Ovary (botany)

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Longitudinal section of female flower of squash showing pistil (=ovary+style+stigma), ovules, and
petals. The petals and sepals are above the ovary; such a flower is said to have an inferior ovary,
or the flower is said to be epigynous.

Cross section of Tulip ovary

In the flowering plants, an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium.
Specifically, it is the part of the pistil which holds the ovule(s) and is located above or below or at the
point of connection with the base of the petals and sepals. The pistil may be made up of one carpel or of
several fused carpels (e.g. tricarpel), and therefore the ovary can contain part of one carpel or parts of
several fused carpels. Above the ovary is the style and the stigma, which is where the pollen lands and
germinates to grow down through the style to the ovary, and, for each individual pollen grain, to fertilize
one individual ovule. Some wind pollinated flowers have much reduced and modified ovaries.

Contents
[hide]

1Fruits

2Parts of the ovary

3Classification based on position

o

3.1Superior ovary

3.2Half-inferior ovary

3.3Inferior ovary

4See also

5References

Fruits[edit]
A fruit is the ripened ovary or ovariestogether with seedsfrom one or more flowers. The fruits of a
plant are responsible for dispersing the seeds that contain the embryo and protecting the seeds as well.
In many species, the fruit incorporates some surrounding tissues, or is dispersed with some non-fruit
tissues.

Parts of the ovary[edit]

Locules are chambers within the ovary of the flower and fruits. The locules contain the ovules (seeds),
and may or may not be filled with fruit flesh. Depending on the number of locules in the ovary, fruits can
be classified as uni-locular (unilocular), bi-locular, tri-locular or multi-locular. Some plants
have septa between the carpels; the number of locules present in a gynoecium may be equal to or less
than the number of carpels, depending on whether septa are present.
The ovules are attached to parts of the interior ovary walls called the placentae. Placental areas occur in
various positions, corresponding to various parts of the carpels that make up the ovary.
See Ovule#Location within the plant. An obturator is present in the ovary of some plants, near
the micropyle of each ovule. It is an outgrowth of the placenta, important in nourishing and
guiding pollen tubes to the micropyle.[1]
The ovary of some types of fruit is dehiscent; the ovary wall splits into sections called valves. There is no
standard correspondence between the valves and the position of the septa; the valves may separate by
splitting the septa (septicidal dehiscence) or by spitting between them (loculicidal dehiscence), or the
ovary may open in other ways such as through pores or because a cap falls off.

The syncarpous ovary of this melon is made up of four carpels, and has one locule.

The ovary of a fruit has split into valves.

The seeds in a tomato fruit grow from placental areas at the interior of the ovary. (This is axile
placentation in a bi-locular fruit.)

The placentae in Lunariaare along the margins of the fruit, where two carpels fuse. (This is
parietal placentation in a bi-locular fruit.)

The valves of Lunariafruit fall to reveal a septum that was between the two carpels of the
ovary.

Classification based on position[edit]

Ovary insertion: I superior II half-inferior III

inferior. a androecium g gynoecium p petals s sepals rreceptacle. The insertion point is where a, p,
and sconverge.
The terminology of the positions of ovaries is determined by the insertion point, where the other floral
parts (perianth and androecium) come together and attach to the surface of the ovary.[2] If the ovary is
situated above the insertion point, it is superior; if below, inferior.

Superior ovary[edit]
A superior ovary is an ovary attached to the receptacle above the attachment of other floral parts. A
superior ovary is found in types of fleshy fruits such as true berries, drupes, etc. A flower with this
arrangement is described as hypogynous. Examples of this ovary type include the legumes (beans and
peas and their relatives).

Half-inferior ovary[edit]
A half-inferior ovary (also known as half-superior, subinferior, or partially inferior,) is embedded or
surrounded by the receptacle.[3] This occurs in flowers of the Lythraceae family, which includes the Crape
Myrtles. Such flowers are termed perigynous or half-epigynous. In some classifications, half-inferior
ovaries are not recognized and are instead grouped with either the superior or inferior ovaries.
More specifically, a half-inferior ovary has nearly equal portions of ovary above and below the insertion
point. Other varying degrees of inferiority can be described by other fractions. For instance, a "one-fifth
inferior ovary" has approximately one fifth of its length under the insertion point. Likewise, only one
quarter portion of a "three-quarters inferior ovary" is above the insertion.

Inferior ovary[edit]
An inferior ovary lies below the attachment of other floral parts. A pome is a type of fleshy fruit that is
often cited as an example, but close inspection of some pomes (such as Pyracantha) will show that it is
really a half-inferior ovary. Flowers with inferior ovaries are termed epigynous. Some examples of
flowers with an inferior ovary are orchids (inferior capsule), Fuchsia (inferior berry), banana (inferior
berry), Asteraceae (inferior achene-like fruit, called a cypsela) and the pepo of the squash, melon and
gourd (Cucurbitaceae) family.

See also[edit]

Fruit anatomy

References[edit]
1.

Jump up^ Hickey, M.; King, C. (2001), The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of
Botanical Terms, Cambridge University Press

2.

Jump up^ Soltis, Douglas E.; Fishbein, Mark; Kuzoff, Robert K. (2003).
"Evolution of Epigyny". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 164 (S5): S251
S264. doi:10.1086/376876.

3.

Jump up^ Soltis, Douglas E.; Hufford, Larry (2002). "Ovary Position Diversity in
Saxifragaceae". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 163 (2): 277
293. doi:10.1086/324528.