--C- 10 -V-j 2011

-- j---

S. Tulsi Ram, Nandikotkur.

Q. have to + v1, has to + v1,
Must + v1, Should + v1,
need to + v1

N . C
\- *-
L--.
 need n't + v1, \ Eo ---,
Question tag form L-----.
A. I/ We/ You/ They have to + v1 = He/ She/ it
has to + v1 = must + v1 = should + v1
=

E/ ---E --f.
Question: a) Need you go there? Do you
need to go there?
- Present.

(x-Lq ?)
b) Did you need to go = (y-x-Lq -
? () - Past
Q. Get to keep -n-Eo -N--J-*, --- L-
-.
A. Get to keep = ----: Get to know =
-----. Get to Verb j
sEo d -a.
a) Read books, you get to know many things
=

j NC/ c--/ -
Lq .

h- , N- --.

i) You have to/ He has to/ You must/ You

should do it at once =
(Command-

y () C
c).

b) Slowly he got to understand their tricks =

ii) I have to/ I must/ I should attend duty

tomorrow at 8 in the morning =

tC x ----L.

L.

E-N-C- N- --yL
(NC = Duty)

iii) We have to start now or we will miss the

train
train

Q. However in this field there are few things

one should keep in mind as a prospective
interpreter- a good command over English
and other languages ...
A few, the few, few, a little, little etc... J*
N-J-. E E-j j- pd
. Sentence v few s,

( -l-L.
p--C) -.

Must I/ Have I (We/ You/ They) to/ should I,

c) The few good

books in the library
have been stolen =

jvK o Eo
* h- TL---f/
d-.
n
C
? little
.
1) There is little milk in the glass = x

2) There is a little milk in the glass =
x Cl o.
Countables

Uncountables

h-/ Little = (\--d / , L,

h-)

A few = Eo/ A little = Cl

C
Very little =
\
Very few = \
The
little
=
o

The few = o
Cl
Eo/ o -C
Few

He has a good command of English

go now? =

E-p x? ( p?)

3) The cat has lapped up the little

milk in the glass =

-x--- 648

Should you/ must you/ have you to go now?

=

Ny-p x-Lq-?

Need not + v1 (1st Regular Doing Word) =

He need not come here =
future

J* N-J-.
sentence 'few' ( =
) J-. 'a few' ( Eo)
-L-\.

--\-

- (p/
)
-sx 'need' not (j
E ------ ) .
u '- C -.
I need to go now = E-p x-Lq -
C, E .
'Need not' always indicates the present or
the future. Its past form:
a) He did not need to go =

little
A.

j E -----.

- ---Lq N- O
( C ?)

There are a few things you should keep in

mind =

- ---Lq N Eo
o.
a) There are few good books in the library =

jvK * h x.

x-Lq -

--C.
b) I was happy I did not need to see a doctor =

M.SURESAN

There are few things are must keep in mind

...

b) There are a few good books in the library

=

jvK * h- Eo
o.

d- -Lq - -

x
o Cl Lx C. (lap/ lap up) = x,
\x )
Command over a subject = J
Command of = correct =
N L .

He has a good command of (command over

English =
English

-
.
- prepositions -\-, --- -N- L---.
A. use of prepositions like 'on', 'by',
'over', 'above, 'below', etc. p
(usage) v . DE N
. - , ---
'd ju . 'E
-?C ---o -v-u -~-.
(usage) v C p rules .
Q. Over, on, above..

Could I have a glass of water?

(O J y--?)
Sunanda: By
all
means,
here you are.

Suman: Could
you let
me use
your
phone?

Laxman: Oh, certainly. would you have it cool

or normal?

(p, x Fx ,
Fx- ?)

Sukrita:
Thank you.

(O Phone
a?)

Ram: I'd rather have it cool.

Sunanda: It's
all right.

( xFx L)

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH

-E-

'Could'
request.

Look at the following.

( x Fx y--?)

(p, C)

j
:

OEo- n p E.

Ram: Excuse me, could I have a glass of

water, please?

. C

Politest form of

- *
j --
A
u
N.
u
J---E uh, - l-x, n
j o
x request - --o-.

Laxman: Have it
Ram: Thank you
Laxman: You're
welcome.
Could

request
--p
response (p)
.

By all means =
Oh, certainly/ Oh, sure

p/

Sunil: I am afraid,
no.

()
O Phone a? E -T--p, Ox-E
u p

expression 'I'm
afraid, no'.

\ afraid
n, E
. 'sorry' E.
C a
.
Practice l.

Q. I have been to Hyderabad.

DE n N-J--

.
A. I have been to Hyderabad =

j--
Rx a.
-- -x L--x, I, We &
You have gone (\--j x
n). j subject p Have
been to .
Father : Where did you go? (\--- x)/
Where have you been? (-
\-o?)
Son: I have been to college ( college Rx-a/ college * h-o/ a).
Q. Marry, born, rain. How to use these words
A. Marry = to get married
use of 'marry': a) He/ She married/ her/ him.
b) He is married (to her), she is married (to
him)
c) The father married off his son's/ daughter's and settled down to a peaceful life.
Born: always transitive =
used always with a 'be' form before it.
A child is/ was/ will be born
children are/ were/ will be born
Rain: It rains every July; It is raining;
It may rain tomorrow, etc.
(The rain is coming/ is falling - wrong)
Rain is important for agriculture.
Q. I have collected soil samples and sending
for testing.
am sending
sending

\
J--?

A. I have collected soil samples and am sending them for testing- correct. 'am sending' is
must.
Q. It is right or it is correct

C jC?

A. It is right = It is correct- both are right/correct.

Q. Difference between during and in, ie. He
was absent during the month of january or
absent in the month of january.
A. During = The whole period- from the beginning till the end.

Sukrita: Could you please lend me your pen?

-- .

Ramulu, Mahaboobnagar.

During 2010 = for the whole year of 2010 we

had good rain during 2010- from Jan 2010 Dec 2010.
In = Any time/ any period in a particular period of time.
We had good rain in 2010 = For some time
of 2010, we had good rain.
Q. Vis- a -vis?
A. Vis- a -vis (pronounced
=

ON)
--- La h.

The position of AP vis-a-vis that of the other

states is much better =
AP

N Z JnA, J-nAE La-h, Z J-n

.
Q. Letter -p Ref: arises E h. DE
n N?
A. Ref: with reference to (j o) - \JE.
Ref: arises- ---C -\ -. DE
n .
Q. Difference between program - programme.
A. Program - American, Programme - British.
American English
Program
Computer program

uv ,
n hC.

n,

Spoken English -- -u- -x ---.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish