exactly correspond to that of the
Roman Republic. Republics were not equated with classical democracies such as Athens, but had
a democratic aspect.
Republics became more common in the Western world starting in the late 18th century,
eventually displacing absolute monarchy as the most common form of government in Europe. In
modern republics the executive is legitimized both by a constitution and by popular suffrage. In
his work, "The Spirit of the Laws", Montesquieu classified both democracies, where all the
people have a share in rule, and aristocracies, where only some of the people rule, as republican
forms of government.[6]
Most often a republic is a single sovereign state, but there are also sub-sovereign state entities
that are referred to as republics, or which have governments that are described as 'republican' in
nature. For instance, Article IV of the United States Constitution "guarantee[s] to every State in
this Union a Republican form of Government".[7] In contrast, the Soviet Union was
constitutionally described as a "federal multinational state", composed of 15 republics, two of
which Ukraine and Belarus had their own seats at the United Nations.
itary system, a system of political organization in which most or all of the governing power
resides in a centralized government. It contrasts with a federal system (see federalism).
In a unitary system the central government commonly delegates authority to subnational units
and channels policy decisions down to them for implementation. A majority of nation-states are
unitary systems. They vary greatly. Great Britain, for example, decentralizes power in practice
though not in constitutional principle. Others grant varying degrees of autonomy to subnational
units. In France, the classic example of a centralized administrative system, some members of
local government are appointed by the central government, whereas others are elected. In the
United States, all states have unitary governments with bicameral legislatures (except Nebraska,
which has a unicameral legislature). Ultimately, all local governments in a unitary system are
subject to a central authority.

List of forms of government

Jump to: navigation, search
It doesn't stop
at the water's edge

Politics

Theory

Political spectrum

Political party

Government (forms of)

Practice

International relations

Propaganda

War
Philosophies

Juche

Paleolibertarianism
Terms

Faith-based initiative

Fringe

Pinko commie

As usual

Authoritarianism

National security

Public education
Country sections

v-t-e

Ever wondered what all those ...ocracies and ...archies were? Seek no further than RationalWiki's
list of forms of government.
Anarchism
A form of government (or lack thereof) with no ruling hierarchy, instead decisions are
made at a directly democratic level: laws are created by citizens alone, although they may
be enforced by institutions that are not publicly controlled.
Anarcho-capitalism
A stateless society composed of sovereign individuals living within the constraints of a
corporatist market
Anarchy
Anarchy is lack of a central government, as there is no one recognized governing
authority; in anarchy there is no effective government (as opposed to an "ineffective
government") and each (rugged) individual has absolute liberty. It is important to note,
however, that the lack of a government to enforce laws does not automatically imply that
there are no laws; anarcho-capitalism in particular posits a form of anarchy with a body
of explicit laws.
Aristocracy
A form of government in which a select few rule based on inherited hereditary right.
Autocracy
A form of government in which the political power is held by a single, self-appointed
ruler.
Capracracy
Rule by goats.
Communist state
A hypothetical stateless entity that follows after socialism as according to Marxist theory.
Corporatocracy
A form of government where a corporation, a group of corporations, or government
entities with private components control the direction and governance of a country. (See
USA.)
Demarchy

A hypothetical political system run by randomly selected deciders decision makers who
have been selected by sortition (drawing lots). Think selecting a legislature or executive
in the same manner that a jury is presently selected.
Democracy
Refers to a broad range of types of government based upon the "consent of the
governed." In its purest form it is the same thing as mobocracy, but it is usually practiced
in the form of a republic, which provides checks and balances and an establishment that
is able to tap an unruly mob on its collective head.
Despotism
Rule by an all-powerful individual. A less polite term for "autocracy."
Dictatorship
Rule by a dictator instead of a despot. Political science is very nuanced.
Epistemocracy
A utopian type of society and government in which people of rank, including those
holding political office, are those who possess epistemic humility, whatever that is.
Ethnocracy
A form of government where representatives of a particular ethnic group hold a number
of government posts disproportionately large to the percentage of the total population that
the particular ethnic group(s) represents and use them to advance the position of their
particular ethnic group(s) to the detriment of others. In Nazi Germany ethnic groups
Hitler supported held all the power. Neo-Nazis often accuse Jews of possessing an
ethnocracy in the person of the U.S. government, which they call the Zionist Occupation
Government.
Exilarchy
A form of government, usually theocratic or monarchic, that is established and
constituted for rule over an ethnic or religious diaspora rather than over the place of
origin whence the diaspora originated.
Fascism
Rule by a totalitarian and corporatist government. It has also gone by the names Nazism,
Baathism, Corporatism, and Falangism.
Feudalism
Government by a usually hereditary class of military landowners, who exact goods and
services from a peasant class in exchange for protection. Usually features complex webs
of loyalties and ranks.
Futarchy
System of government proposed by economist Robin Hanson based on the idea of voting
on a certain outcome and then figuring out how to achieve it.
Geniocracy
A system of government first proposed by Rael (leader of the International Ralian
Movement) in 1977, which advocates problem-solving and creative intelligence as
criteria for regional governance.
Holacracy
a specific social technology or system of organisational governance developed by
HolacracyOne, LLC in which authority and decision making are distributed throughout a
holarchy of self organising teams rather than being vested in a management hierarchy.
(from Wikipedia)

Kakistocracy
Government by the least qualified or most unprincipled citizens, "Government by the
worst."
Kleptocracy
A term applied to a government that extends the personal wealth and political power of
government officials and the ruling class (collectively, kleptocrats) at the expense of the
population.
Kratocracy
Rule by those who are strong enough to seize power through force or cunning.
Kritocracy or Krytocracy
Rule by judges. See also judicial activism.
Matriarchy
Rule by women, or a government which regards female humans as entitled to rule and to
exercise power over men.
Meritocracy
A government wherein appointments are made and responsibilities are given based on
demonstrated talent and ability, usually incentivising "merit".
Minarchy
A political ideology which maintains that the state's only legitimate function is the
protection of individuals from aggression.
Mobocracy or Ochlocracy
Rule by mob or a mass of people, or the intimidation of constitutional authorities; think
Monty Python and the Quest for the Holy Grail "witch/duck" mob.
Monarchy
Rule by an individual for life or until abdication, often hereditary. On a positive note, a
monarchy usually possesses more checks and balances than an autocracy or dictatorship.
Oligarchy
A form of government in which power effectively rests with a small elite segment of
society distinguished by royal, wealth, intellectual, family, military or religious
hegemony.
Panarchracy
A political philosophy emphasizing each individual's right to freely join and leave the
jurisdiction of any governments they choose, without being forced to move from their
current locale.
Patriarchy
Rule by men, or a government which regards male humans as entitled to rule and to
exercise power over women.
Plutocracy
Rule by the wealthy, or power provided by wealth.
Republic
Historical definition: Any of a wide variety of non-monarchical governments where
eligibility to rule is determined by law. US definition: Rule by elected individuals
representing the citizen body and exercising power according to the rule of law.
Socialist republic or people's republic

A state run by a communist party, or worker representative democracy, with a centrally

controlled economy and resources distributed by need and produced by ability, where
workers, or the Party, control the means of production.
Stratocracy
A system of government in which there is no distinction between the military and the
civil power.
Technocracy
A form of government in which engineers, scientists, and other technical experts are in
control of decision making in their respective fields.
Theocracy
A form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the state's supreme civil
ruler. Since said god or deity is usually absent from decision making, a self-appointed or
elected leader or leaders of the religion of said god or deity will rule instead through
personal interpretation of the laws commanded by the god in that religion's written law.
Theodemocracy
A political system theorized by Joseph Smith, Jr., founder of the Latter Day Saint
movement (Mormons). As the name implies, theodemocracy was meant to be a fusion of
traditional republican democratic rights under the US Constitution combined with
theocratic elements.
Timocracy
Either a state where only property owners may participate in government or where rulers
are selected and perpetuated based on the degree of honor they hold relative to others in
their society, peer group or class.
Tyranny
Rule by a selfish or otherwise bad single ruler
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the language used to create Web Pages for the Internet.
HTML is not case sensitive. Indentation, extra spaces, and blank lines are ignored in the HTML
source text and are used for readability purposes only. Therefore, HTML tags are used to
control formatting, spacing, and paragraph breaks. Listed below are the most common tags used
in HTML.
One critical point to remember: Almost all HTML tags have a beginning code and an ending
code. The ending code is usually the same code proceeded by a slash </>. As you troubleshoot
your pages, the first thing to review is to be sure you have put ending codes wherever necessary.
<HTML>

Begins the HTML code. All Web

pages must have this command.

<HEAD>Introductory info</HEAD>

Separates the text about the

document from the main text. Title
command usually goes here.

<TITLE>Web Page Title</TITLE>

Displays the Title in the title bar area

of most browsers.

<BODY>

Begins the main text of the

document. All Web pages must use
the body command to alert browsers
of the main text.

<B>Boldface text</B>

Bold

<I>Italicized text</I>

Italics

<CENTER>Centered text</CENTER>
<H1>Text in Heading 1 format</H1>
<H2>Text in Heading 2 format</H2>
<H3>Text in Heading 3 format</H3>
<H4>Text in Heading 4 format</H4>
<H5>Text in Heading 5 format</H5>
<H6>Text in Heading 6 format</H6>

Center
Heading 1

Heading 2
Heading 3
Heading 4
Heading 5
Heading 6

<BR>

New Line. Creates single space

between lines.

<P>

New paragraph. Creates double

space between lines, paragraphs.

<HR>

Produces a horizontal rule across

document.

<A HREF=URL>Link URL or title of

link</A>

Establishes a link to another

Webpage or Website. You must know
the URL of the link.

<A
Establishes a link to your email
HREF=MAILTO:name@domain.com
address.
>Email address or name</A>
<FONT>Font style</FONT>

Allows you to choose the style, size,

and color of the font.

</BODY>

Ends the main text. You must include

this code at the end of all files.

</HTML>

Ends the HTML code. You must

include this code at the end of all
files.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h2>Send e-mail to someone@example.com:</h2>

<form action="mailto:someone@example.com" method="post"

enctype="text/plain">
Name:<br>
<input type="text" name="name"><br>
E-mail:<br>
<input type="text" name="mail"><br>
Comment:<br>
<input type="text" name="comment" size="50"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Send">
<input type="reset" value="Reset">
</form>

</body>
</html>

BIBLICAL REASONS WHY CATHOLICS

MAKE USE OF IMAGES....YES, IT IS IN
THE BIBLE!!!
Chinaka Mbaeri 6 months ago Bibical Reflections, Catholicism, Questions & Answers
BIBLICAL REASONS WHY CATHOLICS MAKE USE OF IMAGES....YES, IT IS IN
THE BIBLE!!!
INBOX QUESTION:
"WHY DO CATHOLICS MAKE USE OF IMAGES WHEN GOD COMMANDED IN
EXODUS CHAPTER 20 NOT TO MAKE IMAGES?"

RESPONSE:
Over and over again, many non-Catholics keep criticizing our use of images in the Catholic Church.
They see it as a major problem with us (Catholics) and as such, they often refer us to the book of
Exodus chapter 20; consequently condemning or charging us with idolatry. Personally, I see this as
an act of ignorance; if only they (i.e those who accuse the Catholic Church of idolatry), had read the
bible properly, they would have understood better and stop their criticisms.
Now let us examine their claims...
PROTESTANTS' CLAIMS
The non Catholics often refer us to the Commandments; which according to the first commandment,
God said: I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of
bondage. You shall have no other gods before me. You shall not make for yourself a graven image,
or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the
water under the earth; you shall not bow down to them or serve them (Ex. 20:25).
OUR RESPONSE:

God does not prohibit statues or images; he prohibits the adoration of them. If God truly meant that
we were not to possess any statues at all, then he would later contradict himself. Just five chapters
after this commandment in Exodus 20, God commanded Moses to build the ARK of the Covenant,
which would contain the presence of God and was to be venerated as the holiest place in all of
Israel. Here is what God commanded Moses concerning the statues on it: "AND YOU SHALL MAKE
TWO CHERUBIM OF GOLD; OF HAMMERED WORK SHALL YOU MAKE THEM, ON THE TWO
ENDS OF THE MERCY SEAT. MAKE ONE CHERUB ON THE ONE END, AND ONE CHERUB ON
THE OTHER END; OF ONE PIECE WITH THE MERCY SEAT SHALL YOU MAKE THE CHERUBIM
ON ITS TWO ENDS." (Ex. 25:1819).
In Numbers 21:89, not only did our Lord order Moses to make another statue in the form of a
bronze serpent, he commanded the children of Israel to look to it in order to be healed. The context
of the passage is one where Israel had rebelled against God, and a plague of deadly snakes was
sent as a just punishment. This statue of a snake had no power of itselfwe know from John 3:14 it
was merely a type of Christbut God used this image of a snake as an instrument to effect healing
in his people.
Further, in 1 Kings 6, Solomon built a temple for the glory of God, described as follows: "In the inner
sanctuary he made two cherubim of olivewood, each ten cubits high. . . . He put the IMAGE of the
cherubim in the innermost part of the house. . . . He carved all the walls of the house roundabout
with carved figures of cherubim and palm trees, and open flowers, in the inner and outer rooms. . . .
For the entrance to the inner sanctuary he made doors of olivewood. . . . He covered the two doors
of olivewood with carvings of cherubim, palm trees, and open flowers; he overlaid them with gold (1
Kgs. 6:23, 27, 29, 31, 32). King Solomon ordered the construction of multiple images of things both
in heaven above (angels) and in the earth beneath (palm trees and open flowers). And then, after
the completion of the temple, GOD DECLARED HE WAS PLEASED WITH ITS CONSTRUCTION (1
KGS. 9:3).
Now for those who criticize the catholic Church; didn't God know what King Solomon had done? It
becomes apparent, given the above evidence, that a strictly literal interpretation of Exodus 20:25 is
erroneous. Otherwise, we would have to conclude that God prohibits something in Exodus 20 and he
commands the same thing elsewhere.
Why would God use these images of serpents, angels, palm trees, and open flowers? Why didnt he
heal the people directly rather than use a graven image? Why didnt he command Moses and
Solomon to build an ark and a temple void of any images at all?
I hope the fact is becoming clear now
ANOTHER OBJECTION BY PROTESTANTS
Many Protestants will claim that, while Catholics may say they do not adore statues, their actions
prove otherwise... Catholics kiss statues, bow down before them, and pray in front of them.
According to the protestants, that represents the adoration that is due God alone.
OUR RESPONSE:
The problem was not with the bowing; it was with the adoration. Bowing does not necessarily entail

adoration. For example, Jacob bowed to the ground on his knees seven times to his elder brother
Esau (Gen. 33:3), Bathsheba bowed to her husband David (1 Kgs. 1:16), and Solomon bowed to his
mother Bathsheba (1 Kgs. 2:19). In fact, in Revelation 3:9, John records the words of Jesus:
"Behold, I will make those of the synagogue of Satan who say that they are Jews and are not, but lie
behold, I will make them come and bow down before your feet, and learn that I have loved you."
This simply indicates that there are different categories of bow or worship as clearly seen in the
examples above. We have the LATRIA which is the adoration due to God alone; this is clearly
different from the relational worship or we give to ourselves to indicate respect. This is very clear with
the Yoruba culture of Nigeria, where a child prostrates or lies down to greet an elder. This does not
mean that he is rendering the elder a Latria worship or guilty of idolatry, however, it is just a relational
worship which indicates respect. HENCE, WE MUST KNOW THAT THE IDEA OF WORSHIP IS
VERY BROAD AND ITS USAGE MUST FLOW WITH THE PROPER SENTIMENT WHICH
INDICATES WHAT IT REALLY MEANS.
My humble recommendation remains that the Catholic Church does not believe any statue or image
has any power in and of itself. The beauty of statues and icons move us to the contemplation of the
Word of God as he is himself or as he works in his saints. And, according to the Scripture, as well as
the testimony of the centuries, God even uses them at times to impart blessings (e.g., healings)
according to his providential plan.
CONCLUSION
I suppose the message we should send to those outside of the Catholic Church who don't get why
we bow down before, kiss, put flowers in front of, etc. statues and icons, is that we Catholics take
very seriously the biblical injunctions to praise and honor great members of Gods family.
Besides, it is however, surprising that the critics of the Catholic Church take photographs, hang it at
home and often times kiss them. Hence, following the command not to make any image at all, 99%
of them equally guilty of idolatry, if we are to take that portion of the Scripture so literarily.
For us, having statues or images is just as natural asyou guessed ithaving your pictures or those
of your loves ones, especially those that have departed from us. Most times we keep these images
or pictures of our relations in our wallets or at homes or even in our electronic devices, which remind
us of the ones we love here on earth.
Hence, our use of images in the Church which reminds us of the heavenly beings is a far cry from
idolatry.

CLICK HERE TO READ: (THE END OF THE OCTAVE OF EASTER (THE EIGHT DAYS
SUCCEEDING EASTER); WHY IS IT CALLED AN OCTAVE?)
(SEE ALSO: WHY CATHOLIC PRIESTS DO NOT MARRY)