Glossary of Seakeeping Terms (After American and International Towing Tank Conjerences} Added Mass Coefficient, A nondimensional coefi- cient expressing added mass in relation to the geo- etry ofa body, Amplitude. The magnitude of the extreme of a sinusoidal quantity with respect to the mean value The double amplitude is the magnitude of the difle- rence of the extreme, Apparent. With reference to wave characteristics, a visible property of an irregular wave record as distinguished from a property of the component waves, Thus an apparent wave height is @ particular peak-to-trough distance. Apparent values are indi- ‘cated by a tilde (~) above the symbol, for example. apparent wave amplitude = @, Broaching. An involuntary and dangerous change in heading produced by a severe following sea, Celerity. See Wave Speed. Coupling. The influence of one mode of motion on another, for instance, coupling between heave and pitch. . Damping. A characteristic property of a dynamic system, which dissipates energy and reduces motion, Damping Coefficient, The ratio of damping force or moment amplitude to velocity amplitude as a function of frequency, Emergence (s) [L], The relative vertical distance of an oscillating ship above the water surface; opposite 10 Submergence. Factor, Magnification, The ratio of output ampli- tude at a certain frequency to static response. Factor, Tuning (A)[—). The ratio of excitation fre- quency to natural frequency (or the ratio of natural m8 period of a motion to period of encounter). The tuning factors in heave, pitch, and roll have the symbols A,= w/o, Ay=aJlay, Ay= ao, respectively. Force, Damping, A force that tends to reduce motion and, if assumed to be linear, is proportional to the velocity. Force, Exciting. A fluctuating external force that ‘causes motion of a body, for instance, a ship when encountering a train of waves. Force, Restoring. A force tending to return a body {0 its equilibrium position when it has been displaced by an external force, Frequency, Characteristic (f) [T~']. Thenumber of cycles occurring per unit of time: f= 1/7, where Tis the period Frequency, Circular (w) [T~"]. In any cyclic mo- tion, or in any periodic motion that may be repre- sented by @ cyclic motion, the circular frequency is the angular velocity. If wis in radians per second, w = 2n/T, where T isthe period. Frequency of Encounter, Circular (w)[T~!], Here = 2x/T, where T is the period. Frequency of Heave, Pitch, or Roll of a Ship. The frequency of the periodic heaving, pitching, or rolling motion ofa ship. Frequency, Natural Circular, of Heave, Pitch, or Roll. Natural circular frequency has the following definitions for heave, piteh, and rol, respectively: 0,=29/T,, 0,=2s/T, 0, =2n/T,. Green Water. ~ Water shipped on the deck of a ship in heavy seas, as distint from spray. Group Velocity. -The average rate of advance of the energy of a finite train of gravity wavesG radios (Radius of Gyration) hy. Ky. KCL The square root of the ratio of the mass moment of nertiato the mass aa body. Harmonic. Sinusoidal, in. referring to a function ‘or motion Heading. A direction assumed by the forward axis or centerline of « body oF the bow ofa ship in a horigontal plane Heaving, The vertical oscillatory motion of a spe fied point in a vesscl usually the center of gravity Impact. . The foreible, sudden contact of a body or ship. or any part thereof, with the surface ofa liquid Long-Crested Seas, A’ wave system in which all components advance in the same direction. ‘Mass, Added. “The cotal hydrodynamic force, per unit acceleration, exerted on a ship or other body in phase with std proportional tothe acceleration. ‘Moment, Lateral Wave Bending (M,)[2 MT~?}. The part of the inicenal lateral bending moment aetng om «cross section of a hull hat is caused by the aetion of waves and ship motions. ‘Moment, Torsional Wave Bending (M,)[EMT~?) The part ofthe internal torsional or twisting moment acting on cross section of a hull that is caused by the action of waves and ship motions. Monien, Vertical Wave Bending (M,)[2MT~*] The part of the intemal vertical bending, moment seting on 4 cross section of & hull that is caused by the action of waves and ship motions Moment, Damping. A rooment resulting from ‘damping action, which tends to resuce the motion, ‘Moment, Exciting. A fluctuating external moment that causes motion of a body’ oF ship. for example ‘when encountering train of regular waves Moment, Havin. Exciiing moment in hewse Moment of Incertia\t,,.1,,./_)[EM]. ‘The summa- tion of products of elinentary masses and the squares, fof their distances fcom axes through the center of ‘gravity. Equal tothe mass times the ayradivs squared Moment, Pitehing. Exciting moment in pitch. Moment, Restoring or Righting. moment tending to return @ body to its initial condition after it has been digplaced by an external moment Moment, Rolling. Exciting moment in rol Moment, Stabilizing. Moment associated with a displacement from a position of equilibrium and tending 1o decrease this displacement. [Natural Period of Motions: Heave, Pitch, Roll (Ta. Tu. Te) [7] The time for one complete cycle fof the mation resulting whea a body is displaced in ealm water from iis equilibrium position By an ‘external fore> and then is released Period. The length of time for one complete cycle of a periodic quantity or phenomenon, such 38 the rolling of & ship from port to starboard and back to por. : Period of Encounter ofa Ship in Waves (T.) (T] ‘The time interval between successive crests of 3 train of waves passing a fixod point in a ship. at a fixed angle of encounter Phase Angle (e) [—] The angle between two vectors representing iwo harmonically varying quan- tities having the same frequency. Pitching. The angular component of the escillatory rotion of a vessel about a transverse axis. Porpoising. The oscillation of a high-speed craft, marily in calm water, in which heaving motion is combined with pitching motion. The motion is sustained by energy drawn from the thrust Pounding. The impact of a water surface against the side oF bottom of a ship hull, whether caused by ship velocity, water velocity, or both. Pounding is dilferentisted from slamming in that the impact, although heavy, is not in the nature of a shock Power, Mean Increase in Waves (P,y)[EMT*] “The absolute mean increase in power, as compared with the power in smooth water, necessary to main- tain speed in a seaway Pressure, Impact. local pressure sustained by a hull when subjected to impact with the water. Usually associated with slamming or pounding. Radius of Gyration. See Gyradies Resistance, Mean Increase in Waves (R yy)[LMT~#]. ‘The mean absolute increase in resistance, as com pared with the resistance in smooth water, that becurs when speed is maintained in wind and waves. Resonanee. The dynamic condition of a simple, uncoupled sjstem in which the excitation frequency is equal to the natural frequency. Note: In a coupled system, the dynamic condition in which the excita tion frequency corresponds to the frequency of maximum response t0 unit exciting force over & range of frequencies Response Amplitude Operator. The square of the ratio of response amplitude to excitation amplitude fof a forced harmonic motion applied to & linear system, a8 a function of frequency. Revolutions per Minute, Mean Increase in Waves. ‘The mean absolute inerease in revolutions per ‘minute, a8 compared with those in calm water, necessary to maintain speed in wind and waves.