Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture # 9
Lecture # 9
Lecture # 9
Utilization
Lecture# 9: Long transmission line
Slide credits
This presentation is based on the textbook
and lectures by D. P. Kotari
Dr.Sher
2
Contents
Introduction
Rigorous solution
Evaluation of ABCD constants
Ferranti effect
Dr.Sher
3
Introduction
Length more than 250 km
Cannot ignore the shunt parameters
Cannot lump the line parameters. They are
considered distributed over the line.
If the parameters are lumped this means an
approximation which is not justified.
Calculations are based on the per unit length
basis.
Difficult analysis
Dr.Sher
4
Rigorous Solution
X=l
X=0
Dr.Sher
X is the length of some point from the receiving end bec. reference voltage is receiving end.
dX is a small section of line after X. It is a very small portion of a T/M line.
Note that this is not a T network because the Z is not divided into two parts. This is an
elemental section
Vx is a complex rms quantity. Its magnitude and angle varies along the length of line. VdX is
the rise in the voltage in that small portion.
ZdX is the series impedance at that small section dX
YdX is the shunt admittance at that small section dX
5
Rigorous Solution
The mathematical expression can be written as
(A)
V=IR
Using theorem of duality (B)
I=VG
Differentiating the equation (A) w.r.t x
(C)
(D)
6
Rigorous Solution
For such 2nd order differential equation the
solution is
=(yz)1/2
Rigorous Solution
Using (E) if we divide both sides with Z, we get
Dr.Sher
Rigorous Solution
With C1 and C2 known the final solution is
Here
Zc ((L/C)1/2) is the characteristic impedance. Its
value is 400 ohm typically for transmission line
and 50 ohm for cable.
is the propagation constant
Dr.Sher
9
Rigorous Solution
Vx and IX can also be calculated using hyperbolic
functions. A
B
To get ABCD constants,
arranging them such that
all quantities have VR and IR
C
D
Using trigonometric functions
Where
X=l , Vx=Vs and Ix=Is
Dr.Sher
10
Rigorous Solution
If load impedance is equal to
characteristic impedance then
there is no reflected waveform
and the line is called an infinite
line
Dr.Sher
11
is attenuation
constant
is phase constant
(0-15)
Approximate method
Dr.Sher
12
Dr.Sher
13
Ferranti effect
Rare phenomenon. Only for light load or no
load conditions
VR exceeds VS because of line capacitance.
Not for short line.
Effect is pronounced in long line.
Because Cl<Ll hence Ll << 1/ Cl
Be Is=jVs Cl
VR=Vs-Is(jLl)=Vs+Vs2CLl2 = VS(1+2CLl2)
Dr.Sher
14