Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Updated PPT of Types of Laser and Holography
Updated PPT of Types of Laser and Holography
Working:
Figure shows the energy level diagram of Nd3+ ions in YAG crystal. How ever the energy levels
are split and the structure is complex, it is essentially a four level pumping system with the
terminal laser level (E2) sufficiently far removed from the ground level such that (E2-E1)>KBT.
The pumping of the Nd3+ ions to upper level is done by the krypton lamp. The optical pumping
with light of wavelength range to 5000 to 8000 angstrom excite the ground state Nd3+ ions to
the multiple energy level at E4. Now the excited Nd3+ ions in E4 , quickly make downwards
transition while giving a non-radiative spontaneous emission and get populate in the
metastable state (E3) and rapidly a population inversion is achieved with respect to the
terminal energy level (E2) which is sparsely populated with the Nd3+ ions due to (E2-E1)>KBT.
Now an available chance photo incident on metastable state and trigger the stimulated
emissions and a highly coherent laser emission occurs in infrared (IR) region at a wavelength of
about 1060 nm. As the laser is a four level laser, the laser emission achieved is in a continuous
wave mode.
Metastable state
Terminal level
Ground state
He: Ne Laser:
It is one of the most popular type of gas laser.
In this laser, four level pumping scheme is used to achieve
population inversion.
Neon atoms are the active centers and have suitable energy for laser
transition. While helium atoms helps in exciting neon atoms.
In gas laser, the energy levels of atoms involved in the lasing
process are narrow and as such require sources with sharp
wavelength to excite atoms. Hence finding an suitable optical
pumping source is a problem. Therefore in Gas lasers (e.g., He: Ne
lasers) method of exciting active medium is by passing an electric
discharge through the gas.
Electron present in the discharge transfer energy to atoms in the
laser gas by collision.
Fully reflecting
Partially Transparent
Working: Figure shows the energy level diagram of He: Ne laser. Only the relevant
energy levels are shown here.
When a high voltage of 10 kV is applied in between the electrodes, an electric discharge
occurs in the tube and the energetic electrons through collision excite the helium atoms to its
metastable state of energy of 20.61 eV above the ground level.
The excited helium atom can not return to the ground level through spontaneous emission.
However helium return to the ground level by transferring its excess energy to neon atom by
collision (i.e., by resonant energy transfer ). Hence resonance transfer of energy occurs
between the excited helium atom and the ground level neon atom.
The kinetic energy of the helium atoms provides the additional 0.05eV required for
excitation of the neon atoms. Thus helium atoms drops to the ground level after exciting the
neon atoms and this is the pumping mechanism in He: Ne laser.
After excitation of neon atoms in to its metastable state (energy = 20.66 eV), readily a
population inversion is achieved with respect to the terminal energy level (energy = 18.7 eV)
because the terminal level is sparsely populate at ordinary temperature.
Now a random photon emitted spontaneously trigger the stimulated emission and lasing
occurs and during this a laser beam of red color of wavelength of 632.8 nm comes out as a
continuous wave.
After this a non-radiative transition occur during the spontaneous emission in between
energy levels of 18.7 eV and 16.7 eV.
And finally neon atoms come to the ground level from the energy level of 16.7 eV and this
transition is due to the collision of neon atoms with the walls of the narrow tube and the
result is generation of heat.
Metastable state
of He atoms
Terminal level
Helium is pumped
up to excited states
by electrical
discharge
18.7eV
16.7eV
Fig. (a) Heavily doped pn junction without bias (b) Heavily doped pn junction under
forward bias above threshold
Due to stimulated
emission
Holography
To construct the hologram, a laser beam is divided into two beam, namely a reference beam and an object beam by
the beam splitter.
Object beam directly illuminate the object, while the reference beam, after being reflected from the mirror is
collected on the photographic plate. Thus plate is simultaneously illuminated by both beams.
These coherent sources make interference and gives complicated interference patterns on the photographic plate.
The developed negative of the interference fringe pattern is called a hologram.
This hologram carried both the intensity and the relative phase of the light waves at each point.
First order
Zero order
First order
Properties of a hologram:
Each part of the hologram contains the information about the entire object means each
part of the hologram would reconstruct the whole object.
Hologram is a reliable medium of data storage, because a small part of hologram can
reconstruct the entire image.
Information holding capacity of a hologram is extremely very high. For example the
hologram of size of 6 mm 9 mm can hold the information of one printed page.
The hologram image is in 3 dimension.
On the hologram the information is recorded in the form of interference pattern.