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Project Work Additional Mathematics by NKS
Project Work Additional Mathematics by NKS
Work 4
Acknowledgement..................................................
Objectives...............................................................
Introduction ...........................................................
Part 1......................................................................
Part 2......................................................................
Part 3......................................................................
Further explorations...............................................
Reflections............................................................
Conclusion..............................................................
First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me the strength and health
to do this project work and finish it on time.
Then I would like to thank to my teacher, Mdm Fazilah for guiding me throughout
this project. Even I had some difficulties in doing this task, but she taught me patiently
until we knew what to do. She tried and tried to teach me until I understand what I’m
supposed to do with the project work.
Besides that, my friends who always supporting me. Even this project is
individually but we are cooperated doing this project especially in disscussion and
sharing ideas to ensure our task will finish completely.
Last but not least, any party which involved either directly or indirect in
completing this project work. Thank you everyone.
The aims of carrying out this project work are:
Statistics Today
Today the use of statistics has broadened far beyond its origins.
Individuals and organizations use statistics to understand data and make
informed decisions throughout the natural and social sciences, medicine,
business, and other areas. Statistics is generally regarded not as a subfield of
mathematics but rather as a distinct, albeit allied, field. Many universities
maintain separate mathematics and stati stics departments. Statistics is also
taught in departments as diverse as psychology, education, and public health.
Index Number
Index numbers are today one of the most widely used statistical indicators.
Generally used to indicate the state of the economy, index numbers are aptly
called ‘barometers of economic activity’. Index numbers are used in comparing
production, sales or changes exports or imports over a certain period of time.
The role-played by index numbers in Indian trade and industry is impossible to
ignore. It is a very well known fact that the wage contracts of workers in our
country are tied to the cost of living index numbers.
1. Price Index
The most frequently used form of index numbers is the price index. A price
index compares charges in price of edible oils. If an attempt is being made to
compare the prices of edible oils this year to the prices of edible oils last year, it
involves, firstly, a comparison of two price situations over time and secondly, the
heterogeneity of the edible oils given the various varieties of oils. By constructing
a price index number, we are summarizing the price movements of each type of
oil in this group of edible oils into a single number called the price index. The
Whole Price Index (WPI). Consumer Price Index (CPI) are some of the popularly
used price indices.
2. Quantity Index
A quantity index measures the changes in quantity from one period to
another. If in the above example, instead of the price of edible oils, we are
interested in the quantum of production of edible oils in those years, then we are
comparing quantities in two different years or over a period of time. It is the
quantity index that needs to be constructed here. The popular quantity index
used in this country and elsewhere is the index of industrial production (HP). The
index of industrial production measures the increase or decrease in the level of
industrial production in a given period compared to some base period.
3. Value Index
The value index is a combination index. It combines price and quantity
changes to present a more spatial comparison. The value index as such
measures changes in net monetary worth. Though the value index enables
comparison of value of a commodity in a year to the value of that commodity in a
base year, it has limited use. Usually value index is used in sales, inventories,
foreign trade, etc. Its limited use is owing to the inability of the value index to
distinguish the effects of price and quantity separately.
Index number Is a measure used to show the change of a certain quantity for a
stated period of time by choosing a specific time as the base year. In general an
index number is the comparison of a quantity at two different times and is
expressed as a percentage.
Q1
I= ×100
Q0
I = index number
Q 1 = quantity at specific time
Q
o = quantity at base time
The composite index is the weighted mean for all the items in a certain situation.
∑ Wᵢ Iᵢ
Ī = ∑ Wᵢ
Ī = Composite index
W = weightage
I = index number
The prices of good sold in shops are vary from one shop to another. Shoppers
tend to buy goods which are not only reasonably priced but also give value for their
money. I had carried out a survey on four different items based on the following
categories which is food, detergent and stationery. The survey was done in three
different shops. Informations below shows the results from my research.
Question (a)
Picture
Stationery
Food
Detergent
Question (b)
Data
Price (RM)
Category Item
Mydin Mall Embat Shop Si Comel
1.Self raising flour(500g) 2.00 2.50 2.10
2. Sugar(1000g) 1.80 1.90 1.85
Food
3. Butter (250g) 3.50 3.60 3.60
4. Eggs (Grade A) 8.20 8.50 8.40
Total price 15.50 16.50 15.95
1. Dishwash 1.80 2.00 1.95
Detergent 2. Softener 3.90 4.20 4.00
3. Floor cleaner 10.90 11.00 11.30
4. Powder D/gent 9.50 9.50 9.60
Total price 26.10 26.70 26.85
1. Eraser 0.80 0.80 0.70
Stationery 2. Marker 3.00 3.60 3.90
3. Pencil colour 5.50 5.40 5.30
4. Scissor 2.30 2.30 2.40
Total price 11.60 12.10 12.30
Detergent
12
10
Dishwash
8 Softener
Floor Cleaner
6 Powder D/gent
4
0
Mydin Mall Embat Shop Si Comel
customers as the people nowadays are very busy. Mydin Mall is a bigmall and it
provides many items that we need in our life. Eventhough Mydin Mall have to pay rent
for the place, but it not gives too much effects to the price of goods sold as it has many
buyers.
Si Comel and Embat Shop cannot offer the prices as Mydin Mall because they
are situated outside the urban area like Mydin Mall. So the population of the customer
will not be as many as customer in Mydin Mall. These shops get the supply for their
goods from Mydin Mall. Even they buy by bulk with Mydin Mall but their prices still will
be higher than Mydin Mall. The size of these shop also small and cannot provide too
much goods for their customers. They just sold basic needed for their customers. As
they not have too much customers, so the rent that they have to pay will influenced the
price of the goods sold.
As a conclusion, there are many factors that affect the price of the goods solds in
a shop. So, we must be a smart customer to ensure we can get the lowest price. The
graph below will show the conclusion of the difference among the shops based upon
the shops grand total.
58
57
56
55
Mydin Mall
54
Si Comel
Embat Shop
53
52
51
50
Grand Total
Question (e)
The item that has large price different among the shops is marker. Mydin Mall
sold it at RM 3.00, Si Comel sold it at RM3.90 while Embat Shop sold it at RM 3.60.
x́=
∑x
N
3+3.6+3.9
¿
3
¿ 3.5
σ =√ σ 2
Or
σ =√ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
( 3−3.5 )2 +(3.6−3.5)2+(3.9−3.5)2
¿
√ 3
¿0.3742
The difference of the price of the marker in these three shops is maybe due to the
price given by the supplier to the shops. Mydin Mall can sold it at lowest prices because the
demand of the buyers for the the item is high so it can buy by bulk with the supplier. So the
shop can get the special price. The demand of the item in Embat Shop and Si Comel are low.
This is because the customers are more interested to buy the stationery items in mall or
stationery shops as there are more options to choose. So Embat Shop and Si Comel cannot
buy by bulk the stationery items with their supplier.
Every year my school organises a carnival to raise funds for the school. This year
my school plans to install air conditioners in the school library. Last year, during the
carnival, my class made and sold butter cakes. Because of the popularity of butter
cakes, my class has decided to carry out the same project for this year’s carnival.
Question (a)
From the data in Part 1, I would go to Mydin Mall to purchase the ingredients for the
butter cakes. This is because Mydin Mall offers the lowest price among the shops for
the items I want to buy. So my class will able to sold the butter cakes at the low price
and get some profits form the sale. Futhermore, Mydin Mall is located not far from my
school. So it is easier to my friends and I to go there.
Question (b)
∑ Wᵢ Iᵢ
Ī = ∑ Wᵢ
=107.74
To calculate composite index firstly use the formula of composite index. Get the
value for the formula. Lets quantity per cake be as weightage, W. Obtain the price index
from the calculation in question (i). Then, calculate by using the calculator.
(iii)
On 2009, RM 15.00
On 2010, suitable price is :
x
×100=107.74 %
15
x × 100=107.74 × 15
1616.10
x=
100
x=16.20
Thus, the suitable price for the butter cake for the year 2010 is RM 16.20. The
increase in price is also suitable because of the rise in the price of the ingredients.
Question (c)
For common usage, air conditioner is rated according to horse power (1HP),
which is approximately 700W to 1000W of electrical power. It is suitable for a
room size 1000ft which is around 27m of volume. If we buy an air conditioner
with 3HP, it is suitable for a room around 81m.
(iii) My class intends to sponsor one air conditioner for the school library. The
calculation below is to find how many butter cakes we must sell in order to
buy the air conditioner.
Table 3
Composite Index
∑ Wᵢ Iᵢ
Ī = ∑ Wᵢ
115 ( 12 )+ 100 ( 5 )+115 ( 3 ) +100 (2 )+100 ( 6 )+115 ( 8 ) +130( 4)
=
(12+5+3+2+ 6+8+ 4)
4465
¿ =111.625
40
The total price for the year 2010 increase by 111.625%. This is because some price in
the year 2009 increased in the year 2010.
(c) The change in the composite index for the estimate budget for the carnival
from the year 2009 to the year 2010 is the same as the change from the year
2010 to the year 2011. Below are the calculation to determine the composite
index of the budget for the year 2011 based on the year 2009.
1
Í 2011 =111.625 ×111.625×
2009
100
Í 2011 =124.60
2009
AIR POLLUTION INDEX
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological
materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or
damages the natural environment into the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex
dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth.
Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat
to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
The Air Quality Index (AQI) (also known as the Air Pollution Index (API) or
Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) is a number used by government agencies to
characterize the quality of the air at a given location. As the AQI increases, an
increasingly large percentage of the population is likely to experience increasingly
severe adverse health effects. To compute the AQI requires an air pollutant
concentration from a monitor or model. The function used to convert from air pollutant
concentration to AQI varies by pollutant, and is different in different countries. Air
quality index values are divided into ranges, and each range is assigned a descriptor
and a color code. Standardized public health advisories are associated with each AQI
range. An agency might also encourage members of the public to take public
transportation or work from home when AQI levels are high.
Indices by location
South Korea
Malaysia
The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air Pollution Index. Four of
the index's pollutant components (i.e., carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide
and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported
in μg/m³.
Unlike the American AQI, the index number can exceed 500. Above 500, a state
of emergency is declared in the reporting area. Usually, this means that non-
essential government services are suspended, and all ports in the affected area
closed. There may also be a prohibition on private sector commercial and
industrial activities in the reporting area excluding the food sector.
Stock Market Index
A comparison of three major U.S. stock indices: the NASDAQ Composite, Dow Jones Industrial Average,
and S&P 500. All three have the same height at March 2007. Notice the large dot-com spike on the
NASDAQ, a result of the large number of tech. companies on that index.
A stock market index is a method of measuring a section of the stock
market. Many indices are cited by news or financial services firms and are used
as benchmarks, to measure the performance of portfolios such as mutual funds.
Types of indices
Index versions
Some indices, such as the S&P 500, have multiple versions. These
versions can differ based on how the index components are weighted and on
how dividends are accounted for. For example, there are three versions of the
S&P 500 index: price return, which only considers the price of the components,
total return, which accounts for dividend reinvestment, and net total return, which
accounts for dividend reinvestment after the deduction of a withholding tax. As
another example, the Wilshire 4500 and Wilshire 5000 indices have five versions
each: full capitalization total return, full capitalization price, float-adjusted total
return, float-adjusted price, and equal weight. The difference between the full
capitalization, float-adjusted, and equal weight versions is in how index
components are weighted.
measure the quality of air index and to detect any pollutants in our country’s
air.This is to ensure the air is clean and safe for us ti inhale.Besides that,an early
warning can be given to us if the air pollution is too high for us to get out of our
homes.This warning is given based upon readings and unterpretations of the air
index.
As for the stock market index, it is mainly for the business entrepreneurs.
This type of index is used to determine the outcome of a stock market and also
the conclusion of a stock market. The stock market index is important because a
Additional Mathematics...
From the day I born...
From the day I was able to holding pencil...
From the day I start learning...
And...
From the day I heard your name...
I always thought that you will be
my greatest obstacle and rival in
excelling in my life...
But after countless of hours...
Countless of days...
Countless of nights...
in daily life.It is not just widely used in markets but also in interpreting