Principal notation

w
5r
Gs
A

,'

=
q

Void ratio
Porosity
Specific volume
Water content (moisture content)
Degree of saturation
Specific gravity of soil grains
Air content
Unit weight (weight of unit volume)
Density (mass of unit volume)
Total and effective normal stress)
Shear stress
j
Pore pressure
!(J 4- 2 + 3) Mean normal stress
( - 3)

ko] + 3) )
\,
V For plane-strain conditions

=
e
s

c
c u, c a

A,
C C,C S
K{),K,d,Kp
Cv
Ut

Ncrte 1

(0,-03)/

Direct strain
Shear strain
(, 4- 2 + 3) Volumetric strain

\(
) (triaxial test), (! 3) (plane-strain)
Critical state friction constant
Angle of internal friction
Cohesion
Undrained shear strength, adhesion
Angle of wall friction
Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity)
Shear modulus
Poisson's ratio
Pore pressure parameters
Compression and swelling indices
Earth pressure coefficients
Coefficient of consolidation
Degree of consolidation


rav
F
Ns
m,
ru
N ,N ,N
i ,i ,i
c

Time factor for consolidation

Coefficient of volume change
Factor of safety
Stability number
Stability coefficients
Pore pressure ratio
Bearing capacity factors
Inclination factors for bearing capacity

Notes: 1. The normal suffixes used in stress analysis are employed

in this book:
x,y, co-ordinate directions
1,2,3 principal values
2. Other suffixes used, unless otherwise noted, have the
following meanings:
d
dry soil
sat. saturated soil
u
undrained
h
horizontal

vertical
a
active

passive

initial or surface value

f
value at failure
3. Notation for forces and geometrical properties is defined
in the text and figures.