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Sap2000 General
Sap2000 General
Sap2000 General
by Michael C. Constantinou
Tsu T. Soong
Gary F. Dargush
Copyright 1998 by the Research Foundation of the State University of New York
and the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research. All rights
reserved.
This monograph was prepared by the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake
Engineering Research (MCEER) through grants from the National Science Foundation, the State of New York, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and
other sponsors. Neither MCEER, associates of MCEER, its sponsors, nor any person acting on their behalf:
a. makes any warranty, express or implied, with respect to the use of any
information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report or that
such use may not infringe upon privately owned rights; or
b. assumes any liabilities of whatsoever kind with respect to the use of, or
the damage resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, or
process disclosed in this report.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this
publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of
MCEER, the National Science Foundation, Federal Emergency Management
Agency, or other sponsors.
Information pertaining to copyright ownership can be obtained from the authors.
Published by the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research
University at Buffalo
Red Jacket Quadrangle
Buffalo, NY 14261
Phone: (716) 645-3391
Fax: (716) 645-3399
email: mceer@acsu.buffalo.edu
world wide web: http://mceer.eng.buffalo.edu
ISBN 0-9656682-1-5
Printed in the United States of America.
Jane Stoyle, Managing Editor
Hector Velasco, Illustration
Jennifer Caruana, Layout and Composition
Heather Kabza, Cover Design
Anna J. Kolberg, Page Design and Composition
Michelle Zwolinski, Composition
Cover photographs provided by MCEER, Taylor Devices, Inc. and the University
at Buffalo.
MCEER Monograph No. 1
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F o r e w o r d
Earthquakes are potentially devastating natural events which
threaten lives, destroy property, and disrupt life-sustaining services and
societal functions. In 1986, the National Science Foundation established
the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research to carry out
systems integrated research to mitigate earthquake hazards in vulnerable communities and to enhance implementation efforts through technology transfer, outreach, and education. Since that time, our Center
has engaged in a wide variety of multidisciplinary studies to develop
solutions to the complex array of problems associated with the development of earthquake-resistant communities.
Our series of monographs is a step toward meeting this formidable challenge. Over the past 12 years, we have investigated how
buildings and their nonstructural components, lifelines, and highway
structures behave and are affected by earthquakes, how damage to these
structures impacts society, and how these damages can be mitigated
through innovative means. Our researchers have joined together to share
their expertise in seismology, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, risk and reliability, protective systems, and social and economic systems to begin to define and delineate the best methods to
mitigate the losses caused by these natural events.
Each monograph describes these research efforts in detail. Each
is meant to be read by a wide variety of stakeholders, including academicians, engineers, government officials, insurance and financial experts, and others who are involved in developing earthquake loss mitigation measures. They supplement the Centers technical report series
by broadening the topics studied.
As we begin our next phase of research as the Multidisciplinary
Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, we intend to focus our efforts on applying advanced technologies to quantifying building and
lifeline performance through the estimation of expected losses; developing cost-effective, performance-based rehabilitation technologies; and
improving response and recovery through strategic planning and crisis
management. These subjects are expected to result in a new monograph
series in the future.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank the National Science Foundation, the State of New York, the State University of New
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York at Buffalo, and our institutional and industrial affiliates for their
continued support and involvement with the Center. I thank all the authors who contributed their time and talents to conducting the research
portrayed in the monograph series and for their commitment to furthering our common goals. I would also like to thank the peer reviewers of
each monograph for their comments and constructive advice.
It is my hope that this monograph series will serve as an important tool toward making research results more accessible to those who
are in a position to implement them, thus furthering our goal to reduce
loss of life and protect property from the damage caused by earthquakes.
George C. Lee
Director, Multidisciplinary Center
for Earthquake Engineering Research
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C o n t e n t s
Foreword ....................................................................... vii
Preface .......................................................................... xiii
Acknowledgments ......................................................... xvii
Abbreviations ................................................................. xix
1.1
1.2
Introduction ...................................................................... 1
Seismic Design ..................................................................... 1
Motion Control Systems ......................................................... 4
2.1
2.2
Classification ........................................................................ 9
Illustrative Examples of Application .................................... 11
2.2.1
Elastic Structures ............................................................. 11
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
vi
6.1
6.2
6.3
7.1
7.2
vii
P r e f a c e
Historically, aseismic design has been based upon a combination of strength and ductility. For small, frequent seismic disturbances,
the structure is expected to remain in the elastic range, with all stresses
well below yield levels. However, it is not reasonable to expect that a
traditional structure will respond elastically when subjected to a major
earthquake. Instead, the design engineer relies upon the inherent ductility of buildings to prevent catastrophic failure, while accepting a certain level of structural and nonstructural damage. This philosophy has
led to the development of aseismic design codes featuring lateral force
methods and, more recently, inelastic design response spectra. Ultimately, with these approaches, the structure is designed to resist an
equivalent static load. Results have been reasonably successful. Even
an approximate accounting for lateral effects will almost certainly improve building survivability.
However, by considering the actual dynamic nature of environmental disturbances, more dramatic improvements can be realized. As
a result of this dynamical point of view, new and innovative concepts of
structural protection have been advanced and are at various stages of
development. Modern structural protective systems can be divided into
three major groups:
Seismic Isolation
Elastomeric Bearings
Lead Rubber Bearings
Combined Elastomeric and Sliding Bearings
Sliding Friction Pendulum Systems
Sliding Bearings with Restoring Force
Passive Energy Dissipation
Metallic Dampers
Friction Dampers
Viscoelastic Solid Dampers
Viscoelastic or Viscous Fluid Dampers
Tuned Mass Dampers
Tuned Liquid Dampers
viii
ix
Acknowledgments
Our work in this technical area has been supported since 1986
by the National Science Foundation and the State of New York under the
auspices of the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
This continuing support is gratefully acknowledged. Industrial participation and contributions were also important to the success of some research efforts reported in this volume. We are grateful to the 3M Company, Taylor Devices, Inc., MTS Systems Corporation, Moog, Inc.,
Takenaka Corporation and Kayaba Industry, Ltd. for their support and
contributions to many projects dealing with research, design and implementation of passive energy dissipation systems and semi-active control
systems.
It is a great pleasure to acknowledge the significant contributions made to this monograph by a number of our colleagues and former
students. They include Dr. K.C. Chang of the National Taiwan University, Dr. C. Kircher of Charles Kircher and Associates, Dr. A.M. Reinhorn
of the University at Buffalo, Dr. M. Symans of Washington State University, Dr. P. Tsopelas of the University at Buffalo and Dr. A.S. Whittaker of
the Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California at
Berkeley. We wish to thank Mrs. Carmella Gosden and Mrs. Linda
Mudd, who efficiently typed several early drafts of this manuscript and
helped organize many aspects of the project.
An early draft of this monograph was used as a text for the
NCEER/EERC short course on Passive Energy Dissipation for Seismic/Wind
Design and Retrofit, which was offered in Seattle in September, 1996,
San Francisco in October, 1996, and Los Angeles in February, 1997.
Participants as well as instructors at these locations made numerous comments on the course contents and suggestions for improvement, which
have led to substantial revision and improvements to this monograph.
We are grateful for their contributions.
It is also a pleasure to thank NCEER staff for their efforts in
producing this monograph. In particular, we are indebted to Mr. Hector
Velasco for his artwork and to Ms. Jane Stoyle for her careful reading of
the manuscript and her superb editorial efforts.
Finally, we are grateful to our families for their help, encouragement and endurance. They provided unwavering support to this writing project.
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