Transportation Planning

Introduction
Transportation planning

Transport is a function of land-use

Land-use is a function of transport!!!

Transportation

Planning

Introduction
Aims of Transport Planning
Enhance mobility by providing transportation choices
Facilitate the connection between residential,
commercial, business activity centers
Provide efficient access that satisfies human needs
Facilitate ease of transport between modes
Provide convenient, multi-modal transportation
options
Provide safe and economical transportation modes

Transportation

Planning

Introduction
Systems Approach to Transport Planning
Decision to adopt planning
Problem, definition, formulation of goals
Solution generation
Solution analysis
Evaluation of possible alternative and choice
Implementation
Operation
Performance assessment and review
Transportation

Planning

Introduction
Goals
Minimum disruption of general environment
Minimum demolition of assets
Re-vitalisation of public transport
Congestion management
Economic feasibility
Operation feasibility
Compatibility with urban structure

Transportation

Planning

Introduction
Stages in transportation planning
1) Survey and analysis of existing conditions
2) Forecast, analysis of future conditions and plan
synthesis
3) Evaluation
4) Programme adoption and implementation
5) Continuing study

Transportation

Planning

Introduction
1) Survey and Analysis of existing conditions
Inventory of existing travel patterns
Inventory of existing transport facilities
Inventory of land-use and economic activities

Transportation

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Introduction
Inventory of existing travel patterns
a) Origin and destination of trips
Household interview
Road side interview
Registration number plate survey
Screenline and cordon surveys

b) Movement of goods vehicles

c) Movement of public transport
d) Movement by rail transit
Transportation

Planning

Introduction
Inventory of existing transport facilities
a) Inventory of road network
Condition
Traffic characteristics
Control mechanisms etc.,

b) Travel time by different modes

c) Inventory of public transport buses
Operating speeds
Capacity of terminals
Passengers carried etc.,

d) Inventory of rail transit facilities

e) Parking inventory
f) Accident data
Transportation

Planning

Introduction
Inventory of land-use and economic activities
a) Information on land use type

b)
c)
d)

Residential
Industrial
Commercial
Recreational etc.,

Zoning laws in operation

Population statistics
Household structure
Family size
Family income
Car-ownership

e)
f)

Employment pattern
School ATTENDANCE

Transportation

Planning

Introduction
2) Forecast, analysis of future conditions and plan
synthesis

Long-range is scope for 20 to 25 years

Forecast:
Economic activity
Past trends
Input-output models
Land use pattern
Land-use allocation models
Population forecast
Past trends
Data collection
Employment pattern
Follow economic activity

Transportation

Planning

Introduction
3) Evaluation

Finance
Capital
Operation
Maintenance

Economic impact

Travel time
Out-of-pocket cost
Improved business
Improved accessibility

Technical analysis
Land-use and demographic impact
Environmental impact

4) Programme adoption
5) Continuing Study
Transportation

Planning

Transportation Survey
Trip
Single or one-directional movement from one point (origin) to other
point (destination) for an single purpose
Home to work
Home to school

Origin
Where a trip begins

Destination
Where trip ends

Origin and Destination

Both ends of a single trip
O-D

Transportation

Planning

Transportation Survey
Transportation Survey
to collect data on all factors that are likely to
influence travel pattern

Study Area
Planning can be at national level, regional level or at the
urban level
The imaginary line representing the boundary of the study
are is termed as the external cordon

Transportation

Planning

Transportation Survey
Factors to be considered for selection of
external cordon line are:
should circumscribe all areas which are already
built-up and those areas which are considered
likely to be developed
should contain all areas of systematic daily life
the line should intersect roads where it is safe and
convenient to carry out traffic surveys
should be compatible with previous studies
Transportation

Planning

Transportation Survey
Zoning: Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZ)
The defined area is sub-divided into smaller areas
called zones
Facilitate to assess the influence on travel pattern
Spatial quantification of land-use
Economic factors

Internal zones
External zones

External
cordon
Screen
Line

Transportation

Planning

Transportation Survey
Factors considered for zoning:

Land-use: residential, industrial, commercial, etc.,

Homogeneity
Anticipated changes in land-use
Sub-division shall follow that adopted by other bodies:
census
Should not be too large:
1000-3000 population for small areas
5000-10000 population for large areas

Preferably have regular geometric form for easily

determining the centroid
Natural or physical barriers such as canals, rivers etc., can
form convenient zone boundaries
Transportation

Planning

Transportation Survey
Zones are modeled as if all their attributes and properties
were concentrated in a single point called the zone centroid
Purpose is to facilitate the spatial quantification of land use
and economic factors which influence on traffic pattern
Zones within the study area are called as internal zones and
those are outside the study area are termed as external zones

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Planning

Transportation Survey
Origin-Destination survey (O-D survey)
To know exact origin and destination of trips
Origin: place where trip begins
Destination: place where trip ends
Other information yielded are:
Land use of zones
Household characteristics
Trip purpose
Mode of travel

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Transportation Survey
Specific uses of O-D survey
i.

to collect data for transportation planning such

as trip generation, distribution
ii. to determine adequacy of existing facilities
iii. to determine the amount of by-passable traffic
that enters a town, and thus establish the need
for a bypass

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Transportation Survey
Basic movements for which data are required:

Internal to internal
Internal to external
External to internal
External to external
External
cordon
Screen
Line

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Transportation Survey
Different methods of O-D survey
Home interview survey
Full interview technique
Home questionnaire technique

Road-side interview survey

Post-card questionnaire survey
Registration number plate survey
Tags on vehicles
Public transport surveys
Commercial vehicle surveys
Taxi surveys

Transportation

Planning

Transportation Survey
Home Interview surveys
Home-interview survey is one of the most reliable type of surveys for collection of
origin and destination data
Information on travel pattern:

Number of trips made

Origin and destination
Purpose of trip
Travel mode
Time of departure
Time of arrival

Information of household characteristics

Address
No of resident, Size of household
Age and gender, structure of household
Earning members
No of motor vehicles owned
Number of drivers
Household income etc.,

Transportation

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Transportation Survey
Home Interview surveys

Transportation

Planning

Transportation Survey
Home Interview surveys: Methods
Full interview method
Involves interviewing as many members of the household as possible and
directly recording all the information
It is more expensive
Rate of interview 8 interviews per 8 hour day per interviewer
It gives accurate data

Home questionnaire method

The interviewer collects only details of the household characteristics,
leaving forms for residents to complete in regard to travel information
The completed forms are collected by the interviewer after a day or two
It is more speedy than full interview method
Rate of interview 20 household per day per interviewer

Transportation

Planning

Transportation Survey
Basic CRITERIA for questionnaire

The questions should be simple and direct

Make sure each question serves a specific purpose
An excessive number of questions degrades the response rate
The number of open questions should be minimized
Travel information must include the purpose of the trip
Collect information so that complete tours can be re-constructed
during analysis
Seek information about all modes of travel, including non-motorised
travel
All people in the household should be included in the survey, including
non-family members, like maids in developing countries

Transportation

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Transportation Survey
Presentation of O-D survey data
O-D matrix
DESTINATION ZONES
INTERNAL
1

EXTERNAL
3

INTERNAL
EXTERNAL

ORIGIN ZONES

1
2
3

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12
13
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Transportation Survey
Desired line chart

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Transportation

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Transportation Survey
Commercial Vehicle survey
conducted to obtain information on journeys made by all
commercial vehicles based within the study area
addresses of the vehicle operators are obtained and they
are contacted
Forms are issued to drivers with a request that they record
particulars of all the trips they would make

Transportation

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Transportation Survey

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Registration Plate Survey
Registration number plate survey consists of noting the
registration numbers of vehicles entering or leaving an
area at survey points located on the cordon line
By matching the registration numbers of vehicles at the
points of entry and exit from the area, one is enabled to
identify 2 points on the paths of the vehicle
Doesnt provide origin-destination and purpose of trip
Traffic is not interrupted for data collection
Analysis consist of no of vehicles at entry and exit points

Transportation

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Transportation Survey
Tags on vehicle
In this method, at each point where the roads cross the
cordon line, vehicles are stopped and a tag is affixed,
usually under a windscreen wiper
The tags for different survey stations have different shapes
and/or color to identify the survey stations
The vehicles are stopped again at the exit points where the
tags are removed
The times of entering and leaving the area may be marked
on the tags in order to enable the journey times to be
determined

Transportation

Planning

Transportation Survey
Public transport surveys
To assess the no. of bus passengers
Direct interview results in large delay and requires
large no of interviews
To reduce delay, survey is carried in the moving
vehicle
Post card questionnaire is also adopted. The post
cards are collected in next stations from the
passengers
Transportation

Planning

Cross-classification table

Trip generation rates

Simplified FHWA

Simplified FHWA

Simplified FHWA