1.2.

2 No solution; zero tight sides produce 3 lines through origin; right sides
give and ; will give and ; any combination is solvable.
1.2.6 Both and give a line of solutions. All other give , .
1.2.8 The conditions for a straight line can be written as , .
1.2.11 Column 3 (column 2) - column 1. If then .
1.2.16 If then and give the point . If then
and give the point . Halfway between is .
1.2.23 Four planes in 4-dimensional space normally meet at a point. The solution to

is if has columns .
The equations are , , , .

1.3.2 Subtract times equation 1 (or add times equation 1). The new second

equation is . Then and . If the right side changes sign, so does the
solution: .

1.3.4 Multiply by and subtract to find and . Pivots ,

.
1.3.7 is times . The new second pivot multiplying is
or . Then .
1.3.10 The second pivot position will contain . If exchange with row
3. If (singular case) the second equation is . A solution is
.
1.3.13

gives

Subtract row 1 from row 2

and

Subtract row 2 from row 3

Subtract row 2 from row 3

1.3.15 (a) Another solution is . (b) If planes meet at two

points, they meet along the whole line through those two points.


(a)

1.3.17

(exchange 1 and 2, then 2 and 3)

1.3.19

(b)

(rows 1 and 3 are not consistent)
has

infinitely

many

solutions.
1.3.26 (a) True (b) False because that entry can change (c) True.
1.3.28 . Change to would make the system singular (2
equal columns).
1.4.3 need multiplications; needs multiplications.

1.4.5

, , . With sides to and , the parallelogram goes to

1.4.7 Combinations of columns give

, , .

1.4.11 True; False; True; False.

, , , ,
.
1.4.15




1.4.22 Changing from to will change the third pivot from to . Changing
from to will change the pivot from to no pivot.

1.4.27

= .
, ,

1.4.40 (a) True (b) False (c) True (d) False (take ).
1.4.42 By linearity agrees with . Also for all other columns of .
1.4.52

The

block

si

the

Schur

complement:

blocks

in

1.4.57

1.5.6 (a) Because by the time a pivot row is used, it is taken from , not ; (b)
Row 3 of comes from multiplying row 3 of times the matrix .


1.5.7 ; after elimination
.

1.5.8 In , the unknown is found in only one operation, requires two

operations, and requires . The total is .
1.5.11 Singular, no solution; Singular, infinitely many solutions; Nonsingular, one
solution.


1.5.18 going downward gives ; upwards gives .

1.5.24 and : reverse steps to recover from

times

times

times

gives

.
1.5.26 leads to zero in the second pivot position: exchange rows and the
matrix will be OK. leads to zero in the third pivot position. In this case the
matrix is singular.

1.5.31 gives . Then gives
. Check that

times is .

1.5.41 or its transpose has ;
for the same has

1.5.45 so three rotations for ; rotates around by .

1.6.1 If row 3 of were then gives , ,
. This has no solution.

1.6.4
;

1.6.6 (a) . (b) .

1.6.14

1.6.16 ; ; .


1.6.19 (1), (2), (5): triangular , symmetric , rational remain true for .
1.6.21 (a) In , equation 1 + equation 2 - equation 3 is . (b) The
tight sides must satisfy . (c) Row 3 becomes a row of zeros-no third
pivot.
1.6.24 From we get , an explicit
inverse provided and are invertible. Second approach: If is not
invertible,

then for some nonzero . Therefore , or ,

and could not be invertible. (Note that is nonzero from .)

1.6.32 If has a column of zeros, so does . So is impossible. There is
no .

.
1.6.36

1.6.41 (a) True ( has a row zeros) (b) False (matrix of all 1's) (c) (inverse of

is ) (d) True ( is the transpose of ).

1.6.44

. The by

superdiagonal.

also has

's on the diagonal and

1.6.52 is not except when . In that case transpose to find:

.
1.6.58 and are symmetric if and are symmetric.

.

1.6.62

Total

currents

are

Either

way

1.7.2

Det .

by moving to the right side.
1.7.5

1.7.8 .

1.7.9 The pivots are , ; after a row exchange they are , .