LAGHUMDHYANDINY IK

with translation and commentary

atha ik pravakymi mdhyandinamatamy yath
akrasya khakra sy ukayoge tu no bhavet 1
Now I will give out the ik according to the view of Mdhyandina. The letter should be replaced by kh;
but not when is in conjunction with u (, h, ) and k.

ie lakya ka'uk samudra pratyudhti

ie (ikhe) is an example. Counterexamples are ka and uk samudra.
ie tvorje tv vyava stha devo va savit prrpayatu rehatamya karmaa pyyadhvamaghny'indrya
bhgamprajvatranamv'ayakm m va stena'ata mghaamso dhruv'asmingopatau syta bahvrYajamnasya
panphi 1 (1)#
gneya kagrva srasvat me babhru saumya paua yma itipho brhaspatya ilpo
vaivadeva'aindroruo mruta kalma'aindrgna samhitodhorma svitro vrua ka'ekaitiptpetva 58
(29)#
uk samudro'arua supara prvasya Yonimpiturvivea |
madhye divo nihita pniram vicakrame rajasasptyantau 60 (17)#
Other examples: purua (purukha); but sahasrka
sahasrar purua sahasrka sahasrapt |
sa bhmim sarvata sptvtyatihaddagulam 1 (31)#

paddau vidyamnasya hy asamyuktasya yasya ca 2

deo hi jakra syd yukta sanharaena tu
yajena yaja vailakya mayre pratyudhti 3
tasmdyajjttsarvvahuta samasmmdyat tathaiva ca
Y which is in the beginning of a word and not in conjunction is replaced by j.
yajena yajam is an example. Counterexamples are mayre, tasmdyajjttsarvvahuta and samasmmdyat.
Yajena Yajamayajanta devstni dharmi prathamnysan |
te ha nkammahimna sacanta Yatra prve sdhy santi dev 16 (31)#
This Y is also called guru-yakra ( in Devangar:

mayraromabhi 20.53, mayrn 24.23, mayra 24.37

tasmdyajtsarvahuta sambhtampadjyam |
pamstmcakre vyavynray grmyca Ye 6 (31)#

rephetha hakrea yuktasya sarvath bhavet 4

sryo bhyantu vailakya app!yya pratyudhti
1

In the conjunction with r and h the letter y is always replaced by j. Examples are srya (srja) and bhyantu
(bhjantu). A counterexample is app!yya.
agnirjyotirjyotiragni svh srYo jyotirjyoti srYa svh |
agnirvarco jyotirvarca svh srYo varco jyotirvarca svh |
jyoti srYa srYo jyoti svh 9 (3)#
nama prYya cvrYya ca nama prataraya cottaraya ca namastrthyya ca klyya ca nama apyya ca
phenyya ca nama sikatyya 42 (16)$

yakrarkrayuktasya jakra sarvath bhavet 5

saharayy tath vyddhy copasargaparasya na
upayajammnum api yantty udhti 6
Y in conjunction with is always replaced by j. An example is vyddhy (ai) . Also y in conjunction with y as in saha
rayy. Y is not replaced by j when y is placed after an upasarga. Examples are upayajammnum and api yanti.

saha raYY nivartasvgne pinvasva dhray |

vivapsny vivataspari 10 (12)#
pyYYamna 8.57; raYYai 9.22, 14.22; nicYYa 11.1, 11; raYY 12.7, 10, 41 hdaYYya 16.44; dhYYrpam
19.24; amYYun 19.29; asumYYe 19.49; ravYYam 19.64; npYYam 20.81; paurueYY 21.43-45;
antYYamne 39.5

bbhatsyai paulkasamvarya hirayakrantulyai vijampacdoya glvinamvivebhyo bhtebhya

sidhmalambhtyai jgaraamabhtyai svapanamrtyai janavdinamvYddhy'apagalbham samarya
pracchidam 17 (30)#
sadosYtasya 5.33; smnYgbhi 20.12; pradiYtasya 29.36
indramiddhar vahatopratidhaavasam | ca stutrupa Yajaca mnum | upaymaghtosndrya
tv oaina'ea te Yonirindrya tv oaine 35 (8)#
Note: The text reads upa Yajam instead of upa yajam. According to the the introduction of Mdhyandiny
sahity padapa by Yudhihira Mmsaka the rule requires that y is in the interior of a pda. Yajam is at
the beginning of an anuup pda. Therefore the guru-yakra instead of the laghu-yakra is shown. See
laghvamoghnandan ik: pddau ca paddau ca samyyogvagraheu ca | ja abda iti vijeyo yo'ntya sa ya iti
smta 1

paca nadya sarasvatmapiyanti sasrotasa |

sarasvat tu pacadh so deebhavatsarit 11 (34)#

gururvakro vijeya paddau pahito bhavet

vibhr udhtir jey savitntarlaghu smta 7
The heavy (guru) letter v should be known. It is recited at the beginning of a word. An example is vibhr. The v in
the interior of savit is light (laghu).

vibhrbhatpibatu somyammadhvyurdadhadyajapatvavihrutam |
vtajto Yo'abhirakati tman praj pupoa purudh virjati 30 (33)#
vvibbhritivi bhr | mvpp 33.30

vaso pavitramasi atadhramvaso pavitramasi sahasradhram |

devastv savit puntu vaso pavitrea atadhrea supv kmadhuka 3 (1)#

padnte vai laghutaras tava vvyavtaspate

At the end of a word v is more light (laghutara). An example is tava vvyavtaspate.
tava vyavtaspate tvaurjmtaradbhuta |
avmsyvmahe 34 (27)#
tava | vvyo'itivyo | taspate | tapata'ittYta pate | mvpp 1.3
vvyo + taspate = vvyavtaspate

upasargaparo yas tu sa vakro laghur mata 8

vo v v vai mantraphe laghavo gurava pade
pravyumacch bhat vto veti nidaranam 9
The letter v after an upasarga is thought to be light (laghu). Va, v, v and vai are laghu in the mantrapa and
guru in the padapha. Examples are pra vyumacch bhat and vto v.
pra vyumacch bhat man bhadrayimvivavram rathaprm |
dyutadym niyuta patyamna kavi kavimiyakasi prayajyo 55 (33)#
pra | vvyum | accha | bhat | mvpp 33.55
pra no YacchatvarYam pra p pra bhaspati |
pra vgdev dadtu na svh 29 (9)#
vto v mano v gandharv saptavimati |
te'agrevamayujamste'asmijavamdadhu 7 (9)#
vvta | vv | mana | vv | gandharvv | mvpp 9.7

repho rephatvam pnoti aaheu pareu ca

dadara varo arhc ca sayyoge naiva krayet 10
vvarmman varyyntarhd tatra tvad udhti
Repha (r) is pronounced with savarabhakti (rephatva) before , and h. Examples are dadara, vara and arht.
But one should not pronounce with svarabhakti when , and h are followed by a consonant. Examples are varman,
varyya and antarhd.
aham srYamubhayato dadarhandevnmparamaguh Yat 8.9
varo varyasi Yaje Yajapatindh svh devebhyo devebhya svh 6.11
bhaspate'ati yadarYo'arhddyumadvibhti kratumajjaneu | 26.3
divo varmantsamidhyata'ojihacarasahmvetvjyasya hotarYaja 28.1
nama kpyya cvayya ca namo vdhryya ctapyya ca namo meghyya ca vidyutyya ca namo varyya
cvaryya ca namo vtyya 16.38
samyaksravanti sarito na dhen'antarhd manas pyamn | 13.38

lakro'pi ca svaryd ekrasado bhavet 11

atav!al ca v!alh ca tatra tvad udhti
Also l before , and h is pronounced with svarabhakti. The svarabhakti vowel should be similar to e.

drghyusta'oadhe khanit Yasmai ca tv khanmyaham |

atho tvandrghyurbhtv ataval virohatt 100 (12)#
kevanta purua'vivea knyanta purue'arpitni |
etadbrahmannupavalhmasi tv kim svinna prativocsyatra 51 (23)#
Note: dadara is pronounced as dadarea; ataval as atavale. See vararatnapradpik ik, keav ik and
the pratij stra:
vararatnapradpik ik:
repho vtha lakro v yatromai svarodaye
svarabhaktir bhavet tatra prvamkramya pahyate 53
mamuparisthastu repho yti revaratm
rephatva punaryti yadymo'nyasamyyut 54
ma svarabhaktistu dvirbhva bdhate yath
varo varyasi hvrcchatabalo'pi siddhayati 55
keav ik
ahalalyrddhvarephasya saikra prk ca 4
keavpadytmik ik
antasthn dvityasya saikroccraa bhavet
ayuktahalbhi aasair krea yutasya ca 9
evam eva ttyasya aasai samyyutasya ca
saikroccraa kuryditi stravyavasthiti 10
pratij stra
athparntasthasyyuktnyahala() sayuktasyoma'krair ekrasahitoccraam | 14 (2)

anusvro yatra kutra mkro bhavati dhruvam 12

hrasvo drgho gurus ceti trividha parikrtita
Wherever the gum sign is seen, it is certainly the anusvra. It is said to be threefold: hrasva (short), drgha (long)
and guru (heavy).

hrasvt paro bhaved drgho hamsa'iti daranam 13

drght paro bhaved dhrasvo msebhya'iti daranam
gurau pare hy anusvro gurur eva hi sa smta 14
After a short vowel it is drgha. An example is hamsa. After a long vowel it is hrasva. An example is mmsebhya.
Before a heavy syllable the anusvra is considered to be heavy.
hamsa uciadvasurantarikasaddhot vediadatithirduroasat | 10.24
mmsebhya svh mmsebhya svh snvabhya svh snvabhya svhsthabhya svhsthabhya svh
majjabhya svh majjabhya svh | 39.10

sihyasti tatra tvad kre drgha'eva sa

4

devn hdaye tadvat taskar tath ske 15

An example is simhyasi. The anusvra is drgha before a consonant followed by . Examples are devnm hdaye
and taskarm ske.
simhyasi sapatnash devebhya kalpasva simhyasi sapatnash devebhya undhasva simhyasi sapatnash
devebhya umbhasva 10 (5)#
nama parya ca paraadya ca nama'udguramya cbhighnate ca nama'khidate ca prakhidate ca
nama'iukdbhyo dhanukdbhyaca vo namo namo va kirikebhyo devnm hdayebhyo namo vicinvatkebhyo
namo vikiatkebhyo nama'nirhatebhya 46 (16)#
taskaram skyibhya | kramapha 16.21
keav ik
anusvrasya m ali rephe ca pare
hrasvd drgho drgghd dhrasva samyoge gurus ca 5
keavpadytmik ik
anusvrasya akra dea chandasi smta 15
marepheu paratastasya traivadhyam ucyate
hrasvd drghd drgha hrasvo gurau ca parato guru 16
pratij stram
athnusvrasya itydea aasaharepheu tasya traividhyam khytam | hrasvadrghagurubhedair drghtparo
hrasvo hrasvtparo drgho gurau pare guru | 22-23 (3)

athyogavhn ha
Now he speaks about the ayogavha-s (visarga etc.)

avarc ca krc ca visarga kahya eva sa

ivarc ca tathovart tath caikraprvaka 16
aukraprvaka caiva tlavyo bhavati dhruvam
ekrc ca kahatlur visargo bhavati dhruvam 17
kahyohyas tu tathaukrd visargo bhavati dhruvam
After a, and the visarga is kahya (guttural). After i, , u, , ai and au the visarga is palatal (and labial). After e
the visarga is guttural/palatal and after o guttural/labial.

devo va savit ctra hakrasado bhavet 18

In devo va savit the visarga is like ha.
ie tvorje tv vyava stha devo va savit prrpayatu 1.1 (vaha)

devstisro visargas tu hikrasado bhavet

khuste pauritydau hu!krasado bhavet 19
In devstisra the visarga is like hi. In khuste pau the visarga is like hu.
devstisrastisro devravine sarasvat | 21.54
dev | mvpp 21.54 (devhi)

ea te rudra bhga saha svasrmbikay tajuasva svhaia te rudra bhga'khuste pau 57 (3)#
khu | te | pau | mvpp 3.57 (khuhu; pauhu)

visargacgneritydau hekrasado bhavet

visargo bhvor ity dau hokrasado bhavet 20
In agne etc. the visarga is like he. In bhvo etc. the visarga is like ho.
agnerjanitramasi vaau stha'urvayasyyurasi purrav'asi | 5.2
agne | mvpp 5.2 (agnehe)
sahasri sahasrao bhvostava hetaya | 16.53
bhvo | mvpp 16.53 (bhvoho)

atha svairda!kairitydau hikrasado bhavet

visargo dyaupitetydau hu!krasado bhavet 21
In svairdakai etc. the visarga is like hi. In dyaupit etc. the visarga is like hu.
svairdakairdakapiteha sda devnm sumne bhate raya | 14.3
svai | dakai | mvpp 14.3 (svaihi, dakaihi)
upahto dyaupitopa mndyaupit hvayatmagnirgndhrtsvh | 2.11
dyau | pit | mvpp 2.11 (dyauhu)

hakro naiva mantavya iti stravyavasthiti

phainivsasado visargo bhavati dhruvam 22
According to the stras the visarga should not be pronounced like ha. The visarga resembles the inhaling of a
serpent.

kanihikmocana tu nce ca pracaye sati

nama kpyya prathamo dvityo jgratas tath 23
When the visarga is placed after an anudtta and pracaya vowel the little finger is released. nama kpyya is an
example for an anudtta and jgrata for a pracaya visarga.
nama kpyya 16.38
jgrata | mvpp 34.1

tarjanmocana kuryd udtte tu visargake

devo dharmastath hrasve svarite tbhaya kipet 24
In the case of an udtta visarga the fore-finger is released. An example is deva. In the case of a short svarita
visarga both fingers should be released. An example is dharma.
deva | mvpp 6.26;

dharma | mvpp 20.9

avo martyo bhavel lakya svre drghe kanihikm

ubhayor api hrasve ca vakre svarite sati 25
Other examples are ava and martya In the case of a long svarita visarga the little finger should be released. But
both fingers when a short svarita visarga is preceded by v.
ava | mvpp 29.10
martya 33.87

drghe'pi cobhayo kepa'iti stravyavasthiti

yath sphaikadadir updhivaato bhavet 26
According to the stras both fingers should be released (stretched out) when a long svarita visarga is preceded by v.
av 29.21

In the sahit (mvs) the following words end in a drgha svarita visarga preceded by v:
av(1), dev(1), daivy (1), Yavai (1), viv (2), sarv (6), suev (1)

tadvadm prayoktavyo hihuheho nidaranam

vvaso pavitra vai tatra hy udharaam ucyate 27
The visarga should be pronounced as hi, hu, he and ho. An example is vaso pavitram.
vaso pavitramasi 1.2

kra khalu sarvatra hy ekrasado bhavet

hde mgastty ca ca vvcamathparam 28
The letter should always be pronounced as re. Examples are hde, mga, tty and ca vcam.

hde tv manase tv dive tv srYya tv | 6.25 (hrede)

puruamgacandramaso godh 24.35
puruamga'itipurua mga | mvpp 24.35 (mrega)
agne pakatirvyornipakatirindrasya tty somasya 25.4 (trety)
camvcamprapadye mano Yaju prapadye 36.1 (recam)

iti laghumdhyandiny ik sampt

Final Notes
1. The transliterated text of the Laghumdhyandinya-ik is based on:
http://peterffreund.com/shiksha/laghumadhyandina_shiksha.html
iksagraha, edited by crya r Rma Prasda Triph, Varanasi, 1989, pp. 93-95
https://www.scribd.com/doc/204413206/Shiksha-Sangraha-Acharya-Ram-Prasad-Tripathi
2. The transliterated text of the Mdhyandina-Vjasaneyi-Sahit (mvs) is based on:
http://is1.mum.edu/vedicreserve//yajur_veda/shukla_yajur_veda.pdf
http://is1.mum.edu/vedicreserve//yajur_veda/Shukla_YajurVed-1.pdf (with doubling)
3. Padapha of the Mdhyandina-Vjasaneyi-Sahit (mvpp):
Mdhyandina-Sahit Padapha, edited by Yudhihira Mmsaka, 4th edition, 2012
4. ukla-Yajurveda-Prtikhya (=Vjasaneyi-Prtikhya)
http://peterffreund.com/Vedic_Literature/shukl_yajur_veda_pratishakhya.htm
http://is1.mum.edu/vedicreserve//pratishakhyas/shukla_yajur_veda_pratishakhya.pdf
Indische Studien, Vierter Band, 1858, Albrecht Weber, Seiten 65-160 & 177-331
5. Pratij Stra (a supplement to the Vjasaneyi-Prtikhya)
http://peterffreund.com/shiksha/pratijna_sutra.html
http://peterffreund.com/shiksha/pratijna_sutram.pdf
ber ein zum weissen Yajus gehriges phonetisches Compendium, das Pratijnstra Albrecht
Weber
6. Other iks: http://peterffreund.com/shiksha/shiksha.html
7. Abbreviations:
mvs mdhyandina-vjasaneyi-sahit
mvpp padapha of the mdhyandina-vjasaneyi-sahit
8. Last updated by Detlef Eichler : 28 February 2016