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Power System Security: S. Chakrabarti
Power System Security: S. Chakrabarti
Power System Security: S. Chakrabarti
S. Chakrabarti
Outline
Introduction
Major components of security assessment
On-line security assessment
Tools for contingency analysis
DC power flow
Linear sensitivity factors
Line outage distribution factor
Algorithm for contingency analysis
Preventive state
Emergency state
Restorative state
)(
.transition
5.2
( Fink and Carlsen)
Figur: State
diagram
Power system operation can be described by three sets of generic equations: one
contd.
contd.
Though the equality (E) and inequality (I) constraints are still
maintained, preventive controls should be brought into action
to steer the system out of the alert state.
contd.
System monitoring
Contingency analysis
System monitoring
I
Contingency analysis
Once the current operating state is known, the next task is the
contingency analysis. Results of contingency analysis allow the
system to be operated defensively. Major components of
contingency analysis are:
I
Contingency definition
Contingency selection
Contingency evaluation
Contingency analysis...contd.
DC power flow
Active power flow between buses i and j is given by,
Pij =
Vi Vj
sin(i j )
Xij
(1)
(i j )
Xij
(2)
N
X
j=1
Pij =
N
X
(i j )
Xij
j=1
(3)
DC power flow...contd.
Hence,
N
X 1
Pi
=
i
xij
(4)
1
Pi
=
j
xij
(5)
j=1
Now,
Pi
Pi
1 + ... +
N
1
N
Iterative equations for power flow then become:
P1
B11 B12 . . . B1N
.
.
.
. . .
.
.
= .
.
. . .
.
.
.
.
. . .
.
PN
BN1 BN2 . . . BNN
Pi =
(6)
1
.
.
.
N
(7)
Or,
P = [B][]
(8)
(10)
where fl old is the power flow in the lth line before the ith generator
went out. Assuming Piold to be the output of the ith generator
before fault, above equation can be expressed as,
fl new = fl old ali Piold ; l = 1, 2, . . . , L; [ Pi = Piold ].
(11)
Once the new values of flows are computed for all the lines,
they are compared with corresponding line flow limits.
Operators are alarmed in case of any limit violations.
NG
X
(ali ji Pi )
j=1
6=i
(13)
(15)
. =
. =
=1
=1
= +1
=+1
. 5.4