11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

TimothyLeary
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TimothyFrancisLeary(October22,1920May31,
1996)wasanAmericanpsychologistandwriterknown
foradvocatingtheexplorationofthetherapeuticpotential
ofpsychedelicdrugsundercontrolledconditions.Leary
conductedexperimentsundertheHarvardPsilocybin
ProjectduringAmericanlegalityofLSDandpsilocybin,
resultingintheConcordPrisonExperimentandthe
MarshChapelExperiment.Leary'scolleague,Richard
Alpert(RamDass),wasfiredfromHarvardUniversityon
May27,1963forgivingpsilocybintoanundergraduate
student.LearywasplanningtoleaveHarvardwhenhis
teachingcontractexpiredinJune,thefollowingmonth.
Hewasfired,for"failuretokeepclassroom
appointments",withhispaydockedonApril30.[1]
LearybelievedthatLSDshowedpotentialfortherapeutic
useinpsychiatry.HeusedLSDhimselfanddevelopeda
philosophyofmindexpansionandpersonaltruththrough
LSD.[2][3]Hepopularizedcatchphrasesthatpromotedhis
philosophy,suchas"turnon,tunein,dropout","setand
setting",and"thinkforyourselfandquestionauthority".
Healsowroteandspokefrequentlyabouttranshumanist
conceptsinvolvingspacemigration,intelligenceincrease,
andlifeextension(SMILE),[4]anddevelopedtheeight
circuitmodelofconsciousnessinhisbookExo
Psychology(1977).Hegavelectures,occasionallybilling
himselfasa"performingphilosopher".[5]
Duringthe1960sand1970s,hewasarrestedoften
enoughtoseetheinsideof36differentprisons
worldwide.[6]PresidentRichardNixononcedescribed
Learyas"themostdangerousmaninAmerica".[7]

Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Earlylifeandeducation
Psychedelicexperimentsandexperiences
Legaltroubles
Lasttwodecades
Death
Influence
Inpopularculture
7.1 Infilm
7.2 Inmusic
8 Works
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

TimothyLeary

1989photo
Born

TimothyFrancisLeary
October22,1920
Springfield,Massachusetts,U.S.

Died

May31,1996(aged75)
LosAngeles,California,U.S.

Nationality American
Almamater

UniversityofAlabama (BA1945)
WashingtonStateUni. (MS1946)
Uni.ofCalifornia,Berkeley (PhD1950)

Occupation Psychologist,writer
Employer

Uni.ofCalifornia,Berkeley
KaiserFamilyFoundation
HarvardUniversity

Knownfor Psychedelictherapy
Spouse(s)

194555MarianneBusch
195657MaryDellaCioppa
196465NenavonSchlebrgge
196776RosemaryWoodruff
197892BarbaraChase

1/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

8 Works
9 Seealso
10 References
11 Externallinks

Earlylifeandeducation
LearywasborninSpringfield,Massachusetts,theonlychild[7]inanIrishCatholichousehold.Hisfather,Timothy
"Tote"Leary,wasadentistwholefthiswifeAbigailFerriswhenLearywas14.[8]HegraduatedfromClassical
HighSchoolinthewesternMassachusettscity.[9]
HeattendedtheCollegeoftheHolyCrossinWorcester,MassachusettsfromSeptember1938toJune1940.Under
pressurefromhisfather,hethenacceptedanappointmentasacadetintheUnitedStatesMilitaryAcademyatWest
Point,NewYork.Inthefirstmonthsasa"plebe",hewasgivennumerousdemeritsforruleinfractionsandthengot
intoserioustroubleforfailingtoreportinfractionsbyothercadetswhenonsupervisoryduty.Hewasallegedto
havegoneonadrinkingbingeandtohavefailedto"comeclean"aboutit.HewasaskedbytheHonorCommittee
toresignforviolatingtheAcademy'shonorcode.Herefusedandwas"silenced"thatis,shunnedandignoredby
hisfellowcadetsasatactictopressurehimtoresign.Hewasacquittedbyacourtmartial,butthesilencing
measurescontinuedinfullforce,aswellastheonslaughtofdemeritsforsmallruleinfractions.Thetreatment
continuedinhissophomoreyear,andhismotherappealedtoafamilyfriend,UnitedStatesSenatorDavidI.Walsh,
headoftheSenateNavalAffairsCommittee,whoconductedapersonalinvestigation.Behindthescenes,the
HonorCommitteereviseditspositionandannouncedthatitwouldabidebythecourtmartialverdict.Learythen
resignedandwashonorablydischargedbytheArmy.[10]Almost50yearslater,hesaidthatitwas"theonlyfair
trialI'vehadinacourtoflaw".[11]
Tothechagrinofhisfamily,LearyelectedtotransfertotheUniversityofAlabamainlate1941becauseofthe
institution'sexpeditiousresponsetohisapplication.Heenrolledintheuniversity'sROTCprogram,maintainedtop
grades,andbegantocultivateacademicinterestsinpsychology(undertheaegisoftheMiddleburyandHarvard
educatedDonaldRamsdell)andbiology,buthewasexpelledayearlaterforspendinganightinthefemale
dormitory,losinghisstudentdefermentinthemidstofWorldWarII.
LearywasdraftedintotheUnitedStatesArmyandreportedforbasictrainingatFortEustisinJanuary1943.He
remainedinthenoncommissionedtrackwhileenrolledinthepsychologysubsectionoftheArmySpecialized
TrainingProgram,includingthreemonthsofstudyatGeorgetownUniversityandsixmonthsatOhioState
University.[12]
Withnoexigentneedforofficersatthelatejunctureinthewar,Learywasbrieflyassignedasaprivatefirstclass
tothePacificWarbound2dCombatCargoGroup(whichhelatercharacterizedas"asuicidecommand...whose
mainmission,asfarasIcouldsee,wastoeliminatetheentirecivilianbranchofAmericanaviationfrompostwar
rivalry")atSyracuseArmyAirBaseinMattydale,NewYork.[13]AfterafatefulreunionwithRamsdell(whowas
assignedtoDeshonGeneralHospitalinButler,Pennsylvaniaaschiefpsychologist)inBuffalo,NewYork,hewas
promptlypromotedtocorporalandreassignedtohismentor'scommandasastaffpsychometrician.[14]He
remainedinDeshon'sdeafrehabilitationclinicfortheremainderofthewar.WhilestationedinButler,Learybegan
tocourtMarianneBuschtheymarriedinApril1945.Learywasformallydischargedattherankofsergeantin
January1946,havingearnedtheGoodConductMedal,theAmericanDefenseServiceMedal,theAmerican
CampaignMedal,andtheWorldWarIIVictoryMedal.[15]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

2/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

AfterretroactivesuspensionandeventualreinstatementattheUniversityofAlabama,heultimatelycompletedhis
degreeviacorrespondencecoursestogetherwithpsychologycreditsforhisworkatOhioStateandgraduatedon
23August1945.Followingtheresolutionofthewar,Learydecidedtopursueanacademiccareer.In1946he
receivedanM.S.degreeinpsychologyatWashingtonStateUniversity,wherehestudiedundernotededucational
psychologistLeeCronbach.HisM.S.thesiswasastudyoftheclinicalapplicationsoftheWechslerAdult
IntelligenceScale.[16]
In1947,Mariannegavebirthtotheirfirstchild,Susan.Ason,Jack,wasborntwoyearslater.In1950,Leary
receivedaPh.D.degreeinclinicalpsychologyfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.[17]Likemanysocial
scientistsofthepostwarepoch,Learywasgalvanizedbytheobjectivityofmodernphysicshisdoctoral
dissertation(TheSocialDimensionsofPersonality:GroupStructureandProcess)approachedgrouptherapyasa
"psychlotron"fromwhichbehavioralcharacteristicscouldbederivedandquantifiedinamanneranalogoustothe
periodictable,presaginghislaterdevelopmentoftheinterpersonalcircumplex.
ThenewPh.D.stayedonintheBayAreaasanassistantclinicalprofessorofmedicalpsychologyattheUniversity
ofCalifornia,SanFranciscoconcurrently,LearycofoundedKaiserHospital'spsychologydepartmentinOakland,
Californiaandmaintainedaprivateconsultancy.[18][19]In1952,theLearyfamilyspentayearinSpain,subsisting
onaresearchgrant.AccordingtoBerkeleycolleagueMarvFreedman,"Somethinghadbeenstirredinhiminterms
ofbreakingoutofbeinganothercoginsociety..."[20]
Despitehisnascentprofessionalsuccess,hismarriagewasstrainedbymultipleinfidelitiesandmutualalcohol
abuse.Marianneeventuallycommittedsuicidein1955,leavinghimtoraisetheirsonanddaughteralone.[7]He
describedhimselfduringthisperiodas"ananonymousinstitutionalemployeewhodrovetoworkeachmorningin
alonglineofcommutercarsanddrovehomeeachnightanddrankmartinis...likeseveralmillionmiddleclass,
liberal,intellectualrobots."[21][22]
From1954[19]or1955to1958,LearywasdirectorofpsychiatricresearchattheKaiserFamilyFoundation.[23]In
1957,Leary'sTheInterpersonalDiagnosisofPersonalitywaspublishedandwashailedasthe'mostimportant
bookonpsychotherapyoftheyear'bytheAnnualReviewofPsychology.[24]
FollowingtheterminationofhiscommodiousNationalInstituteofMentalHealthresearchgrant(precipitatedby
hisabsencefromameetingwithaNIMHinvestigator),LearyandhischildrenrelocatedtoEuropein1958,where
heattemptedtowritehisnextbookonpsychologywhilesubsistingonsmallgrantsandinsurancepolicies.[25][26]
HewasovercomebyindigenceduringanunproductivestayinFlorence,andreturnedtoacademiainlate1959asa
lecturerinclinicalpsychologyatHarvardUniversityatthebehestofFrankBarron(acolleaguefromBerkeley)
andDavidMcClelland.Duringthisperiod,heresidedwithhischildreninnearbyNewton,Massachusetts.In
additiontohisteachingduties,LearywasaffiliatedwiththeHarvardCenterforResearchinPersonalityunder
McClellandandoversawtheHarvardPsilocybinProjectandconcomitantexperimentsinconjunctionwith
assistantprofessorRichardAlpert.In1963,Learywasterminatedforfailingtogivehisscheduledclass
lectures,[27]whileheclaimedthathehadfulfilledhisteachingobligationsinfull.Thedecisiontodismisshimmay
havebeeninfluencedbyhisroleinthepopularityofpsychedelicsubstancesamongHarvardstudentsandfaculty
members,whichwerelegalatthetime.[28]
HisworkinacademicpsychologyexpandedontheresearchofHarryStackSullivanandKarenHorneyregarding
theimportanceofinterpersonalforcesinmentalhealth,focusingonhowunderstandinginterpersonalprocesses
mightfacilitatediagnosingdisordersandidentifyinghumanpersonalitypatterns.Leary'sdissertationresearch
culminatedinthedevelopmentofthecomplexandrespectedinterpersonalcircumplexmodel,publishedinThe
InterpersonalDiagnosisofPersonality,[29]demonstratinghowpsychologistscouldmethodicallyuseMinnesota
MultiphasicPersonalityInventory(MMPI)scorestopredictrespondents'interpersonalresponsecharacteristics,or
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

3/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

waysthattheymightrespondtovariousinterpersonalsituations.Additionally,LauraMansnerushascitedLeary's
researchasanimportantharbingeroftransactionalanalysis,directlyprefiguringthepopularworkofEric
Berne.[30]

Psychedelicexperimentsandexperiences
OnMay13,1957,LifemagazinepublishedanarticlebyR.GordonWasson
thatdocumentedtheuseofpsilocybinmushroomsinreligiousritesofthe
indigenousMazatecpeopleofMexico.[31]AnthonyRusso,acolleagueof
Leary's,hadexperimentedwithpsychedelic(orentheogenic)Psilocybe
mexicanamushroomsonatriptoMexicoandtoldLearyaboutit.In
August1960,[32]LearytraveledtoCuernavaca,MexicowithRussoand
consumedpsilocybinmushroomsforthefirsttime,anexperiencethat
drasticallyalteredthecourseofhislife.[33]In1965,Learycommentedthat
hehad"learnedmoreabout...(his)brainanditspossibilities...[and]more
aboutpsychologyinthefivehoursaftertakingthesemushroomsthan...in
thepreceding15yearsofstudyinganddoingresearchinpsychology."[33]

LearyattheStateUniversityofNew
YorkatBuffaloduringalecturetour
in1969.

LearyreturnedfromMexicotoHarvardin1960,andheandhisassociates(notablyRichardAlpert,laterknownas
RamDass)beganaresearchprogramknownastheHarvardPsilocybinProject.Thegoalwastoanalyzetheeffects
ofpsilocybinonhumansubjects(firstprisoners,andlaterAndoverNewtonTheologicalSeminarystudents)froma
synthesizedversionofthedrug(whichwaslegalatthetime),oneoftwoactivecompoundsfoundinawidevariety
ofhallucinogenicmushrooms,includingPsilocybemexicana.Thecompoundinquestionwasproducedbya
processdevelopedbyAlbertHofmannofSandozPharmaceuticals,whowasfamousforsynthesizingLSD.[34]
BeatpoetAllenGinsbergheardabouttheHarvardresearchprojectandaskedtojointheexperiments.Learywas
inspiredbyGinsberg'senthusiasm,andthetwosharedanoptimisminthebenefitofpsychedelicsubstancestohelp
people"turnon"(i.e.,discoverahigherlevelofconsciousness).Togethertheybeganacampaignofintroducing
intellectualsandartiststopsychedelics.[35]
Learyarguedthatpsychedelicsubstancesinproperdoses,inastablesetting,andundertheguidanceof
psychologistscouldalterbehaviorinbeneficialwaysnoteasilyattainablethroughregulartherapy.Hisresearch
focusedontreatingalcoholismandreformingcriminals.Manyofhisresearchsubjectstoldofprofoundmystical
andspiritualexperienceswhichtheysaidpermanentlyandpositivelyalteredtheirlives.[36]
TheConcordPrisonExperimentwasdesignedtoevaluatetheeffectsofpsilocybincombinedwithpsychotherapy
onrehabilitationofreleasedprisoners,afterbeingguidedthroughthepsychedelicexperience,or"trips,"byLeary
andhisassociates.Thirtysixprisonerswerereportedtohaverepentedandsworntogiveupfuturecriminal
activity.Theaveragerecidivismratewas60percentforAmericanprisonersingeneral,whereastherecidivismrate
forthoseinvolvedinLeary'sprojectdroppedto20percent.Theexperimentersconcludedthatlongtermreduction
inoverallcriminalrecidivismratescouldbeeffectedwithacombinationofpsilocybinassistedgroup
psychotherapy(insidetheprison)alongwithacomprehensivepostreleasefollowupsupportprogrammodeledon
AlcoholicsAnonymous.[37][38]
Theseconclusionswerelatercontestedinafollowupstudyonthebasisoftimedifferencesmonitoringthestudy
groupvs.thecontrolgroup,anddifferencesbetweensubjectsreincarceratedforparoleviolationsandthose
imprisonedfornewcrimes.Theresearchersconcludedthatstatisticallyonlyaslightimprovementcouldbe
attributedtopsilocybinincontrasttothesignificantimprovementreportedbyLearyandhiscolleagues.[39]Rick
DoblinsuggestedthatLearyhadfallenpreytotheHaloEffect,skewingtheresultsandclinicalconclusions.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

4/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

DoblinfurtheraccusedLearyoflacking"ahigherstandard"or"highest
ethicalstandardsinordertoregainthetrustofregulators".RalphMetzner
rebukedDoblinfortheseassertions:"Inmyopinion,theexistingaccepted
standardsofhonestyandtruthfulnessareperfectlyadequate.Wehavethose
standards,nottocurryfavorwithregulators,butbecauseitistheagreement
withinthescientificcommunitythatobservationsshouldbereported
accuratelyandcompletely.Thereisnoproofinanyofthisreanalysisthat
Learyunethicallymanipulatedhisdata."[40][41]
TimothyLeary,family,andbandat
theStateUniversityofNewYorkat
BuffaloduringLeary's1969lecture
tour.

LearyandAlpertfoundedtheInternationalFederationforInternalFreedom
in1962inCambridge,Massachusetts.[42]ThiswasrunbyLisaBieberman
(nowknownasLiciaKuenning),[43]afriendofLeary.[44]TheHarvard
Crimsondescribedherasa'disciple'.[45]Theirresearchattractedsomuch
publicattentionthatmanywhowantedtoparticipateintheexperimentshadtobeturnedawayduetothehigh
demand.Tosatisfythecuriosityofthosewhowereturnedaway,ablackmarketforpsychedelicssprangupnear
theHarvardcampus.[46]
AccordingtoAndrewWeil,Learywasfiredfornotgivinghisrequiredlectures,whileAlpertwasfiredfor
allegedlygivingpsilocybintoanundergraduateinanoffcampusapartment.[46][47]Thisversionissupportedbythe
wordsofHarvardUniversitypresidentNathanMarshPusey,whoreleasedthefollowingstatementonMay27,
1963:
OnMay6,1963,theHarvardCorporationvoted,becauseTimothyF.Leary,lectureronclinical
psychology,hasfailedtokeephisclassroomappointmentsandhasabsentedhimselffromCambridge
withoutpermission,torelievehimfromfurtherteachingdutyandtoterminatehissalaryasofApril
30,1963.[27]
In1967,LearyengagedinateleviseddebatewithJerryLettvinofMIT.[48]Leary'sactivitiesinterestedsiblings
Peggy,Billy,andTommyHitchcock,heirstotheMellonfortune,whohelpedLearyandhisassociatesacquirea
ramblingmansionin1963onanestateinMillbrook(nearPoughkeepsie,thesiteofVassarCollege),wherethey
continuedtheirexperiments.Learylaterwrote:
Wesawourselvesasanthropologistsfromthe21stcenturyinhabitingatimemodulesetsomewherein
thedarkagesofthe1960s.Onthisspacecolonywewereattemptingtocreateanewpaganismanda
newdedicationtolifeasart.[49]
TheMillbrookestatewaslaterdescribedbyLucSanteofTheNewYorkTimesas:
theheadquartersofLearyandgangforthebetterpartoffiveyears,aperiodfilledwithendlessparties,
epiphaniesandbreakdowns,emotionaldramasofallsizes,andnumerousraidsandarrests,manyof
themonflimsychargesconcoctedbythelocalassistantdistrictattorney,G.GordonLiddy.[50]
OtherscontestthischaracterizationoftheMillbrookestate.Forinstance,inTheElectricKoolAidAcidTest,Tom
WolfeportraysLearyasinterestedonlyinresearchandnotinusingpsychedelicsmerelyforrecreationalpurposes.
Accordingto"TheCryptTrip"chapterofWolfe'sbook,KenKesey'sMerryPrankstersvisitedtheresidence,and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

5/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

receivedafrostyreception.[51]Learyhimselfhadfluontheirarrivalandwasn'tabletoplayhost.[52]Helatermet
KenKeseyandKenBabbsquietlyinhisroomandpromisedtoremainalliesintheyearsahead.[53]
In1964,LearycoauthoredabookwithAlpertandRalphMetznercalledThePsychedelicExperiencebasedonthe
TibetanBookoftheDead.Init,theywrote:
Apsychedelicexperienceisajourneytonewrealmsofconsciousness.Thescopeandcontentofthe
experienceislimitless,butitscharacteristicfeaturesarethetranscendenceofverbalconcepts,of
spacetimedimensions,andoftheegooridentity.Suchexperiencesofenlargedconsciousnesscan
occurinavarietyofways:sensorydeprivation,yogaexercises,disciplinedmeditation,religiousor
aestheticecstasies,orspontaneously.Mostrecentlytheyhavebecomeavailabletoanyonethroughthe
ingestionofpsychedelicdrugssuchasLSD,psilocybin,mescaline,DMT,etc.Ofcourse,thedrug
doesnotproducethetranscendentexperience.Itmerelyactsasachemicalkeyitopensthemind,
freesthenervoussystemofitsordinarypatternsandstructures.[54]
RepeatedFBIraidsendedtheMillbrookera.LearytoldauthorandPranksterPaulKrassnerregardinga1966raid
byLiddy,"Hewasagovernmentagententeringourbedroomatmidnight.Wehadeveryrighttoshoothim.But
I'veneverownedaweaponinmylife.Ihaveneverhadandneverwillhaveagunaround."[55]
InSeptember1966,LearygaveaninterviewtoPlayboymagazinethatbecamefamous.Intheinterview,Leary
claimed,amongotherthings,thatLSDcouldbeusedtocurehomosexuality,tellingastoryaboutalesbianwho,
accordingtohim,becameheterosexualafterusingthedrug.[56][57]Helaterchangedthisviewtoamoreliberal
stancesuggestingthathomosexualitywasnotanillnessinneedofacure.[58]
By1966,recreationaldruguse,particularlyofsocalledpsychedelicdrugs,amongAmerica'syouthhadreached
suchproportionsthatseriousconcernsaboutthenatureofthesedrugsandtheimpacttheirusewashavingon
Americanculturewereexpressedinthenationalpressandhallsofgovernment.Inresponsetotheseconcerns,
SenatorThomasDoddofConnecticutconvenedSenatesubcommitteehearingsinordertotrytobetterunderstand
thedrugusephenomenon,eventuallywiththeintentionof"stampingout"suchusagethroughthecriminalizingof
thesedrugs.Learywasoneofseveralexpertwitnessescalledtotestifyatthesehearings.Inhistestimony,Leary
assertedthat"thechallengeofthepsychedelicchemicalsisnotjusthowtocontrolthem,buthowtousethem."[59]
Heimploredthesubcommitteenottocriminalizepsychedelicdruguse,whichhefeltwouldonlyserveto
exponentiallyincreaseitsusageamongAmerica'syouthwhileremovingthesafeguardsthatcontrolled"setand
setting"provided.WhensubcommitteememberSenatorTedKennedyofMassachusettsaskedLearyifLSDusage
was"extremelydangerous,"Learyreplied,"Sir,themotorcarisdangerousifusedimproperly...Humanstupidity
andignoranceistheonlydangerhumanbeingsfaceinthisworld."[60]Toconcludehistestimony,Learysuggested
thatlegislationbeenactedthatwouldrequireLSDuserstobeadultswhowerecompetentlytrainedandlicensed,
sothatsuchindividualscoulduseLSD"forseriouspurposes,suchasspiritualgrowth,pursuitofknowledge,or
theirownpersonaldevelopment."[61]Heprescientlynotedthatwithoutsuchlicensing,theUnitedStateswouldbe
facedwith"anothereraofprohibition."[62]Leary'stestimonyprovedineffectiveonOctober6,1966,justmonths
afterthesubcommitteehearings,LSDwasbannedinCalifornia,andbyOctober1968LSDwasbannedinall
statesasaresultofthepassageoftheStaggersDoddBill.[63]
OnSeptember19,1966,LearyfoundedtheLeagueforSpiritualDiscovery,areligiondeclaringLSDasitsholy
sacrament,inpartasanunsuccessfulattempttomaintainlegalstatusfortheuseofLSDandotherpsychedelicsfor
thereligion'sadherents,basedona"freedomofreligion"argument.(TheBrotherhoodofEternalLove
subsequentlyconsideredLearytheirspiritualleader,butTheBrotherhooddidnotdevelopoutofInternational
FederationforInternalFreedom.)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

6/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

In1966,FolkwaysRecordsrecordedLearyreadingfromhisbookThePsychedelicExperience,andreleasedthe
albumThePsychedelicExperience:ReadingsfromtheBook"ThePsychedelicExperience.AManualBasedonthe
Tibetan...".[64]
Duringlate1966andearly1967,Learytouredcollegecampusespresentingamultimediaperformanceentitled
"TheDeathoftheMind",attemptinganartisticreplicationoftheLSDexperience.HesaidthattheLeaguefor
SpiritualDiscoverywaslimitedto360membersandwasalreadyatitsmembershiplimit,butheencouragedothers
toformtheirownpsychedelicreligions.Hepublishedapamphletin1967calledStartYourOwnReligionto
encouragejustthat(seebelowunder"Works").
LearywasinvitedtoattendtheJanuary14,1967HumanBeInbyMichaelBowen,theprimaryorganizerofthe
event,[65]agatheringof30,000hippiesinSanFrancisco'sGoldenGatePark.Inspeakingtothegroup,Leary
coinedthefamousphrase"Turnon,tunein,dropout".Ina1988interviewwithNeilStrauss,hesaidthatthis
sloganwas"giventohim"byMarshallMcLuhanwhenthetwohadlunchinNewYorkCity,adding,"Marshall
wasverymuchinterestedinideasandmarketing,andhestartedsingingsomethinglike,'Psychedelicshitthespot/
Fivehundredmicrograms,that'salot,'tothetuneof[thewellknownPepsi1950ssingingcommercial].Thenhe
startedgoing,'Tunein,turnon,anddropout.'"[66]
Atsomepointinthelate1960s,LearymovedtoCaliforniaandmademanynewfriendsinHollywood."Whenhe
marriedhisthirdwife,RosemaryWoodruff,in1967,theeventwasdirectedbyTedMarklandofBonanza.Allthe
guestswereonacid."[7]
Inthelate1960sandearly1970s,Learyformulatedhiseightcircuitmodelofconsciousnessincollaborationwith
writerBrianBarritt,inwhichhewrotethatthehumanmindandnervoussystemconsistedofsevencircuitswhich
producesevenlevelsofconsciousnesswhenactivated.Thismodelwasfirstpublishedinhisshortessay"The
SevenTonguesofGod".Thesystemwassoonexpandedtoincludeaneighthcircuitinarevisedversionfirst
publishedinthe1973pamphlet"Neurologic",writtenwithJoannaLearywhilehewasinprison.Thiseighth
circuitideawasnotexhaustivelyformulateduntilthepublicationofExoPsychologybyLearyandRobertAnton
Wilson'sCosmicTriggerin1977.WilsoncontributedtothemodelafterbefriendingLearyintheearly1970s,and
useditasaframeworkforfurtherexpositioninhisbookPrometheusRising,amongotherworks.[67]
Learybelievedthatthefirstfourofthesecircuits("theLarvalCircuits"or"TerrestrialCircuits")arenaturally
accessedbymostpeopleintheirlifetimes,triggeredatnaturaltransitionpointsinlifesuchaspuberty.Thesecond
fourcircuits("theStellarCircuits"or"ExtraTerrestrialCircuits"),Learywrote,were"evolutionaryoffshoots"of
thefirstfourthatwouldbetriggeredattransitionpointswhichhumansmightacquireiftheyevolve.Thesecircuits,
accordingtoLeary,wouldequiphumanstoencompasslifeinspace,aswellastheexpansionofconsciousnessthat
wouldbenecessarytomakefurtherscientificandsocialprogress.Learysuggestedthatsomepeoplemay"shiftto
thelatterfourgears",i.e.,triggerthesecircuitsartificiallyviaconsciousnessalteringtechniquessuchasmeditation
andspiritualendeavorssuchasyoga,orbytakingpsychedelicdrugsspecifictoeachcircuit.Thefeelingof
floatinganduninhibitedmotionexperiencedbyusersofmarijuanaisonethingthatLearycitedasevidenceforthe
purposeofthe"higher"fourcircuits.Intheeightcircuitmodelofconsciousness,aprimarytheoreticalfunctionof
thefifthcircuit(thefirstofthefour,accordingtoLeary,developedforlifeinouterspace)istoallowhumansto
becomeaccustomedtolifeinazeroorlowgravityenvironment.

Legaltroubles
Leary'sfirstruninwiththelawcameonDecember20,1965.Learydecidedtotakehistwochildren,Jackand
Susan,andhisgirlfriendRosemaryWoodrufftoMexicoforanextendedstaytowriteabook.Ontheirreturnfrom
MexicototheUnitedStates,aUSCustomsServiceofficialfoundmarijuanainSusan'sunderwear.Theyhad
crossedintoNuevoLaredo,Mexicointhelateafternoonanddiscoveredthattheywouldhavetowaituntil
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

7/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

morningfortheappropriatevisaforanextendedstay.Theydecidedtocrossbackinto
Texastospendthenight,andwereontheUSMexicobridgewhenRosemary
rememberedthatshehadasmallamountofmarijuanainherpossession.Itwas
impossibletothrowitoutonthebridge,soSusanputitinherunderwear.[68]After
takingresponsibilityforthecontrolledsubstance,Learywasconvictedofpossession
undertheMarihuanaTaxActof1937onMarch11,1966,sentencedto30yearsin
prison,fined$30,000,andorderedtoundergopsychiatrictreatment.Heappealedthe
caseonthebasisthattheMarihuanaTaxActwas,infact,unconstitutional,asit
requiredadegreeofselfincriminationinblatantviolationoftheFifthAmendment.

BNDDagentsDon
Strange(right)and
HowardSafir(left)
arrestLearyin1972.

OnDecember26,1968,LearywasarrestedagaininLagunaBeach,California,this
timeforthepossessionoftwomarijuana"roaches".Learyallegedthattheywere
plantedbythearrestingofficer,butwasconvictedofthecrime.OnMay19,1969,The
SupremeCourtconcurredwithLearyinLearyv.UnitedStates,declaredthe
MarihuanaTaxActunconstitutional,andoverturnedhis1965conviction.[69]

Onthatsameday,LearyannouncedhiscandidacyforGovernorofCaliforniaagainst
theRepublicanincumbent,RonaldReagan.Hiscampaignsloganwas"Cometogether,
jointheparty."OnJune1,1969,LearyjoinedJohnLennonandYokoOnoattheirMontrealBedIn,andLennon
subsequentlywroteLearyacampaignsongcalled"ComeTogether".[70]
OnJanuary21,1970,Learyreceiveda10yearsentenceforhis1968offense,withafurther10addedlaterwhilein
custodyforapriorarrestin1965,foratotalof20yearstobeservedconsecutively.Onhisarrivalinprison,hewas
givenpsychologicaltestsusedtoassigninmatestoappropriateworkdetails.Havingdesignedsomeofthesetests
himself(includingthe"LearyInterpersonalBehaviorTest"),Learyansweredtheminsuchawaythatheseemedto
beaveryconforming,conventionalpersonwithagreatinterestinforestryandgardening.[71]Asaresult,hewas
assignedtoworkasagardenerinalowersecurityprisonfromwhichheescapedinSeptember1970,sayingthat
hisnonviolentescapewasahumorousprankandleavingachallengingnotefortheauthoritiestofindafterhewas
gone.
Forafeeof$25,000,paidbyTheBrotherhoodofEternalLove,theWeathermensmuggledLearyoutofprisonina
pickuptruckdrivenbyClaytonVanLydegraf.[72]ThetruckmetLearyafterhe'descapedovertheprisonwallby
climbingalongatelephonewire.TheWeathermenthenhelpedbothLearyandRosemaryoutoftheUS(and
eventuallyintoAlgeria)[73]HesoughtthepatronageofEldridgeCleaverandtheremnantsoftheBlackPanther
Party's"governmentinexile"inAlgeria,butafterashortstaywiththemsaidthatCleaverhadattemptedtohold
himandhiswifehostage.[74]
In1971,thecouplefledtoSwitzerland,wheretheywereshelteredandeffectivelyimprisonedbyahighliving
armsdealer,MichelHauchard,whoclaimedhehadan"obligationasagentlemantoprotectphilosophers"
Hauchardintendedtobrokerasurreptitiousfilmdeal.[50]In1972,PresidentRichardNixon'sattorneygeneral,John
Mitchell,persuadedtheSwissgovernmenttoimprisonLeary,whichitdidforamonthbutrefusedtoextraditehim
totheUnitedStates.
LearyandRosemaryseparatedlaterthatyear.Shortlythereafter,hebecameinvolvedwithSwissbornBritish
socialiteJoannaHarcourtSmith,astepdaughteroffinancierrpdPlesch.Thecouple"married"inahotelunder
theinfluenceofcocaineandLSDtwoweeksaftertheywerefirstintroduced,andHarcourtSmithwouldusehis
surnameuntiltheirbreakupinearly1977.TheytraveledtoVienna,thenBeirut,andfinallyendedupinKabul,
Afghanistanin1972accordingtoLucSante,"AfghanistanhadnoextraditiontreatywiththeUnitedStates,but
thisstricturedidnotapplytoAmericanairliners."[50]ThatinterpretationofthelawwasusedbyAmerican
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

8/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

authoritiestointerdictthefugitive."BeforeLearycoulddeplane,hewasarrestedbyanagentofthefederalBureau
ofNarcoticsandDangerousDrugs."[50]LearyassertedadifferentstoryonappealbeforetheCaliforniaCourtof
AppealfortheSecondDistrict,namely:[75]
HetestifiedfurtherthathehadavalidpassportinKabulandthatitwasconfiscatedwhilehewasina
lineattheAmericanEmbassyinKabulafewdayspriortothedaywhenheboardedtheairplaneafter
hispassportwasconfiscated,hewastakento"CentralPoliceHeadquarters"hedidnotattemptto
contacttheAmericanEmbassytheKabulpoliceheldhimincustodyandtookhimtoa"policehotel".
ThecousinoftheKingofAfghanistancametoseehimandtoldhimthatitwasanationalholiday,that
theKingandtheofficialswereoutofKabul,andthathe(thecousin)wouldgetalawyerandseethat
Leary"hadahearing".OnthemorningtheairplaneleftKabul,officialsofAfghanistantoldhimhe
wastoleaveAfghanistan.Learyrepliedhewouldnotleavewithoutahearinganduntilhegothis
passportbacktheysaidtheAmericanshadhispassport,andhewastakentotheairplane.
AtastopoverintheUK,asLearywasbeingflownbacktotheUSincustody,herequestedpoliticalasylumfrom
HerMajesty'sgovernmenttonoavail.BackinAmerica,hewasheldonfivemilliondollarsbail($21.5mil.in
2006)sinceNixonhadearlierlabeledhimas"themostdangerousmaninAmerica."[7]Thejudgeathisremand
hearingstated,"Ifheisallowedtotravelfreely,hewillspeakpubliclyandspreadhisideas,"[76]Facingatotalof
95yearsinprison,LearyhiredcriminaldefenseattorneyBruceMargolin.HewassenttoFolsomPrisonin
California,andputinsolitaryconfinement.[77]
LearyfeignedcooperationwiththeFBI'sinvestigationoftheWeathermenanditsradicalattorneysbygivingthem
informationtheyalreadyhadand/oroflittleconsequenceinresponse,theFBIgavehimthecodename"Charlie
Thrush".[78]Learywouldlaterclaim,andmembersoftheWeathermenwouldlatersupporthisclaim,thatnoone
waseverprosecutedbasedonanyinformationhegavetotheFBI.
TheWeatherUnderground,theradicalleftorganizationresponsibleforhisescape,wasnotimpacted
byhistestimony.HistorieswrittenabouttheWeatherUndergroundusuallymentiontheLearychapter
intermsoftheescapeforwhichtheyproudlytookcredit.LearysentinformationtotheWeather
UndergroundthroughasympatheticprisonerthathewasconsideringmakingadealwiththeFBIand
waitedfortheirapproval.Thereturnmessagewas,"Weunderstand."[79]
WhileinprisonLearywassuedbytheparentsofVernonPowellCoxwhojumpedfromthethirdstorywindowof
aBerkeleyapartmentwhileundertheinfluenceofLSD.Coxhadtakenthedrugafterattendingalectureinfavor
ofLSDusegivenbyLeary.Unabletobepresentduetohisincarcerationandotherwiseunabletoarrangefor
representation,adefaultjudgementwasenteredagainstLearyintheamountof$100,000.[80]
Learyremainedaproductivewriterinprison,sowingtheseedsforhisincarnationasafuturistlecturerwiththe
StarSeedSeries.InStarseed(1973),Neurologic(1973),andTerraII:AWayOut(1974),Learytransitionedfrom
EasternphilosophyandAleisterCrowleytoabeliefthatouterspacewasamediumforspiritualtranscendenceas
hisprincipalframeofreference.Neurologicalsoaddedtheideaof"timedilation/contraction"availabletothe
activatedbrainthroughthecellular,DNA,oratomiclevelofreality.TerraIImadeaproposalforspace
colonization.LearylaterwroteExoPsychology,NeuropoliticsandIntelligenceAgents.

Lasttwodecades
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

9/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

LearywasreleasedfromprisononApril21,1976byGovernorJerryBrown.AfterbrieflyrelocatingtoSanDiego,
hetookupresidenceinLaurelCanyonandcontinuedtowritebooksandappearasalecturerand(byhisown
terminology)"standupphilosopher".[81]In1978hemarriedfilmmakerBarbaraBlum,alsoknownasBarbara
Chase,sisterofactressTanyaRoberts.LearyadoptedBlum'ssonZacharyandraisedhimashisown.Duringthis
period,Learytookonseveralgodchildren,includingactressWinonaRyder(thedaughterofhisarchivist,Michael
Horowitz)andcurrentMITMediaLabdirectorJoiIto.[82][83]
LearybegantofosteranimprobablefriendshipwithformerfoeG.GordonLiddy,theWatergateburglarand
conservativeradiotalkshowhost.Theytouredthelecturecircuitin1982asexcons(Liddyhavingbeen
imprisonedafterhighlevelinvolvementintheWatergatescandal)debatingdifferentsocialandfiscalissuesfrom
gayrightsandabortiontowelfareandtheenvironment,withLearygenerallyespousingleftwingviewsandLiddy
continuingtoconformtoarightwingstance.Thetourgeneratedmassivepublicityandconsiderablefundsfor
both.Thepersonalappearances,asuccessfuldocumentarycalledReturnEngagementchroniclingthetour,andthe
concurrentreleaseoftheautobiographyFlashbackshelpedtoreturnLearytothespotlight.In1988,Learyhelda
fundraiserforLibertarianpresidentialcandidateRonPaul.[84][85]
WhilehisstatedambitionwastocrossovertothemainstreamasaHollywoodpersonalitythroughproposed
adaptationsofFlashbacksandotherprojects,reluctantstudiosandsponsorsensuredthatitwouldneveroccur.
Nonetheless,hisextensivetouringonthelecturecircuitensuredhimaverycomfortablelifestylebythemid1980s,
whilehiscolorfulpastmadehimadesirableguestatAlistpartiesthroughoutthedecade.Healsoattractedamore
intellectualcrowdincludingoldconfederateRobertAntonWilson,sciencefictionwritersWilliamGibsonand
NormanSpinrad,androckmusiciansDavidByrneandJohnFrusciante.Inaddition,heappearedinJohnnyDepp's
andGibbyHaynes'1994filmStuff,whichshowedFrusciante'ssqualidlivingconditionsatthattime.[86]
Whilehecontinuedhisfrequentdruguseprivatelyratherthanevangelizingandproselytizingtheuseof
psychedelicsashehadinthe1960s,thelatterdayLearyemphasizedtheimportanceofspacecolonizationandan
ensuingextensionofthehumanlifespanwhilealsoprovidingadetailedexplanationoftheeightcircuitmodelof
consciousnessinbookssuchasInfoPsychology,amongseveralothers.Headoptedtheacronym"SMILE"asa
succinctsummaryofhispretranshumanistagenda:SM(SpaceMigration)+I(intelligenceincrease)+LE(Life
extension),[87]andcreditedtheL5SocietycofounderKeithHensonwithhelpingdevelophisinterestinspace
migration.
Leary'scolonizationplanvariedgreatlythroughtheyears.Accordingtohis
initialplantoleavetheplanet,5,000ofEarth'smostvirileandintelligent
individualswouldbelaunchedonavessel(Starseed1)equippedwith
luxuriousamenities.ThisideawasinspiredbytheplotlineofPaul
Kantner'sconceptalbumBlowsAgainstTheEmpire,whichinturnwas
derivedfromRobertA.Heinlein'sLazarusLongseries.WhilstinFolsom
Prisoninthewinterof197576LearyhadbecomeenamouredbyGerard
O'Neill'segalitarianplanstoconstructgiantEdenlikeHighOrbitalMini
Earths(documentedintheRobertAntonWilsonlectureH.O.M.E.son
LaGrange)usingexistingtechnologyandrawmaterialsfromtheMoon,
orbitalrockandobsoletesatellites.[88]

AllenGinsberg,TimothyLearyand
JohnC.Lillyin1991.

Inthe1980s,Learybecamefascinatedbycomputers,theInternet,and
virtualreality.Learyproclaimedthat"thePCistheLSDofthe1990s"and
admonishedbohemiansto"turnon,bootup,jackin".[89][90]Hebecameapromoterofvirtualrealitysystems,[91]
andsometimesdemonstratedaprototypeoftheMattelPowerGloveaspartofhislectures(asinFrom
PsychedelicstoCybernetics).AroundthistimehebefriendedanumberofnotablepeopleinthefieldsuchasJaron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

10/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

Lanier[92]andBrendaLaurel,apioneeringresearcherinvirtualenvironmentsandhumancomputerinteraction.
Withtheriseofcyberdeliccounterculture,heservedasconsultanttoBillyIdolintheproductionofthelatter's
1993albumCyberpunk.[93]
In1990,hisdaughterSusan,aged42,wasarrestedinLosAngelesforfiringabulletintoherboyfriend'sheadashe
slept.Twiceshewasruledmentallyunfittostandtrial.Whileinjail,afteryearsofmentalinstability,she
committedsuicidebytyingashoelacearoundherneckandhangingherself.[94][95][96]Afterhisseparationand
subsequentdivorcefromBarbarain1992,heensconcedhimselfinacircleofartistsandculturalfigures
encompassingfiguresasdiverseasactorsJohnnyDepp,SusanSarandonandDanAykroydZachLearyhis
grandsonAshleyMartinoandhisgranddaughtersDieadraMartinoandSaraBrownauthorDouglasRushkoff
publisherBobGuccione,Jr.andgoddaughtersRyderandartist/musicphotographerHilaryHulteen.Despite
declininghealth,hemaintainedaregularscheduleofpublicappearancesthrough1994.[97]Inthesameyearhewas
honoredatasymposiumoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.[98]
From1989on,Learyhadbeguntoreestablishhisconnectiontounconventionalreligiousmovementswithan
interestinalteredstatesofconsciousness.In1989,heappearedwithfriendandbookcollaboratorRobertAnton
WilsoninadialogentitledTheInnerFrontierfortheAssociationforConsciousnessExploration,aCleveland
basedgroupthathadbeenresponsibleforhisfirstCleveland,Ohioappearancein1979.Afterthat,heappearedat
theStarwoodFestival,amajorNeoPaganeventrunbyACE,in1992and1993[99](althoughhisplanned1994
WinterStarSymposiumappearancewascancelledduetohisdeclininghealth).InfrontofhundredsofNeoPagans
in1992hedeclared,"Ihavealwaysconsideredmyself,whenIlearnedwhatthewordmeant,I'vealways
consideredmyselfaPagan."[100]HealsocollaboratedwithEricGullichsenonLoadandRunHightechPaganism:
DigitalPolytheism.[101]ShortlybeforehisdeathonMay31,1996,herecordedtheRighttoFlyalbumwithSimon
StokeswhichwasreleasedinJuly1996.[102]

Death
InJanuary1995,Learywasdiagnosedwithinoperableprostatecancer.[103]
Hedidnotrevealtheconditiontothepressatthattime,butdidsoafterthe
deathofJerryGarciainAugust.
LearyauthoredanoutlineforabookcalledDesignforDyingwhichtriedto
giveanewperspectiveondeathanddying.Hisentourage(asmentioned
above)updatedhiswebsiteonadailybasisasasortofprotoblog,noting
hisdailyintakeofvariousillicitandlegalchemicalsubstanceswitha
predilectionfornitrousoxide,LSDandotherpsychedelicdrugs.Hewas
etoyagentswithmortalremainsof
notedforhisstrongviewsagainsttheuseofdrugswhich"dullthemind"
TimothyLearyin2007.
suchasheroin,morphineand(morethanoccasional)alcohol,andalsofor
histrademark"LearyBiscuits"(asnackcrackerwithcheeseandasmall
marijuanabud,brieflymicrowaved).Hissterilehousewascompletelyredecoratedbythestaff,whohadmoreor
lessmovedin,withanarrayofsurrealornamentation.Inhisfinalmonths,thousandsofvisitors,wellwishersand
oldfriendsvisitedhiminhisCaliforniahome.Untilhislastweeks,hegavemanyinterviewsdiscussinghisnew
philosophyofembracingdeath.
Learywasreportedlyexcitedforanumberofyearsbythepossibilityoffreezinghisbodyincryonicsuspension,
andhepubliclyannouncedinSeptember1988thathehadsignedupwithAlcorforsuchtreatmentafterhaving
appearedatAlcor'sgrandopeningtheyearbefore.[104]Hedidnotbelievehewouldberesurrectedinthefuture,but
didbelievethatcryonicshadimportantpossibilitieseventhoughhethoughtithadonly"onechanceina
thousand".[104]Hecalledithis"dutyasafuturist",andhelpedpublicizetheprocessandhopeditwouldworkfor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

11/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

hischildrenandgrandchildrenifnotforhim,althoughhesaidhewas
"lighthearted"aboutit.[104]Hewasconnectedwithtwocryonicorganizations,first
AlcorandthenCryoCare,oneofwhichdeliveredacryonictanktohishouseinthe
monthsbeforehisdeath,butsubsequentlyrequestedthathisbodybecremated,
whichitwas,anddistributedamonghisfriendsandfamily.
Hediedat75onMay31,1996.Hisdeathwasvideotapedforposterityathis
request,capturinghisfinalwords.AccordingtohissonZachary,duringhisfinal
moments,heclenchedhisfistandsaid,"Why?",andthenunclenchinghisfist,he
said,"Whynot?".Heutteredthephraserepeatedly,indifferentintonations,and
diedsoonafter.Hislastword,accordingtoZach,was"beautiful."[105]

MovieposterforTimothy
Leary'sDead.

ThefilmTimothyLeary'sDead(1996)containsasimulatedsequenceinwhichhe
allowshisbodilyfunctionstobesuspendedforthepurposesofcryonic
preservation.Hisheadisremoved,andplacedonice.Thefilmendswitha
sequenceshowingthecreationoftheartificialheadusedinthefilm.

SevengramsofLeary'sasheswerearrangedbyhisfriendatCelestistobeburiedinspaceaboardarocketcarrying
theremainsof23others,includingGeneRoddenberry(creatorofStarTrek),GerardO'Neill(spacephysicist),and
KrafftEhricke(rocketscientist).APegasusrocketcontainingtheirremainswaslaunchedonApril21,1997and
remainedinorbitforsixyearsuntilitburnedupintheatmosphere.[106]
In2015,SusanSarandon,agoodfriendofTimothyLeary's,broughtsomeofhisashesandputthemintoanart
installationattheBurningManfestivalinBlackRockCity,Nevada.Theywereburned,alongwiththeinstallation,
onSeptember6,2015.[107]

Influence
TimothyLearywasanearlyinfluenceonGameTheoryappliedtopsychologyhavingintroducedtheconcepttothe
InternationalAssociationofAppliedPsychologyin1961,attheirannualconferencein
Copenhagen.[108][109][110][111]
HewasalsoanearlyinfluenceonTransactionalAnalysis.[112][113]HisconceptofthefourLifeScripts,datingback
to1951,[114]becameaninfluenceonTAbythelate1960s,popularisedbyThomasHarrisinhisbook,I'mOK,
You'reOK.[115]ThesameconceptwaslaterusedbyIainSpenceinTheSekhmetHypothesis,inwhichtheLife
Scriptswerecorrespondedtotheatavisticqualitiesofvariousyouthtrends.[116]
ManyconsiderLearyoneofthemostprominentfiguresduringthecountercultureofthe1960s,andsincethose
timeshasremainedinfluentialonpopculture,literature,television,[108]filmand,especially,music.
LearycoinedtheinfluentialtermRealityTunnel,bywhichhemeansakindofrepresentativerealism.Thetheory
statesthat,withasubconscioussetofmentalfiltersformedfromtheirbeliefsandexperiences,everyindividual
interpretsthesameworlddifferently,hence"Truthisintheeyeofthebeholder".[117]
HisideasinfluencedtheworkofhisfriendRobertAntonWilson.Thisinfluencewentbothways,andLeary
admittedlytookjustasmuchfromWilson.Wilson'sbookPrometheusRisingwasanindepth,highlydetailedand
inclusiveworkdocumentingLeary'seightcircuitmodelofconsciousness.Althoughthetheoryoriginatedin
discussionsbetweenLearyandaHinduholymanatMillbrook,Wilsonwasoneofthemostardentproponentsofit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

12/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

andintroducedthetheorytoamainstreamaudiencein1977'sbestsellingCosmicTrigger.In1989,theyappeared
togetheronstageinadialogentitledTheInnerFrontier[118]hostedtheAssociationforConsciousness
Exploration,[119](thesamegroupthathadhostedLeary'sfirstClevelandappearancein1979).[120][121]
WorldreligionscholarHustonSmithwas"turnedon"byLearyafterbeingintroducedtohimbyAldousHuxleyin
theearly1960s.TheexperiencewasinterpretedasadeeplyreligiousonebySmith,andisdescribedindetailed
religioustermsinSmith'slaterworkCleansingoftheDoorsofPerception.[122]SmithaskedLeary,toparaphrase,
whetherheknewthepoweranddangerofwhathewasconductingresearchwith.InMotherJonesMagazine,
1997,Smithcommented:
First,IhavetosaythatduringthethreeyearsIwasinvolvedwiththatHarvardstudy,LSDwasnot
onlylegalbutrespectable.BeforeTimwentonhisunfortunatecareeningcourse,itwasalegitimate
researchproject.ThoughIdidfindevidencethat,whenrecounted,theexperiencesoftheHarvard
groupandthoseofmysticswereimpossibletotellapartdescriptivelyindistinguishablethat's
notthelastword.Thereisstillaquestionaboutthetruthofthedisclosure.[123]

Inpopularculture
Infilm
ThemovieFearandLoathinginLasVegas(1998),adaptedfroma1971
novelofHunterS.Thompson,portraysheavypsychedelicdruguseand
mentionsLearywhentheprotagonistpondersthemeaningoftheacidwave
ofthesixties:
'Weareallwiredintoasurvivaltripnow.Nomoreofthespeedthatfueled
that'60s.ThatwasthefatalflawinTimLeary'strip.Hecrashedaround
Leary,JohnLennon,YokoOnoand
Americaselling"consciousnessexpansion"withoutevergivingathought
othersrecording"GivePeaceA
tothegrimmeathookrealitiesthatwerelyinginwaitforallthepeople
Chance".
whotookhimseriously...Allthosepatheticallyeageracidfreakswho
thoughttheycouldbuyPeaceandUnderstandingforthreebucksahit.But
theirlossandfailureisourstoo.WhatLearytookdownwithhimwasthecentralillusionofawholelifestylethat
hehelpedcreate...agenerationofpermanentcripples,failedseekers,whoneverunderstoodtheessentialold
mysticfallacyoftheAcidCulture:thedesperateassumptionthatsomebody...oratleastsomeforceistendingthe
lightattheendofthetunnel'.[124]

Inmusic
ThePsychedelicExperience(1964)wastheinspirationforJohnLennon'ssong"TomorrowNeverKnows",
onTheBeatles'albumRevolver(1966).[50]
TheMoodyBluesrecordedatrackaboutLeary,"LegendofaMind",ontheiralbumInSearchoftheLost
Chord(1968),whichincludestherefrain:"TimothyLeary'sdead.No,no,no,no,he'soutsidelooking
in".[125]
TheWho's1970single"TheSeeker"mentionsLearyinasequencewherethesong'sprotagonistclaims
Leary(amongotherhighprofilepeople)wasunabletohelpthemwiththeirsearchforanswers.[126]
LearyrecruitedLennontowriteathemesongforhisCaliforniagubernatorialcampaignagainstRonald
Reagan(whichwasinterruptedbyLeary'sprisonsentenceforcannabispossession),inspiringLennonto
comeupwith"ComeTogether"(1969),basedonLeary'scampaignthemeandcatchphrase.[125][127]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

13/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

LearywasalsopresentwhenLennonandhiswife,YokoOno,recorded"GivePeaceaChance"(1969)
duringoneoftheirbedinsinMontrealandismentionedinthelyricsofthesong.[128]
WhileinexileinSwitzerland,LearyandBritishwriterBrianBarrettcollaboratedwiththeGermanbandAsh
RaTempel,andrecordedthealbumSevenUp(1973).[129]Heiscreditedasasongwriter,andhislyricsand
vocalscanbeheardthroughoutthealbum.[130]CommentingontheworkofhisfriendH.R.Giger,a
surrealistartistfromSwitzerlandwhowonanAcademyAwardforhisworkonthefilmAlien,Learynoted:
Giger'sworkdisturbsus,spooksus,becauseofitsenormousevolutionarytimespan.Itshowsus,all
tooclearly,wherewecomefromandwherewearegoing.
TimothyLeary,TheNewYorkTimes[131]

Works
Learyauthoredandcoauthoredmorethantwentybooksandwasfeaturedonmorethanadozenaudiorecordings.
Hisactingcareerincludedoveradozenappearancesinmoviesandtelevisionshowsinvariousroles,overthirty
appearancesashimself.Healsoproducedand/orcollaboratedwithothersinthecreationofmultimedia
presentationsandcomputergames.
InJune2011,TheNewYorkTimesreportedthattheNewYorkPublicLibraryhadacquiredLeary'spersonal
archives,includingpapers,videotapes,photographsandotherarchivalmaterialfromtheLearyestate,including
correspondenceanddocumentsrelatingtoAllenGinsberg,AldousHuxley,WilliamBurroughs,JackKerouac,Ken
Kesey,ArthurKoestler,G.GordonLiddyandotherprominentculturalfigures.[132]Thecollectionbecame
availableinSeptember2013.[133]

Seealso
DavidPeel
GratefulDead
ZihuatanejoProject

References
1.Stevens,Jay(1983).StormingHeavenLSDandtheAmericanDream.Flamingo.pp.273274.ISBN0586087966.
2.Isralowitz,Richard(May14,2004).DrugUse:AReferenceHandbook.ABCCLIO.p.183.ISBN9781576077085.
RetrievedApril1,2016."Learyexploredtheculturalandphilosophicalimplicationsofpsychedelicdrugs"
3.Donaldson,RobertH.(2015).ModernAmerica:ADocumentaryHistoryoftheNationSince1945.Routledge.p.128.
ISBN9780765615374.RetrievedApril1,2016."Learynotonlyusedanddistributedthedrug,hefoundedasortofLSD
philosophyofusethatinvolvedaspectsofmindexpansionandtherevelationofpersonaltruththrough"droppingacid.""
4.Gillespie,Nick(June15,2006)."Psychedelic,Man".TheWashingtonPost.
5.Greenfield,Robert.TimothyLeary:ABiography.p.537.RetrievedApril4,2016.
6.Higgs,John(2006).IHaveAmericaSurroundedTheLifeofTimothyLeary.TheFridayProject.p.233.
ISBN1905548257.
7.Mansnerus,Laura(19960601)."TimothyLeary,PiedPiperofPsychedelic60s,Diesat75".TheNewYorkTimes.
Obituary.Retrieved20080711.
8.Higgs,John(2006).IHaveAmericaSurroundedTheLifeofTimothyLeary.TheFridayProject.p.17.
ISBN1905548257.
9.Greenfield,Robert,TimothyLeary:ABiography(HarcourtBooks,2006),7,1112,18
10.PeterO.Whitmer,AquariusRevisited:SevenWhoCreatedtheSixtiesCountercultureThatChangedAmerica(NY:
CitadelPress,1991),215
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

14/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

11.Greenfield,Robert,TimothyLeary:ABiography(HarcourtBooks,2006),2855
12.https://books.google.com/books?
id=of4J2dbKvMoC&pg=PA65&dq=timothy+leary+butler&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBsLvsyL7JAhVEcD4KHQpFCyMQ6A
13.Leary,Timothy(1983).Flashbacks.Heinemann.p.144.ISBN0874773172.
14.https://books.google.com/books?
id=of4J2dbKvMoC&pg=PA65&dq=timothy+leary+butler&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBsLvsyL7JAhVEcD4KHQpFCyMQ6A
15."TimothyLeary".Pabook.libraries.psu.edu.Retrieved20140519.
16."WSUMythsandLegends".WashingtonStateMagazine.2010.RetrievedJanuary13,2016.
17."TimothyLearyPapers19102009".NewYorkPublicLibrary.2009.RetrievedJanuary19,2016.
18.AnnouncementoftheSchoolofMedicineFallandSpringSemesters,19501951.UniversityofCaliforniaMedical
Center.1950.Retrieved20140519.
19.Higgs,John(2006).IHaveAmericaSurroundedTheLifeofTimothyLeary.TheFridayProject.p.18.
ISBN1905548257."In1954hebecameDirectorofPsychologyResearchattheKaiserFoundationHospital,and
publishednearly50papersinpsychologyjournals".
20.Greenfield,Robert2006.TimothyLeary:ABiography.HarcourtBooks,6877.
21.Torgoff,Martin(2004).Can'tFindMyWayHome:AmericaintheGreatStonedAge.SimonandSchuster.p.72.
ISBN0743230108.
22.Leary,TimothyGinsberg,Allen(1995).HighPriest.RoninPublishing.p.4.ISBN0914171801.
23.CurrentBiographyVolume31.H.W.WilsonCompany.1970.Retrieved20160108.
24.Stevens,Jay(1987).StormingHeavenLSDandtheAmericanDream.Flamingo.p.186.ISBN0586087966.
25.Conners,Peter(2010).WhiteHandSocietyThePsychedelicPartnershipofTimothyLearyandAllenGinsberg.City
LightsBooks.p.22.ISBN9780872865358.
26.Stevens,Jay(1987).StormingHeavenLSDandtheAmericanDream.Flamingo.p.187.ISBN0586087966.
27.NewYorkTimes,03/12/1966,p.25
28.JayStevens,"StormingHeaven",GrovePress,1987.
29.Leary,Timothy(1957).Interpersonaldiagnosisofpersonality:afunctionaltheoryandmethodology.
30."TimothyLeary,PiedPiperOfPsychedelic60's,Diesat75".NewYorkTimes.June1,1996.RetrievedJanuary7,2016.
31."LIFEonLSD".Life.Archivedfromtheoriginalon20101026.
32.Cashman,John."TheLSDStory".FawcettPublications,1966
33.RamDassFierceGrace,2001,ZeitgeistVideo
34.Sandison,Ronald(1997).PsychedeliaBritannicaHallucinogenicDrugsinBritain.Turnaround.p.57.
ISBN1873262051.'Psilocybin...wassynthesisedinDrHofmann'slaboratoryin1958.'
35.Goffman,K.andJoy,D.2004.CountercultureThroughtheAges:FromAbrahamtoAcidHouse.NewYork:Villard,
250252
36.Leary,Timothy(1969)."TheEffectsofConsciousnessExpandingDrugsinPrisonerRehabilitation".PsychedelicReview
(10).
37.Metzner,RalphWeil,G.(1963)."PredictiveRecidivism:BaseRatesforConcordConstitution".JournalforCriminal
Law,CriminologyandPoliceScience.
38.Metzner,Ralph(July1965)."ANewBehaviorChangeProgramforAdultOffendersUsingPscilocybin".Psychotherapy.
39."Dr.Leary'sConcordPrisonExperiment:A34YearFollowUpStudy".Maps.org.Retrieved20140519.
40."ReflectionsontheConcordPrisonProjectandtheFollowUpStudy"(PDF).Maps.org.Retrieved20140519.Archived
fromtheoriginalon24July2016.
41.Doblin,Rick(1998)."Dr.Leary'sConcordPrisonExperiment:A34YearFollowUpStudy".JournalofPsychoactive
Drugs(30:4).pp.419426.
42."InternationalFederationForInternalFreedomStatementofPurpose".timothylearyarchives.org.20090321.Retrieved
20160924.
43."4:SirDinadantheHumorist".Lycaeum.org.Retrieved20140519.
44.Higgs,John(2006).IHaveAmericaSurrounded.Friday.p.50.ISBN1905548257.
45."CourtFindsLisaBiebermanGuiltyOfViolationsofFederalDrugLaws|News|TheHarvardCrimson".
Thecrimson.com.Retrieved20140519.
46.Weil,AndrewT.(19631105)."TheStrangeCaseoftheHarvardDrugScandal".Look(27).
47.TheCrimsonTakesLeary,AlperttoTaskbyJosephM.RussinandAndrewT.Weil,January24,1973TheHarvard
Crimson(http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=495775)
48.LSD:LettvinvsLeary,30November1967,retrievedDecember21,2011
49.JayStevensStormingHeaven:LSDandtheAmericanDream,1998,p.208
50.Sante,Luc(20060626)."TheNuttyProfessor".TheNewYorkTimesBookReview.'TimothyLeary:ABiography,'by
RobertGreenfield.Retrieved20080712.(registrationrequired(help)).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

15/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

51.Wolfe,Tom(1989).TheElectricKoolAidAcidTest.BlackSwan.p.99.ISBN0552993662.
52.Higgs,John(2006).IHaveAmericaSurrounded.Friday.p.78.ISBN1905548257.
53.Leary,Timothy(1983).Flashbacks.Heinemann.p.206.ISBN0434409758.
54.Leary,TimothyAlpert,RichardMetzner,Ralph(2008).ThePsychedelicExperience:AManualBasedontheTibetan
BookoftheDead.PenguinClassics.p.11.ISBN0141189630.
55.Krassner,Paul(2000).PaulKrassner'sImpoliteInterviews.SevenStoriesPress.p.304.ISBN1888363924.
56.Marwick,Arthur.TheSixties:CulturalRevolutioninBritain,France,Italy,andtheUnitedStates.OxfordUniversity
Press,1998,p.312.
57."PlayboyInterview:TimothyLeary".Playboy.1966.RetrievedMay8,2016."...thefactisthatLSDisaspecificcurefor
homosexuality."
58.Leary,Timothy(1982).ChangingMyMind,AmongOthers:LifetimeWritings.PrenticeHallInc.p.256.
ISBN0131278118.'Sincehomosexualityhasalwaysbeenapartofeverysociety,youhavetoassumethatthereis
somethingnecessary,correctandvalidgeneticallynaturalaboutit.'
59.Leary,Timothy(1982).ChangingMyMind,AmongOthers:LifetimeWritings.PrenticeHallInc.p.144.
ISBN0131278118.
60.Leary,Timothy(1982).ChangingMyMind,AmongOthers:LifetimeWritings.PrenticeHallInc.p.151.
ISBN0131278118.
61."LegendofaMind:TimothyLearyandLSD".Pophistorydig.2014.RetrievedMay10,2016.
62.Leary,Timothy(1982).ChangingMyMind,AmongOthers:LifetimeWritings.PrenticeHallInc.p.148.
ISBN0131278118.
63.Stevens,Jay(1987).StormingHeavenLSDandtheAmericanDream.Flamingo.p.431.ISBN0586087966.
64."SmithsonianFolkwaysThePsychedelicExperience:ReadingsfromtheBook"ThePsychedelicExperience.AManual
BasedontheTibetan..."TimothyLeary".Folkways.si.edu.20130320.Retrieved20150529.
65."HumanBeIninSanFrancisco1967".TheAllenGinsburgProject.July9,2011.RetrievedMay27,2016.
66.Strauss,Neil.EveryoneLovesYouWhenYou'reDead:JourneysintoFameandMadness.NewYork:HarperCollins,
2011,33738
67.Wilson,RobertAnton(1983).PrometheusRising.FalconPress.ISBN0941404196.Acknowledgements'Theeight
circuitmodelofconsciousnessinthisbookderivesfromthewritingsofDr.TimothyLeary...'
68.FLASHBACKSanautobiographybyTimothyLearyChapter28page236
69.Higgs,John(2006).IHaveAmericaSurrounded.Friday.p.99.ISBN1905548257.'Hislawyerstooktheappealagainst
theLaredoarrestallthewaytotheSupremeCourt,andon19May1969succeededingettingtheantiquatedmarijuanatax
lawdeclaredunconstitutional.'
70."TheBeatlesComeTogetherHistoryandInformationfromtheOldiesGuideatAbout.com".Oldies.about.com.
Retrieved20140519.
71.RE/SearchPublicationsPranks!TimothyLeary(https://web.archive.org/web/20050328092027/http://www.researchpu
bs.com/books/prankexc2.shtml)attheWaybackMachine(archivedMarch28,2005)
72.Rudd,Mark(2009).Underground:MyLifewithSDSandtheWeathermen.NewYorkCity:WilliamMorrowand
Company.pp.2257.ISBN9780061472756.
73.BrianFlanagan(2002).TheWeatherUnderground.TheFreeHistoryProject.RetrievedAugust9,2016.
74.Leary,Timothy(1983).Flashbacks.Heinemann.pp.304306.ISBN0434409758.
75.Peoplev.Leary,40Cal.App.3d527(http://law.justia.com/cases/california/calapp3d/40/527.html)(1974)
76.andalsoreportedlydeclared,"Hehaspreachedthelengthandbreadthoftheland,andIaminclinedtotheviewthathe
wouldposeadangertothecommunityifreleased."JesseWalker(2006)"TheAcidGuru'sLong,StrangeTrip"The
AmericanConservative,November6,2006.
77.NickGillespie,"Psychedelic,Man,(http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2006/06/14/AR20060614021
39_pf.html)"WashingtonPost,June15,2006
78.Lee,MartinA.Shlain,Bruce(1985).Aciddreams:thecompletesocialhistoryofLSD:theCIA,thesixtiesandbeyond.
GrovePress.ISBN0802130623.
79."OpenLetterfromtheFriendsofTimothyLeary".Retrieved20090704.
80."NotesonPeople".NewYorkTimes.NewYork,NY.25January1975.Retrieved22June2016.
81.Higgs,John(2006).IHaveAmericaSurroundedTheLifeofTimothyLeary.FridayBooks.p.256.ISBN1905548257.
82.Leary,Timothy(1994).ChaosandCyberculture.RoninPublishingInc.pp.72to73.ISBN0914171771.TheGodparent:
ConversationwithWinonaRyder
83."It'sAllHappeningPoscast36,JoiItoInterview".It'sAllHappening.2016.RetrievedMay25,2016.'Joiwasanintegral
partofmyformativeyears...hewasmydad'sGodson....'ZacharyLeary.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

16/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

84.Caldwell,Christopher(20070722)TheAntiwar,ProAbortion,AntiDrugEnforcementAdministration,AntiMedicare
CandidacyofDr.RonPaul(http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/22/magazine/22Pault.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all),New
YorkTimes
85.Gillespie,Nick(20111209)FivemythsaboutRonPaul(http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/fivemythsaboutron
paul/2011/12/07/gIQAu3vOiO_print.html),WashingtonPost
86."Stuff".InvisibleMovement.2014.RetrievedMay25,2016.
87.Conners,Peter(2010).WhiteHandSocietyThePsychedelicPartnershipofTimothyLearyandAllenGinsberg.City
LightsBooks.p.258.ISBN9780872865358.
88.Leary,Timothy(1982).ChangingMyMindAmongOthers.PrenticeHallInc.p.231.ISBN0131278118.'O'Neill's
proposalforminiEarthswasobviouslythenextstepinhumanevolution...'
89.Leary,TimothyHorowitz,MichaelMarshall,Vicky(1994).ChaosandCyberCulture.RoninPublishing.ISBN0
914171771.
90.Ruthofer,Arno(1997)."ThinkforYourselfQuestionAuthority".Archivedfromtheoriginalon20071112.Retrieved
20070202.
91.ElmerDewitt/Dallas,Philip(September3,1990)."Technology:(Mis)AdventuresInCyberspace".TimeMagazine.
RetrievedDecember23,2013.
92.Forte,Robert(1999).TimothyLearyOutsideLookingIn.ParkStreetPress.p.129141.ISBN0892817860.
93.Saunders,Michael(19930519)."BillyIdolturns'Cyberpunk'onnewCD".TheBostonGlobe.135Morrissey
Boulevard.Boston,Massachusetts,UnitedStates:P.StevenAinsley.Retrieved20150529.
94.Gilmore,Mikal(July1125,1996)."TimothyLeary19201996".RollingStone.
95.Mansnerus,Laura(June1,1996)."TimothyLeary,PiedPiperOfPsychedelic60's,Diesat75".TheNewYorkTimes.
96."TimothyLearyDaughterHangsSelfinCell,DiesinHospital".LosAngelesTimes.September6,1990.
97.Higgs,John(2006).IHaveAmericaSurroundedTheLifeofTimothyLeary.FridayBooks.p.268.ISBN1905548257.
'Thelast17monthsofTim'slifewereaflurryofactivity.Therewererecordstobemade,documentariestofilm...and
countlesspersonalappearances.Thestreamofpressthatflockedtohisdoorforinterviewsseemedneverending.'
98.Forte,Robert(1999).TimothyLearyOutsideLookingIn.ParkStreetPress.p.8.ISBN0892817860.
99.TheClevelandFreeTimes::Archives::CircleOfAsh(http://www.rosencomet.com/starwood/CircleofAsh/CircleofAsh.
htm)
100.QuotefromCD:TimothyLearyLiveatStarwood
101."DigitalPolytheism".Deoxy.org.Retrieved20140519.
102."TimothyLeary/SimonStokesRightToFly".Discogs.1996.RetrievedMay25,2016.
103.Higgs,John(2006).IHaveAmericaSurrounded.Friday.p.258.ISBN1905548257.
104.Darwin,Mike(September1988)."Dr.LearyJoinsUp...".AlcorLifeExtensionFoundation.Retrieved20090824.
105.ZacharyLeary."ItWasTwentyYearsAgoToday...".zachleary.com.
106.Simons,Marlise(April1997)."AFinalTurnOnLiftsTimothyLearyOff".TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved
20160527.
107."SusanSarandonTakestheAshesofTimothyLearytoBurningMan".
108.Solomon,David(1964).LSD:TheConsciousnessExpandingDrug.G.P.PutnamsSons.pp.97113.
ISBN129929507X.
109.Conners,Peter(2010).WhiteHandSocietyThePsychedelicPartnershipofTimothyLearyandAllenGinsberg.City
LightsBooks.pp.113117.ISBN9780872865358.
110.Leary,Timothy(1982).ChangingmyMindAmongOthers.PrenticeHallInc.p.45.ISBN9781314654745.
111.Leary,Timothy(1983).Flashbacks.Heinemann.p.196.ISBN0874773172.'PsychiatristEricBernepopularisedmy
conceptsoftransactionalanalysisandgametheoryinGamesPeoplePlay,makingaccessibletothepublicconceptsof
behaviourchangethathadformerlybeenreservedtothepsychologicalpriesthood'.
112.MortonSchatzman(1June1996)."Obituary:TimothyLeary".TheIndependent.Retrieved27August2015.
113.JeffRiggenbach(1July2011)."LibertarianPsychology".MisesDaily.Retrieved27August2015.
114.Leary,TimothyFreeman,MervinOssorio,AbelCoffey,Hubert(1951).TheInterpersonalDimensionofPersonality.
JournalofPersonality,Volume20,Number2.pp.143161.
115.Harris,Thomas(1973).I'mOkYou'reOk.PanBooks.ISBN0330235435.
116.Spence,Iain(2012).TheHareHypothesis.Bast'sBlend.ASINB009E2YUJM(http://www.amazon.com/dp/B009E2YUJ
M)
117.Higgs,John(2006).IHaveAmericaSurroundedTheLifeofTimothyLeary.FridayBooks.p.282.
ISBN1905548257.'[RobertAnton]Wilsonisoftencreditedwithcreatingthephrase'realitytunnels',butwhenasked
aboutit,heisquicktogiveLearythecredit.'
118.Lesie,Michele(1989)HighPriestofLSDToDropIn.TheClevelandPlainDealer
119.LocalGroupHostsDr.TimothyLearybyWillAllison(TheObserverSeptember29th,1989)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

17/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

120.Two60sCultHeroes,ontheEveofthe80sbyJamesNeff(ClevelandPlainDealerOct.30th,1979)
121.TimothyLeary:AnLSDCowboyTurnsCosmicComicbyFrankKuznik(Clevelandmagazine,November1979
122.Smith,Huston(2001).CleansingtheDoorsofPerception:TheReligiousSignificanceofEntheogenicPlantsand
Chemicals.JeremyPTarcher.ISBN1585420344.
123.MarilynBerlinSnell."TheWorldofReligionAccordingtoHustonSmith".MotherJones.Retrieved20140519.
124."FearandLoathinginLasVegas(1998):Quotes".IMDb.com.Retrieved20140519.
125.Lattin,Don(2011).TheHarvardPsychedelicClub:HowTimothyLeary,RamDass,HustonSmith,andAndrewWeil
KilledtheFiftiesandUsheredinaNewAgeforAmerica.HarperCollins.p.13.ISBN9780061655944.
126."TheWho,"TheSeeker" ".AmericanSongwriter.20120917.Retrieved20150723.
127."ComeTogether".TheBeatlesBible.Retrieved20140519.
128.Perlstein,Rick(2008).Nixonland:TheRiseofaPresidentandtheFracturingofAmerica.SimonandSchuster.p.386.
ISBN9780743243025.
129.Higgs,John(2006).IHaveAmericaSurrounded.Friday.pp.182185.ISBN1905548257.
130.Article,"It'sFrothyMan",Mojo,issue#113,April2003
131.Martin,Douglas(14May2014)."H.R.Giger,SwissArtist,Diesat74HisVisionGaveLifeto'Alien'Creature".New
YorkTimes.Retrieved14May2014.(registrationrequired(help)).
132.Cohen,Patricia(15June2011)."NewYorkPublicLibraryBuysTimothyLeary'sPapers".TheNewYorkTimes.
RetrievedDecember23,2013.(registrationrequired(help)).
133.Ilnytzky,Ula(September18,2013)."Whatatrip:TimothyLeary'sfilesgopublicinNY".AssociatedPress.

Externallinks
TimothyLeary.usbiography,archives,linksandmore(http://www.t
Wikiquotehasquotations
imothyleary.us/)
relatedto:TimothyLeary
LecturesfromtheLearyArchiveinaudioformat(http://www.matrix
masters.net/salon/?category_name=timothyleary/)
WikimediaCommonshas
TimothyLeary(https://www.dmoz.org/Society/Religion_and_Spiritu
mediarelatedtoTimothy
ality/Esoteric_and_Occult/Personalities/Leary,_Timothy)atDMOZ
Leary.
TimothyLeary(http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0495276/)atthe
InternetMovieDatabase
"UnlimitedVirtualRealitiesforEveryone!"(http://www.artfutura.org/v2/artthought.php?idcontent=10&idcr
eation=65&mb=6&lang=En),ArtFutura,1990.
TimothyLearypapers,19102009(http://archives.nypl.org/mss/18400),heldbytheManuscriptsand
ArchivesDivision,NewYorkPublicLibrary.
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timothy_Leary&oldid=747601221"
Categories: TimothyLeary 1920births 1996deaths AmericanmilitarypersonnelofWorldWarII
Americanneopagans Americanoccultists AmericanpeopleofIrishdescent Americanpsychologists
DeathsfromcancerinCalifornia CollegeoftheHolyCrossalumni Consciousnessresearchersandtheorists
Deathsfromprostatecancer Drugpolicyreformactivists ESPDiskartists AmericanexpatriatesinAlgeria
Freespeechactivists HarvardUniversityfaculty Lysergicaciddiethylamide
PeopleassociatedwiththeHumanPotentialMovement WritersfromSpringfield,Massachusetts
Psychedelicdrugadvocates Psychedelicdrugresearchers Spaceburials UnitedStatesArmysoldiers
UniversityofAlabamaalumni UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeleyalumni
UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeleyfaculty WashingtonStateUniversityalumni
PeoplefromMillbrook,NewYork Countercultureofthe1960s Drugculture
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon3November2016,at08:24.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.
Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisaregisteredtrademark
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

18/19

11/20/2016

TimothyLearyWikipedia

oftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary

19/19