FRACTURE WATER

RECYCLING

Natural Gas Drilling in Appalachia

Large Reserves of Natural Gas
Vertical and Horizonal Drilling
Fracing Necessary to Release the Gas from the Shale
Fracing May Require Millions of Gallons of Water per Hole

Problems to Overcome
Securing the Raw Water
Rivers, Streams, Wells, etc

Treating Flowback and Production Water

Treatment of the Water Required After Putting It Into
the Ground
Hauling to Approved Sewage Plants
Overcoming Environmental Concerns

Hauling to Sewage Plants

Hydrocarbon & Chloride Issues
Streams can Only Handle So Much Chlorides (already determined
by DEP)
Hauling and Dumping Costs Are Expensive and Will Continue To
Rise
Treated Water Often Not Returned to the Source

Overcoming Treatment Problems

Process Water on Site

Remove Hydrocarbons and Chloride

Reuse the Flowback and Production Water
Deep Well disposal of Salt Brine
Convert salt to road deicer

How to Achieve These Solutions

Have The Capability to Process Water with 300,000 TDS
Have The Capability to Recover Up To 80% of the Fracing water

TDS Reductions as Low as 500 mg/L (ppm) On Processed (Clean) Water

Kerfoot Technologies Patented Treatment Process
1) Mobile Systems
2) Fixed Facilities

Equipment & Processes

Frac Water Recycling System *

Frac-Water

Treatment
Apparatus

Frac Water
Apparatus

To River

Frac Water
Apparatus
Make-up Water
(River)

Water

Drill hole

Treated Water

Horizontal
Fracturing

Drill hole

Formation

*U.S. Patents 6,913,251; 6,984,329; 7,264,747; 7,326,002; others pending

Frac Water Flow Diagram *

Nanozox tm
Treatment system

Pump
Influent

Off Gas
Treatment

Oil Separator
Tank

Metals
Filtration
Baffled
Treatment tank

Salt
Removal
Salt
Alligator Bag
or
20,000 gallon tank

Storage
Tank

Discharge/Re-injection

*U.S. Patents 6,913,251; 6,984,329; 7,264,747; 7,326,002; others pending

Comparative Volume Treatment

Desalination
RO
MD
Water
Volume

TDS:

10,000

45,000

130,000

Frac Water Treatment Train Efficiencies

Treatment

Efficiency

Product separation

99%

Alkane/Alkene/VOC

99.9%

Filtration

99% iron

Desalination
Membrane Systems

80%

Limitations
floating product gallons/day
(15,000)
<100,000 g/L
<100 mg/L - ppm

15,000 300,000 mg/L TDS

[Output: 80,000 gallons @ 1000 TDS/100,000 gallons]

300,000

150,000

Case-2
125,000

Case-2

Case-1

200,000

100,000

150,000

75,000

Case-1
100,000

50,000

50,000

25,000

Time(Days)
Gallons/day-Case 1

Gallons/day-Case 2

TDS-Case 1

TDS-Case 2

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)-mg/L

Return Flow(Gallons/Day)

250,000

Nano to
Microbubble
Production

Proposed Structure of Ozone

Circular
(O3)n
Spherical
(O3)n RCOS
Where:
R = radius
= angle in 3dimension
n = number of molecules
n = aC
a = Dimension of
molecular diameter vs.
bubble circumference

5m

Nanobubble Structure

Alkane/Alkene
TPH Treatment
1,000,000

Concentration

100,000

10,000

1,000
0

60

120
Time
GRO(1500)

GRO(6000)

180

240

BTEX Treatment
10000

Concentration

1000

100

10

1
0

60

Xylenes(1500)

120
Time
Xylenes(6000)

Benzene(6000)

180

240

Trimethylbrnzene(1500)_

Control / Ozone Generating Trailer

NANOBUBBLE CHARACTERISTICS
Low rise rate

<.001 m/minute

Enhanced reactivity

>10-8m-1s-1

Negative charge

Molecular arrangement

Long half-life

>20 hours

Low surface tension

<.02 g/cm

High surface/volume ratio

>5.0

Hydrophobicity increased

Preference for attacking

hydrophobic molecules

System Performance
TDS

Volume
(gallons)

Recovered
Fraction

Recovered
Volume
(gallons)

TDS

First Day

10,900

250,000

.77

192,500

193

Third Day

32,000

225,000

.65

146,250

1200

Fifth Day

60,000

60,000

.55

33,000

1000

535,000
371,750

371,750

= 70% recovery

535,000
192,500 x 193 + 146,250 x 1200 + 33,000 x 1000
371,750

= 660 ppm

Qualified professionals to aid in site remediation planning.

Bench-scale tests for treatability questions in in-house laboratory.
Assistance in set-up, start-up and use of equipment.
Performance evaluation.
Trouble-shooting of performance and equipment.
U.S. Patents: #6,436,285; #6,447,676; #6,596,161; # 6,805,798;
#7,264,747; #7,326,002. Others pending.
Kerfoot Technologies, Inc.
766-B Falmouth Road . Mashpee. MA 02649
508-539-3002 . Fax 508-539-3566
www.kerfoottech.com