Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1............................................................................................................................. 7
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
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2. ................................................................................................................ 11
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
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+ .............................................................................................................................13
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3. ............................................................................................................................14
3.1 ............................................................................................................................................15
3.2 ........................................................................................................................16
3.3 ............................................................................................................................................16
3.4 ............................................................................................................................16
3.5 ........................................................................................................................................................17
3.6 ....................................................................................................................................................17
3.7 ........................................................................................................................................................18
3.8 ........................................................................................................................................................18
3.9 ........................................................................................................................................................19
3.10 ......................................................................................................................................................20
3.11 ......................................................................................................................................................21
3.12 every , no, all, both, neither, nor ...................................................................................................................21
3.13 none, few, some, any, one, ones....................................................................................................................22
3.14 one,that it......................................................................................................................23
3.15 one/another/the other.....................................................................................................................................23
3.16 "the" ..................................................................................................................................................24
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3.17 anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each ......................................................................................................24
3.18 both, either, neither, all, any, none ................................................................................................................24
3.19 many, much...................................................................................................................................................25
3.20 few, little, a few, a little ................................................................................................................................25
4. ............................................................................................................26
4.1 ............................................................................................................................................26
4.2 -ly ......................................................................................................................................26
4.3 ............................................................................................................................27
4.4 ........................................................................................................................27
4.5 ........................................................................................................................................28
4.6 ....................................................................................................................................28
4.7 ................................................................................................................................29
4.8 as + + as........................................................................................................................30
4.9 + than........................................................................................................................30
4.10 ......................................................................................................................................31
4.11 many,old far ...........................................................................................................................................31
4.12 the + + ..........................................................................................................................31
4.13 more ...................................................................................................................................32
5. ............................................................................................................................33
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
............................................................................................................................................................34
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be ..........................................................................................................................................35
have ......................................................................................................................................36
do .........................................................................................................................................36
shall will ..........................................................................................................................37
should,would ........................................................................................................................37
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6. ........................................................................................................................38
6.1 ........................................................................................................................38
6.2 worth .................................................................................................................................................39
7. ................................................................................................................39
7.1 ................................................................................................................................................39
7.2 ................................................................................................................................................40
7.3 ....................................................................................................................................................41
7.4 It's for sb. It's of sb. ....................................................................................................................................41
7.5 ................................................................................................................................................42
7.6 ................................................................................................................................................42
7.7 ................................................................................................................................................42
7.8 to................................................................................................................................................42
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7.9 to ......................................................................................................................................43
7.10 ..................................................................................................................................43
7.11 tooto.....................................................................................................................44
7.12 so as to.........................................................................................................................44
7.13 Why not.......................................................................................................................45
7.14 ..................................................................................................................................45
7.15 ..........................................................................................................................................45
8. ................................................................................................................46
8.1 stop doing/to do...............................................................................................................................................46
8.2 forget doing/to do............................................................................................................................................46
8.3 remember doing/to do .....................................................................................................................................46
8.4 regret doing/to do ............................................................................................................................................47
8.5 cease doing/to do.............................................................................................................................................47
8.6 try doing/to do.................................................................................................................................................47
8.7 go on doing/to do ............................................................................................................................................48
8.8 be afraid doing/to do .......................................................................................................................................48
8.9 be interested doing/to do .................................................................................................................................48
8.10 mean to doing/to do.......................................................................................................................................48
8.11 beginstart doing/to do...........................................................................................................................49
8.12 + doing/to do ..............................................................................................................................49
9. ............................................................................................................................50
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
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+ .....................................................................................................................................51
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10. ..................................................................................................................53
10.1 ......................................................................................................................................................53
10.2 With ......................................................................................................................54
11. ..............................................................................................................55
11.1 ......................................................................................................................................55
11.2 ......................................................................................................................................55
11.3 used to / be used to........................................................................................................................................56
11.4 ..................................................................................................................................................56
11.5 be going to / will ...........................................................................................................................................57
11.6 be to be going to.......................................................................................................................................57
11.7 ......................................................................................................................................57
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11.8 ..............................................................................................................................58
11.9 ..................................................................................................................................................58
11.10 ........................................................................................................................58
11.11 ............................................................................................................................59
11.12 since for........................................................................................................................................59
11.13 since .......................................................................................................................................60
11.14 ................................................................................................................................60
11.15 ................................................................................................................................................61
11.16 ........................................................................................................................61
11.17 ................................................................................................................................................62
11.18 ................................................................................................................................................62
11.19 ....................................................................................................................................62
11.20 ................................................................................................................................................63
11.21 ................................................................................................................................................63
11.22 ............................................................................................................................63
11.23 ............................................................................................................................64
11.24 ............................................................................................................................64
11.25 ............................................................................................................................64
11.26 ............................................................................................................................64
11.27 ....................................................................................................................................................65
11.28 ........................................................................................................................................65
12. ..............................................................................................................65
12.1 let .....................................................................................................................................................65
12.2 ..................................................................................................................................66
12.3 """" .....................................................................................................................66
12.4 ..................................................................................................................................66
12.5 ..............................................................................................................................67
12.6 ..............................................................................................................................67
12.7 need/want/require/worth ...............................................................................................................................67
13. ..............................................................................................................68
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
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14. ..........................................................................................................................74
14.1 ......................................................................................................................................74
14.2 ......................................................................................................................................74
14.3 ..........................................................................................................................75
14.4 so, neither, nor ..........................................................................................................................75
14.5 only ...........................................................................................................................75
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14.6 as, though ............................................................................................................................76
14.7 ..............................................................................................................................................76
15. ..................................................................................................................76
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
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16. ..................................................................................................................78
16.1 ..................................................................................................................................................79
16.2 ..............................................................................................................................................79
16.3 ..................................................................................................................................................80
16.4 ......................................................................................................................................80
16.5 should .......................................................................................................................80
16.6 wish ..................................................................................................................................................81
16.7 if only only if..................................................................................................................................81
16.8 It is high time that ...............................................................................................................................82
16.9 need """"........................................................................................................................82
17. ..............................................................................................................82
17.1 ..........................................................................................................................82
17.2 that- .........................................................................................................................................83
17.3 wh- ..........................................................................................................................................84
17.4 if, whether ........................................................................................................................84
17.5 ......................................................................................................................................................85
18. ..................................................................................................................85
18.1 ..........................................................................................................................85
18.2 ..........................................................................................................................86
18.3 ..........................................................................................................................86
18.4 ......................................................................................................................87
18.5 + ...............................................................................................................................................87
18.6 as, which ......................................................................................................................87
18.7 ..............................................................................................................................88
18.8 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever .......................................................................................................88
18.9 that .................................................................................................................................89
19. ..................................................................................................................89
19.1 ..............................................................................................................................................89
19.2 ..............................................................................................................................................90
19.3 ..............................................................................................................................................90
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19.4 ..............................................................................................................................................91
19.5 ..............................................................................................................................................91
19.6 ..............................................................................................................................................91
19.7 ..............................................................................................................................................91
19.8 while, when, as....................................................................................................................................92
19.9 until till...........................................................................................................................................93
19.10 "" ............................................................................................................................93
20. ..........................................................................................................................94
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
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and or..............................................................................................................................................95
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so such...........................................................................................................................................96
21. ..................................................................................................................96
21.1 ..................................................................................................................................96
21.2 can be able to.................................................................................................................................97
21.3 may might ......................................................................................................................................97
21.4 have to must ...................................................................................................................................97
21.5 must ..............................................................................................................................................98
21.6 ..........................................................................................................................................98
21.7 + have +........................................................................................................................99
21.8 should ought to........................................................................................................................................99
21.9 had better ""...................................................................................................................................99
21.10 would rather "" ..........................................................................................................................100
21.11 will would ............................................................................................................................................100
21.12 ..............................................................................................................................100
21.13 to ....................................................................................................................................101
21.14 need dare ....................................................................................................................................101
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Proper Nouns Common Nouns
Beijing,Chinabook,sadness
1Individual Nounsgun.
2Collective Nounsfamily.
3Material Nouns
air.
4Abstract Nouns
work.
Countable Nouns
Uncountable Nouns
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1.1
___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
-s 1./s/; map-maps
2. bag-bags
/z/;
car-cars
___________________________________________________
s,sh,ch,
x -es /iz/
bus-buses
watch-watches
___________________________________________________
ce,se,ze,
dge
-s /iz/ license-licenses
___________________________________________________
+y y i
es /z/
baby---babies
___________________________________________________
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1.2
1 y+y s
two Marys
the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
storey ---storeys story---stories
2 o
a. s, photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos;
b. es,potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. zero---zeros / zeroes
3 ffe
a. s, belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs;
b. f,fe ves,half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;
c. handkerchief:
handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
1.3
1child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice
man---men woman---women
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d.
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.
1.4
1
a.
Cake is a kind of food.
These cakes are sweet.
b.
This factory produces steel.
We need various steels.
c.
Our country is famous for tea.
2
four freedoms
the four modernizations
a glass of water
a piece of advice
1.5
1
sports meeting
students reading-room
talks table
the foreign languages department
2 man, woman, gentleman
men workers women teachers
gentlemen officials
3 ss
goods train
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arms produce
customs papers
clothes brush
4 +
two-dozen eggs /
a ten-mile walk
two-hundred trees
a five-year plan.
a seven-years child
1.6
the Chinese
the Swiss
the
Australians
two Swiss
two
Australian Australians
a Greek
two Greeks
the French
a Frenchman two
Frenchmen
the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
the Americans an American two Americans
the Indians an Indian
two Indians
two Swedes
1.7
"'s"a teacher's book.
4 the barber's
5 's,"";'s,''.
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John's and Mary's room John and Mary's room
6 's
a month or two's absence
2.
2.1
2.2
thethis,that""
1
Take the medicine.
2
He bought a house. I've been to the house.
3
the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth
4the dollar
the fox the rich the living
5only, very, same
Where do you live? I live on the second floor.
That's the very thing I've been looking for.
6
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They are the teachers of this school.
They are teachers of this school.
7
She caught me by the arm
8
the People's Republic of China
the United States
9 She plays the piano.
10
the Greens
11
in the day, in the morning afternoon,evening the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday, the next morning,
in the sky water,field,country
in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,
in the middle of in the end,
on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre
2.3
1 England,Mary;
2
They are teachers.
3
Failure is the mother of success.
4
Man cannot live without water.
5
We go to school from Monday to Friday.
6
The guards took the American to General Lee.
go to hospital
go to the hospital
11
a.
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b. He came first in the race.
c. at the first,first of all, from first to last
2.4 +
1
He raises a black and a white cat.
The black and the white cats are hers.
2
He raises a black and white cat.
2.5
1
a. such,what,many,half,
I have never seen such an animal.
Many a man is fit for the job.
b. as, so, too, how, however, enough
It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
So short a time.
Too long a distance.
c. quite,rather
rather,quite quite a lot
d. as,though
Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes.
2
all, both,double,half,twice,three times
All the students in the class went out.
2.6
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d. "", in +the +
e. 3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is are fifteen.
3.
""""""""""
""""""
me
you
you you
he
him they
she
it
it
we
us
you
them
her they
they
them
them
He is my friend.
It's me.
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""""""""this,that,these,those
That is a good idea.
""""""""""""
"".
She was talking to herself.
each other one another
They love each other.
a11,both,each,every
some-,any-,no-anybody, something,no one.
nonesome,any,noeveryno
3.1
1
John waited a while but eventually he went home.
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
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b. -- Me.
hermesheI.
3.2
1
a.not
---- I like English.
---- Me too.
--
--
--
--
b.
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.
2
a. but,except
b.
---- I wish to speak to Mary. --
---- This is she.
--
be to be
I thought it was she.
I thought it to be her.
----
----
----
----
3.3
1 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, whoeverperson
he, his, him
Nobody came, did he?
2ittheyhe, she,
Give the cat some food. She is hungry.
3she.
3.4
1
-> ->
you -> he/she; it -> I
You, he and I should return on time.
2
-> ->
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we -> you
-> They
a.
It was I and John that made her angry.
3.5
1
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
2
a.
May I use your pen? Yours works better.
b.
I love my motherland as much as you love yours.
c.
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
d.
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours.
3.6
a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which
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3.7
1
I
you
myself
we
you
she
he
it
one
a.
Myself drove the car.
I myself drove the car.
b. and, or, normyself
Charles and myself saw it.
5
You should be proud of yourself.
3.8
1each otherone another
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
2
a.
People should love one another.
b.
Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.
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each other, one another.
c. -'s
The students borrowed each other's notes.
3.9
1 this / thatthese / those
Those are my
teachers.
2
a.
This is the way to do it.
b.
I like this better than that.
c.
My point is this.
d.
I don't say no to that.
1:
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He admired that which looked beautiful.
He admired those who looked beautiful. those
He admired that who danced well. that
He admired those who danced well. those
He admired those which looked beautiful. those
3.10
1
who, whom, whose
what
which
2 whowhat, which, whose
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?
1:
which what whatwhich
2:
Whomwhowho
whom,
Whom did you meet on the street?
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What are you looking for?
4:
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
3.11
1 The girl to whom I spoke
is my cousin. whomthe girl,to
2 that
who
which
that
whom
that
that
whose
He came back for the book which he had forgotten.
which
3 which
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
that
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.
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no one, none, everybody, everyone.
2
a. every noeveryno
I have no idea about it.
b. all
all all
All goes well.
all all the book, the whole book.
all all day,all night,all the year; all hour,all
century.
all all China, all the city, all my life, all the way
3 both
a. both both and
b. both, all be
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1someany.
2some
a.
Would you like
Would you like some coffee?
b.
If you need some help,let me know.
c. some
Some students haven't been there before.
d. some
I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.
any
1 any
any
Here are three novels. You may read any.
one, ones
onessome, any,
ones.
Have you bought any rulers? Yes,I 've bought some.
3.14 one,that it
onethatit thatit
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.
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3 one,one anotherthe other,a third.
4 /the others.
5 othersothers.
3.16 "the"
He is one of the students who help me.
He is the one of the students who helps me.
the students
the one
--
3.every each
1 every each
Every student in our school works hard.
Each student may have one book
2 every each
3 every each
Every student has to take one.
Each boy has to take one.
Each of the boys has to take one.
4 everyeach
5 every every two weeks each
6 every not each not
Every man is not honest.
Each man is not honest.
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2 both,either
botheither
Both the boys are clever.
Either of the two boys is clever.
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
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only a few =few not a few =many quite a few =many
many a =many
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold.
4.
4.1
1
hot
2
aafraid
He is an ill man.
The man is ill.
She is an afraid girl.
The girl is afraid.
well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake
3-thing
something nice
4.2 -ly
1 -ly friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively, ugly,brotherly,
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4.3
1 the dead,the living,the rich,the
poor,the blind,the hungry
The poor are losing hope.
2
the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.
The English have wonderful sense of humor.
4.3
1 the dead,the living,the rich,the
poor,the blind,the hungry
The poor are losing hope.
2
the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.
The English have wonderful sense of humor.
4.4
------ ------
a small round table
a tall gray building
a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school
an expensive Japanese sports car
A. ++++++
3 ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
B.
++++
those + three + beautiful + large + square
++++
old + brown + wood + table
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4.5
1
2 be
3
a.
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. well,badlyhard
He speaks English well.
1
2 andbut
Please write slowly and carefully.
3 +++
very
I very like English.
I like English very much.
enoughenough
I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
4.6
1 closeclosely
close""; closely ""
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.
2 late lately
late""; lately ""
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?
3 deepdeeply
deep"",deeply""
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4 highhighly
highhighlymuch
The plane was flying high.
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I think highly of your opinion.
5 widewidely
widewidely"",""
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.
6 freefreely
free"";freely ""
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.
4.7
1
-er,-est
tall
taller tallest
greatest
nicer nicest
bigger biggest
hotter hottest
-er,-est
"+y" easy easier easiest
busy
busier busiest
yi,
-er,-est
-er,-ow clever cleverer cleverest
narrow narrower narrowest
-er,-est
important
more important
more,most
most important
easily
more easily
most easily
2
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good/
better
best
well
bad /
worse
worst
ill
old
older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many
little
far
more
less
most
least
farther/further farthest/furthest
4.8 as + + as
1so as.
He cannot run so/as fast as you.
2as as
as ++ a +
as + many/much +
This is as good an example as the other is.
I can carry as much paper as you can
3as
This room is twice as big as that one.
Your room is the same size as mine.
4 + as + adj. + as <=> + then + of
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine.
Your room is twice the size of mine.
4.9 + than
You are taller than I.
They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.
1
He is more cleverer than his brother.
He is more clever than his brother.
He is clever than his brother.
2
China is larger that any country in Asia.
China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
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4
Which is large, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
4.10
1a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even
2
3by far
C. much
D. more much
C. muchB,Ceasiermore,C
3If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time
C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
D.
4.12 the + +
1 The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
the,
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mostthe,"".
It is a most important problem.
=It is a very important problem.
Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2 by far, far, much, mostly, almost
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.
a. verymuch
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b.
Africa is the second largest continent.
3
Mike is the most intelligent in his class.
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
4 "+","+ so as"
Nothing is so easy as this.
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
4.13 more
1 the more the more
The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make.
2 more B than A AB
less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.
= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
3 no more than
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
no less than
He is no less diligent than you.
4 more than
She is more than kind to us all.
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A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as
C. "1988". "+ as + + as +
"C.
This ruler is three times as long as that one.
5.
1
2 Notional VerbLink Verb
Auxiliary VerbModal Verb
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5.1
Link Verb
5
become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
5.2
1Auxiliary VerbMain Verb
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He doesn't like English.
doesn'tlike
2
a.
He is singing.
He has got married.
b.
He was sent to England.
c.
Do you like college life?
Did you study English before you came here?
d. not
I don't like him.
e.
Do come to the party tomorrow evening.
He did know that.
3 be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
5.3 be
1 be +
They are having a meeting.
English is becoming more and more important.
2 be +
The window was broken by Tom
English is taught throughout the world.
3 be +
a.
He is to go to New York next week
We are to teach the freshpersons.
b.
You are to explain this.
He is to come to the office this afternoon.
c.
How am I to answer him?
Who is to go there?
d.
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 7
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5.4 have
1have +
He has left for London.
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
2have + been +
I have been studying English for ten years.
3have+been +
English has been taught in China for many years.
5.5 do
1
Do you want to pass the CET?
Did you study German?
2 do + not
I do not want to be criticized.
He doesn't like to study.
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
3
Don't go there.
Don't be so absent-minded.
do,diddoes.
4
Do come to my birthday party.
I did go there.
I do miss you.
5
Never did I hear of such a thing.
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
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shallwill will
shall
He shall come. shall
He will come. will
5.7 should,would
1shouldshall
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
5.8
Phrasal Verb
Turn off the radio. turn off
1 +black out;
2 +look into;
3 ++look forward to.Particle
5.9
1
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to do
to be done
2
\
doing
being done
3
\
doing
being done
6.
6.1
1
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
2
a. doing V. + doing sth
admit
appreciate avoid
complete consider
escape
fancy
delay
deny
detest
endure
enjoy
prevent
finish
practise recall
suggest face
imagine
resent
mind
miss
resist
include
postpone
resume
stand
risk
understand
forgive
keep
preferto
be used to
lead to
stick to
busy
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set about be successful in good at take up
give up burst out prevent from
3
Her job is washing,cleaning and taking care of the children.
6.2 worth
worth,worthy,worth-whileadj. "".
1. worth: be worth + n. " "
be worth doing sth. ""
The question is not worth discussing again and again.
2. worthy:be worthy of +n. ""
be worthy to be done ""
The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.
3. worth-while: be worth-while to do sth ""
worth while: It is worth while doing sth
It is worth while sb to do sth.
7.
7.1
1 +
afford aim
mean
expect
be
elect endeavor
plan prepare pretend
hope
come
dare
tend
wait
wish
undertake
2+ ; ++
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish
I like to keep everything tidy.
I like you to keep everything tidy.
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I want to speak to Tom.
I want you to speak to Tom.
3 ++ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain,
tell
Please show us how to do that.
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.
7.2
1 ++to do
advise
allow
appoint
judge
state
believe
forbid
know
like
suppose
tell
cause
force
order
guess
hire
imagine impel
think train
trust
consider declare
induce
report request
understand urge
drive
inform instruct
require select
warn
Find
Find to find
get,have.
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
2 to + be
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare discover, fancy feel
judge, imagine,
know, prove,
see show,
suppose,
take
find, guess,
understand
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A. consider to do sth. BD C
C.
3 to be +
Seem,
desire,
appear,
want,
plan, expect,
mean
4 there be+
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.
: as regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher.
Mary took him as her father .
7.3
1 It's easy for me to do that.
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next,
the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
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It's very nice of you to help me.
for of
of,for.
You are nice. of
He is hard. for.
7.5
be
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
7.6
7.7
1
To only to in order to, so as to, sosuch as to
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
I come here only to say good-bye to you.
2
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3
I'm glad to see you.
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
B. "+"
7.8 to
to + +/ to to+ /
admit to
confess to
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to be devoted to look forward to
pay attention to
7.9 to
1 ought ought to
2 let, have, make:
3 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find
to.
to
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4 would rather,had better:
5 Why / why not
6 help to,to, help sb to do sth:
7 butexcept:butdoto
8 and, orthanto
9 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understandto be:
He is supposed to be nice.
7.10
Tell him not to shut the window
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
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B. tell sb to do sth tell sb not to do sth.
2 She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see
D. having not seen
A. pretend pretend not to do sth
3Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver
C. never driving D. never drive
A.warn sb to do sth. warn sb not to do sth. never.
4 The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it
D. do not to
A.not to not to do it todo
B,D
5 The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat
D. not eating
C.warnbe warned not to do.
7.11 tooto
1tooto
He is too excited to speak.
7.12 so as to
1 so as not to do.
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
2 so kind as to ---
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Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
7.14
\
to do
to be doing
to have done
to be done
to have been done
1
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.
2
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3
He seems to be eating something.
4
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
7.15
1
2
3 11
1 stop to do
stop doing
2 forget to do
forget doing
3 remember to do
remember doing
4 regret to do
regret doing
5 cease to do
6 try to do
7 go on to do
cease doing
try doing
go on doing
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8 afraid to do
afraid doing
mean doing
8.
8.1 stop doing/to do
stop to do
stop doing
They stop to smoke a cigarette.
I must stop smoking.
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
C."stop to do sth.
".stop doing sth.
to come
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remember doing
regret doing
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.
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8.7 go on doing/to do
go on to do
go on doing
After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics.
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
mean to do
mean doing
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
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To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
2 begin, startto do
I was beginning to get angry.
4
It began to melt.
8.12 + doing/to do
see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do
+doing
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
""
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.""
1They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
A.see sb do sth
2The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
A. see sb. doing sth
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9.
9.1
1 The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
D. which is written
2What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken
C. be spoken D. to speak
B. language
spokenspeaklanguage, spoken language
9.2
As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
-> Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
-> Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.
army.
2There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
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A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
B.
3_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
C.
C. When it is heated,
9.3 +
when,while,if though,after, before, as.
While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
waiting saw
9.4
9.5
She looked tired with cooking.
He remained standing beside the table.
9.6
generally speaking
talking of speaking of
strictly speaking
judging from
all things considered
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taking all things into consideration
Judging from his face, he must be ill.
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. speaking dogs
9.7
1
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.
Arriving there, they found the boy dead.
The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
B. D,workedwas preparing. B,C
2
While walking in the garden,he hurt his leg.
having done.
Having finished his homework, he went out.
=As he had finished his homework, he went out.
9.8
1
He is the man giving you the money. = who gave you
He is the man stopped by the car.
2
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned
a well-read person.
a much-travelled may
a burnt-out match
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10.
10.1
+
+
+
+
+
1
2
3
10.1
+
+
+
+
+
1
2
3
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10.2 With
with
with ++/////
He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raise.
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
D. with +++with
""""D.
1
in with
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If weather permits, we'll go out
for a walk. if
11.
11.1
1
every sometimes, at on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3
Pride goes before a fall.
11.2
1
yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982
Where did you go just now?
2
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3
It is time for sb. to do sth ""
""
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would had rather sb. did sth. ''
I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4 wish, wonder, think, hope
I thought you might have some.
11.4
1 shallwill
will
Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
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2 be going to +
a.
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b.
The play is going to be produced next month.
c.
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3 be +
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4 be about to +
He is about to leave for Beijing.
be about to tomorrow, next week
11.6 be to be going to
be to
be going to
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.
11.7
1come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return
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11.8
"""""" come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay
I'm leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week?
11.9
have has +
11.10
1
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He joined the League three years ago.
joined
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
yesterday, last, week, in 1960
Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11
1It is the first / second time that
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2This is the thatthat
This is the best film that I've ever seen.
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for
I worked here for more than twenty years.
11.13 since
1 since + 1980, last month, half past six
I have been here since 1989.
2 since ++ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
3 since +
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4 It is ++ since
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
11.14
1
He has completed the work.
I've known him since then.
2 till / until
"" ""
He didn't come back until ten o'clock.
10
He slept until ten o'clock.
10
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2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
A.
11.15
1
----|-------|-----|---->had +
2
a. told, said, knew, heard, thought
She said that she had never been to Paris.
b.
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
D. """"""
when""when
had no when
11.16
1 then,and,but
When she saw the mouse,she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
2
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
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11.17
1 will / be going to do sth.
2
a.
b.
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
11.18
a.
We are waiting for you.
b.
Mr. Green is writing another novel.
found.
D.
11.19
1
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
I have two brothers.
This house belongs to my sister.
2
Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget,
prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
I need your help.
He loves her very much.
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3
accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
I accept your advice.
4
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
You seem a little tired.
11.20
1
2
3
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
11.21
1
She'll be coming soon.
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
"", I'll be having a talk with her.
2
Soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.
11.22
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case that unless,
even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately
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He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing.
B. He said,B.
2
The museum opens at ten tomorrow. 10
11.23
1 "",""
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.
2
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.
11.24
1
hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember.
I hear = have heard he will go to London.
I forget =have forgotten how old he is.
2 " It is since""It has been since "
3 It is = has been five years since we last met.
11.25
1 Here comes ; There goes
Look, here comes Mr. Li.
11.26
1
Are you staying with us this weekend?
We are leaving soon.
2 get, run, grow, become, begindie.
He is dying.
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11.27
1
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.
He told me last week that he is eighteen.
2 ought, need, must, dare
He thought that I need not tell you the truth.
11.28
12.
1to "to".
feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
--> I was made to go out of the classroom by the teacher
We saw him play football on the playground.
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.
2+ be +
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.
12.1 let
1letto
They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go.
2 let let allowpermit
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The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
12.2
This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown.
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.
Such a thing has never been heard of before
12.3 """"
believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand
It is said that
It is reported that
It is believed that
It is hoped that
It is well known that
It is thought that
It is suggested that
It is taken granted that
It has been decided that
It must be remember that
It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.
12.4
1
appear, die disappear, end vi. fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
rise, fall, happenraise, seat
The price has been risen.
The price has risen.
The accident was happened last week.
The accident happened last week.
The price has raised.
The price has been raised.
Please seat.
Please be seated.
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2
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with,
succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
3
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
It sounds good.
4
die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
5
She likes to swim.
To swim is liked by her.
12.5
1wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive
The book sells well.
This knife cuts easily.
2blame, let remain, keep, rent, build
I was to blame for the accident.
Much work remains.
3 need, require, want, worth deserve
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.
This room needs cleaning.
This book is worth reading.
4 make sb. heard / understood /have sth. done
12.6
be determined, be pleased, be graduated from be finished, be prepared for be occupied in
get marries
He is graduated from a famous university.
12.7 need/want/require/worth
need, want, require, worthdoing
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Your hair wants cutting.
The floor requires washing.
The book is worth reading.
13.
1 Declarative Sentences
Light travels faster than sound.
The film is rather boring.
2 Interrogative Sentences
a. General Questions
Can you finish the work in time?
b. W Questions; H Questions
Where do you live?
How do you know that?
c. Alternative Questions
Do you want tea or coffee?
d. Tag-Questions
He doesn't know her, does he?
3 Imperative Sentences
Sit down, please.
Don't be nervous!
4 Exclamatory Sentences
What good news it is!
1 Simple Sentences
She is fond of collecting stamps.
2 Compound Sentences
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The food was good, but he had little appetite.
3 Complex Sentences
1 + SV
I work.
2 + + SVP
John is busy.
3 + + SVO
She studies English.
4 + + + SVOC
Time would prove me right.
5 + + + SVOiOd
My mother made me a new dress.
13.1
1 do
Take this seat.
Do be careful.
Don't move.
Don't be late.
2 let
Let
a. Let's
Let's have another try,shall we / shan't we?
= Shall we have another try?
b. Let us
Let us have another try,will you / won't you?
= Will you please let us have another try?
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13.2
what, how
whathow
How ++ a ++
How++
What ++
What+a+++
What+ ++
What+ ++
C. How a time
D. how time
A.
1:What + n.+
2:How + adj. / adv. / v.+bad, What a bad time I had!
13.3
it
It is was + that who +
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It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.
13.4
do did,does
She does like this horse.
Please do take care of yourself.
13.5
1 I, aren't I.
I'm as tall as your sister,aren't I?
2 wish,may +
I wish to have a word with you, may I?
3 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little
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8 would rather +v., wouldn't +
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9 You'd like to +v. wouldn't +
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
10 must
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
11 be +
What colours, aren't they?
What a smell, isn't it?
12 neither nor, either or
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
13 everything, that, nothing, this, it.
Everything is ready, isn't it?
14
a.
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
b.
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
c. think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine
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19
It is impossible, isn't it?
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?
20 must""
He must be there now, isn't he?
It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it?
aren't I
Wish
may +
no,nothing,nobody,never,
few, seldom, hardly,
rarely, little
ought to
shouldn't/ oughtn't +
didn't + usedn't +
had better + v.
hadn't you
would rather + v.
wouldn't +
you'd like to + v.
must
wouldn't +
be +
Neithernor,
eitheror
everything,that,
it
nothing,this
think,believe,expect,
suppose,imagine
everybody,anyone,
somebody,nobody,no one they, he
dareneed
need dare +
dare, need
do +
will you?
Let's
Shall we?
Let us
Will you?
there be
+there
must""
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14.
14.1
1 here, there, now, then, thus be, come, go, lie, run.
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
2
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.
Here he comes.
14.2
do, doesdid,
1 no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until
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14.3
Not onlybut also, Hardly/Scarcelywhen, No sooner than
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
D. never, seldom,
scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, not onlybut also no soonerthan, hardly when scarcely
when
Not only but alsoNot only but
also
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
---So it is.
14.5 only
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
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1
2
14.7
1 so that so
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2
May you all be happy.
3 were, had, shouldif were, had, should
1 Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
D. Not
2 Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize
B.
3 Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don't know, ___.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
B. nor"". so, neither, nor
so neither, nor
15.
1
2
3
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There is much water in the thermos.
15.1
Reading and writing are very important.
andand
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
B. A.,CD,The League
secretary and monitor monitor the,
and B.
15.2
1there be
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
2either or neither nor, here,
there
Either you or she is to go.
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.
15.3
with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as
15.4
1 eachevery, some, no, anyeach, every,
Each of us has a tape-recorder.
There is something wrong with my watch.
2
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
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15.5
1 what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all
All is right.
15.6
1 half of, part of, most of, a portion of of
Most of his money is spent on books.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
2 many a more than one more than
of
Many a person has read the novel.
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.
16.
1
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16.1
if
shall/will +
16.2
1
a.
:
should would +
shouldwould have+
should+
were+
would +
should+
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
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16.3
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
16.4
were, should, had, ifwere, shouldhad
'be'"were",was, bewere
If I were you, I would go to look for him.
16.5 should
1 It is demanded / necessary / a pity + thatshould should
1suggested
It is 2important
that+ should do
3 a pity
1suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted; + should do
2important, necessary, natural, strange
a pity, a shame, no wonder
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3It is suggested that we should hold a meeting next week.
It is necessary that he should come to our meeting tomorrow.
2
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + should do
I suggest that we should hold a meeting next week.
He insisted that he should be sent there.
suggest, insist"" "",""""
16.6 wish
1wish
wish
be were
had +
would/could +
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I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.
If only the alarm clock had rung.
If only he comes early.
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.
MaryJohn
17.
Noun Clauses
17.1
that,whether,if
what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,
whose, which.
when, where, how, why
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1.
2.
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
whetherif "" whether if
1. whether
2.
3. whether
4. "or not"
Whether he will come is not clear.
it
It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
17.2 that-
1thatthat- That
that-
That he is still alive is sheer luck.
John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.
The fact is that he has not been seen recently.
The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
2That-itthat-
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.
It's a pity that you should have to leave.
itthat-
a. It + be ++ that-
It is necessary that
It is important that
It is obvious that
b. It + be + -ed + that-
It is believed that
c. It + be ++ that-
It is common knowledge that
It is a surprise that
It is a fact that
d. It ++ that-
It appears that
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It happens that
It occurred to me that
17.3 wh-
1wh-wh-Wh-who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which,
whicheverwhere, when, how, whyWh-that-
2Wh-itwh-
It is not yet decided who will do that job.
2
if/whetherorwhetheor not
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.
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17.5
1 think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine
3
I don't remember having ever seen such a man.
not having
It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.
anyone
4
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. because
She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.
many weeks
18.
Attributive Clauses
18.1
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who/that
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
whom/that
2 Whose of which
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
Please pass me the book whose of which cover is green.
3which, that
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
which / that
The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. which / that
18.2
18.3
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A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
1 D,2 A
1 This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
2 This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
1where, that, on whichthe one
D.
2 where, in the museum
in + which on A.
who, whom, that, which,
whose where when why .
18.4
1
18.5 +
1
2that
3 "+"when where
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
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which
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
3It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park
A. that B. which C. as D. it
B.
as which
1 as which
2 as
which
preventB.
As
1. the same as;suchas as
I have got into the same trouble as he has
2. as''.
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As1asknow2know
18.7
1Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
Whoever anyone who
2The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
what all that
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Who breaks the law will be punished.
Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3 that what
that ,
thatWhat
I think that you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
18.9 that
1that
a
The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2 that
a there be that,which.
b anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, littlethat,
which.
c the only, the verythat.
d that
e
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
19.
19.1
where, wherever
Where I live there are plenty of trees.
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19.2
as, just asso as if, as though
1 as, just assojust asso
as"","",
Always do to the others as you would be done by.
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
2 as if, as though
"","",
They completely ignore these facts as if as though they never existed.
as if / as though
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
19.3
because, since, asfor
1 becausewhy
as since.
I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2 because for
for.
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
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19.4
that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
He wrote the name down for fear thatlest he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
19.5
so that suchthatso such
so such
sosuchsuch so
so many, few, much, little
so foolish
so nice a flower
such a fool
such a nice flower
19.6
if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that
if
unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
19.7
though, although
though, althoughbut, though yet
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Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.
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2when as while.
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3""as,when while.
As the day went on, the weather got worse.
1Not until
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.
19
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
19.10 ""
hardly/scarcelywhen/before, no soonerthan as soon as""
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
hardly, scarcely no sooner
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Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
20.
and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet,
however, for, hence, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, andthen
20.1
1 and or
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20.2 and or
1 orand
2 and
There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
or and.
20.3
1 or "".
I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.
2 eitheror "".
Either you or I am right.
20.4
1 butwhile
Some people love cats, while others hate them.
20.5
1 for
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20.6 so such
sosuchsuch so
so many,few,much, little
so + adj.
such + an + n.
so + adj. + an + n.
such + n. pl.
so + adj. + n. pl.
such a fool
so nice a flower
so much/little money.
so many people
21.
21.1
1
2 ought have to
3 -s.
4
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3 don't have to ""
mustn't
"",
21.5 must
1 must"".
2 must must be
You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.
He must be working in his office.
3 must must
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.
4 mustmust
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.
5 can't.
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.
21.6
can, could, may, might, must
1+
3+
4+
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5can't, couldn't
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
21.7 + have +
1 maymight have + done sth, can could have + done sth
Philip may might have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can could have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2 must have +done sth,"",""
---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---She must have gone by bus.
3 ought to have done sth, should have done sth
"".
You ought to should have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.
ought to should
4 needn't have done sth
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5 would like to have done sth
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.
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You had better have come earlier.
21.12
No,I needn't
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needn't.
3---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
B. will"",B.
21.13 to
to ought to, have to, used to, be to, have got to ,=must be able to,
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it.
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?
ought to do
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