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Sep21,2009

PASSWORDBASEDELECTRICALAPPLIANCES
CONTROLSYSTEMUSING89C51
MICRCONTROLLER

ABSTRACT
Securityisprimeconcerninourdaytodaylife.Everyonewantstobeasmuch
assecureastobepossible.Anaccesscontrolsystemsformsavitallinkina
securitychain.Themicrocontrollerbaseddigitallockpresentedhereisan
accesscontrolsystemthatallowsonlyauthorizedpersonstoaccessarestricted
area.Thissystemisbestsuitableforcorporateoffices,ATMsandhomesecurity.
Thesystemcomprisesasmallelectronicunitwithanumerickeypad,whichis
fixedoutsidetheentrydoortocontrolasolenoidoperatedlockwiththehelpofa
steppermotor.WhenanauthorizedpersonenterspredetermineduserIDand

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passwordviathekeypad,thesteppermotorisoperatedforalimitedtimeto
unlatchthesolenoidoperatedlocksothedoorcanbeopen.Attheendofpreset
delay,thesteppermotorisoperatedinreversedirectionandthedoorgets
lockedagain.
Whenthecodehasbeenincorrectlyenteredthreetimesinarow,thecodelock
willswitchtoblockmode.Thisfunctionthwartsanyattemptbyhackersto
quicklytryalargenumberofcodesinasequence.Iftheuserforgetshis
password,thecodelockcanbeaccessedbyaunique10digitadministrator
password.Thesecretcodecanbechangedanytimeafterenteringthecurrent
code(Mastercode).

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Abuzzerisprovidedforaudioacknowledgmentofthekeyimpression.
Wheneverakeyispressedonthenumerickeypad,thesystemacknowledges
theimpressionbyashortbeepsound.ThisbuzzerisdrivenbyanNPN
transistor.
Thisprojectusesregulated5V,500mApowersupply.7805threeterminal
voltageregulatorisusedforvoltageregulation.Bridgetypefullwaverectifieris
usedtorectifytheacoutputofsecondaryof230/12Vstepdowntransformer.
INTRODUCTION
Anembeddedsystemisacombinationofsoftwareandhardwaretoperforma
dedicatedtask.
SomeofthemaindevicesusedinembeddedproductsareMicroprocessorsand
Microcontrollers.
Microprocessorsarecommonlyreferredtoasgeneralpurposeprocessorsas
theysimplyaccepttheinputs,processitandgivetheoutput.
Incontrast,amicrocontrollernotonlyacceptsthedataasinputsbutalso
manipulatesit,interfacesthedatawithvariousdevices,controlsthedataand
thusfinallygivestheresult.

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TheProjectEmbeddedPasswordbasedElectricalAppliancescontrolsystem
using89C51Microcontrollerisanexcellentprojectthatprovidessecurityinevery
way.Thisprojectisveryusefulinplaceswheresecurityismust.

Download
Free Download

BLOCKDIAGRAM

www.unzipper.com

Therewasanerrorinthisgadget

TransistorDriver
Circuit

Resetcircuit

Crystal

Buzzer
8051
Microcontroller
BLOCKDESCRIPTION
POWERSUPPLY:
Theinputtothecircuitisappliedfromtheregulatedpowersupply.Thea.c.input
i.e.,230Vfromthemainssupplyisstepdownbythetransformerto12Vandis
fedtoarectifier.Theoutputobtainedfromtherectifierisapulsatingd.cvoltage.
Soinordertogetapured.cvoltage,theoutputvoltagefromtherectifierisfedto

afiltertoremoveanya.ccomponentspresentevenafterrectification.Now,this
voltageisgiventoavoltageregulatortoobtainapureconstantdcvoltage.
230V
AC
50Hz

Fig:Powersupply
Transformer:
Usually,DCvoltagesarerequiredtooperatevariouselectronicequipmentand
thesevoltagesare5V,9Vor12V.Butthesevoltagescannotbeobtaineddirectly.
Thusthea.cinputavailableatthemainssupplyi.e.,230Vistobebroughtdown

totherequiredvoltagelevel.Thisisdonebyatransformer.Thus,astepdown
transformerisemployedtodecreasethevoltagetoarequiredlevel.
Rectifier:
Theoutputfromthetransformerisfedtotherectifier.ItconvertsA.C.into
pulsatingD.C.Therectifiermaybeahalfwaveorafullwaverectifier.Inthis
project,abridgerectifierisusedbecauseofitsmeritslikegoodstabilityandfull
waverectification.
Filter:
Capacitivefilterisusedinthisproject.Itremovestheripplesfromtheoutputof
rectifierandsmoothenstheD.C.Outputreceivedfromthisfilterisconstantuntil
themainsvoltageandloadismaintainedconstant.However,ifeitherofthetwo
isvaried,D.C.voltagereceivedatthispointchanges.Thereforearegulatoris
appliedattheoutputstage.
Voltageregulator:
Asthenameitselfimplies,itregulatestheinputappliedtoit.Avoltageregulatoris
anelectricalregulatordesignedtoautomaticallymaintainaconstantvoltage
level.Inthisproject,powersupplyof5Vand12Varerequired.Inordertoobtain
thesevoltagelevels,7805and7812voltageregulatorsaretobeused.Thefirst
number78representspositivesupplyandthenumbers05,12representthe
requiredoutputvoltagelevels.
MICROCONTROLLERS:
Microprocessorsandmicrocontrollersarewidelyusedinembeddedsystems
products.Microcontrollerisaprogrammabledevice.AmicrocontrollerhasaCPU
inadditiontoafixedamountofRAM,ROM,I/Oportsandatimerembeddedall
onasinglechip.ThefixedamountofonchipROM,RAMandnumberofI/O
portsinmicrocontrollersmakesthemidealformanyapplicationsinwhichcost
andspacearecritical.

TheIntel8051isaHarvardarchitecture,singlechipmicrocontroller(C)which
wasdevelopedbyIntelin1980foruseinembeddedsystems.Itwaspopularin
the1980sandearly1990s,buttodayithaslargelybeensupersededbyavast
rangeofenhanceddeviceswith8051compatibleprocessorcoresthatare
manufacturedbymorethan20independentmanufacturersincludingAtmel,
InfineonTechnologiesandMaximIntegratedProducts.
8051isan8bitprocessor,meaningthattheCPUcanworkononly8bitsofdata
atatime.Datalargerthan8bitshastobebrokeninto8bitpiecestobe
processedbytheCPU.8051isavailableindifferentmemorytypessuchasUV
EPROM,FlashandNVRAM.
ThepresentprojectisimplementedonKeilUvision.Inordertoprogramthe
device,Proloadtoolhasbeenusedtoburntheprogramontothemicrocontroller.
Thefeatures,pindescriptionofthemicrocontrollerandthesoftwaretoolsused
arediscussedinthefollowingsections.
FEATURESOFAT89C51:
4KBytesofReprogrammableFlashMemory.
RAMis128bytes.
2.7Vto6VOperatingRange.
FullyStaticOperation:0Hzto24MHz.
TwolevelProgramMemoryLock.
128x8bitInternalRAM.
32ProgrammableI/OLines.
Two16bitTimer/Counters.
SixInterruptSources.

ProgrammableSerialUARTChannel.
LowpowerIdleandPowerdownModes.
Description:
TheAT89C51isalowvoltage,highperformanceCMOS8bitmicrocomputer
with4KbytesofFlashprogrammablememory.Thedeviceismanufacturedusing
Atmelshighdensitynonvolatilememorytechnologyandiscompatiblewiththe
industrystandardMCS51instructionset.Bycombiningaversatile8bitCPU
withFlashonamonolithicchip,theAtmelAT89C51isapowerfulmicrocomputer,
whichprovidesahighlyflexibleandcosteffectivesolutiontomanyembedded
controlapplications.
Inaddition,theAT89C51isdesignedwithstaticlogicforoperationdowntozero
frequencyandsupportstwosoftwareselectablepowersavingmodes.TheIdle
ModestopstheCPUwhileallowingtheRAM,timer/counters,serialportand
interruptsystemtocontinuefunctioning.ThepowerdownmodesavestheRAM
contentsbutfreezestheoscillatordisablingallotherchipfunctionsuntilthenext
hardwarereset.

Fig:Pindiagram

Fig:Blockdiagram
PINDESCRIPTION:
Vcc
Pin40providessupplyvoltagetothechip.Thevoltagesourceis+5V.
GND
Pin20istheground.
XTAL1andXTAL2
XTAL1andXTAL2aretheinputandoutput,respectively,ofaninvertingamplifier
thatcanbeconfiguredforuseasanonchiposcillator,asshowninFigure11.
Eitheraquartzcrystalorceramicresonatormaybeused.Todrivethedevice
fromanexternalclocksource,XTAL2shouldbeleftunconnectedwhileXTAL1is
driven,asshowninthebelowfigure.Therearenorequirementsontheduty
cycleoftheexternalclocksignal,sincetheinputtotheinternalclockingcircuitry
isthroughadividebytwoflipflop,butminimumandmaximumvoltagehighand
lowtimespecificationsmustbeobserved.

Fig:OscillatorConnections
C1,C2=30pF10pFforCrystals
=40pF10pFforCeramicResonators

Fig:ExternalClockDriveConfiguration
RESET

Pin9istheresetpin.Itisaninputandisactivehigh.Uponapplyingahighpulse
tothispin,themicrocontrollerwillresetandterminatealltheactivities.Thisis
oftenreferredtoasapoweronreset.
EA(Externalaccess)
Pin31isEA.Itisanactivelowsignal.Itisaninputpinandmustbeconnectedto
eitherVccorGNDbutitcannotbeleftunconnected.
The8051familymembersallcomewithonchipROMtostoreprograms.Insuch
cases,theEApinisconnectedtoVcc.IfthecodeisstoredonanexternalROM,
theEApinmustbeconnectedtoGNDtoindicatethatthecodeisstored
externally.
PSEN(Programstoreenable)
Thisisanoutputpin.
ALE(Addresslatchenable)
Thisisanoutputpinandisactivehigh.
Ports0,1,2and3
ThefourportsP0,P1,P2andP3eachuse8pins,makingthem8bitports.All
theportsuponRESETareconfiguredasinput,sinceP0P3havevalueFFHon
them.
Port0(P0)
Port0isalsodesignatedasAD0AD7,allowingittobeusedforbothaddress
anddata.ALEindicatesifP0hasaddressordata.WhenALE=0,itprovidesdata
D0D7,butwhenALE=1,ithasaddressA0A7.Therefore,ALEisusedfor
demultiplexingaddressanddatawiththehelpofaninternallatch.
Whenthereisnoexternalmemoryconnection,thepinsofP0mustbe
connectedtoa10Kohmpullupresistor.ThisisduetothefactthatP0isan
opendrain.WithexternalpullupresistorsconnectedtoP0,itcanbeusedasa

simpleI/O,justlikeP1andP2.ButtheportsP1,P2andP3donotneedanypull
upresistorssincetheyalreadyhavepullupresistorsinternally.Uponreset,ports
P1,P2andP3areconfiguredasinputports.
Port1andPort2
Withnoexternalmemoryconnection,bothP1andP2areusedassimpleI/O.
Withexternalmemoryconnections,port2mustbeusedalongwithP0toprovide
the16bitaddressfortheexternalmemory.Port2isdesignatedasA8A15
indicatingitsdualfunction.WhileP0providesthelower8bitsviaA0A7,itisthe
jobofP2toprovidebitsA8A15oftheaddress.
Port3
Port3occupiesatotalof8pins,pins10through17.Itcanbeusedasinputor
output.P3doesnotneedanypullupresistors,thesameasport1andport2.
Port3hasanadditionalfunctionofprovidingsomeextremelyimportantsignals
suchasinterrupts.

Table:Port3AlternateFunctions
Machinecycleforthe8051
TheCPUtakesacertainnumberofclockcyclestoexecuteaninstruction.Inthe
8051family,theseclockcyclesarereferredtoasmachinecycles.Thelengthof
themachinecycledependsonthefrequencyofthecrystaloscillator.Thecrystal
oscillator,alongwithonchipcircuitry,providestheclocksourceforthe8051
CPU.
Thefrequencycanvaryfrom4MHzto30MHz,dependinguponthechiprating
andmanufacturer.Buttheexactfrequencyof11.0592MHzcrystaloscillatoris

usedtomakethe8051basedsystemcompatiblewiththeserialportoftheIBM
PC.
Intheoriginalversionof8051,onemachinecyclelasts12oscillatorperiods.
Therefore,tocalculatethemachinecycleforthe8051,thecalculationismade
as1/12ofthecrystalfrequencyanditsinverseistaken.
Theassemblylanguageprogramiswrittenandthisprogramhastobedumped
intothemicrocontrollerforthehardwarekittofunctionaccordingtothesoftware.
TheprogramdumpedinthemicrocontrollerisstoredintheFlashmemoryinthe
microcontroller.Beforethat,thisFlashmemoryhastobeprogrammedandis
discussedinthenextsection.
PROGRAMMINGTHEFLASH:
TheAT89C51isnormallyshippedwiththeonchipFlashmemoryarrayinthe
erasedstate(thatis,contents=FFH)andreadytobeprogrammed.The
programminginterfaceacceptseitherahighvoltage(12volt)oralowvoltage
(VCC)programenablesignal.Thelowvoltageprogrammingmodeprovidesa
convenientwaytoprogramtheAT89C51insidetheuserssystem,whilethe
highvoltageprogrammingmodeiscompatiblewithconventionalthirdparty
FlashorEPROMprogrammers.TheAT89C51isshippedwitheitherthehigh
voltageorlowvoltageprogrammingmodeenabled.Therespectivetopside
markinganddevicesignaturecodesarelistedinthefollowingtable.

TheAT89C51codememoryarrayisprogrammedbytebyteineither
programmingmode.
ToprogramanynonblankbyteintheonchipFlashMemory,theentirememory
mustbeerasedusingtheChipEraseMode.

ProgrammingAlgorithm:
BeforeprogrammingtheAT89C51,theaddress,dataandcontrolsignalsshould
besetupaccordingtotheFlashprogrammingmodetable.Toprogramthe
AT89C51,thefollowingstepsshouldbeconsidered:
1.Inputthedesiredmemorylocationontheaddresslines.
2.Inputtheappropriatedatabyteonthedatalines.
3.Activatethecorrectcombinationofcontrolsignals.
4.RaiseEA/VPPto12Vforthehighvoltageprogrammingmode.
5.PulseALE/PROGoncetoprogramabyteintheFlasharrayorthelockbits.
Thebytewritecycleisselftimedandtypicallytakesnomorethan1.5ms.
Repeatsteps1through5,changingtheaddressanddatafortheentirearrayor
untiltheendoftheobjectfileisreached.
DataPolling:
TheAT89C51featuresDataPollingtoindicatetheendofawritecycle.Duringa
writecycle,anattemptedreadofthelastbytewrittenwillresultinthecomplement
ofthewrittendatumonPO.7.Oncethewritecyclehasbeencompleted,true
dataarevalidonalloutputs,andthenextcyclemaybegin.DataPollingmay
beginanytimeafterawritecyclehasbeeninitiated.
Ready/Busy:
TheprogressofbyteprogrammingcanalsobemonitoredbytheRDY/BSY
outputsignal.P3.4ispulledlowafterALEgoeshighduringprogrammingto
indicateBUSY.P3.4ispulledhighagainwhenprogrammingisdonetoindicate
READY.
ChipErase:

TheentireFlasharrayiserasedelectricallybyusingthepropercombinationof
controlsignalsandbyholdingALE/PROGlowfor10ms.Thecodearrayis
writtenwithall1s.Thechiperaseoperationmustbeexecutedbeforethecode
memorycanbereprogrammed.
ReadingtheSignatureBytes:
Thesignaturebytesarereadbythesameprocedureasanormalverificationof
locations030H,031H,and032H,exceptthatP3.6andP3.7mustbepulledtoa
logiclow.Thevaluesreturnedareasfollows.
(030H)=1EHindicatesmanufacturedbyAtmel
(031H)=51Hindicates89C51
(032H)=FFHindicates12Vprogramming
(032H)=05Hindicates5Vprogramming
ProgrammingInterface:
EverycodebyteintheFlasharraycanbewrittenandtheentirearraycanbe
erasedbyusingtheappropriatecombinationofcontrolsignals.Thewrite
operationcycleisselftimedandonceinitiated,willautomaticallytimeitselfto
completion.AllmajorprogrammingvendorsofferworldwidesupportfortheAtmel
microcontrollerseries.

Fig:FlashProgrammingModes

Fig:ProgrammingtheFlash

Fig:VerifyingtheFlash
EEPROM:
Inthedesignofallmicroprocessorsbasedsystems,semiconductormemories
areusedasprimarystorageforcodeanddata.Semiconductormemoriesare
connecteddirectlytotheCPUandtheyarethememorythattheCPUfirstasks

forinformation(codeanddata).Forthisreason,semiconductormemoriesare
sometimesreferredtoasprimarymemory.
ImportantTerminologycommontoallSemiconductorMemories:
Memorycapacity:
Thenumberofbitsthatasemiconductormemorychipcanstoreiscalledchip
capacity.ItcanbeinunitsofKilobits,Megabitsandsoon.Thismustbe
distinguishedfromthestoragecapacityofcomputersystem.Whilethememory
capacityofamemoryICchipisalwaysgiveninbits,thememorycapacityofa
computersystemisgiveninbytes.
Memoryorganization:
MemorychipsareorganizedintoanumberoflocationswithintheIC.Each
locationcanhold1bit,4bits,8bitsoreven16bits,dependingonhowitis
designedinternally.Thenumberofbitsthateachlocationwithinthememorychip
canholdisalwaysequaltothenumberofdatapinsonthechip.i.e.,thetotal
numberofbitsthatamemorychipcanstoreisequaltothenumberoflocations
timesthenumberofdatabitsperlocation.
Speed:
Oneofthemostimportantcharacteristicsofamemorychipisthespeedatwhich
itsdatacanbeaccessed.Thespeedofthememorychipiscommonlyreferred
toasitsaccesstime.Theaccesstimeofmemorychipvariesfromafew
nanosecondstohundredsofnanoseconds,dependingontheICtechnology
usedinthedesignandfabricationprocess.
ThedifferenttypesofmemoriesareRAM,ROM,EPROMandEEPROM.
RAMandROMareinbuiltinthemicroprocessor.
Thisprojectrequiresthedatasuchastheuseridentificationnumberand
passwordtobestoredpermanently.Thusthisdatahastobestoredinsucha
locationwhereitcannotbeerasedwhenpowerfailsandalsothedatashouldbe

allowedtomakechangesinitwithoutthesysteminterfacei.e.,thereshouldbea
provisioninsuchawaythatthedatashouldbeaccessed(ormodified)whileitis
insystemboardbutnotexternalerasureandprogramming.Theflashmemory
inbuiltinthemicrocontrollercanerasetheentirecontentsinlessthanasecond
andtheerasuremethodiselectrical.ButthemajordrawbackofFlashmemoryis
thatwhenflashmemoryscontentsareerased,theentiredevicewillbeerased
butnotadesiredsectionorbyte.
Forthispurpose,wepreferEEPROMinourproject.
EEPROM(ElectricallyErasableProgrammableReadonlymemory)
EEPROMhasseveraladvantagesoverothermemorydevices,suchasthefact
thatitsmethodoferasureiselectricalandthereforeinstant.Inaddition,in
EEPROMonecanselectwhichbytetobeerased,incontrasttoflash,inwhich
theentirecontentsofROMareerased.ThemainadvantageofEEPROMisthat
onecanprogramanderaseitscontentswhileitisinsystemboard.Itdoesnot
requirephysicalremovalofthememorychipfromitssocket.Ingeneral,thecost
perbitforEEPROMismuchhigherwhencomparedtootherdevices.
TheEEPROMusedinthisprojectis24C04type.
Featuresof24C04EEPROM:
1millionerase/writecycleswith40yearsdataretention.
Singlesupplyvoltage:
3vto5.5vforst24x04versions.
2.5vto5.5vforst25x04versions.
Hardwarewritecontrolversions:
st24w04andst25w04.
Programmablewriteprotection.
Twowireserialinterface,fullyi2cbuscompatible.

Byteandmultibytewrite(upto4bytes).
Pagewrite(upto8bytes).
Byte,randomandsequentialreadmodes
Selftimedprogrammingcycle
Automaticaddressincrementing
EnhancedESD/Latchupperformances

DIPPinConnectionsSOPinConnection

Fig:SignalNames

Fig:LogicDiagram
DESCRIPTION
The24C04isa4Kbitelectricallyerasableprogrammablememory(EEPROM),
organizedas2blocksof256x8bits.TheyaremanufacturedinST
MicroelectronicsHiEnduranceAdvancedCMOStechnologywhichguarantees
anenduranceofonemillionerase/writecycleswithadataretentionof40years.
BothPlasticDualinLineandPlasticSmallOutlinepackagesareavailable.The
memoriesarecompatiblewiththeI2Cstandard,twowireserialinterfacewhich
usesabidirectionaldatabusandserialclock.Thememoriescarryabuiltin4
bit,uniquedeviceidentificationcode(1010)correspondingtotheI2Cbus
definition.Thisisusedtogetherwith2chipenableinputs(E2,E1)sothatupto4
x4KdevicesmaybeattachedtotheI2Cbusandselectedindividually.The
memoriesbehaveasaslavedeviceintheI2Cprotocolwithallmemory
operationssynchronizedbytheserialclock.Readandwriteoperationsare
initiatedbyaSTARTconditiongeneratedbythebusmaster.TheSTART
conditionisfollowedbyastreamof7bits(identificationcode1010),plusone
read/writebitandterminatedbyanacknowledgebit.

Table:DeviceSelectMode

Table:OperatingModes
Whenwritingdatatothememoryitrespondstothe8bitsreceivedbyasserting
anacknowledgebitduringthe9thbittime.Whendataisreadbythebusmaster,
itacknowledgesthereceiptofthedatabytesinthesameway.Datatransfersare
terminatedwithaSTOPcondition.
PowerOnReset:VCClockoutwriteprotect.
Inordertopreventdatacorruptionandinadvertentwriteoperationsduringpower
up,aPowerOnReset(POR)circuitisimplemented.UntiltheVCCvoltagehas
reachedthePORthresholdvalue,theinternalresetisactive,alloperationsare
disabledandthedevicewillnotrespondtoanycommand.Inthesameway,
whenVCCdropsdownfromtheoperatingvoltagetobelowthePORthreshold
value,alloperationsaredisabledandthedevicewillnotrespondtoany
command.AstableVCCmustbeappliedbeforeapplyinganylogicsignal.
SIGNALDESCRIPTIONS
SerialClock(SCL).
TheSCLinputpinisusedtosynchronizealldatainandoutofthememory.A
resistorcanbeconnectedfromtheSCLlinetoVCCtoactasapullup.
SerialData(SDA).
TheSDApinisbidirectionalandisusedtotransferdatainoroutofthememory.
ItisanopendrainoutputthatmaybewireORedwithotheropendrainoropen

collectorsignalsonthebus.AresistormustbeconnectedfromtheSDAbusline
toVCCtoactaspullup.
ChipEnable(E1E2).
Thesechipenableinputsareusedtosetthe2leastsignificantbits(b2,b3)of
the7bitdeviceselectcode.Theseinputsmaybedrivendynamicallyortiedto
VCCorVSStoestablishthedeviceselectcode.
ProtectEnable(PRE).
ThePREinputpin,inadditiontothestatusoftheBlockAddressPointerbit(b2,
location1FFhasinbelowfigure),setsthePREwriteprotectionactive.

Fig:MemoryProtection
Mode(MODE).
TheMODEinputisavailableonpin7andmaybedrivendynamically.Itmustbe
atVILorVIHfortheByteWritemode,VIHforMultibyteWritemodeorVILfor
PageWritemode.Whenunconnected,theMODEinputisinternallyreadasVIH
(MultibyteWritemode).
WriteControl(WC).

AnhardwareWriteControlfeature(WC)isofferedonlyforST24W04and
ST25W04versionsonpin7.Thisfeatureisusefultoprotectthecontentsofthe
memoryfromanyerroneouserase/writecycle.TheWriteControlsignalisused
toenable(WC=VIH)ordisable(WC=VIL)theinternalwriteprotection.When
unconnected,theWCinputisinternallyreadasVILandthememoryareaisnot
writeprotected.
DEVICEOPERATION
I2CBusBackground
TheST24/25x04supportstheI2Cprotocol.Thisprotocoldefinesanydevicethat
sendsdataontothebusasatransmitterandanydevicethatreadsthedataasa
receiver.Thedevicethatcontrolsthedatatransferisknownasthemasterand
theotherastheslave.Themasterwillalwaysinitiateadatatransferandwill
providetheserialclockforsynchronization.
TheST24/25x04isalwaysslavedevicesinallcommunications.

Fig:I2CProtocol
StartCondition.

STARTisidentifiedbyahightolowtransitionoftheSDAlinewhiletheclockSCL
isstableinthehighstate.ASTARTconditionmustprecedeanycommandfor
datatransfer.Exceptduringaprogrammingcycle,theST24/25x04continuously
monitortheSDAandSCLsignalsforaSTARTconditionandwillnotrespond
unlessoneisgiven.
StopCondition.
STOPisidentifiedbyalowtohightransitionoftheSDAlinewhiletheclockSCL
isstableinthehighstate.ASTOPconditionterminatescommunicationbetween
theST24/25x04andthebusmaster.ASTOPconditionattheendofaRead
command,afterandonlyafteraNoAcknowledge,forcesthestandbystate.A
STOPconditionattheendofaWritecommandtriggerstheinternalEEPROM
writecycle.
AcknowledgeBit(ACK).
Anacknowledgesignalisusedtoindicateasuccessfuldatatransfer.Thebus
transmitter,eithermasterorslave,willreleasetheSDAbusaftersending8bitsof
data.Duringthe9thclockpulseperiodthereceiverpullstheSDAbuslowto
acknowledgethereceiptofthe8bitsofdata.
DataInput.
DuringdatainputtheST24/25x04sampletheSDAbussignalontherisingedge
oftheclockSCL.NotethatforcorrectdeviceoperationtheSDAsignalmustbe
stableduringtheclocklowtohightransitionandthedatamustchangeONLY
whentheSCLlineislow.
MemoryAddressing.
TostartcommunicationbetweenthebusmasterandtheslaveST24/25x04,the
mastermustinitiateaSTARTcondition.Followingthis,themastersendsontothe
SDAbusline8bits(MSBfirst)correspondingtothedeviceselectcode(7bits)
andaREADorWRITEbit.The4mostsignificantbitsofthedeviceselectcode
arethedevicetypeidentifier,correspondingtotheI2Cbusdefinition.Forthese
memoriesthe4bitsarefixedas1010b.Thefollowing2bitsidentifythespecific

memoryonthebus.TheyarematchedtothechipenablesignalsE2,E1.Thus
upto4x4Kmemoriescanbeconnectedonthesamebusgivingamemory
capacitytotalof16Kilobits.AfteraSTARTconditionanymemoryonthebuswill
identifythedevicecodeandcomparethefollowing2bitstoitschipenableinputs
E2,E1.The7thbitsentistheblocknumber(oneblock=256bytes).The8thbit
sentisthereadorwritebit(RW),thisbitissetto1forreadand0forwrite
operations.Ifamatchisfound,thecorrespondingmemorywillacknowledgethe
identificationontheSDAbusduringthe9thbittime.

Fig:ACWaveforms
WriteOperations
TheMultibyteWritemode(onlyavailableontheST24/25C04versions)is
selectedwhentheMODEpinisatVIHandthePageWritemodewhenMODE
pinisatVIL.TheMODEpinmaybedrivendynamicallywithCMOSinputlevels.
FollowingaSTARTconditionthemastersendsadeviceselectcodewiththeRW
bitresetto0.Thememoryacknowledgesthisandwaitsforabyteaddress.The
byteaddressof8bitsprovidesaccesstooneblockof256bytesofthememory.
Afterreceiptofthebyteaddressthedeviceagainrespondswithan
acknowledge.FortheST24/25W04versions,anywritecommandwithWC=1
willnotmodifythememorycontent.

ByteWrite.
IntheByteWritemodethemastersendsonedatabyte,whichisacknowledged
bythememory.ThemasterthenterminatesthetransferbygeneratingaSTOP
condition.TheWritemodeisindependentofthestateoftheMODEpinwhich
couldbeleftfloatingifonlythismodewastobeused.Howeveritisnota
recommendedoperatingmode,asthispinhastobeconnectedtoeitherVIHor
VIL,tominimizethestandbycurrent.
MultibyteWrite.
FortheMultibyteWritemode,theMODEpinmustbeatVIH.TheMultibyteWrite
modecanbestartedfromanyaddressinthememory.Themastersendsfrom
oneupto4bytesofdata,whichareeachacknowledgedbythememory.The
transferisterminatedbythemastergeneratingaSTOPcondition.Theduration
ofthewritecycleisTw=10msmaximumexceptwhenbytesareaccessedon2
rows(thatishavedifferentvaluesforthe6mostsignificantaddressbitsA7A2),
theprogrammingtimeisthendoubledtoamaximumof20ms.Writingmorethan
4bytesintheMultibyteWritemodemaymodifydatabytesinanadjacentrow
(onerowis8byteslong).However,theMultibyteWritecanproperlywriteupto8
consecutivebytesassoonasthefirstaddressofthese8bytesisthefirst
addressoftherow,the7followingbytesbeingwritteninthe7followingbytesof
thissamerow.
PageWrite.
ForthePageWritemode,theMODEpinmustbeatVIL.ThePageWritemode
allowsupto8bytestobewritteninasinglewritecycle,providedthattheyareall
locatedinthesamerowinthememory:thatisthe5mostsignificantmemory
addressbits(A7A3)arethesameinsideoneblock.Themastersendsfromone
upto8bytesofdata,whichareeachacknowledgedbythememory.Aftereach
byteistransferred,theinternalbyteaddresscounter(3leastsignificantbitsonly)
isincremented.ThetransferisterminatedbythemastergeneratingaSTOP
condition.Caremustbetakentoavoidaddresscounterrolloverwhichcould
resultindatabeingoverwritten.Notethat,foranywritemode,thegenerationby
themasteroftheSTOPconditionstartstheinternalmemoryprogramcycle.All

inputsaredisableduntilthecompletionofthiscycleandthememorywillnot
respondtoanyrequest.
MinimizingSystemDelaysbyPollingonACK.
Duringtheinternalwritecycle,thememorydisconnectsitselffromthebusin
ordertocopythedatafromtheinternallatchestothememorycells.The
maximumvalueofthewritetime(Tw)isgivenfromtheACCharacteristics,since
thetypicaltimeisshorter,thetimeseenbythesystemmaybereducedbyan
ACKpollingsequenceissuedbythemaster.

Fig:WriteCyclePollingusingACK
Dataintheupperblockof256bytesofthememorymaybewriteprotected.The
memoryiswriteprotectedbetweenaboundaryaddressandthetopofmemory
(address1FFh)whenthePREinputpinistakenhighandwhentheProtectFlag
(bitb2inlocation1FFh)issetto0.Theboundaryaddressisuserdefinedby
writingitintheBlockAddressPointer.TheBlockAddressPointerisan8bit
EEPROMregisterlocatedattheaddress1FFh.Itiscomposedby5MSBs
AddressPointer,whichdefinesthebottomboundaryaddressand3LSBswhich
mustbeprogrammedat0.ThisAddressPointercanthereforeaddressa
boundaryinstepsof8bytes.

ThesequencetousetheWriteProtectedfeatureis:
writethedatatobeprotectedintothetopofthememory,upto,butnot
including,location1FFh
settheprotectionbywritingthecorrectbottomboundaryaddressinthe
AddressPointer(5MSBsoflocation1FFh)withbitb2(Protectflag)setto0.
Notethatforacorrectfunctionalityofthememory,allthe3LSBsoftheBlock
AddressPointermustalsobeprogrammedat0.Theareawillnowbeprotected
whenthePREinputpinistakenHigh.WhilethePREinputpinisreadat0by
thememory,thelocation1FFhcanbeusedasanormalEEPROMbyte.

Fig:WriteModesSequence
ReadOperations
ReadoperationsareindependentofthestateoftheMODEpin.Ondelivery,the
memorycontentissetatall"1s"(orFFh).
CurrentAddressRead.
Thememoryhasaninternalbyteaddresscounter.Eachtimeabyteisread,this
counterisincremented.FortheCurrentAddressReadmode,followingaSTART
condition,themastersendsamemoryaddresswiththeRWbitsetto1.The
memoryacknowledgesthisandoutputsthebyteaddressedbytheinternalbyte
addresscounter.Thiscounteristhenincremented.ThemasterdoesNOT
acknowledgethebyteoutput,butterminatesthetransferwithaSTOPcondition.

RandomAddressRead.
Adummywriteisperformedtoloadtheaddressintotheaddresscounter.Thisis
followedbyanotherSTARTconditionfromthemasterandthebyteaddressis
repeatedwiththeRWbitsetto1.Thememoryacknowledgesthisandoutputs
thebyteaddressed.ThemasterhastoNOTacknowledgethebyteoutput,but
terminatesthetransferwithaSTOPcondition.
SequentialRead.
ThismodecanbeinitiatedwitheitheraCurrentAddressReadoraRandom
AddressRead.However,inthiscasethemasterDOESacknowledgethedata
byteoutputandthememorycontinuestooutputthenextbyteinsequence.To
terminatethestreamofbytes,themastermustNOTacknowledgethelastbyte
output,butMUSTgenerateaSTOPcondition.Theoutputdataisfrom
consecutivebyteaddresses,withtheinternalbyteaddresscounterautomatically
incrementedaftereachbyteoutput.Afteracountofthelastmemoryaddress,
theaddresscounterwillrolloverandthememorywillcontinuetooutputdata.
AcknowledgeinReadMode.
InallreadmodestheST24/25x04waitforanacknowledgeduringthe9thbit
time.IfthemasterdoesnotpulltheSDAlinelowduringthistime,theST24/25x04
terminatethedatatransferandswitchestoastandbystate.

Fig:ReadModesSequence

KEYPAD:
KeypadsandLCDsarethemostwidelyusedinput/outputdevicesofthe8051
andabasicunderstandingofthemisessential.Thekeypadsaremainlythree
types:
1.4*3keypad
2.4*4keypad
3.4*8keypad.
Thekeypadusedinthisprojectis4*3keypad.

CalculatorkeypadTelephonekeypad

INTERFACINGTHEKEYPADTO8051
Atthelowestlevel,keyboardsareorganizedinamatrixofrowsandcolumns.
TheCPUaccessesbothrowsandcolumnsthroughports.Therefore,withtwo8
bitports,an8*8matrixofkeyscanbeconnectedtoamicroprocessor.Whena
keyispressed,arowandacolumnmakeacontact,otherwisethereisno
connectionbetweenrowsandcolumns.Asinglemicrocontroller(consistingofa
microprocessor,RAM,EPROMandseveralportsallonasinglechip)takescare
ofhardwareandsoftwareinterfacingofthekeypad.Insuchsystems,itisthe
functionofprogramsstoredinEPROMofthemicrocontrollertoscanthekeys
continuously,identifywhichonehasbeenactivatedandpresentittothe
motherboard.

Fig:4*3MatrixKeypadConnectionstoPorts
Scanningandidentifyingthekey:
Therowsareconnectedtoanoutputportandthecolumnsareconnectedtoan
inputport.Ifnokeyhasbeenpressed,readingtheinputportwillyield1sforall
columnssincetheyareallconnectedtohigh(Vcc).Ifalltherowsaregrounded
andakeyispressed,oneofthecolumnswillhave0sincethekeypressed
providesthepathtoground.Itisthefunctionofthemicrocontrollertoscanthe
keypadcontinuouslytodetectandidentifythekeypressed.

Groundingrowsandreadingthecolumns:
Todetectapressedkey,themicrocontrollergroundsallrowsbyproviding0
(zero)totheoutputlatch,thenitreadsthecolumns.Ifthedatareadfromthe
columnsisD2D0=111,nokeyhasbeenpressedandtheprocesscontinues
untilakeypressisdetected.However,ifoneofthecolumnbitshasazero,this
meansthatakeypresshasoccurredi.e.,forexample,ifD2D0=110,thismeans
thatakeyintheD0columnhasbeenpressed.Afterakeypressisdetected,the
microcontrollerwillgothroughaprocessofidentifyingthekey.Startingwiththe
toprow,themicrocontrollergroundsitbyprovidingalowtorowD0onlyandthen
itreadsthecolumns.Ifthedatareadisall1s,nokeyinthatrowisactivatedand
theprocessismovedtothenextrow.Itgroundsthenextrow,readsthecolumns
andchecksforanyzero.Thisprocesscontinuesuntiltherowisidentified.After
identificationoftherowinwhichthekeyhasbeenpressed,thenexttaskisto
findoutwhichcolumnthepressedkeybelongsto.Nowthiswillbeeasysince
themicrocontrollerknowsatanytimewhichrowandcolumnarebeing
accessed.
TRANSISTORDRIVERCIRCUIT:
Digitalsystemsandmicrocontrollerpinslacksufficientcurrenttodrivethecircuits
likebuzzercircuitsandrelaycircuits.Whilethesecircuitsneedaround10milli
ampstobeenergized,themicrocontrollerspincanprovideamaximumof1
2milliampscurrent.Forthisreason,adriversuchasapowertransistorisplaced
inbetweenthemicrocontrollerandthebuzzer.

Theoperationofthiscircuitisasfollows:

Theinputtothebaseofthetransistorisappliedfromthemicrocontrollerportpin
P1.0.Thetransistorwillbeswitchedonwhenthebasetoemittervoltageis
greaterthan0.7V(cutinvoltage).ThuswhenthevoltageappliedtothepinP1.0
ishighi.e.,P1.0=1(>0.7V),thetransistorwillbeswitchedonandthusthebuzzer
willbeactivatedandproducesaloudnoise.
WhenthevoltageatthepinP1.0islowi.e.,P1.0=0(<0.7V)thetransistorwillbe
inoffstateandthebuzzerwillbeoff.Thusthetransistoractslikeacurrentdriver
tooperatethebuzzeraccordingly.
BUZZERINTERFACINGWITHTHEMICROCONTROLLER:
AT89C51
P1.0

ULN2003CURRENTDRIVER:

Fig:DIP16Package

TheULN2003currentdriverisahighvoltage,highcurrentDarlingtonarrays
eachcontainingsevenopencollectorDarlingtonpairswithcommonemitters.
Eachchannelisratedat500mAandcanwithstandpeakcurrentsof600mA.
Suppressiondiodesareincludedforinductiveloaddrivingandtheinputsare
pinnedoppositetheoutputstosimplifyboardlayout.
Theseversatiledevicesareusefulfordrivingawiderangeofloadsincluding
solenoids,relaysDCmotors,LEDdisplaysfilamentlamps,thermalprintheads
andhighpowerbuffers.Thischipissuppliedin16pinplasticDIPpackageswith
acopperleadframetoreducethermalresistance.

Fig:PinConnection
ThisULN2003drivercandrivesevenrelaysatatime.Thepins8and9provide
groundandVccrespectively.
TheworkingofULNdriverisasfollows:
Itcanacceptseveninputsatatimeandproducessevencorrespondingoutputs.
Iftheinputtoanyoneoftheseveninputpinsishigh,thenthevalueatits
correspondingoutputpinwillbelow,forexampleiftheinputatpin6ishigh,then
thevalueatthecorrespondingoutputi.e.,outputatpin11willbelow.Similarlyif
theinputataparticularpinislow,thenthecorrespondingoutputwillbehigh.

STEPPERMOTOR:

Fig:Steppermotor
Asteppermotorisawidelyuseddevicethattranslateselectricalpulsesinto
mechanicalmovement.Thesteppermotorisusedforpositioncontrolin
applicationssuchasdiskdrives,dotmatrixprintersandrobotics.
Steppermotorscommonlyhaveapermanentmagnetrotorsurroundedbya
stator.Themostcommonsteppermotorshavefourstatorwindingsthatare
pairedwithacentertappedcommon.Thistypeofsteppermotoriscommonly
referredtoasafourphaseorunipolarsteppermotor.Thecentertapallowsa
changeofcurrentdirectionineachofthetwocoilswhenawindingisgrounded,
therebyresultinginapolaritychangeofthestator.
Thedirectionoftherotationisdictatedbythestatorpoles.Thestatorpolesare
determinedbythecurrentsentthroughthewirecoils.Asthedirectionofthe
currentischanged,thepolarityisalsochangedcausingthereversemotionof
therotor.
Itshouldbenotedthatwhileaconventionalmotorshaftrunsfreely,thestepper
motorshaftmovesinafixedrepeatableincrement,whichallowsonetomoveit
toapreciseposition.Thus,thesteppermotormovesonestepwhenthedirection
ofcurrentflowinthefieldcoil(s)changes,reversingthemagneticfieldofthe

statorpoles.Thedifferencebetweenunipolarandbipolarmotorsliesinthemay
thatthisreversalisachieved.

Fig:Steppermotoroperation
Advantages:
1.Therotationangleofthemotorisproportionaltotheinputpulse.
2.Themotorhasfulltorqueatstandstill(ifthewindingsareenergized)
3.Precisepositioningandrepeatabilityofmovementsincegoodsteppermotors
haveanaccuracyof35%ofastepandthiserrorisnoncumulativefromone
steptothenext.
4.Excellentresponsetostarting/stopping/reversing.
5.Veryreliablesincetherearenocontactbrushesinthemotor.Thereforethelife
ofthemotorissimplydependantonthelifeofthebearing.
6.Themotorsresponsetodigitalinputpulsesprovidesopenloopcontrol,
makingthemotorsimplerandlesscostlytocontrol.
7.Itispossibletoachieveverylowspeedsynchronousrotationwithaloadthat
isdirectlycoupledtotheshaft.

8.Awiderangeofrotationalspeedscanberealizedasthespeedisproportional
tothefrequencyoftheinputpulses.
Disadvantages:
1.Resonancescanoccurifnotproperlycontrolled.
2.Noteasytooperateatextremelyhighspeeds.
OpenLoopOperation:
Oneofthemostsignificantadvantagesofasteppermotorisitsabilitytobe
accuratelycontrolledinanopenloopsystem.Openloopcontrolmeansno
feedbackinformationaboutpositionisneeded.Thistypeofcontroleliminatesthe
needforexpensivesensingandfeedbackdevicessuchasopticalencoders.
StepperMotorTypes:
Therearethreebasicsteppermotortypes.Theyare:
Variablereluctance
Permanentmagnet
Hybrid
Variablereluctance(VR)
Thistypeofsteppermotorhasbeenaroundforalongtime.Itisprobablythe
easiesttounderstandfromastructuralpointofview.Thistypeofmotorconsists
ofasoftironmultitoothedrotorandawoundstator.Whenthestatorwindings
areenergizedwithDCcurrent,thepolesbecomemagnetized.Rotationoccurs
whentherotorteethareattractedtotheenergizedstatorpoles.

Fig1:Crosssectionofavariablereluctance(VR)motor.
PermanentMagnet(PM)
Thepermanentmagnetstepmotorisalowcostandlowresolutiontypemotor
withtypicalstepanglesof7.5to15.(4824steps/revolution)PMmotorsas
thenameimplieshavepermanentmagnetsaddedtothemotorstructure.Inthis
typeofmotor,therotordoesnothaveteeth.Insteadtherotorismagnetizedwith
alternatingnorthandsouthpolessituatedinastraightlineparalleltotherotor
shaft.Thesemagnetizedrotorpolesprovideanincreasedmagneticfluxintensity
andbecauseofthisthePMmotorexhibitsimprovedtorquecharacteristicswhen
comparedwiththeVRtype.

PMsteppermotorprincipleCrosssectionofahybridsteppermotor
Hybrid(HB)
ThehybridsteppermotorismoreexpensivethanthePMsteppermotorbut
providesbetterperformancewithrespecttostepresolution,torqueandspeed.
TypicalstepanglesfortheHBsteppermotorrangefrom3.6to0.9(100400
stepsperrevolution).
ThehybridsteppermotorcombinesthebestfeaturesofboththePMandVR
typesteppermotors.TherotorismultitoothedliketheVRmotorandcontainsan
axiallymagnetizedconcentricmagnetarounditsshaft.Theteethontherotor
provideanevenbetterpathwhichhelpsguidethemagneticfluxtopreferred
locationsintheairgap.Thisfurtherincreasesthedetent,holdinganddynamic
torquecharacteristicsofthemotorwhencomparedwithboththeVRandPM
types.Thismotortypehassomeadvantagessuchasverylowinertiaanda
optimizedmagneticflowpathwithnocouplingbetweenthetwostatorwindings.
Thesequalitiesareessentialinsomeapplications.
WhentoUseaStepperMotor:
Asteppermotorcanbeagoodchoicewhenevercontrolledmovementis
required.Theycanbeusedtoadvantageinapplicationswhereyouneedto

controlrotationangle,speed,positionandsynchronism.Becauseoftheinherent
advantageslistedpreviously,steppermotorshavefoundtheirplaceinmany
differentapplications.
TheRotatingMagneticField:
Whenaphasewindingofasteppermotorisenergizedwithcurrentamagnetic
fluxisdevelopedinthestator.Thedirectionofthisfluxisdeterminedbythe
RightHandRulewhichstates:
Ifthecoilisgraspedintherighthandwiththefingerspointinginthedirectionof
thecurrentinthewinding(thethumbisextendedata90angletothefingers),
thenthethumbwillpointinthedirectionofthemagneticfield.
ThebelowfigureshowsthemagneticfluxpathdevelopedwhenphaseBis
energizedwithwindingcurrentinthedirectionshown.Therotorthenalignsitself
sothatthefluxoppositionisminimized.Inthiscasethemotorwouldrotate
clockwisesothatitssouthpolealignswiththenorthpoleofthestatorBat
position2anditsnorthpolealignswiththesouthpoleofstatorBatposition6.To
getthemotortorotatewecannowseethatwemustprovideasequenceof
energizingthestatorwindingsinsuchafashionthatprovidesarotatingmagnetic
fluxfieldwhichtherotorfollowsduetomagneticattraction.

Fig:Magneticfluxpaththroughatwopolesteppermotorwithalagbetweenthe
rotorandstator.
TorqueGeneration:
Thetorqueproducedbyasteppermotordependsonseveralfactors.
Thesteprate
Thedrivecurrentinthewindings
Thedrivedesignortype
Inasteppermotor,atorquewillbedevelopedwhenthemagneticfluxesofthe
rotorandstatoraredisplacedfromeachother.Thestatorismadeupofahigh
permeabilitymagneticmaterial.Thepresenceofthishighpermeabilitymaterial
causesthemagneticfluxtobeconfinedforthemostparttothepathsdefinedby
thestatorstructure.Thisservestoconcentratethefluxatthestatorpoles.The
torqueoutputproducedbythemotorisproportionaltotheintensityofthe
magneticfluxgeneratedwhenthewindingisenergized.
Thebasicrelationshipwhichdefinestheintensityofthemagneticfluxisdefined
by:
H=(N*i)/l
where
N=Thenumberofwindingturns
i=current
H=Magneticfieldintensity
l=Magneticfluxpathlength
Thisrelationshipshowsthatthemagneticfluxintensityandconsequentlythe
torqueisproportionaltothenumberofwindingturnsandthecurrentand

inverselyproportionaltothelengthofthemagneticfluxpath.Thusfromthisbasic
relationshipitisconcludedthatthesameframesizesteppermotorcouldhave
verydifferenttorqueoutputcapabilitiessimplybychangingthewinding
parameters.
StepAngleAccuracy:

Themainreasonthatthesteppermotorgainedsuchpopularityasapositioning
deviceisforitsaccuracyandrepeatability.Typicallysteppermotorswillhavea
stepangleaccuracyof35%ofonestep.Thiserrorisalsononcumulativefrom
steptostep.Theaccuracyofthesteppermotorismainlyafunctionofthe
mechanicalprecisionofitspartsandassembly.
Fig:Positionalaccuracyofasteppermotor
TorqueversusSpeedCharacteristics:
Thetorqueversusspeedcharacteristicsarethekeytoselectingtherightmotor
anddrivemethodforaspecificapplication.Thesecharacteristicsaredependent
upon(changewith)themotor,excitationmodeandtypeofdriverordrivemethod.

Fig:Torqueversusspeedcharacteristics
SingleStepResponseandResonances:
Steppermotorscanoftenexhibitaphenomenareferredtoasresonanceat
certainsteprates.Thiscanbeseenasasuddenlossordropintorqueatcertain
speedswhichcanresultinmissedstepsorlossofsynchronism.Itoccurswhen
theinputsteppulseratecoincideswiththenaturaloscillationfrequencyofthe
rotor.Oftenthereisaresonanceareaaroundthe100200ppsregionandalso
oneinthehighsteppulserateregion.Theresonancephenomenaofastepper
motorcomesfromitsbasicconstructionandthereforeitisnotpossibleto
eliminateitcompletely.Itisalsodependentupontheloadconditions.Itcanbe
reducedbydrivingthemotorinhalformicrosteppingmodes.

Fig:Singlestepresponseversustime
FewDefinitionsrelatedtosteppermotor:
1.Stepangle
Stepangleisassociatedwiththeinternalconstructionofthemotor,inparticular
thenumberofteethonthestatorandtherotor.
Thestepangleistheminimumdegreeofrotationassociatedwithasinglestep.
Stepangle

StepsperRevolution

0.72

500

1.8

200

2.0

180

2.5

144

5.0

72

7.5

48

15

24

Fig:Steppermotorstepangles
2.Stepspersecondandrpmrelation

Therelationbetweenrpm(revolutionsperminute),stepsperrevolutionand
stepspersecondisasfollows:
Stepspersecond=(rpm*stepsperrevolution)/60
3.Motorspeed:
Themotorspeed,measuredinstepspersecond(steps/sec)isafunctionofthe
switchingrate.
4.Holdingtorque:
Theamountoftorque,fromanexternalsource,requiredtobreakawaytheshaft
fromitsholdingpositionwiththemotorshaftstandstillorzerorpmcondition.
STEPPERMOTORINTERFACINGWITHTHEMICROCONTROLLER:
AT89C51
P1.0

LIQUIDCRYSTALDISPLAY:
LCDstandsforLiquidCrystalDisplay.LCDisfindingwidespreadusereplacing
LEDs(sevensegmentLEDsorothermultisegmentLEDs)becauseofthe
followingreasons:
1.ThedecliningpricesofLCDs.

2.Theabilitytodisplaynumbers,charactersandgraphics.Thisisincontrastto
LEDs,whicharelimitedtonumbersandafewcharacters.
3.IncorporationofarefreshingcontrollerintotheLCD,therebyrelievingtheCPU
ofthetaskofrefreshingtheLCD.Incontrast,theLEDmustberefreshedbythe
CPUtokeepdisplayingthedata.
4.Easeofprogrammingforcharactersandgraphics.
Thesecomponentsarespecializedforbeingusedwiththemicrocontrollers,
whichmeansthattheycannotbeactivatedbystandardICcircuits.Theyare
usedforwritingdifferentmessagesonaminiatureLCD.

Amodeldescribedhereisforitslowpriceandgreatpossibilitiesmostfrequently
usedinpractice.ItisbasedontheHD44780microcontroller(Hitachi)andcan
displaymessagesintwolineswith16characterseach.Itdisplaysallthe
alphabets,Greekletters,punctuationmarks,mathematicalsymbolsetc.In
addition,itispossibletodisplaysymbolsthatusermakesuponitsown.
Automaticshiftingmessageondisplay(shiftleftandright),appearanceofthe
pointer,backlightetc.areconsideredasusefulcharacteristics.
PinsFunctions
Therearepinsalongonesideofthesmallprintedboardusedforconnectionto
themicrocontroller.Therearetotalof14pinsmarkedwithnumbers(16incase
thebackgroundlightisbuiltin).Theirfunctionisdescribedinthetablebelow:

Function

Pin
Name
Number

LogicState

Description

Ground

Vss

0V

Powersupply 2

Vdd

+5V

Vee

0Vdd

RS

0
1

D0D7are
interpretedas
commands
D0D7are
interpretedasdata

R/W

0
1

Writedata(from
controllertoLCD)
Readdata(fromLCDto
controller)

0
1
From1
to0

AccesstoLCDdisabled
Normaloperating
Data/commandsare
transferredtoLCD

Data/
commands

D0

0/1

D1

0/1

Bit1

D2

0/1

Bit2

Co
3
ntrast

Controlof
operating

Bit0LSB

10

D3

0/1

Bit3

11

D4

0/1

Bit4

12

D5

0/1

Bit5

13

D6

0/1

Bit6

14

D7

0/1

Bit7MSB

LCDscreen:
LCDscreenconsistsoftwolineswith16characterseach.Eachcharacter
consistsof5x7dotmatrix.Contrastondisplaydependsonthepowersupply
voltageandwhethermessagesaredisplayedinoneortwolines.Forthat
reason,variablevoltage0VddisappliedonpinmarkedasVee.Trimmer
potentiometerisusuallyusedforthatpurpose.Someversionsofdisplayshave
builtinbacklight(blueorgreendiodes).Whenusedduringoperating,aresistor
forcurrentlimitationshouldbeused(likewithanyLEdiode).

LCDBasicCommands
AlldatatransferredtoLCDthroughoutputsD0D7willbeinterpretedas
commandsorasdata,whichdependsonlogicstateonpinRS:

RS=1BitsD0D7areaddressesofcharactersthatshouldbedisplayed.Built
inprocessoraddressesbuiltinmapofcharactersanddisplayscorresponding
symbols.DisplayingpositionisdeterminedbyDDRAMaddress.Thisaddressis
eitherpreviouslydefinedortheaddressofpreviouslytransferredcharacteris
automaticallyincremented.
RS=0BitsD0D7arecommandswhichdeterminedisplaymode.Listof
commandswhichLCDrecognizesaregiveninthetablebelow:
Execution
Time

Command

RSRW D7D6

D5

D4

D3 D2 D1D0

Cleardisplay

0 0

0 0

0 1 1.64mS

Cursorhome

0 0

0 0

1 x 1.64mS

Entrymodeset 0 0

0 0

I/D S 40uS

Displayon/off
control

0 0

0 0

D U B 40uS

Cursor/Display
0 0
Shift

0 0

D/CR/L x x 40uS

Functionset

0 0

0 0

DL

SetCGRAM
address

0 0

0 1

CGRAM
address

40uS

SetDDRAM
address

0 0

DDRAM
address

40uS

x x 40uS

ReadBUSY
flag(BF)

0 1

BF

DDRAM
address

WritetoCGRAM
1 0
orDDRAM

D7D6

D5

D4

D3 D2 D1D040uS

Readfrom
CGRAMor
DDRAM

D7D6

D5

D4

D3 D2 D1D040uS

1 1

I/D1=Increment(by1)R/L1=Shiftright
0=Decrement(by1)0=Shiftleft
S1=DisplayshiftonDL1=8bitinterface
0=Displayshiftoff0=4bitinterface
D1=DisplayonN1=Displayintwolines
0=Displayoff0=Displayinoneline
U1=CursoronF1=Characterformat5x10dots
0=Cursoroff0=Characterformat5x7dots
B1=CursorblinkonD/C1=Displayshift
0=Cursorblinkoff0=Cursorshift
LCDInitialization:
Oncethepowersupplyisturnedon,LCDisautomaticallycleared.Thisprocess
lastsforapproximately15mS.Afterthat,displayisreadytooperate.Themodeof
operatingissetbydefault.Thismeansthat:

1.Displayiscleared
2.Mode
DL=1Communicationthrough8bitinterface
N=0Messagesaredisplayedinoneline
F=0Characterfont5x8dots
3.Display/Cursoron/off
D=0Displayoff
U=0Cursoroff
B=0Cursorblinkoff
4.Characterentry
ID=1Addressesondisplayareautomaticallyincrementedby1.
S=0Displayshiftoff
Automaticresetismainlyperformedwithoutanyproblems.Mainlybutnot
always!Ifforanyreasonpowersupplyvoltagedoesnotreachfullvalueinthe
courseof10mS,displaywillstartperformcompletelyunpredictably.Ifvoltage
supplyunitcannotmeetthisconditionorifitisneededtoprovidecompletely
safeoperating,theprocessofinitializationbywhichanewresetenablingdisplay
tooperatenormallymustbeapplied.
Algorithmaccordingtotheinitializationisbeingperformeddependsonwhether
connectiontothemicrocontrolleristhrough4or8bitinterface.Allleftovertobe
doneafterthatistogivebasiccommandsandofcoursetodisplaymessages.

Fig:Procedureon8bitinitialization.
LCDINTERFACINGWITHTHEMICROCONTROLLER:
Gnd

4(RS)1
5(R/W)2
6(EN)3
LCD
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D515

D616
D7
P2.0
P2.1
P2.2
89C51P1.0
P1.1
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7

SOFTWARESUSED:
KEILCOMPILER:

Keilcompilerisasoftwareusedwherethemachinelanguagecodeiswrittenand
compiled.Aftercompilation,themachinesourcecodeisconvertedintohexcode
whichistobedumpedintothemicrocontrollerforfurtherprocessing.Keil
compileralsosupportsClanguagecode.
PROLOAD:
Proloadisasoftwarewhichacceptsonlyhexfiles.Oncethemachinecodeis
convertedintohexcode,thathexcodehastobedumpedintothe
microcontrollerandthisisdonebytheProload.Proloadisaprogrammerwhich
itselfcontainsamicrocontrollerinitotherthantheonewhichistobe
programmed.Thismicrocontrollerhasaprograminitwritteninsuchawaythatit
acceptsthehexfilefromthekeilcompileranddumpsthishexfileintothe
microcontrollerwhichistobeprogrammed.Astheproloadprogrammerkit
requirespowersupplytobeoperated,thispowersupplyisgivenfromthepower
supplycircuitdesignedabove.Itshouldbenotedthatthisprogrammerkit
containsapowersupplysectionintheboarditselfbutinordertoswitchonthat
powersupply,asourceisrequired.Thusthisisaccomplishedfromthepower
supplyboardwithanoutputof12volts.
WORKINGPROCEDURE:
TheProjectEmbeddedPasswordbasedElectricalAppliancescontrolsystem
using89C51MicrocontrollerisanexclusiveprojectthatprovidessecurityatATM
centers,officesandhomes.
Securityisofprimaryconcernandinthisbusy,competitiveworld,humancannot
findwaystoprovidesecuritytohisconfidentialbelongingsmanually.Instead,he
findsanalternativewhichcanprovideafullfledgedsecurityaswellas
automized.Thisprojecthasbeendevelopedonthismotto.
Inthisprojecteveryuser,apartofanorganization,isgivenanuniqueuserID
andpassword.Thepasswordsofalltheusersofthatparticularorganizationwill
bestoredinEEPROMpresentinthesystemboardbecausethedatain
EEPROMcanbechangedanynumberoftimeswithoutthephysicalremovalof
thememorychipfromitssocket.

Thissystemwillbefixedatthemaindooroftherestrictedarea.Wheneverthe
usertriestoenterintotheorganization,thissystemaskstheusertoenterhis
userid.ThismessageEnterUSERIDwillbedisplayedontheLCD.Thenthe
userhastoenterhisidentificationnumberwhichcanrangefrom3to8numbers.
Themicrocontrolleracceptsthisdataandcomparesthisuseridwhichisalready
storesintheEEPROM.Iftheuseridisnotmatchedwithanyofthestoreduser
ids,themicrocontrollerwillnotproceedforfurtherdetailsbutdisplaysamessage
InvalidUSERID.Ifthisuseridismatchedwithanyoneofthealreadystored
userids,thenthesystemaskstheusertoenterhispassword.Afterheentershis
password,themicrocontrolleronceagaincomparestheenteredpasswordwith
thealreadypasswordsintheEEPROM.Ifthispasswordmatcheswithanyoneof
thepasswordsstored,themicrocontrolleropensthedoorbyrotatingthestepper
motorthroughULNDriverforthepersontoenterintotherestrictedareaandthe
messageDoorisopeningwillbedisplayedontheLCDdisplay.
Butiftheenteredpassworddoesnotmatchwiththealreadystoredpasswords,
themessagePasswordfailed.EnterIDwillbedisplayedontheLCDandthe
steppermotordoesnotrotate.
Ifthepasswordisenteredwronglyfor3timescontinuously,thenthetotalsystem
willbeblocked.Thesystemcancometonormalconditiononlyafterpressingthe
RESETswitch.Initiallythesystemisgivenwithdefaultpasswordsasshown
below.
UserID

Password

101

100

102

200

103

300

104

400

Thedefaultpasswordscanbechangedatanytime.Forthat111shouldbe
enteredwhenthesystemasksforpassword.Afterenteringthiscode111:it
displayschangingpasswordandasksTypeCURRENTPSWD.Afterentering
currentpassword,Itasksfornewpassword.Thepasswordshouldnotmatch
withchangepasswordcodei.e.111.
Iftheuserforgothispasswordthenheshouldconsultadministrator.Thenthe
administratorentersa10digitcodewhichisadminPSWD.Thentheforgotten
passwordisdisplayedonLCD.Defaultpasswordforadministratoris
1234567890.#keyshouldbeenteredaftercompletionofenteringIDor
password.ThiskeyactslikeaENTERkey.

Fig:Schematicdiagram
SOURCECODE:
WTCMDEQU10100000BEEPROM24C04WRITECOMMAND
RDCMDEQU10100001BEEPROM24C04READCOMMAND
SCLEQUP3.6SERIALCLOCKPIN

SDAEQUP3.7SERIALDATAPIN
FAILCOUNTDATA22H
KEYCOUNTDATA25HTOSTORETHENO.KEYSENTERDFOREACHTIME
TEMPDATA26HTEMPVARIABLE
PWDFINDDATA27HTOFINDWHICHPASSWORDSHOULDBECOMPARED
PCOUNT1DATA28HTOSTORETHENO.OFDIGITSOFPASSWORD1
PCOUNT2DATA29HTOSTORETHENO.OFDIGITSOFPASSWORD2
PCOUNT3DATA2AHTOSTORETHENO.OFDIGITSOFPASSWORD3
PCOUNT4DATA2BHTOSTORETHENO.OFDIGITSOFPASSWORD4
ORG00H
MOVP3,#00000111BMAKEP3.0P3.2ASINPUTPINSFORCOLUMNS
MOVR1,#50HSCANNEDKEYISSTOREDINTHISLOCATION
MOVR0,#0
CLRP2.7BUZZOROFF
MOVFAILCOUNT,#0
LCDINTIALIZATION
MOVDPTR,#COMM
XX:CLRA
MOVCA,@A+DPTR
JZSTART1

ACALLCOMMAND
ACALLDELAY
INCDPTR
SJMPXX
START1:
MOVDPTR,#MSGADISPLAY"WINKIT"
ACALLDISPLAY1
ACALLDELAY
MOVA,#0C0H
ACALLCOMMAND
ACALLDELAY
MOVDPTR,#MSGBDISPLAY"LEARNINGISFUN"
ACALLDISPLAY1
ACALLDELAY
MOVDPTR,#MSGDISPLAY"SECURITYSYSTEM"
ACALLDISPLAY
ACALLDELAY
MOVR3,#00TOCHECKANYTHINGWRITTENINEEPROMORNOT
ACALLREAD_FROMIFANYTHINGWRIITENTHENNONEEDTOWRITEIT
AGAINGOFORATART
CJNEA,#0FFH,TO_START2

MOVR3,#00STOREID'SINEEPROMADDRESS00HT00BH
MOVDPTR,#ID1ID1
B1:CLRA
MOVCA,@A+DPTR
JZF1
ACALLWRITE_TO
INCDPTR
SJMPB1
TO_START2:LJMPSTART2
F1:MOVR3,#03H
MOVDPTR,#ID2ID2
B2:CLRA
MOVCA,@A+DPTR
JZF2
ACALLWRITE_TO
INCDPTR
SJMPB2
F2:MOVR3,#06H
MOVDPTR,#ID3ID3
B3:CLRA

MOVCA,@A+DPTR
JZFL
ACALLWRITE_TO
INCDPTR
SJMPB3
FL:MOVR3,#09H
MOVDPTR,#ID4ID4
BB:CLRA
MOVCA,@A+DPTR
JZF3
ACALLWRITE_TO
INCDPTR
SJMPBB
/*STOREDEFAULTPASSWORDSINEEPROMLOCATIONS10HTO50H*/
F3:MOVR3,#10H
MOVDPTR,#PWD1PASSWORD1
B4:CLRA
MOVCA,@A+DPTR
JZF4
ACALLWRITE_TO

INCDPTR
SJMPB4
F4:MOVR3,#20HPASSWORD2
MOVDPTR,#PWD2
B5:CLRA
MOVCA,@A+DPTR
JZF5
ACALLWRITE_TO
INCDPTR
SJMPB5
F5:MOVR3,#30HPASSWORD3
MOVDPTR,#PWD3
B6:CLRA
MOVCA,@A+DPTR
JZF6
ACALLWRITE_TO
INCDPTR
SJMPB6
PASSWORD4
F6:MOVR3,#40H

MOVDPTR,#PWD4
B7:CLRA
MOVCA,@A+DPTR
JZF7
ACALLWRITE_TO
INCDPTR
SJMPB7
F7:MOVR3,#50H
MOVDPTR,#ADMINPWDADMINPASSWORD
B8:CLRA
MOVCA,@A+DPTR
JZSTRT
ACALLWRITE_TO
INCDPTR
SJMPB8
/*STORETHENO.OFDIGITSOFPASSWORDSAS3INTIALLY*/
STRT:MOVR3,#19H
MOVA,#3
ACALLWRITE_TO
MOVR3,#29H

MOVA,#3
ACALLWRITE_TO
MOVR3,#39H
MOVA,#3
ACALLWRITE_TO
MOVR3,#49H
MOVA,#3
ACALLWRITE_TO
START2:
CLRP2.7
MOVDPTR,#MSG1ASKINGFORID
ACALLDISPLAY
ACALLDELAY
ACALLKEYSCANENTERTHEID
ACALLDELAY
ACALLCOMPARISONIDCOMPARISION
ACALLDELAY
SJMPSTART2
WRITE_TO:
MOVR4,ADATAISSTOREDINR4

ACALLWRITEWRITETHEDATAINTOEEPROM
INCR3
ACALLDELAY
RET
READ_FROM:
ACALLREADREADTHEDATAFROM24C04FROMTHEMEMORY
ACALLDELAY
INCR3
RET
WRITE:
MOVA,#WTCMDDEVADDRSINWRITEMODE
ACALLOUTS
MOVA,R3DATAADDRS
ACALLOUT
MOVA,R4DATA
ACALLOUT
ACALLSTOPSTOP
RET
READ:
MOVA,#WTCMD

ACALLOUTS
MOVA,R3
ACALLOUT
MOVA,#RDCMD
ACALLOUTS
ACALLIN
ACALLSTOP
RET
OUTS:
MOVB,#8
SETBSDABUSFREEANDSTARTCONDITION
SETBSCL
NOP
CLRSDA
NOP
CLRSCL
OSLOOP:
RLCA
MOVSDA,C
SETBSCL

NOP
CLRSCL
DJNZB,OSLOOP
SETBSDA
NOP
SETBSCL
NOP
CLRSCL
RET
OUT:
MOVB,#8
OLOOP:
RLCA
MOVSDA,C
SETBSCL
NOP
CLRSCL
DJNZB,OLOOP
SETBSDA
NOP

SETBSCL
NOP
CLRSCL
RET
IN:
MOVB,#8
SETBSDA
INLOOP:
CLRSCL
NOP
SETBSCL
MOVC,SDA
RLCA
DJNZB,INLOOP
CLRSCL
RET
STOP:I2CSTOPCONDITION
CLRSDA
NOP
SETBSCL

NOP
SETBSDA
LCALLDLAYms
RET
/*@@@@@@@KEYSCANSUBROUTINE@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@*/
KEYSCAN:MOVR1,#50HSCANNEDKEYISSTOREDINTHISLOCATION
MOVA,#0C3HENTERDKEYSAREDISPLAYEDFROM4THLOCATIONOF
2NDLINE
LCALLCOMMAND
LCALLDELAY
MOVKEYCOUNT,#0
NEXTKEY:MOVP0,#0F0HGROUNDALLROWSINTIALLY
MOVA,P3READALLCOLMNSENSUREALLKEYSOPEN
ANLA,#00000111B
CJNEA,#00000111B,NEXTKEY
K2:ACALLDELAY
MOVA,P3READALLCOLMNSENSUREALLKEYSOPEN
ANLA,#00000111B
CJNEA,#00000111B,OVER
SJMPK2
OVER:ACALLDELAY

MOVA,P3READALLCOLMNS
ANLA,#00000111B
CJNEA,#00000111B,OVER1
SJMPK2
OVER1:MOVP0,#00001110BGROUNDROW0
MOVA,P3READALLCOLMNS
ANLA,#00000111B
CJNEA,#00000111B,ROW_0
MOVP0,#00001101BGROUNDROW1
MOVA,P3READALLCOLMNS
ANLA,#00000111B
CJNEA,#00000111B,ROW_1
MOVP0,#00001011BGROUNDROW2
MOVA,P3READALLCOLMNS
ANLA,#00000111B
CJNEA,#00000111B,ROW_2
MOVP0,#00000111BGROUNDROW3
MOVA,P3READALLCOLMNS
ANLA,#00000111B
CJNEA,#00000111B,ROW_3

LJMPK2
ROW_0:MOVDPTR,#KCODE0
SJMPFIND
ROW_1:MOVDPTR,#KCODE1
SJMPFIND
ROW_2:MOVDPTR,#KCODE2
SJMPFIND
ROW_3:MOVDPTR,#KCODE3
FIND:RRCA
JNCMATCH
INCDPTR
SJMPFIND
MATCH:
SETBP2.7
ACALLDELAYIFKEYISDETECTEDTHENGIVEABEEPSOUND
ACALLDELAY
CLRP2.7
CLRA
MOVCA,@A+DPTR
MOV@R1,A

CJNEA,#23H,NKSTOPTHEKEYSCANNINGWHEN'#'ISPRESSED
RET
NK:ACALLDATAWRTDISPLAYTHEPRESSEDKEY
ACALLDELAY
INCKEYCOUNT
INCR1
SJMPNEXTKEY
COMPARISON:
MOVA,KEYCOUNT
CJNEA,#3,FFAIL
MOVR3,#00HEEPROMLOCATION
CHECKID1:LCALLREAD_FROMCOMPAREWITHID1
CJNEA,50H,CHECKID2
LCALLREAD_FROM
CJNEA,51H,CHECKID2
LCALLREAD_FROM
CJNEA,52H,CHECKID2
SJMPPWDCHECK1IFIDMATCHEDGOFORITSPASSWORD
COMPAREWITHID2
CHECKID2:MOVR3,#03H

LCALLREAD_FROM
CJNEA,50H,CHECKID3
LCALLREAD_FROM
CJNEA,51H,CHECKID3
LCALLREAD_FROM
CJNEA,52H,CHECKID3
SJMPPWDCHECK2
COMPAREWITHID3
CHECKID3:MOVR3,#06H
LCALLREAD_FROM
CJNEA,50H,CHECKID4
LCALLREAD_FROM
CJNEA,51H,CHECKID4
LCALLREAD_FROM
CJNEA,52H,CHECKID4
SJMPPWDCHECK3
COMPAREWITHID4
CHECKID4:MOVR3,#09H
LCALLREAD_FROM
CJNEA,50H,FFAIL

LCALLREAD_FROM
CJNEA,51H,FFAIL
LCALLREAD_FROM
CJNEA,52H,FFAIL
LJMPPWDCHECK4
FFAIL:LJMPFAIL
PWDCHECK1:MOVPWDFIND,#10000001BTOSET8th,1stBITTHISLOGICIS
USEDTOKNOWWHICHID'SPASSWORDSHOULDBECOMPARED
MOVDPTR,#MSG2ASKFORPASSWORD
ACALLDISPLAY
ACALLKEYSCANENTERPASSWORD
ACALLDELAY
MOVA,KEYCOUNT
CJNEA,#10,PD1IFNO.OFKEYSENTERDARE10THENGOCOMPAREWITH
ADMINPASSWORD
LJMPADMIN_PSWD
PD1:MOVR3,#19H
LCALLREAD_FROM
MOVPCOUNT1,ALOADTHENO.OFDIGITSOFPASSWORD1INPCOUNT1
MOVR3,#10H
MOVR2,#10H

ACALLPWDCHANGECHECKWHETHERUSERWANTSTOCHANGE
PASSWORDORNOT
MOVR3,#19HIFPASSWORDISCHANGEDTHENSTORETHENO.OFDIGITS
OFNEWPASSWORD
MOVA,TEMP
LCALLWRITE_TO
LJMPSTART2
PWDCHECK2:MOVPWDFIND,#01000010BTOSET7thAND2ndBIT
MOVDPTR,#MSG2
ACALLDISPLAY
ACALLKEYSCAN
ACALLDELAY
MOVA,KEYCOUNT
CJNEA,#10,PD11
LJMPADMIN_PSWD
PD11:
MOVR3,#29H
LCALLREAD_FROM
MOVPCOUNT2,A
MOVR3,#20H
MOVR2,#20H

ACALLPWDCHANGE
MOVR3,#29H
MOVA,TEMP
LCALLWRITE_TO
LJMPSTART2
PWDCHECK3:MOVPWDFIND,#00100100BTOSET6th,3rdBIT
MOVDPTR,#MSG2
ACALLDISPLAY
ACALLKEYSCAN
ACALLDELAY
MOVA,KEYCOUNT
CJNEA,#10,PD111
LJMPADMIN_PSWD
PD111:MOVR3,#39H
LCALLREAD_FROM
MOVPCOUNT3,A
MOVR3,#30H
MOVR2,#30H
ACALLPWDCHANGE
MOVR3,#39H

MOVA,TEMP
LCALLWRITE_TO
LJMPSTART2
PWDCHECK4:MOVPWDFIND,#00011000BTOSET5th,4thBIT
MOVDPTR,#MSG2
ACALLDISPLAY
ACALLKEYSCAN
ACALLDELAY
MOVA,KEYCOUNT
CJNEA,#10,PD1111
LJMPADMIN_PSWD
PD1111:MOVR3,#49H
LCALLREAD_FROM
MOVPCOUNT4,A
MOVR3,#40H
MOVR2,#40H
ACALLPWDCHANGE
MOVR3,#49H
MOVA,TEMP
LCALLWRITE_TO

LJMPSTART2
PWDCHANGE:
MOVA,KEYCOUNT
CJNEA,#3,INTIALCHECKIFNO.OFKEYSENTERDARE3THENCHECKFOR
NEWPASSWORDREQUEST
MOVA,#'1'
CJNEA,50H,INTIALCHECK
CJNEA,51H,INTIALCHECK
CJNEA,52H,INTIALCHECK
IFITISNEWPASSWORDREQUESTTHENALLOWFORGIVE
NEWPASSWORD
NEWPSWD:MOVDPTR,#MSG5
ACALLDISPLAY
ACALLDELAY
MOVDPTR,#MSG6
ACALLDISPLAYCHECKCURRENTPSWD
ACALLDELAY
LCALLKEYSCAN
ACALLDELAY
ACALLCHECKPWDIFOLDPASSWORDISENTERDCORRECTLYTHENGO
FORNEWPASSWORD
MOVA,R2

MOVR3,A
TRY:MOVDPTR,#MSG7
ACALLDISPLAY
ACALLDELAY
LCALLKEYSCANTYPENEWPSWD
ACALLDELAY
MOVA,#3
CJNEA,KEYCOUNT,ACCEPT
MOVA,#'1'
CJNEA,50H,ACCEPT
CJNEA,51H,ACCEPT
CJNEA,52H,ACCEPT
MOVDPTR,#MSG12
ACALLDISPLAY
ACALLDELAY
SJMPTRY
ACCEPT:MOVTEMP,KEYCOUNT
MOVA,KEYCOUNT
CJNEA,#10,LK
MOVDPTR,#MSG9

ACALLDISPLAY
SJMPTRY
LK:MOVR1,#50HWRITETHENEWPASSWORDINEEPROM
LL:MOVA,@R1
LCALLWRITE_TO
INCR1
DJNZKEYCOUNT,LL
RET
INTIALCHECK:ACALLCHECKPWD
ACALLDELAY
LJMPSUCCESS
CHECKPWD:JBPWDFIND.7,PSWD1
JBPWDFIND.6,PSWD2
JBPWDFIND.5,PSWD3
JBPWDFIND.4,PSWD4
LJMPSTART2
PSWD1:MOVA,PCOUNT1
SJMPJJJ
PSWD2:MOVA,PCOUNT2
SJMPJJJ

PSWD3:MOVA,PCOUNT3
SJMPJJJ
PSWD4:MOVA,PCOUNT4
JJJ:CJNEA,KEYCOUNT,FAIL
MOVR1,#50H
JJ:LCALLREAD_FROM
MOVTEMP,@R1
CJNEA,TEMP,FAIL
INCR1
DJNZKEYCOUNT,JJ
RET
ADMIN_PSWD:MOVR1,#50HRAMLOCATION
MOVR3,#50HEEPROMLOCATION
RPT:LCALLREAD_FROM
MOVTEMP,@R1
CJNEA,TEMP,FAIL
INCR1
DJNZKEYCOUNT,RPT
IFADMINPASSWORDISMATCHEDTHENDISPLAYTHERESPECTIVE
USER'SPASSWOR
MOVDPTR,#MSG8

ACALLDISPLAY
JBPWDFIND.0,DISP_PWD1
JBPWDFIND.1,DISP_PWD2
JBPWDFIND.2,DISP_PWD3
JBPWDFIND.3,DISP_PWD4
DISP_PWD1:MOVR3,#10HDISPLAYPASSWORD1
MOVTEMP,PCOUNT1
SJMPDO_AGAIN
DISPLAYPASSWORD2
DISP_PWD2:MOVR3,#20H
MOVTEMP,PCOUNT2
SJMPDO_AGAIN
DISPLAYPASSWORD3
DISP_PWD3:MOVR3,#30H
MOVTEMP,PCOUNT3
SJMPDO_AGAIN
DISPLAYPASSWORD4
DISP_PWD4:MOVR3,#40H
MOVTEMP,PCOUNT4
DO_AGAIN:

MOVA,#0C4H
ACALLCOMMAND
ACALLDELAY
DO_AGAIN1:LCALLREAD_FROM
ACALLDATAWRT
ACALLDELAY
DJNZTEMP,DO_AGAIN1
ACALLDLAYms
ACALLDLAYms
ACALLDLAYms
ACALLDLAYms
LJMPSTART2
SUCCESS:MOVFAILCOUNT,#0
MOVDPTR,#MSG3IFTHEID&PSWDAREMATCHEDTHENSTEEPPER
MOTORROTATES
ACALLDISPLAY
ACALLSTEPPER
LJMPSTART2
IFNOTMATCHEDTHENGIVETHREEBEEPSOUNDS
FAIL:
MOVDPTR,#MSG4

ACALLDISPLAY
INCFAILCOUNT
MOVA,#3
CJNEA,FAILCOUNT,TRY1
MOVFAILCOUNT,#0
MOVDPTR,#MSG13
ACALLDISPLAY
SETBP2.7
SJMP$
TRY1:SETBP2.7
ACALLDLAYms
ACALLDLAYms
CLRP2.7
ACALLDELAY
ACALLDELAY
SETBP2.7
ACALLDLAYms
ACALLDLAYms
CLRP2.7
ACALLDELAY

ACALLDELAY
SETBP2.7
ACALLDLAYms
ACALLDLAYms
LJMPSTART2
STEPPER:MOVDPTR,#MSG10
ACALLDISPLAY
ACALLDELAY
MOVTEMP,#15
ROTATE_R:ROTATECLOCKWISE
MOVP2,#06H
ACALLDELAY
MOVP2,#03H
ACALLDELAY
MOVP2,#09H
ACALLDELAY
MOVP2,#0CH
ACALLDELAY
DJNZTEMP,ROTATE_R
MOVP2,#0

ACALLL_DELAY
ACALLL_DELAY
ACALLL_DELAY
MOVDPTR,#MSG11
ACALLDISPLAY
ACALLDELAY
MOVTEMP,#15
ROTATE_L:ROTATEANTICLOCKWISE
MOVP2,#06H
ACALLDELAY
MOVP2,#0CH
ACALLDELAY
MOVP2,#09H
ACALLDELAY
MOVP2,#03H
ACALLDELAY
DJNZTEMP,ROTATE_L
RET
/*LCDDISPLAYSUBROUTINE*/
DISPLAY:MOVA,#01H

ACALLCOMMAND
ACALLDELAY
DISPLAY1:CLRA
MOVCA,@A+DPTR
JZXYZ
ACALLDATAWRT
ACALLDELAY
INCDPTR
SJMPDISPLAY1
XYZ:MOVA,#0C4H
ACALLCOMMAND
ACALLDELAY
RET
COMMAND:SENDCOMMANDSTOLCD
MOVP1,A
CLRP3.3
CLRP3.4
SETBP3.5
ACALLDELAY
CLRP3.5

RET
DATAWRT:SENDDATATOLCD
MOVP1,A
SETBP3.3
CLRP3.4
SETBP3.5
ACALLDELAY
CLRP3.5
RET
DELAY:
MOVR6,#200
HERE1:MOVR7,#100
HERE:DJNZR7,HERE
DJNZR6,HERE1
RET
DLAYms:
MOVR6,#100
MOVB,#00
MS1:DJNZB,$
DJNZB,$

DJNZR6,MS1
RET
L_DELAY:
MOVR7,#0AH
LLL:LCALLDLAYms
DJNZR7,LLL
RET
COMM:DB38H,0EH,01H,06H,84H,00H
ID1:DB"101",0
ID2:DB"102",0
ID3:DB"103",0
ID4:DB"104",0
PWD1:DB"100",0
PWD2:DB"200",0
PWD3:DB"300",0
PWD4:DB"400",0
ADMINPWD:DB"1234567890",0
MSGA:DB"WINKIT",0
MSGB:DB"LEARNINGISFUN",0
MSG:DB"SECURITYSYSTEM",0

MSG1:DB"ENTERID",0
MSG2:DB"ENTERPASSWORD",0
MSG3:DB"SUCCESS",0
MSG4:DB"FAIL",0
MSG5:DB"CHANGEPASSWORD",0
MSG6:DB"TYPECURRENTPWD",0
MSG7:DB"ENTERNEWPSWD",0
MSG8:DB"YOURPSWDIS",0
MSG9:DB"MAXLENTHOVER",0
MSG10:DB"DOORISOPENING",0
MSG11:DB"DOORISCLOSING",0
MSG12:DB"INVALIDPSWD",0
MSG13:DB"SYSTEMBLOCKED",0
KCODE0:DB'1','2','3'
KCODE1:DB'4','5','6'
KCODE2:DB'7','8','9'
KCODE3:DB'*','0','#'
END
PostedbyArunKumarat9:45AM

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