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დევიდ ჰოლიდეი, რობერტ რეზნიკი, ჯერლი უოლკერი - ფიზიკის საფუძვლები (1-7 თავი)
დევიდ ჰოლიდეი, რობერტ რეზნიკი, ჯერლი უოლკერი - ფიზიკის საფუძვლები (1-7 თავი)
robert rezniki
jerli uolkeri
fizikis
safuZvlebi
pirveli qarTuli gamocema
ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti
2010
sarCevi
nawili I
mimoxilva da Sejameba....................................................18
amocanebi............................................................................18
mimoxilva da Sejameba....................................................44
SekiTxvebi .........................................................................45
amocanebi . ........................................................................ 46
Tavi 3. veqtorebi.................................................60
3.1. ra aris fizika?.........................................................60
3.2. veqtorebi da skalarebi.........................................60
3.3. veqtorebis geometriuli Sekreba......................61
3.4. veqtorebis komponentebi......................................64
3.5. erTeulovani veqtorebi........................................68
3.6. veqtorebis Sekreba komponentebis
saSualebiT.................................................................69
3.7. veqtorebi da fizikis kanonebi............................73
3.8. veqtorebis gamravleba..........................................73
mimoxilva da Sejameba....................................................78
SekiTxvebi..........................................................................79
amocanebi............................................................................80
Tavi 4. organzomilebiani da
samganzomilebiani moZraoba...........88
4.1. ra aris fizika?.........................................................88
4.2. mdebareoba da gadaadgileba................................88
4.3. saSualo siCqare da myisi siCqare........................91
4.4. saSualo aCqareba da myisi aCqareba....................94
4.5. Wurvisebri moZraoba..............................................96
4.6. Wurvisebri moZraobis analizi............................98
4.7. Tanabari wriuli moZraoba..................................104
4.8. erTganzomilebiani fardobiTi moZraoba......106
4.9. organzomilebiani fardobiTi moZraoba........108
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................110
SekiTxvebi........................................................................111
amocanebi..........................................................................113
nawili II
Tavi 12. wonasworoba da elastiuroba.....406
12.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................406
12.2. wonasworoba..........................................................346
12.3. wonasworobisTvis saWiro pirobebi...............408
12.4. mizidulobis centri..........................................409
12.5. statikuri wonasworobis ramdenime
magaliTi.................................................................411
12.6. statikurad ganusazRvreli
konstruqcia.........................................................417
12.7. elastiuroba.........................................................419
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................423
kiTxvebi............................................................................424
amocanebi..........................................................................425
nawili III
Tavi 21. eleqtruli muxti.............................727
21.1. ra aris fizika?.....................................................727
21.2. eleqtruli muxti................................................728
21.3. gamtarebi da dieleqtrikebi............................729
21.4. kulonis kanoni.....................................................732
21.5. muxti kvantirdeba...............................................738
21.6. muxti inaxeba.........................................................739
mimoxilva da Sejameba..................................................740
SekiTxvebi........................................................................741
amocanebi..........................................................................743
nawili IV
Tavi 33. eleqtromagnituri talRebi......1138
33.1. ra aris fizika?...................................................1138
33.2. maqsvelis cisartyela......................................1138
33.3. moZravi eleqtromagnituri talRa..............1140
33.4. moZravi eleqtromagnituri talRa..............1143
33.5. energiis gadatana da pointingis
veqtori..................................................................1146
33.6. gamosxivebis wneva .............................................1149
33.7. polarizacia........................................................1152
33.8. arekvla da gardatexa.......................................1156
33.9. sruli Sida arekvla..........................................1162
33.10. polarizacia arekvliT..................................1164
mimoxilva da Sejameba................................................1165
SekiTxvebi......................................................................1166
amocanebi........................................................................1168
amocanebi........................................................................1253
erTeulTa sistema
1885 wlis ivnisSi GrdiloeT naxevarsferos caze adreuli RamiT Txeli,
molurjo-movercxlisfro Rrublebi gamoGnda. momdevno aTwleulebSi
aseTi Rrublebi kidev ramdenjerme SeamGnies. ukanasknel wlebSi maT
gacilebiT ufro xSirad vxedavT, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom dedamiwis
atmosferoSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi xdeba.
1.1
ra aris fizika?
1.2
sidideebis gazomva
fizikis gacnoba imis SeswavliT iwyeba, Tu rogor izomeba sxvadasxva sidideebi, maga
liTad: sigrZe, dro, masa, temperatura, wneva da denis Zala.
TiToeul fizikur sidides Tavisi zomis erTeuli aqvs, romelsac etalonTan vadarebT.
zomis erTeuli sididis raodenobrivad gamoxatvis saSualebaa. magaliTad, sigrZis erTeulia metri (m). etaloni sididis zustad erT erTeuls Seesabameba. SemdgomSi vnaxavT,
rom sigrZis erTeulis etaloni, romlis sigrZe zustad erTi metris tolia, aris manZili,
10
erTeulTa sistema
Tavi 1
romelsac sinaTle gaivlis vakuumSi drois garkveul monakveTSi. zomis erTeuli da misi eta
loni CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi nebismieri gziT SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT. Tumca, es ise unda
gavakeToT, rom am erTeulis mizanSewonilebasa da moxerxebulobas msoflios yvela mecnie
ri daeTanxmos.
mas Semdeg, rac etaloni, magaliTad, sigrZis etaloni ganvsazRvreT, unda SevimuSavoT
procedura, romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneba etalonis saSualebiT nebismieri sigrZis gamoxatva, wyalbadis atomis diametri iqneba es, skeitbordis RerZis sigrZe Tu manZili romelime
varskvlavamde. sigrZis gazomvis erT-erT aseT proceduras uzrunvelyofs saxazavi, romelic sizustiT sigrZis etalons uaxlovdeba. Tumca Cveni gazomvebis didi nawili advili
Sesasrulebeli ar iqneba. SeuZlebelia, magaliTad, atomis radiusisa da or varskvlavs Soris manZilis saxazaviT gazomva.
fizikuri sidideebis didi raodenobis gamo maTi organizeba sakmaod rTulia. sabednierod, yvela maTgani ar aris damoukidebeli. magaliTad, siCqare manZilisa da drois fardobaa. amitom, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT, virCevT mxolod mcire raodenobis fizikur sidideebs, magaliTad, manZilsa da dros, da ganvsazRvravT etalonebs am sidideebisTvis.
Semdeg am sabaziso sidideebisa da maTi etalonebis (e.w. sabaziso etalonebis) safuZvelze
ganvsazRvravT sxva fizikur sidideebsac.
sabaziso etalonebi unda iyos xelmisawvdomi da ucvleli. Tu manZilis etalons gansazRvravT, rogorc manZils adamianis cxvirsa da saCvenebeli TiTis wvers Soris, es etaloni
namdvilad xelmisawvdomi, Tumca sxvadasxva adamianisTvis sxvadasxvanairi iqneba. mecnie
reba maqsimalur sizustes moiTxovs, magram gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda davuTmoT ucvlelobasac. amis Semdeg unda Seiqmnas sabaziso etalonis aslebi, romlebic yvela msurveli
saTvis xelmisawvdomi iqneba.
SI sistemis bevri Sedgenili erTeuli am sabaziso erTeulebiT ganisazRvreba. magaliTad, simZlavris erTeuli vati (vt) ganisazRvreba masis, sigrZis da drois erTeulebiT, rasac me-7 TavSi gavecnobiT.
cxrili
1.1
(1.1)
erTeulis
erTeulis
saxeli
simbolo
manZili
metri
dro
wami
wm
masa
kilogrami
kg
3560000000 m = 3,56109 m
gamoxat-
(1.2)
xolo
0,000000492 m = 4,9210-7 m
(1.3)
11
cxrili
gamotovebulia.
Zalian did da Zalian patara ricxvebze muSao-
xarisxi
prefiqsia
simbolo
10
24
iota-
YY
1021
zeta-
10
eqsa-
bis kidev ufro gasamartiveblad gamoiyeneba prefiqsebi, romlebic 1-2 cxrilSia mocemuli. ro-
18
(1.4)
(1.5)
10
15
peta-
1012
tera-
109
giga-
G (g)
106
mega-
M (mg)
103
kilo-
k (k)
102
heqto-
10
deka-
da
101
deci-
d (p)
102
santi-
c (s)
103
mili-
m (m)
106
mikro-
(mk)
10
nano-
n (n)
1012
piko-
p (p)
10
15
1018
1.4
1.2
femto-
ato-
1021
zepto-
1024
ioqto-
erTeulTa Secvla
1 wT = 1
60 wm
da
60 wm = 1.
1 wT
amgvarad, wiladebi 1wT/60wm da 60wm/1wT SeiZleba gadayvanis koeficientebad gamoviyenoT. es tolobebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda davweroT ase: 1/60 = 1 an 60 = 1. yvela ricxvs
Sesabamis erTeuli unda eweros.
imis gamo, rom nebismieri sididis erTze gamravleba Sedegs ar cvlis, gadayvanis koeficientebis gamoyeneba SegviZlia nebismier, CvenTvis saWiro dros. jaWvuri gadayvanis dros
koeficientebi arasasurveli erTeulebis gamosaricxad gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, 2 wuTis
wamebSi gadayvanisTvis:
60 wm
1 wT
= 120 wm
(1.6)
Tu gadayvanis koeficientis Semotanis Sedegad arasasurveli erTeuli ar gabaTilda, maSin koeficienti unda SecvaloT da xelaxla scadoT. gadayvanis dros erTeulebi imave algebrul kanonebs emorCileba, rasac cvladebi da ricxvebi.
12
Tavi 1
erTeulTa sistema
1.1
gabaTildes:
23 raidi/sT =
23 raidi
h
4 stadiumi
1 raidi
30,8 m
1 pleTroni
6 pleTroni
1 stadiumi
1 km
1000 m
1h
3600 w
qare km/wm-ebSi.
(pasuxi)
1.2
beTis sabaJoze dgas, sadac Tavisi nadavli kubur kovidoebSi unda warmoadginos.
kovido sigrZis arabuli erTeulia, 1 kovido=48,26sm. ra unda daweron britanelebma
sabaJo deklaraciaSi?
1255 krani
= (1255 krani) 170.474 l
1 krani
1000 sm3
1l
1 kovido
48.26 sm
1:
pasuxi 4,710
-3
1.5 sigrZe
rodesac amocanaSi mocemulia ricxvi
sxvagan ar gaakeToT.
1.5 sigrZe
1792 wels safrangeTis axlad gamocxadebul respublikaSi SemoiRes erTeulTa axali
sistema. am sistemis qvakuTxedi iyo metri, romelic ganisazRvra, rogorc CrdiloeT polusidan ekvatoramde manZilis erTi meaTedmemilionedi. mogvianebiT, praqtikuli mosazrebebis
gamo, es etaloni Seicvala da metri ganisazRvra, rogorc manZili or xazs Soris, romlebic
amoWrilia platinsa da iridi-
cxrili
1.3
sidide
sigrZe metrebSi
21026
21022
41016
manZili plutonamde
61012
dedamiwis radiusi
6106
9103
sazomi
am gverdis sisqe
110-4
110-8
510-11
protonis radiusi
110-15
laborato-
daagzavnes.am
meoradi
aslebis
etalonebis
xelsawyo
grZeli
da
TandaTan
ufro
1983 wels sizusteze moTxovnam iseT dones miaRwia, rom mas kripton-86-is etalonic veRar akmayofilebda. amitom imave wels mecnierebma Zalian Tamami nabiji gadadges. metri ganisazRvra, rogorc sinaTlis mier ganvlili manZili drois konkretul monakveTSi. zomisa da
wonis me-17 saerTaSoriso konferenciaze damtkicda:
`metri aris 1/299792458 wamSi sinaTlis mier
vakuumSi ganvlili manZili.~
13
14
Tavi 1
erTeulTa sistema
drois es monakveTi ise iqna arCeuli, rom sinaTlis siCqared miCneuli iyo:
2 : sididis TAanrigi
Tanrigis ricxvebia.
1.3
vebs, iqneba:
RebT:
d2L = 4R3
an
L=
4(2 m)3
4 R3
=
d2
(4 103 m)2
= 2 106 m 106 m = 103 km.
(pasuxi)
1.6
dro
dros ori aspeqti aqvs. samoqalaqo da, zogjer, mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, drois codna
imisTvis gvWirdeba, rom movlenebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT davalagoT. seriozuli sa-
1.6 dro
mecniero muSaobisas gvainteresebs, ramden xans grZeldeba konkretuli movlena. maSasadame,
drois nebismieri etaloni or SekiTxvas unda pasuxobdes: `rodis moxda?~ da `ra drois manZilze?~. 1.4 cxrilSi drois zogierTi monakveTia mocemuli.
cxrili
1.4
sidide
wamebSi
11039
samyaros asaki
51017
11011
2109
dRis xangrZlivoba
9104
810-1
210-6
110-16
110-23
plankis droa
110-43
sur. 1.1 rodesac 1792 wels metruli sistema SemoiRes, saaTi Tavidan
gansazRvres, ise, rom dReSi 10 saaTi yofiliyo. es idea xalxma Znelad
aRiqva, amitom am saaTis Semqmneli
Wkvianurad moiqca da patara ciferblatic daamata, romelic, Cveulebriv, 12-saaTian dros aCvenebda.
aCvenebs Tu ara es ori ciferblati
erTsa da imave dros?
15
erTeulTa sistema
Tavi 1
dRis xangrZlivobis cvalebadoba ceziumis atomuri saaTis mixedviT. aq naCvenebi cvalebadoba sezonuri da ganmeorebadia. mas mTvaris zemoqmedeba da Zlieri qarebi iwvevs.
1967 wels zoma-wonis me-13 konferenciaze ceziumis saaTze dayrdnobiT damtkicda wamis
etaloni:
`erTi wami aris dro, romelic sWirdeba cezium-133-is atomis mier gamosxivebuli
sinaTlis talRas 9 192 631 770 rxevis Sesasruleblad.~
atomuri saaTebi Zalian stabiluria. ori aseTi saaTis maCvenebels Soris sxvaoba 1 wamze
meti rom gaxdes, amisaTvis daaxloebiT 6000 welia saWiro. Tumca es sizustec ki uferuldeba
Tanamedrove saaTebis sizustesTan SedarebiT 1 wm cdomileba 11018 wm-Si (anu daaxloebiT
31010 weliwadSi).
16
1.4
krakatauze
samxreT-aR-
(wynari
okeanis
mrewvelobis
da B wertilebSi dacemuli
mzis ukanaskneli sxivebi
Rrublebi
ganviTarebiT,
sur. 1.3. mzis ukanaskneli sxivi A wertils ecema. mas Semdeg, rac mze kuTxiT mobrundeba, sxivi damkvirveblidan
H simaRleze myof Rrubels ecema. meti sicxadisaTvis suraTze H simaRle H da kuTxe gadidebulia.
dedamiwis
centri
17
1.7 masa
garCeva SeuZlebelia. Tu Rrublebi mzis CasgauCinarda, ra simaRlezea isini dedamiwis
zedapiridan?
cos =
r
r+H
(1-7)
viRebT
cos 9,5 =
1.3 suraTze mzis sxivebis am or traeqtorias Soris kuTxea . es is kuTxea, romliTac mze dedamiwis mimarT gadaadgilda 38
6.37 10 6 m
(6.37 10 6 m) + H
saidanac
H = 8,86104 m 89 km
(pasuxi)
= (38 wT)
1.7
1 sT
360
60 wT
24 sT
= 9,5.
masa
kilogramis etaloni
1.5
cxrili
masa
kilogramebSi
11053
Cveni galaqtika
21041
mze
21030
mTvare
71022
asteroidi erosi
51015
patara mTa
11012
saokeano laineri
7107
spilo
5103
yurZeni
310-3
mtvris nawilaki
710-10
penicilinis molekula
510-17
uranis atomi
410-25
protoni
210-27
eleqtroni
910-31
parizis zoma-wonis saerTaSoriso biuroSi da sayovelTao SeTanxmebiT aRiarebulia 1 kilogrami masis etalonad.
masis etalonis zusti aslebi dagzavnilia sxvadasxva qveynebis standartizaciis
laboratoriebSi.
nebismieri
sxeulis
18
erTeulTa sistema
Tavi 1
mimoxilva da Sejameba
sidideebi fizikaSi. fizika efuZneba
TaSoriso
dro.
wami
gansazRvrulia
atomuri
sidideebi
sideebisTvis
cxrilSi
mocemuli
fizikuri
saerTaSoriso
SeTanxmebiT
masa.
amocanebi
WWW
19
Tavi 1-5
sigrZe
SSM.
nia 1 iardSi ?
1.6
amocana 6
1 kahizi
kahizi
fanega
kvartila
almude
medio
12
48
144
288
12
24
1 fanega
1 kvartila
1 almude
1 medio
saSualo
sisqe
2000 km
3000 m
anagebma xidis sigrZe, Tan gzad 1 smutis sigrZis monakveTebi moniSnes. mas Semdeg, yovel
or weliwadSi erTxel studentebi am niSnebs
yinuls
amozneqiloba ugulebelyofilia).
SSM.
1 iardi 0,914 m
1 duimi 25,4103 m = 2,54 sm
**
20
erTeulTa sistema
Tavi 1
isic Seegua). 1.6 suraTze naCvenebia smutebSi (S), uilebSi (W) da zeldebSi (Z) gazomili sami
paraleluri xazi. gamoxate 50 smuti a) uilebSi da b) zeldebSi.
0
32
212
258
0
60
216
Si
inJiner-hidroteqnikosebi
wylis
W
Z
dafaravs. kokipirulma wvimam 26km farTobis qalaqi 30 wuTSi 2 duimiT datbora. gamoTvale
2
Tavi 1-6
10
ILW.
dro
leqciis xangrZlivoba (50wT) daax-
procentuli sxvaoba =
11
faqtobrivi miaxloebiTi
meti Rame) inglisuri drois sazomi erTeulia da 2 kviras udris. drois es monakveTi,
faqtobrivi
100,
13
12
hesperoika uiplei
saaTi
kv.
orS.
samS.
oTx.
xuT.
par.
Sab.
A
B
C
D
E
12:36:40
12:36:56
12:37:12
12:37:27
12:37:44
12:37:59
12:38:14
11:59:59
12:00:02
11:59:57
12:00:07
12:00:02
11:59:56
12:00:03
15:50:45
15:51:43
15:52:41
15:53:39
15:54:37
15:55:35
15:56:33
12:03:59
12:02:52
12:01:45
12:00:38
11:59:31
11:58:24
11:57:17
12:03:59
12:02:49
12:01:54
12:01:52
12:01:32
12:01:22
12:01:12
14 1883
16
atomur
varaudod,
15
momavali
dafuZnebuli
etaloni,
iqneba
sa-
mbrunav
21
magaliTad, pulsari PSR 1937+21 yovel
21
22
brunis gasakeTeblad?
17
23 1
Cveneba mianiWe).
312
25.0
125
512
200
142
92.0
290
A (wm)
B (wm)
C (wm)
trebs Soris?
24
Seicavs 50-dan 500-mde wylis wveTs, TiToeulis radiusi 10 mkm-ia. a) ramdeni kuburi
santimetri wyalia 3 km simaRlis da 1 km ra-
18
Semaval wyals?
damatebiTi amocanebi
25 Zveli inglisuri sabavSvo leqsi am-
Zlivoba?
Tavi 1-7
19
masa
a) davuSvaT, wylis kuburi santime-
tris masa zustad 1 gramia. gamoTvale wylis erTi kuburi metris masa kilogramebSi;
b) davuSvaT, wyliT savse 5700m3 moculobis rezervuaris daclas 10 saaTi sWirdeba.
risi tolia wylis masis Semcirebis siCqare
kilogram/wamebSi?
20
26 atomur molSi 6,021023 atomia. daaxloebiT ramdeni moli atomia did Sinaur kataSi? wyalbadis, Jangbadis da naxSirbadis
atomebis masebia Sesabamisad 1 u, 16 u da 12
u.
27 Zvelsa da axals, didsa da mcires Soris kontrastis dasanaxad waikiTxe Semdegi:
Zveli inglisis soflebSi 1 haidi (100 da 120
22
erTeulTa sistema
Tavi 1
m .
sTan?
-28
cxrili
1. 7
amocana 28
vei
1 vei =
Caldroni
10/9
begi
potli
gili
40/3
640
120 240
1 Caldroni =
1 begi =
1 potli =
1 gili =
deg
gan gansxvavdeba:
xelTaTmanebiT
daacalkeve
WinWris
amerikuli erTeulebi
1 mili = 1,609 km
23
4 perCze. risi toli iyo mTeli farTobi
trebSi?
nimuSi 1.4).
kg-ia. ra masis qviSis marcvlebs eqneba zedapiris iseTive farTobi (cal-calke sfer-
bur metrebSi?
6.0 m
kubur metrebSi?
20 m
35 erT-erTi saxeobis saRebavis aRweraSi weria, rom am saRebavis erTi galoniT 460
*
1 akri = 4040 m2
1 futi 30,48 sm
**
24
Tavi 1
erTeulTa sistema
1,410 kg-ia?
41 zRvaosnobaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba mo
21
1 standartuli boTli
1 magnumi
= 2 standartuli boTli
1 ieroboami
= 4 standartuli boTli
1 reoboami
= 6 standartuli boTli
1 maTusala
= 8 standartuli boTli
= 11,356 l
1 nabuqodonosori = 20 standartuli
dafuZnebulia
astronomiul
boTli.
6,021023 erTeuls).
51 dietaze myofma adamianma SeiZleba
kviraSi 2,3 kg daiklos. gamoxate masis da-
25
kargvis
tempi
miligram/wamebSi,
TiTqos
56
grZnobdes.
gadaiyreba am dros?
leul/Roris Sefardeba ganisazRvreba, rogorc 1460 slagis masis Roris sabazro fasis
53
1 pc
1 pc
54
58
1 AU
wrfivi moZraoba
2.1
ra aris fizika?
fizikis erT-erTi amocana sxeulis moZraobis Seswavlaa, magaliTad, imisa, Tu ra siCqariT moZraobs da ra manZils gadis is drois mocemul monakveTSi. avtoinJinrebi aqtiurad
iyeneben fizikas, vinaidan misi meSveobiT adgenen manqanebis maxasiaTeblebs Sejibrebamde da
Sejibris dros. geologebi fizikas iyeneben teqtonuri baqnebis moZraobis Seswavlisa da am
gziT miwisZvrebis winaswari prognozirebisaTvis. medikosebs fizika sWirdebaT pacientebis
sisxlis mimoqcevis suraTis Sesaqmnelad, rodesac nawilobriv daxSuli arteriis diagnozs
svamen. avtomoyvarulebi fizikis saSualebiT igeben, rogor unda Seanelon avtomobili,
rodesac radiolokatori gafrTxilebas iZleva. arsebobs uamravi sxva magaliTic. am TavSi
SeviswavliT sxeulebis (avtomobilebis, teqtonuri baqnebis, sisxlis ujredisa an sxva sxeulebis) moZraobas wrfis gaswvriv. aseT moZraobas erTganzomilebiani anu wrfivi moZ-
raoba ewodeba.
2.2
moZraoba
samyaroSi yvelaferi moZraobs. erTi SexedviT uZravi sagnebic ki, magaliTad, gza, dedamiwis brunvasTan erTad moZraobs. dedamiwa mzis garSemo moZraobs, mze _ irmis naxtomis
galaqtikis garSemo, da TviT es galaqtikac moZraobs sxva galaqtikebis mimarT. moZraobebis
klasifikacia da Sedareba (e.w. kinematika) xSirad sakmaod rTulia. ras vzomavT da rogor
vadarebT erTmaneTs?
26
27
1. moZraoba xdeba mxolod wrfis gaswvriv. wrfe SeiZleba iyos vertikaluri (magaliTad, qvis vardna), horizontaluri (magaliTad, manqanis moZraoba trasaze) an iribi,
magram is aucileblad wrfe unda iyos.
2. moZraobas Zalebi iwvevs, magram am sakiTxs me-5 TavSi ganvixilavT. am TavSi ki SevexebiT mxolod moZraobasa da cvlilebebs moZraobis dros. aCqardeba Tu Seneldeba sxeuli, gaCerdeba Tu sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT wava? Tu moZraoba icvleba, ra dro
sWirdeba am cvlilebas?
2.3
mdebareoba da gadaadgileba
dadebiTi mimarTuleba
zrdis
mimarTulebas
uaryofiTi mimarTuleba
-3
-2
xm
dadebiTi
-1
saTave
lis wertilidan 5 metriTaa daSorebuli dadebiTi mimarTulebiT. Tu x=5 m, ese igi, sxeuli
imave manZilzea aTvlis wertilidan, oRond uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT. RerZze 5 m koordinati naklebia, vidre 1 m koordinati, xolo orive naklebia, vidre +5 m koordinati. `pliusis dawera saWiro ar aris, magram `minusi yovelTvis unda iyos naCvenebi.
= 5 m-dan x2 = 200 m-sken da Semdeg ukan brundeba (x = 5 m), gadaadgileba gzis dasawyisidan
dasasrulamde iqneba x = 5 5 = 0.
gadaadgilebisTvis pliusis miniWebas mniSvneloba ara aqvs, xolo minus niSani yo-
28
wrfivi moZraoba
Tavi 2
+1
x (t)
x(t)
grafiki zRarbisTvis,
tilSi.
sur. 2.2.
x-is
mniSvneloba nebismieri
romelic SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas plius an minus niSniT, Tu moZraoba erTi wrfis gaswvriv xdeba.
sakontrolo wertili
a) 3 m, +5 m;
b) 3 m, 7 m;
g) 7 m, 3 m
x (m)
x (t)
t (wm)
t-ze). amis martivi magaliTia 2.2 suraTze naCvenebi mdebareobis x(t) funqcia uZravi zRarbisTvis
(romelsac ganvixilavT, rogorc nawilaks) drois
mdebareoba t=0
x = 2 m.
2.3 (a) suraTi ufro sainteresoa, vinaidan masze
moZraobaa naCvenebi. zRarbi t=0 momentSi imyofeba
x=5 poziciaze, moZraobs saTavis (x=0) mimarTulebiT, saTaves gaivlis t=3 momentSi da x-is
ufro maRali dadebiTi mniSvnelobebisken miiwevs.
sur. 2.3 (b) asaxavs zRarbis wrfiv moZraobas, rac
daaxloebiT isaa, rasac Cven davinaxavT. 2.3 (a) suraTze mocemuli grafiki ufro abstraqtulia da ara
hgavs imas, rac realurad Cans, samagierod, informaciiT ufro mdidaria. masze zRarbis siswrafec Cans.
(a)
xm
t (wm)
(b)
sur. 2.3 . a) zRarbis moZraobis x(t) grafiki
da masTan dakavSirebuli traeqtoria. b) x
RerZis qvemoT mocemuli skala gviCvenebs
im momentebs, rodesac zRarbi x-is
sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebs aRwevs.
29
saS =
x
t
x2 x1
(2.2)
t2 t1
mocemuli Canaweri niSnavs, rom t1 droSi zRarbis mdebareoba aris x1, xolo t2 droSi _
x2. vsaS-s erTeulia metri wamSi (m/wm). amocanebis amoxsnisas sxva erTeulebic SeiZleba Segvxvdes, Tumca forma manZili/dro yovelTvis daculi iqneba.
x-is t-sadmi damokidebulebis grafikze vsaS aris im xazis daxriloba, romelic x(t) grafi-
kis or wertils akavSirebs. erTi wertili Seesabameba x2-s da t2-s, meore wertili _ x1-s da
t1-s. gadaadgilebis msgavsad, vsaS-s gaaCnia rogorc ricxviTi mniSvneloba, aseve mimarTuleba (e.i. veqtoruli sididea). misi ricxviTi mniSvneloba daxrilobis sididea.
= am xazis daxriloba
saS
x
t
t = (s)
x = (t)
x = 2m (4 m) = 6m
akveTis dasasruls. Semdeg vipoviT swori xazis daxrilobas x/t. drois mocet=4s
6m
3 wm
= 2 m/wm
1s = 3s
raobis siCqaris aRweris kidev erTi saSualebaa. Tu saSualo siCqare vsaS wertilis x gadaadg-
ilebas ukavSirdeba, saSualo manZili ssaS ukavSirdeba mTlian ganvlil manZils (magaliTad,
ganvlili metrebis raodenobas) mimarTulebis damoukideblad. anu
ssaS =
(2.3)
t
vinaidan ssaS saSualo siCqares mimarTulebas ar gviCvenebs, mas arc algebruli niSani aqvs.
zogjer ssaS da vsaS erTmaneTis tolia (niSans Tu ar CavTvliT). Tumca, rogorc amocanis amoxsnis 2.1 nimuSSi vnaxavT, rodesac sxeuli orjer gadis erTi da imave gzas, ssaS da vsaS erTmaneTisgan sakmaod gansxvavdeba.
Zveli
satvirTo
manqana
swor
gzaze
2.1
Si 2 kilometri fexiT iare benzingasamarTi
sadguris sapovnelad.
a) risi tolia Seni mTliani gadaadgileba
mgzavrobis dawyebidan sadguramde?
30
wrfivi moZraoba
Tavi 2
qare
(x
am
ori
wertilis
SemaerTebeli
cias pirveli unda gamoaklo. 2.1 formulid) warmoidgine, rom benzinis Casasxme-
dan gvaqvs:
(pasuxi)
bamde?
vsaS.manq. =
SsaS =
xmanq.
t manq.
12,4 km
1,37 sT
= 0.12 km/sT
(pasuxi)
manq
an
siar iT
uli
t = tmanq. + tfex.
mdebareoba (km)
fexiT
ase rom,
fardobis tolia:
vsaS = x = 10.4 km
0.62 sT
t
= 16.8 km/sT 17 km/sT
grafikulad vsaS-is
dapirvelad
(pasuxi)
sapovnelad
Tav-
x(=10,4 km)
t(=10,4 km)
b.g. sadguri
i
siarul
dro (sT)
sakontrolo
wertili
mocemul amo-
dac
sawyisi
da
saboloo
wertilebia,
vis?
31
amosaxsneli amocana xSirad Zalian iolia da mas, ubralod, ver vigebT. saukeTeso
2.5
dro gadaiTvleba, romelic marjvena mimarTulebiT izrdeba. vertikalur RerZze gadaiTvleba moZravi wertilis x mdebareoba.
am RerZis dadebiTi mimarTuleba zemoTaa.
yovelTvis daimaxsovre erTeulebi (wamebi Tu wuTebi, metrebi Tu kilometrebi),
romelSic cvladebia mocemuli.
myisi siCqare
Tqven ukve ixileT sagnis moZraobis siswrafis aRweris ori gza: saSualo siCqare ssaS (speed)
da saSualo veqtoruli siCqare vsaS (velocity). orive maTgani t drois SualedSi izomeba. Tumca
sxeulis moZraobis siCqares ukeTesad aRwers myisi siCqare (an ubralod siCqare), romelic gviCvenebs, ra siCqariT moZraobs sxeuli drois mocemul momentSi.
myisi siCqare miiReba saSualo siCqaridan, rodesac t drois monakveTi 0-s uaxlovdeba.
vinaidan t mcirdeba, saSualo siCqare uaxlovdeba zRvrul mniSvnelobas, rac swored am momentSi siCqaris tolia:
= lim
t0
x
dx
=
t
dt
(2.4)
am formulaSi myisi siCqaris ori maxasiaTebeli Cans: 1) aris siCqare, romliTac wertilis x mdebareoba icvleba drois mocemul momentSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom aris
x-is warmoebuli t-Ti; 2) nebismier momentSi aris sxeulis mdebareobis grafikis daxriloba im wertilSi, romelic am moments Seesabameba. siCqare veqtoruli sididea da, maSasadame,
mimarTulebac aqvs.
speed* aris velocity**-is ricxviTi mniSvneloba. es niSnavs, rom speed aris velocity, oRond
mimarTulebisa da algebruli niSnis gareSe (yuradRebiT unda iyoT, speed da velocity erTmaneTisgan zogjer sakmaod gansxvavdeba). roca velocity aris +5 m/wm da 5 m/wm, speed orive SemTxvevaSi aris 5 m/wm. manqanis spidometri gviCveebs speed-s da ara velocity-s (mas mimarTulebis
gansazRvra ar SeuZlia).
*
**
32
Tavi 2
wrfivi moZraoba
2.2
grafiki.
amoxsna: rogorc viciT, mocemul momentSi siCqare x(t) grafikis daxrilobis tolia. x(t) grafikis daxriloba da, maSasadame,
siCqare, 0 wm-dan 1 wm-mde da 9 wm-dan zeviT
bulia. bc intervalSi daxriloba mudmivia
da ar udris nuls, vinaidan liftis kabina
mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs. aqedan gamomdinare, x(t) wrfis daxrilobas gamoviTvliT
d
c
mdebareoba (m)
x= 4 m
t= 3 wm
Semdegnairad:
24 m - 4.0 m
x
= + 4.0 m/wm
==
t
8.0wm3.0wm
liftis
kabina
jer
moZraobas
c
(t)-s daxriloba
siCqare (m/wm)
vinaidan
b)
a
aCqareba (m/wm2)
qveTavSi).
2.6 b suraTzea mocemuli, SegviZlia ukan
dro (wm)
a)
Seneleba
dadebiTi x mimarTulebiT moZraobs. es Suulia 2.6 b suraTze. aqve unda iTqvas, rom,
dro (wm)
x(t)-s daxriloba
x-is cvlilebas asaxavs. drois nebismier SualedSi x-is aseTi cvlilebis sapovnelad
saWiroa gamoiTvalos (t) grafikiT miRebuli figuris farTobi am SualedisTvis. magaliTad, 3 wm-dan 8 wm-mde, rodesac liftis
kabinas 4 m/wm siCqare hqonda, x-is cvlileba
iyo
x = (4 m/wm) (8wm 3 wm) = +20 m.
(farTobi dadebiTia vinaidan (t) grafiki t
g)
sur. 2.6 a) x(t) grafiki liftis kabinisTvis, romelic
moZraobs maRla, x RerZis gaswvriv; b) (t) grafiki liftis kabinisTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom es aris
x(t) grafikis warmoebuli ( = dx/dt); g) a(t) grafiki
liftis kabinisTvis. es aris (t) grafikis warmoebuli (a=d/dt). grafiks qvemoT figurebi gviCvenebs,
ras igrZnobs mgzavris sxeuli aCqarebebis dros.
33
2.6 aCqareba
2.3
mocemulia formuliT:
(2-6)
(2.5)
(Apasuxi)
mudmivia Tu icvleba?
mixedviT icvleba.
3 qvemoT mocemu
li formulebi gvaZlevs wertilis x(t)
mdebareobas oTx SemTxvevaSi (yovel for
mulaSi x izomeba metrebSi, t wamebSi,
sakontrolo wertili
eroT 7,8 m, 9,2 m/wm da 2,1 m/wm3. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom siCqare aris x(t) mdebareobis funqciis pirveli xarisxis warmoebuli.
aqedan gamomdinare, vwerT:
d
dx
3
= dt = dt (7.8+9.2t2.1t ),
saidanac gamomdinareobs
2.6
aCqareba
rodesac wertilis siCqare icvleba, amboben, rom wertili ganicdis aCqarebas (anu Cqardeba). RerZis gaswvriv moZraobis dros asaS (saSualo aCqareba) t drois SualedSi tolia:
asaS =
2 - 1
=
t
t2 - t1
(2-7)
sadac 1 aris wertilis siCqare t1 droSi da 2 t2 droSi. myisi aCqareba (an ubralod aCqareba)
aris siCqaris warmoebuli droiT:
a=
d
dt
(2-8)
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, wertilis aCqareba nebismier momentSi aris tempi, romliTac siCqare am momentSi icvleba. grafikulad, aCqareba nebismier wertilSi aris (t) grafikis daxriloba am wertilSi.
SegviZlia SevaerToT formulebi 2.8 da 2.4 da davweroT
d
d 2x
d
dx
(2-9)
=
=
dt
dt
dt
dt 2
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, wertilis aCqareba nebismier momentSi aris misi x(t) mdebareobis
a=
34
Tavi 2
wrfivi moZraoba
(0 an 4 m/wm-is SemTxvevaSi), warmoebuli da, maSasadame, aCqareba nulis tolia. rodesac liftis kabina moZraobas iwyebs, (t) grafiks aqvs dadebiTi warmoebuli (daxriloba dadebiTia),
rac niSnavs, rom a(t) dadebiTia. rodesac liftis kabina Cerdeba, (t) grafikis warmoebuli da
daxriloba uaryofiTia da, maSasadame, a(t)-c uaryofiTia.
amis Semdeg Seadare (t) grafikis daxrilobebi aCqarebis or periodSi. liftis SenelebasTan dakavSirebuli daxriloba ufro cicaboa, vinaidan gaCerebas orjer ufro naklebi dro
dasWirda, vidre siCqaris matebas. cicabo daxriloba niSnavs, rom Senelebis ricxviTi mniSvneloba ufro maRalia, vidre aCqarebisa, rogorc es naCvenebia 2.6 g suraTze.
rosnul kameraSi, rodesac is aRwevs Zalian maRal siCqares da Semdeg wrafadve muxruWdeba.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Seni sxeuli reagirebs aCqarebaze da ara siCqareze. rodesac 90 km/sT
siCqariT moZrav manqanaSi an 900 km/sT-iT mfrinav TviTmfrinavSi xar, Seni sxeuli moZraobas ver grZnobs. Tumca, Tu manqana an TviTmfrinavi swrafad Seicvlis siCqares, maSin araTu
mkveTrad igrZnob, aramed SegeSindeba kidec. gasarTob atraqcionebze mZafri SegrZnebebi
swored siCqaris swrafi cvlilebiTaa gamowveuli. ufro saintereso magaliTi mocemulia 2.7
suraTze, rodesac Cqarosnuli kamera swrafad aaCqares da Semdeg mkveTrad daamuxruWes.
didi aCqarebebi zogjer gamoisaxeba g erTeulebSi:
1g=9,8 m/wm2
(2.10)
(g aris dedamiwaze Tavisufali vardnisas sxeulis aCqareba. amas ganvixilavT 2.9 TavSi).
atraqcion `rusul mTebze~ SeiZleba ganicado aCqareba daaxloebiT 29 m/wm2-mde, rac namdvilad amarTlebs am atraqcionis Rirebulebas.
5 : aCqarebis niSani
siCqare mcirdeba.
35
2.4
qariT, anu x RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT. wertilis aCqarebaa a(0)=0, vinaidan siC-
mocemulia formuliT
x = 4 27t + t3
qare ar icvleba.
Cvens SemTxvevaSi
= 27 + 3t2
(pasuxi)
a = +6 t
(pasuxi)
amoxsna: SeviswavloT x(t), (t) da a(t) funqciebi. rodesac t=0, wertili imyofeba x(0)=
+ 4m wertilSi da moZraobs (0)=27m/wm siC-
2.7
mis Tanabaria. magaliTad, SegiZlia manqanis aCqareba daaxloebiT Tanabari tempiT, rodesac SuqniSanze wiTels mwvane
cvlis. Seni moZraobis, siCqarisa da aCqarebis grafikebi
2.8 suraTze mocemuli grafikebis msgavsi iqneba (gaiTval-
mdebareoba
daxriloba icvleba
a)
siCqare
daxriloba = a
b)
sur. 2.8 a) TanabaraCqarebulad moZravi wertilis mdebareoba x(t); b) wertilis siCqare (t) mocemuli x(t) grafikis TiToeul wertilSi daxrilobis Sesabamisad; g) wertilis aCqareba (Tanabari), tolia (t) grafikis
(mudmivi) daxrilobisa.
aCqareba
daxriloba = 0
g)
, wm
36
Tavi 2
wrfivi moZraoba
bi gamosadegia mxolod Tanabari aCqarebis dros (an situaciebSi, rodesac aCqarebis mniSvneloba miaxloebulia TanabarTan).
rodesac aCqareba Tanabaria, saSualo aCqareba da myisi aCqareba erTmaneTis tolia. amis
gamo formula 2.7 SegiZlia Semdegnairad SevcvaloT:
- 0
a = asaS = t - 0
aq 0 aris siCqare, rodesac t=0, xolo siCqare nebismieri momdevno t-sTvis. Cven SegviZlia es formula gadavweroT, rogorc
= 0 +at.
(2.11)
vawarmooT 2.11 toloba. miviRebT: d/dt=a, rac a-s gansazRvrebaa. 2.8 b suraTze naCvenebia
formula 2.11-is (t) funqciis grafiki. funqcia wrfivia da, maSasadame, grafikic wrfea.
aseTive xerxiT SegviZlia gadavweroT formula 2.2 (aRniSvnebSi mcireodeni cvlile
bebiT):
saidanac viRebT:
vsaS =
x x0
t0
x = x0 + vsaSt,
(2.12)
sadac x0 wertilis mdebareobaa t = 0 momentSi, xolo vsaS saSualo siCqare drois rome-
formula 2.11-Si mocemuli siCqaris wrfivi funqciisTvis, saSualo siCqare drois nebismier monakveTSi (vTqvaT, t = 0-sa da romelime momdevno t-s Soris) aris sawyis siCqaresa (0) da
drois monakveTis bolos wertilis siCqaris () saSualo mniSvneloba. t = 0-dan t-mde saSualo
siCqare iqneba
vsaS =
1 ( + ).
2 0
(2.13)
vsaS = 0 +
formula 2.14-is 2.12-Si CasmiT miviRebT:
1
2
at
xx0=0t+ 1 at 2
2
(2.14)
(2.15)
Sesamowmeblad gaiTvaliswineT, rom t = 0 momentSi x = x0. amasTan, formula 2.15-is gawarmoeba gvaZlevs 2.11-s, rac asec unda iyos. 2.8a suraTze mocemulia formula 2.15-is grafiki.
funqcia kvadratulia da amitom es grafiki mrudia.
formulebi 2.11 da 2.15 TanabaraCqarebuli moZraobis ZiriTadi formulebia. maTi
gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia Tanabar aCqarebasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri amocanis amosaxsnelad. amasTanave, SegviZlia gamoviyvanoT sxva formulebi, romlebic gamosadegi iqneba
garkveul specifikur situaciebSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanabar aCqarebasTan dakavSirebul
amocanebSi SeiZleba Sediodes 5-mde sidide xx0, , t, a da 0. Cveulebriv, erT-erTi sidide
aseT amocanaSi ar monawileobs, arc cnobili da arc ucnobi sididis saxiT. amitom, gvaqvs
sami mocemuli sidide da unda movZebnoT meoTxe.
formulebSi 2.11 da 2.15 oTxi aseTi sididea, Tumca es oTxeuli erTnairi rodia. formula 2.11-Si ar gvaqvs gadaadgileba xx0, formula 2.15-Si siCqare . es formulebi SegviZlia
SevaerToT sami gziT, raTa gamoviyvanoT sami damatebiTi formula, romelTagan TiToeuli
Seicavs sxvadasxva `ararsebul cvlads~. pirvel rigSi gamovricxoT t:
2 = 20 + 2a(xx0)
(2.16)
es formula gamosadegia, roca ar viciT t da mis povnas arc gvTxoven. meore rigSi gamovricxoT a aCqareba, raTa miviRoT formula, sadac a ara gvaqvs:
xx0= 1 (0 + )t
2
dasasruls, gamovricxoT 0:
(2.17)
37
(2.18)
cxrili
2.1
nabari
aCqarebiT
moZraobis
formula
ararsebuli
cvladi
2-11
= 0 + at
x - x0
dakavSirebuli
2-15
x x 0 = 0t +
1 2
2 at
2-16
= 0 + 2a(x x0)
2-17
x x0 = 12 (v + v0)t
2-18
x x0 = vt
1 2
2 at
gamoiyeno
am
siaSi
canaSi
* sanam cxrilSi mocemul formulebs gamoiyeneb, darwmundi, rom aCqareba marTlac Tanabaria
ufro
formula,
sapovneli
martivia
formulebi
2.11
cvladia.
daimaxsovro
da
2.15
da
2.5
formulisTvis.
t= a 0
dixar.
a) risi tolia aCqareba?
(2.19)
a=
2 - 20
2(x x0)
2(88 m)
= - 1.58 m/wm2
(pasuxi)
38
Tavi 2
wrfivi moZraoba
sididiT Semcirebas?
6: Seamowme erTeulebi
Teulebis
Sesamowmeblad
gaiTvaliswine,
Seamowme.
buli drois kvadratTan. nebismier formulaSi yvela erTeuli erTnairi unda iyos.
1
formula 2.15-Si (xx0=0t+ 2 at2) er-
2.8
d = adt
Semdeg davweroT ganusazRvreli integrali orive mxares:
d = a dt
vinaidan a aCqareba mudmivia (Tanabaria), misi gamotana integralidan SeiZleba. Semdeg miviRebT
an
d = a dt
= at + C
(2.20)
integrirebis C mudmivas gamosaTvlelad, davuSvaT, rom t= 0 da am momentSi = 0. CavsvaT es mniSvnelobebi formula 2.20-Si, miviRebT
0 =(a)(0)+C=C
dx=dt
orive mxares davweroT ganusazRvreli integrali:
dx = dt
zogadad, ar aris mudmivi, ase rom, misi gamotana integralidan ar SeiZleba. Tumca, -s
Secvla SegviZlia formula 2.11-iT:
dx = (0 + at) dt
x = 0t+ 1 at 2 + C,
2
(2.21)
sadac C integrebis kidev erTi mudmivaa. t=0 momentSi x = x0. CavsvaT es mniSvnelobebi
formula 2.21 da miviRebT x0=C. formula 2.21-Si C SevcvaloT x0-iT, miviRebT formula
2.15-s.
2.9
Tu odesme raime sagani maRla agigdia an zevidan qveviT Camogigdia, SeniSnavdi, rom vardnisas sxeulis aCqareba Tanabaria. am aCqarebas Tavisufali vardnis
aCqareba ewodeba da misi ricxviTi mniSvneloba warmodgenilia g simboloTi. aCqareba ar aris damokidebuli sxeulis iseT maxasiaTeblebze, rogoricaa masa, simkvrive an
forma. is Tanabaria nebismier i sxeulisTvis.
Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebis ori magaliTi mocemulia 2.9 suraTze. aq gamosaxulia vaSlisa da bumbulis
stroboskopuri fotoebi. vinaidan es sxeulebi miwaze
ecema, amitom maTi aCqareba orive SemTxvevaSi g-s tolia.
maSasadame, maTi siCqare erTi da imave tempiT imatebs da
miwaze orive erTdroulad ecema.
rom Tavisufali vardnisTvis: 1) moZraobis mimarTulebebi y vertikaluri RerZis gaswvrivaa x RerZis nacvlad (es mniSvnelovania momdevno TavebSi,
rodesac horizontaluri da vertikaluri moZraoba erToblivad ganixileba); 2) Tavisufali
vardnis aCqareba uaryofiTia da mimarTulia qveviT dedamiwis centrisaken. maSasadame, formulebSi gveqneba g.
Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba dedamiwis zedapiris maxloblad aris a = g = 9,8 m/wm2,
xolo misi ricxviTi mniSvneloba aris g = 9,8 m/wm2.
warmoidgine, rom pomidori maRla aisrole sawyisi (dadebiTi) siCqariT 0 da Semdeg
isev daiWire. Tavisufali vardnis dros (xelis gaSvebidan daWeramde) pomidoris moZraobas
miesadageba 2.1 cxrilis formulebi. aCqareba yovelTvis udris 9,8 m/wm2-s, uaryofiTia da
qveviT mimarTuli. samagierod siCqare icvleba, rogorc es asaxulia formulebSi 2.11 da 2.16.
39
40
Tavi 2
wrfivi moZraoba
maRla moZraobis dros pomidvris dadebiTi siCqaris ricxviTi mniSvneloba mcirdeba, vidre
0-s ar miaRwevs. vinaidan pomidori am dros Cerdeba, amitom es misi maqsimaluri simaRlea.
daSvebis dros siCqaris (axla ukve uaryofiTi) ricxviTi mniSvneloba izrdeba.
2.6
Zils gadioda TiToeul wamSi. gansazRvre
misi mdebareoba yoveli wamis Semdeg.
sur. 2.10 Tavisuflad vardnili sxeulis mdebareoba, siCqare da aCqareba. am SemTxvevaSi sxeuli
rkinis sferoa, romelsac deiv mandei marTavs nia
garas CanCqerze.
y - y0 = 0t - 1 gt 2,
2
1
(9.8
m/wm2)t 2,
- 48 m - 0 = 0t 2
da
t 2 = 48/4,9,
t = 3,1 wm
mniSvnelobebs
amoxsna:
dideebi:
sawyisi
monacemebiT
siCqaris
evs.
b) mandeim SeZlo daeTvala Tavisufali
vardnis sami wami, magram ver dainaxa ra man-
davuSvaT,
rom
formula 2.11-Si
(pasuxi)
2.7
wvriv.
Zlia davweroT:
4,9t2 12t + 5 = 0
t = 0,53 wm da t = 1,9 wm
(pasuxi)
burTi
t=
0 - 12 m/wm
- 0
= 1.2 wm
(pasuxi)
=
a
- 9.8 m/wm 2
b) risi tolia burTis frenis maqsimal-
umaRles
wertilSi
uri simaRle?
amoxsna: burTis gaSvebis wertilad aviRoT
y=
2 - 0
0 - (12 m/wm)
=
= 7.3 m
2a
2(- 9.8 m/wm2)
(pasuxi)
zeviT moZraobis
dros a = g,
speed mcirdeba,
xolo velocity
naklebad
dadebiTi
xdeba.
vardnis dros
a = g, speed
izrdeba. xolo
velocity metad
uaryofiTi xdeba.
y = 0t - 1 gt 2,
2
5.0 m = (12 m/wm)t - (1 )(9.8 m/wm2)t 2
2
41
42
Tavi 2
wrfivi moZraoba
sakontrolo wertili
zemoT asvlis dros, gaSvebidan umaRles wertilamde? b) ra iqneba es niSani vardnis dros,
umaRlesi wertilidan gaSvebis wertilamde? g) ra iqneba burTis aCqareba umaRles wertilSi?
sxeulis
taqtika
erTi
sxeulis
Seusabamoa.
yuradRebiT
fizikuri
mniSvnelobe-
maTi
msvlelobasTan
SexedviT,
gamoikvlie
rom
8: moulodneli pasuxebi
niSnavs,
da
aCqareba
siswrafesa
uaryofiTi
mdebareobaze,
drois
velocity
2.10
rodesac mocemuli gvaqvs sxeulis aCqarebis droze damokidebulebis grafiki, misi integrirebiT SegviZlia vipovoT sxeulis siCqare drois nebismier momentSi. vinaidan a aCqareba
ganisazRvreba, rogorc dv , amitom
dt
1 - 0 =
t1
t0
a dt
(2.22)
a dt =
(2.23)
Tu aCqarebis erTeulia 1 m/wm2, xolo droisa 1 wm, maSin farTobis sidide grafikze iqneba
(1 m/wm2) (1 wm) = 1 m/wm, rac, arsebiTad, siCqaris erTeulia. rodesac aCqarebis grafiki drois
RerZs zemoTaa, farTobi dadebiTia, xolo rodesac aCqarebis grafiki drois RerZs qvemoTaa
uaryofiTi.
43
= dx/dt, amitom
x1 - x0 =
t1
t0
farTobi
(2.24)
v dt,
t0
t1
a)
farTobi
t1
t0
t1
b)
t0a aCqarebis t
(1 m/wm) (1 wm) = 1 m,
vis; b)
vis aRvwereT.
lis grafikisTvis.
2.8
aCqareba (m/wm2)
dro, mwm
(a)
C
t
(b)
(2.26)
farTobi A = 0
meore nawils, 40-dan 100 mwm-mde, samkuTxedis forma aqvs, romlis farTobia
44
wrfivi moZraoba
Tavi 2
1
anu
(pasuxi)
mesame nawils, 100-dan 110 mwm-mde, marTkuTxedis forma aqvs, romlis farTobia
aqvs 7,2 km/sT siCqare. mecnierebi amtkiceben, rom uknidan Sejaxebis dros siCqareeb-
mimoxilva da Sejameba
mdebareoba. wertilis x mdebareoba
aTvlis saTavis mimarT am wertilis ganla-
ssaS =
= lim
x = x2 _ x1
(2.1)
t0
saS =
x
t
x2 x1
t2 t1
(2-2)
dx
x
=
t
dt
(2.4)
x-is t-ze damokidebulebis grafikis daxriloba. speed aris myisi siCqaris ricxviTi
mniSvneloba.
(2.3)
t
myisi siCqare. moZravi wertilis myi-
mTliani manZili
asaS =
t
(2.7)
d 2x
a = d = 2
dt
dt
(2.8, 2.9)
Tanabari aCqareba. 2.1 cxrilSi mocemuli xuTi formula aRwers wertilis TanabaraCqarebul moZraobas:
= 0 + at,
x x0 = 0t + 12 at2,
2 = 02 + 2a(x x0),
x - x0 = 12 (0 + )t,
1 2
x x0 = t - 2 at .
(2.11)
(2.15)
(2.16)
(2.17)
(2.18)
45
es formulebi gamousadegaria, rodesac aC-
aCqareba.
Tavisufali
vardnis
SekiTxvebi
1. 2.14 suraTze naCvenebia sxeulis moZraobis oTxi traeqtoria sawyisidan saboloo wertilamde drois erTsa da imave monakveTSi. es traeqtoriebi erTmaneTisgan
Tanabrad dacilebul paralelul xazebs
kveTs. daalage traeqtoriebi: a)
vsaS mixed-
t (s)
mdebareobaSi?
icvleba moZraobis mimarTuleba? d) daalage eqvsi wertili aCqarebis ricxviTi mniSvnelobis klebadobis mixedviT.
viT.
moZwerda a
+, ;
46
Tavi 2
wrfivi moZraoba
3) , +; 4) , . CamoTvlilTagan
cxisTvis (gra
fikebi A da B,
C, D da E, da
aseve F da G pa
ralelurebia).
9.
rodesac
t=0 da x=0,
uZravi lurji
Sejaxebis
manqana
Tavidan
asacile-
iwyebs
TanabaraCqare
bul moZraobas
dadebiTi mi-
D
G
sur. 2.17
kiTxva 5.
amocanebi
SSM amoxsnebi mocemulia Student Solutions Manual-Si.
www amoxsnebi mocemulia veb-gverdze
http://www.wiley.com/college/halliday
ILW
eno.
mimarTulebiT moZraobs); b) ras udris saSualo siCqare? g) aage x-is t-ze damokidebulebis grafiki da aCvene, rogor vipovoT
grafikze saSualo siCqare.
SSM WWW
4 manqana adis borcvze 40km/sT siCqariT da Semdeg ukan brundeba 60km/sT siC-
47
5 x RerZis gaswvriv moZravi sxeulis mdebareoba mocemulia formuliT x=3t4t2+t3,
sadac x izomeba metrebSi, t wamebSi. ipove
sxeulis mdebareoba t-s mocemuli mniSvnelobebisTvis: a) 1wm; b) 2wm; g) 3wm; d) 4wm;
e) ra iqneba sxeulis gadaadgileba t=0-sa da
t=4 wm-s Soris? v) ra iqneba sxeulis saSualo
siCqare t=2 wm-dan t=4 wm-mde? z) aage x-is tze damokidebulis grafiki, rodesac 0t4,
neTs daejaxebian?
andes?
mdebareoba
mocemulia
formuliT
48
Tavi 2
wrfivi moZraoba
alebiT.
l) 2wm; m) 3 wm da n) 4 wm.
SSM WWW.
rebuli SemTxveva.
20 miu-mezoni (elementaruli nawilaki)
akveTSi? SSM
mdebareoba
mocemulia
formuliT
21 eleqtroni moZraobs TanabarCqarebulad +3,2 m/wm2 aCqarebiT. garkveul momentSi misi siCqarea +9,6 m/wm. ras udris siCqare: a) 2,5 wm-iT adre da b) 2,5 wm-iT gvian?
raobs Tanabari aCqarebiT 9,8m/wm2, rac frenis dros normaluri gravitaciis iluzias
qmnis. a) Tu xomaldi moZraobas daiwyebs
uZravi mdgomareobidan, ra dro dasWirdeba mas sinaTlis siCqaris (3 108 m/wm) erTi
meaTedis misaRwevad? b) ra manZils gaivlis
am drois ganmavlobaSi?
SSM.?
49
mareobidan 2m/wm2 Tanabari aCqarebiT moZ-
SenelebisTvis.
dawyebidan gaCerebamde?
gavlas?
ILW.
(msgavsi
Si).
romelic
Tanabradaa
miCneuli?
SSM.
Tanabari moZraobis
monakveTi
aCqarebis
monakveTi
eleqtronis
moZraobis
wiri
x (m)
moZravi
wertilis
wertilis aCqarebis
sur. 2.19 amocana 25
32 warmoid-
dros?
SSM ILW
wrfivi moZraoba
Tavi 2
v (m/wm)
50
t (s)
x RerZis paralelurad. rodesac t=0, wiTeli manqana xwT=0 wertilSia, xolo mwvane
- xmw=200m wertilSi. Tu wiTeli manqana
moZraobs 20km/sT mudmivi siCqariT, manqax (m)
dan gaCerebamde.
swrafi
matarebeli
lokomotivi
51
t (wm)
SSM
40 wvimis wveTebi miwaze 1700 m simaRleze myofi Rrublidan ecema. a) rom ara
wveTebs miwaze dacemisas? b) usafrTxo iqneboda Tu ara wvimis dros gareT gasvla?
1
3 A
grafikebi.
pirvel
yB
yA
or
SSM
mowyvetis wertili?
simaRlidan meore vaSli isroles. 2.25 suraTze mocemulia vardnis dros vaSlebis
t (wm)
gasavlelad?
(burTi
wertili);
58 Soreuli mzis
isaa koSki?
sistemis erT-erTi
planetis zedapir-
(m)
wrfivi moZraoba
tikalurad aisro
Tavi 2
damokidebulebis
grafiki burTisT-
sawyisi siCqare?
warmoidgine,
rogorc
t (wm)
moZraobis Seswavlisas
59 amocanis 2.8 nimuSSi Tavis maqsimal-
b) mkerdis siCqare?
aRwia?
55 mTvlemare kata uecrad yvavilis qoTans xedavs, romelic Ria fanjris miRma jer
zeviT adis, Semdeg ki qveviT Camodis. qo-
v (m/wm)
52
t (mwm)
sur. 2.29 amocana 60
53
65 t = 0 momentSi kldeze mcocavs uecrad
soli Camouvarda. garkveuli xnis Semdeg
v (m/wm)
kldeze 10 m-iT maRla myofma misma partniorma soli Tavad Camoagdo. 2.32 suraTze mocemulia solebis y mdebareobebis
damokidebuleba t droze. ra siCqariTaa nas-
t (wm)
qudiani Tavi
(m/wm)
SiSveli Tavi
t (wm)
xolo t mocemulia wamebSi. rodesac wertili miaRwevs ekranis kides (x = 0 an x =15 sm), t
t (mwm)
sur. 2.31 amocana 62
damatebiTi amocanebi
g) ra simaRlisaa Senoba?
54
wrfivi moZraoba
Tavi 2
wamian monakveTSi?
burTi?
x (m)
t (wm)
frTebiT?
xazis
asacileblad,
gadakveTis
Tavidan
distanciis
aCqardeba
bisas?
78
pirvel
naxevarze
55
a (m/wm 2)
(m)
aledisTvis 2 t 4.
t (wm)
sur. 2.34 amocana 78
t (wm)
sur. 2.35 amocana 82
83 matarebelma moZraoba daiwyo TanabaraCqarebulad. garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi matarebeli midioda 30 m/wm siCqariT, xolo Semdeg 160 m
50 m/wm siCqariT
gaiara. gamoTvale a) aCqareba, b) 160 m-is gavlis dro, g) 30 m/wm siCqaris miRwevis dro da
d) manZili, romelic matarebelma gaiara uZraobis mdgomareobidan 30 m/wm siCqaris miR-
bulebis grafikebi.
84 120 m simaRlis Senobis bolo sarTulze gaCerebuli carieli liftis bagiri gaw-
e) mimarTuleba.
56
Tavi 2
wrfivi moZraoba
niSani?).
elobis tolia.
88
lia 2.36 suraTze. a) ra aris wertilis koordinati, rodesac t = 5 wm? b) ra siCqare aqvs
wertils, rodesac t = 5 wm? g) ra aCqarebiT
moZraobs wertili, rodesac t = 5 wm? d) ra
saSualo siCqare aqvs wertils t = 1-dan t = 5
wm-mde? e) ra saSualo aCqareba aqvs wertils
drois am monakveTSi?
v (m/wm )
93 Jongliori burTebs H simaRleze isvris. ra simaRleze unda aisrolos Jongliorma burTebi, rom isini haerSi orjer ufro
didxans iyvnen?
(damuxruWebis
dawyebamde)
manqanam 56,7 m gaiara sawyisi 80,5 km/sT siCqariT, xolo meore fazis ganmavlobaSi
24,2m sawyisi 48,3 km/sT siCqariT. gamoTvale
a) Seni reaqciis dro da b) aCqarebis ricxviTi mniSvneloba.
57
97 x RerZis gaswvriv protonis moZraobis formulaa x = 50t+10t2, sadac x metrebSi
izomeba, xolo t wamebSi. gamoTvale a) pro-
3400 km/sT?
Cerebamde?
rolis Semdeg.
a (m/wm2)
106 piloti horizontalurad mifrinavs 1300 km/sT siCqariT dedamiwidan 35 mis simaRleze (h=35). magram t = 0 momentSi
dedamiwis zedapiris daxrilobaa =4,3.
Tu piloti TviTmfrinavis mimarTulebas ar
Secvlis, ra t momentSi Seejaxeba dedamiwas?
t (wm)
h
sur. 2.38 amocana 99
sur. 2.39 amocana 106
qare sm/wT-ebSi.
m/wm?
58
Tavi 2
wrfivi moZraoba
tempSi da b) ra iqneba saSualo siCqaris
sawyisi
siCqare
(m/wm)
10
7,5
20
30
gaCerebis
manZili
(m)
12,5
15
20
35
22,5
45
67,5
108 Saflbordis (samagido TamaSi) diski kiis dartymis Sedegad Tanabrad aCqardeba da 1,8 m-is manZilze 6 m/wm siCqares aRwevs.
am dros diski iwyebs Tanabarad Senelebas
2,5 m/wm2 aCqarebiT da Cerdeba. a) ra dro gava
diskis aCqarebidan gaCerebamde? b) ra manZils gaivlis diski?
ganvlili
manZili (m)
10
20
30
40
50
dro (wm)
ti t = 0-dan t = 6 wm-mde?
111 giganturma avialainerma afrenisTvis 360km/sT siCqares unda miaRwios. ra minimaluri Tanabari aCqarebaa saWiro 1,8 km-is
sigrZis asafreni zolidan afrenisTvis?
g =
8H
2
Tdab
T2maR
simaRle
T maR
T dab
dro
116 NASA-s uwonadobis kvlevis centrSi 145 m simaRlis koSki dgas. es aris carie-
59
li vertikaluri Senoba, romelSic SeiZleba
veqtorebi
3.1
ra aris fizika?
3.2
veqtorebi da skalarebi
swori xazze moZrav wertils SeiZleba hqondes ori mimarTuleba. SegviZlia erTi mimarTulebiT moZraoba dadebiTad miviCnioT, meore mimarTulebiT moZraoba ki uaryofiTad. magram, samganzomilebian sivrceSi moZravi wertilis mimarTulebis aRsaniSnavad `plius~
an `minus~ niSani sakmarisi aRar aris. saWiroa veqtoris gamoyeneba.
veqtors aqvs ricxviTi mniSvneloba da mimarTuleba. veqtori emorCileba masze moqmedebis garkveul wesebs, romlebsac am TavSi ganvixilavT. veqtorul sidides aqvs rogorc ricxviTi mniSvneloba, aseve mimarTuleba da, maSasadame, SeiZleba gamovsaxoT veqtoris saxiT. veqtoruli fizikuri sidideebia gadaadgileba, siCqare da aCqareba. am wignSi kidev
bevr veqtorul sidides gavecnobiT, amitom maTTan dakavSirebuli moqmedebebis wesebis Seswavla momdevno TavebSi Zalian dagexmarebaT.
60
61
(a)
3.1 a suraTze isrebs A-dan B-mde, A-dan B-mde da Adan B-mde erTnairi sidide da mimarTuleba aqvs. maSasa-
(b)
A
sur. 3.1 a) samive isars Tanabari sigrZe
da mimarTuleba aqvs, maSasadame, samive
erTsa da imave gadaadgilebas asaxavs.
b) ori wertilis SemaerTebeli samive
xazi gadaadgilebis erTsa da imave veqtors Seesabameba.
3.3
davuSvaT, rogorc 3.2a suraTze naCvenebi, wertili moZraobs A-dan B-sken da Semdeg B-dan
namdvili
traeqtoria
viTi mniSvnelobis Cveneba (niSnisa da mimarTulebis gareSe), viyenebT ubralod simboloebs, magaliTad a, b, s
da a.S. Tavze isriani simbolo asaxavs veqtoris orive
(a)
sruli gadaadgileba
veqtorebis jamia
3.2b suraTze naCvenebi sami veqtoris urTierTdamokidebuleba SeiZleba gamoisaxos veqtoruli for-
(b)
muliT
(3.1)
veqtori
da
veqtorebis
62
veqtorebi
Tavi 3
dasawyisi
dasasruli
mimarTulebasac.
da
sur. 3.3.
saTave
veqtoris
veqtori.
emTxveodes.
-s
da
-s da
(gadanacvlebadobis kanoni)
(3.2)
2) rodesac mocemuli gvaqvs orze meti veqtori, maTi Sekreba nebismieri TanmimdevrobiT
SeiZleba. maSasadame, Tu gvinda
da
da
da
SevkriboT
)+
+(
+ )
(uRlebadobis kanoni)
(3.3)
anu veqtorebis
veqtorisa da
sxvaoba
+( )
, maSin
(veqtorebis gamokleba)
(3.4)
an
63
(a)
da . b)
veqtors
gamosaklebad
-sTvis
veqtoris
(b)
veqtors vumatebT.
torebi ganvixileT, Sekrebisa da gamoklebis wesebi saerToa yvela tipis veqtorisTvis, iqneba es siCqare, aCqareba Tu raime sxva veqtoruli sidide. Tumca, dasaSvebia mxolod erTi tipis
veqtorebis Sekreba. magaliTad, SegviZlia SevkriboT ori gadadgileba, ori siCqare, magram
gadaadgilebisa da siCqaris Sekreba yovelgvar azrsaa moklebuli. es igivea, rom SevkriboT
21 wami da 12 metri.
sakontrolo wertili 1
+ .
da
da
3.1
30
gadaadgilebebi:
, 2 km aRmosavleTiT;
, 1 km dasavleTiT.
-Ti,
ki
SegiZlia Secvalo
masStabi km-Si
(a)
b) , 2 km, 30 Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT;
g)
(b)
jam-
uri veqtori gaivleba pirveli veqtoris saTavidan mesame veqtoris bolomde. misi d si-
sur. 3.7. a)
gadaadgilebis
veqtorebi. maTgan
mxolod sami unda gamoviyenoT. b) banakidan Seni daSoreba udidesi iqneba, Tu nebismieri TanmimdevrobiT SeaerTeb , da veqtorebs.
da
veqtorebisTvis. veqtorebis dalageba nebismieri TanmimdevrobiT SegviZlia, vinaidan jami ar Seicvleba. 3.7b suraTze naCvenebi
TanmimdevrobisTvis veqtorebis jami iqneba
=
+ ( )
d = 4,8 k
(pasuxi)
64
veqtorebi
Tavi 3
y
(g)
(b)
(a)
veqtoris ax da ay komponentebi. b) veqtoris gadaadgilebisas komponentebi ar icvleba, Tu veqtoris sidide da mimarTuleba ucvlelia. g) komponentebi Seadgens marTkuTxa samkuTxedis kaTetebs, romlis
hipotenuza veqtoris sididis tolia.
sur. 3.8. a)
x da y RerZebi, rogorc wesi, sibrtyeze ixazeba, ise, rogorc es 3.8a suraTzea naCvenebi. z RerZi gamodis koordinatTa saTavidan, Tumca amjerad mas ugulebelvyofT da mxolod organzomilebian veqtorebs ganvixilavT.
veqtoris komponenti aris veqtoris gegmili RerZze. magaliTad, 3.8 a suraTze ax aris
3.8a suraTze
sadac aris kuTxe
ax = a cos
da
ay= a sin ,
(3.5)
bx = 7 m
veqtori
da misi komponentebi x da y RerZebze marTkuTxa samkuTxeds qmnis. suraTze aseve Cans, rom komponentebis
by = 5 m
sur. 3.9.
65
ay
a = ax2 + ay2 da tg = a
x
(3.6)
x da y RerZebis komponentebidan
veqtoris asagebad?
ax
ax
ax
ay
ay
ay
(a)
(b)
(g)
x
ay
ax
ax
ay
x
ay
ax
(d)
(e)
(v)
3.2
y
22
5k
kilome-
100
21
Crdilo-aRmosavleTis
manZili (km)
is
200
dide (215 km) da kuTxe (22 Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT). unda vipovoT veqtoris komponentebi. avagoT xy koordinatTa sistema, sadac
manZili (km)
100
66
veqtorebi
Tavi 3
veqtori aer
veqtoris kompo-
3.5,
dx = d cos = (215 km)(cos 68) = 81 km (pasuxi)
(pasuxi)
sadac = 68 (= 9022):
maSasadame, TviTmfrinavi aRmosavleTiT 81
km-iT, xolo CrdiloeTiT 200km-iT aris daSorebuli aeroportidan.
3.3
zeviT
Cr.
2,6 km
das.
dasasruli
25 m
aRm.
dasawyisi
qveviT
samx.
(a)
zeviT
dasasruli
d
dh
qveviT
(b)
gamosayeneblad,
3.11a
suraTs
SevxedoT
3,9 km
tg h = 2,6 km
cxrilidan,
h = 56
(pasuxi)
gadaadgileba
(pasuxi)
mimarTulia
horizon
(pasuxi)
veT.
taqtika
1:
kuTxeebi
gradusebsa
da
radianebSi
kuTxe x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis
mimarT dadebiTia, Tu saaTis isris moZ
raobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT izo
meba da uaryofiTia, Tu izomeba saaTis isris
moZraobis mimarTulebiT. magaliTad, 210
da 150 erTi da igive kuTxea.
kuTxeebi izomeba radianebSic. am ori
2 rad
40
= 0,7 rad
360
funqciebis
Sedegebis
sin =
cos =
tg =
kuTxis
mopirdapire kaTeti
hipotenuza
kuTxis
mimdebare kaTeti
hipotenuza
kuTxis
mopirdapire kaTeti
kuTxis
hipotenuza
kuTxis
mopirdapire
kaTeti
kuTxis
mimdebare
kaTeti
mimdebare kaTeti
67
68
veqtorebi
Tavi 3
+1
-
900
sin
900
1800
2700
3600
+1
-1
- 900
(a)
cos
900
1800
2700
3600
-1
(b)
tg
+2
+1
(g)
- 900
900
1800
2700
3600
-1
sur. 3.13 sami saWiro funqcia. kalkulatoris gamoTvlis diapazoni Sebrunebuli trigonometriuli
funqciebisTvis naCvenebia grafi-kebis gamuqebuli
nawiliT.
-2
3.5
mimarTulebis mimarT.
erTEulovani veqtorebi
aniSnebs. erTeulovan veqtors ar gaaCnia ganzomileba da erTeuli. misi erTaderTi daniSnuleba mimarTulebis Cvenebaa. x, y da z RerZebis dadebiTi mimarTulebis mqone erTeulovani veqtorebi aRiniSneba , da
(sur. 3.14). 3.14 suraTze RerZebis ganlagebas marjvena koordinatTa sistemas uwodeben. es sistema aseTived rCeba RerZebis Tanabrad Semo-
da
da
= ax + ay
(3 .7 )
= bx + by
(3.8)
da ay uwodeben
veqtoris veqtorul
z
sur. 3.14. , da erTeulovani veqtorebi asaxavs mimarTulebebs marjvena koordinatTa sistemaze.
69
rebis
da
gadaadgileba erTeu-
aq (2,6km)
+ (0,025 km)
x RerZze veqtoris dx
+(3,9km)
(3.9)
(3.10)
veqtoris TiToeu-
(3.11)
ry = ay + by
(3.12)
rz = az + bz.
(3.13)
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ori veqtori erTmaneTis tolia, Tu maTi Sesabamisi komponentebi tolia. formulebi 3.10-3.13 gvauwyebs, rom
da
veqtoris
veqtoris mis-
suxi).
veqtorebis komponentebiT Sekrebis procedura gamosadegia veqtorebis gamoklebis SemTx-
+( ). gamoklebis mizniT,
da
=dx + dy + dz .
ay
bx
(a)
x
ax
by
(b)
sur. 3.15
a)
veqtoris komponentebi;
b)
veqtoris komponentebi.
70
veqtorebi
Tavi 3
sakontrolo wertili 3.
-is da
1
-is da
1
d2
d1
3.4
y
= (4,2 m) (1,5 m)
= (1,6 m) + (2,9 m)
da
= (3,7 m)
, romelic asevea
-3
-2
suraTze naCvenebi?
-1
-2
da
-3
veqtorebis
-1
veq(a)
y
2.6
-3
-2
veq
-1
-1
-2.3
-2
saSualebiT:
-3
= (2,6 m) (2,3 m)
(pasuxi)
(b)
sadac (2,6 m)
veqtoris komponenti x
aris
RerZze, xolo -(2,3 m) - y RerZze. 3.16 b suraTze naCvenebia veqtoris komponentebis dalagebis erTi meTodi
veqtoris misaRebad.
veqtoris ricxviT
sur. 3.16.
r = (2,6
m) + (2,3 m)
2
jami.
(pasuxi)
3,5 m
3.5
71
dasasruli
3
saxli
120
30
sidide da kuTxe?
(a)
dasasr.
3
3.8 sm
8.2 sm
(3-15)
saxli
mTliani veqtori x da y
bolos avagoT
saxli
(b)
dasasr.
gadaadgi
daadgilebis veqtori:
j=
30
saxli
150
saxli
komponentebisgan.
(g)
d 1x = (6 sm) cos 0 = + 6 sm
saxli
dj, y = + 3,8 sm
SualebiT
2
2
= d j,x + d j,y
= (-8.2 sm)2 + (3.8 sm)2 = 9,0 sm.
= tg1
= tg1
dy
veqtori da
3.1
dx (sm)
+ (3 sm) + 0 = 8,2 sm
cxrili
(sm)
1
2
3
4
5
+ 6.0
- 5.2
- 6.0
- 3.0
0
0
+ 3.0
0
- 5.2
+ 6.0
mTliani
- 8.2
+ 3.8
dj, y
dj, x
3,8 sm
8.2 sm
= 24.86
72
veqtorebi
Tavi 3
veqtori me-
j-is
saxli
sawinaaRm-
j-is
sidide da
kuTxe tolia:
gadaadgilebis sidide da
saxli
= 9 sm 25 kuTxiT
(pasuxi)
155 kuTxiT
veqtors,
romelic
(pasuxi)
mimarTu-
j-is
kuTxe tolia:
dj = 9 sm
B=A+C
(3.16)
manZils gadis, uamrav gansxvavebul gadaadgilebas Seasrulebs, magram bolos mainc uSecdomod gamoiTvlis
j-is
gareSec).
3.6
B cos 0 = 22 cos (47) + 17cos
(3.17)
By = Ay + Cy
gamovTvaloT y komponentebi 3.5 for
mulis saSualebiT da CavsvaT cnobili monacemebi, miviRebT:
B = 20,5 erTeuls
(pasuxi)
RerZs da vwerT
Bx = Ax + Cx
Semdeg TiToeuli x komponenti gamovsa
xoT 3.5 formulis saSualebiT da CavsvaT
CvenTvis cnobili monacemebi, miviRebT:
73
3.7
am wignis nebismier suraTze mocemul koordinatTa sistemaSi x da y RerZebi wignis kideebis paraleluria. maSasadame
veqtoris ax da ay komponentebic kideebis paraleluria (sur.
(a)
simartivea da aq sxva raime dafaruli azri ar arsebobs. SegviZlia 3.18b suraTze mocemuli RerZebis (da ara
veqtoris)
Semobruneba kuTxiT, ris Semdegac komponentebs axali mniSvnelobebi eqnebaT. vuwodoT am mniSvnelobebs
da
. vinaidan
= + .
(b)
sur. 3.18 a)
veqtori da misi komponentebi. b) igive veqtori koordinatTa sistemis RerZebis kuTxiT Semobrunebis Semdeg.
(3.19)
es imas niSnavs, rom koordinatTa sistemis arCevanSi sruli Tavisufleba gvaqvs, vinaidan
veqtorebs Soris kavSiri (magaliTad, veqtorebis Sekreba 3.1 formuliT) ar aris damokidebuli aTvlis saTavis mdebareobaze an koordinatTa sistemis RerZebis mimarTulebaze. igive Seexeba sxva fizikur sidideebs Soris kavSirebs: arc erTi maTgani ar aris damokidebuli koordinatTa sistemis arCevaze. am yvelafers daumateT veqtorebis enis ubraloeba da simdidre
da mixvdebiT, ratom gamoisaxeba fizikis kanonebi TiTqmis yovelTvis am enaze. magaliTad,
mxolod 3.10 formulas SeuZlia warmoadginos sami (an meti) damokidebuleba, magaliTad,
formulebi 3.11, 3.12 da 3.13.
3.8
veqtorebis gamravleba*
veqtorebis gamravlebis sami meTodi arsebobs, magram arc erTi ar aris Cveulebrivi al-
veqto-
-s
-s s-ze gayofisTvis
-s vamravlebT 1/s-ze.
am masalas mxolod mogvianebiT (me-7 da me-11 TavebSi) gamoviyenebT, amitom Tqven maswavlebels SeuZlia am
qveTavis Seswavla im droisTvis gadados.
74
veqtorebi
Tavi 3
skalaruli namravli
da
da ganisazRvreba Sem-
degnairad:
sadac a aris
= ab cos ,
(3.20)
kuTxe
da
(a)
-s komponenti -s
mimarTulebis gaswvriv
udris acos-s.
kuTxe: da 360. 3.20 formulaSi orives gamoyeneba SeiZleba, vinaidan maTi kosinusebi erT-
maneTis tolia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 3.20 formulis marjvena
mxares mxolod skalarebia (maT Soris cos ). ma-
skalaruli
sididea.
(b)
sur. 3.19. a) veqtorebi da , maT Soris kuTxiT. b) TiToeul veqtors aqvs komponenti meore
veqtoris mimarTulebis gaswvriv.
skalaruli namravli ori sididis namravlia. erTi sididea erT-erTi veqtoris ricxviTi mniSvneloba, xolo meore meore veqtoris
pirveli veqtoris mimarTulebis gaswvriv skalaruli komponenti. magaliTad, 3.19b suraTze
-s skalaruli komponenti
dan
gaswvriv aris
-s komponenti
-s bolo-
-s mimarTulebis
cos .
(3.21)
rodesac ori veqtori warmodgenilia erTeulovan-veqtoruli saxiT, maTi skalaruli namravli daiwereba Semdegnairad:
= (ax + ay + az ) (bx
+ by +bz )
(3.22)
SesaZlebelia am formulis gavrcobac jufTebadobis kanonis mixedviT: Tu pirveli veqtoris TiToeul komponents gavamravlebT meore veqtoris TiToeul komponentze, miviRebT:
= ax bx + ay by + azbz
(3.23)
tolia
kuTxe
=3 4 -sa
da
3.7
veqtoruli saxiT warmovadgenT da gamoviyenebT jufTebadobis kanons:
=2 +3 -s Soris?
amoxsna: unda iTqvas, rom aq mocemuli bevri moqmedebis Sesruleba kalkulatoriTac
SeiZleba, magram Tu gsurT ukeTesad Seiswav-
= (3 4 )(2 + 3 ) =
gamoiyenebT.
ori veqtoris mimarTulebas Soris kuTxe
(formula 3.20):
viRebT:
= ab cos
am formulaSi, a aris
(3.24)
veqtoris sidide,
anu
a = 32 + (4)2 = 5,
xolo b aris
(3.25)
veqtoris sidide
b = (2) + 3 = 3,61.
2
6=(5)(3,61) cos .
ase rom,
(3.26)
= cos1
6
= 109 110.
(5)(3,61)
(pasuxi)
veqtoruli namravli
da
da aris
sadac aris
da
c = ab sin ,
(3.27)
vavdeba).
(a)
Tu
da
=0.
perpendikularulia.
(b)
75
76
veqtorebi
Tavi 3
veqtoris mimarTuleba
-s da
da
nen. Semdeg warmoidgine xazi, romelic veqtorebis sibrtyis perpendikularulia. warmoidgine, rom es xazi marjvena xeliT giWiravs ise, rom TiTebi
veqtoridan
veqtorisken iyos
veqtoris mimar-
Tulebas aCvenebs.
veqtoruli gamravlebis dros Tanmimdevroba mniSvnelovania. 3.20b suraTze
= -s
mimarTulebas marjvena xelis wesiT vsazRvravT. gaSlili ceri mimarTulia wina SemTxvevis
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, maSasadame = . es niSnavs, rom
= ( )
(3.28)
= (ax
+ ay + az ) (bx
+ by + bz )
(3.29)
frCxilebis gaxsna SegviZlia jufTebadobis kanonis mixedviT. es imas niSnavs, rom pirveli veqtoris TiToeuli komponenti veqtorulad unda gamravldes meore veqtoris TiToeul
komponentze. erTeuli veqtorebis veqtoruli namravlebi mocemulia E danarTSi (ix. `veqtorebis namravlebi~). magaliTad, 3.29 formulis SemTxvevaSi gveqneba
ax bx = ax bx ( ) = 0
vinaidan ori erTeuli veqtori,
da
ax by = ax by ( ) = ax by
sididis gamosaTvlelad gamoviyeneT formula 3.27 (veqtorebs -s da -s aqvT erTeuli sidide da maT Soris kuTxea 90).
(3.30)
veqto
ruli namravlisTvis gamoiyene marjvena xelis wesi. Tu gaSlili ceri z RerZis dadebiTi
mimarTulebiTaa, maSin es sistema marjvenaa.
sakontrolo wertili 5. C da D veqtorebis sidideebia Sesabamisad, 3 da 4 erTeuli. ra
iqneba C -s da D -s mimarTulebebs Soris kuTxe, Tu am veqtorebis veqtoruli namravli
77
3.8
sur. 3.21.
da
veqtorebis
biT:
naCvenebi,
misi mimarTuleba
kuTxe iqneba
da
veqtoridan
-skenaa mimar-
=3 4 da
=2 +3 , ra iqneba
-s perpendikularulia,
25090 = 160
veqtoris
(pasuxi)
3.9
jvena xelis wesiT. aq pirveli wevrisTvis or
veqtors Soris kuTxe nulis tolia. danarCeni wevrebisTvis =90. vipovoT:
(pasuxi)
SegviZlia davweroT:
= (3 4 )(2 +3 )
= 3 (2 )+3 3 +(4 )(2 )+(4 )3 .
Semdeg TiToeul wevrs gamoviTvliT 3.27
formuliT da mimarTulebas vipoviT mar-
da
veqtorebis perpendi-
=0 da
=0. es niS-
veqtoris komponenti
-s an
-s
taqtika
5:
dakavSirebuli
domebi.
veqtorul namravlTan
gavrcelebuli Sec-
3.14).
78
veqtorebi
Tavi 3
mimoxilva da Sejameba
skalarebi da veqtorebi. skalarebs, mag-
laruli komponentebi.
mniSvneloba aqvs. isini ganisazRvreba ricxviTi erTeuliT (10C) da emorCileba Cveulebrivi ariTmetikisa da algebris kanonebs.
veqtorebs,
magaliTad,
gadaadgilebas,
aq
saWiroa isini ise davalagoT, rom erTis saTave meoris bolos emTxveodes. pirveli veqtoris saTavisa da meore veqtoris bolos
damakavSirebeli
Ta jami.
-s rom
gamovakloT, amisTvis
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
-s misaRebad. Semdeg
SevabrunoT
davumatoT
-s.
veqtoris boloebidan
ax=acos
da ay=asin ,
(3.5)
veq-
torTa jami.
da
fizikuri
veqtorebs
mdgomareoba,
Seexeba,
SeiZleba
romelic
gamoisaxos
Tu s uaryofiTia.
ravlebT 1/s-ze.
skalaruli namravli.
da
veqtorebis
b da
= ab cos,
veqtoris mimarTulebas
(3.20)
sadac
belia
dadgena:
ponentis namravli.
ay
a = ax2 + ay2 da tg = a
x
(3.6)
da
-s sidideebi
sadac ax , ay
= ax + ay +az
(3.7)
da az aris
veqtoris veq-
erTelovan-veqtorul CanawerSi:
(3.22)
= .
da
veqto-
sadac
c = ab sin ,
(3.27)
79
veqtorul CanawerSi
da
= ( ). erTeulovan-
SekiTxvebi
1 floridis universitetis golfis gundma
a)
= + , aris Tu ara
+( )= + ( );
b)
=( )+ +
g)
+( )=
=(8m) +(6m) ,
=(6m) ,
Tu
da
= (8m)
ormo
z
`aligatoris
ormos~
sur. 3.22
kiTxva 1.
z
(a)
da
gamosaxe
a)
+ =
b)
+ = ;
g)
+ =
da
da a + b = c;
da a2+b2=c2.
(b)
(g)
veq-
=
y
(d)
z
(e)
(v)
80
veqtorebi
Tavi 3
8
Tu
= , aris Tu ara
da
erT-
maneTis toli?
Tu
veqtori da
=q( + ) da
aris
-s perpendi-
b) uaryofiTia?
y
x
z
x
z
(1)
z
(2)
(3)
amocanebi
=30. gansazRvre veqtoris: a) x komponenti da b) y komponenti.
SSM
www
ILW
wertilebis raodenoba
amocanis sirTules
mimarTulebiT.
moulodnelma
qariSxalma
gviCvenebs
6 3.28
veq-
ficarze
gilda igi?
a)
sawyisi
mdebareo-
a) 20, b) 50, g) 100. mocemuli kuTxeebi gadaiyvane gradusebSi: d) 0,33 radiani, e) 2,1
radiani, v) 7,7 radiani.
veqtoris
veqtorsa da
4 3.27
suraTze
gadaadgilebis veqtori
tolia misi gadaadgilebis sidide? SeiZleba
mimarT)?
=(3m) +(4m) da b =
(5 m) +(-2 m) . warmoadgine
+ b : a) erTeulo-
da
a)
+ , b)
b da g) mesame
veqtori, rom-
lisTvisac
+ c =0. SSM.
iSnulebis adgils?
17
moTvale
a) sidide da b) kuTxe.
moTvale
11
gamoTvale
a) erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi ra
iqneba jami
+ , Tu
= (4 m) + (3m) da
-s b) sidide
da g) mimarTuleba. SSM.
12
da
gadaadgilebebis komponentebia
c x = 7 , 4 , c y = 3 , 8 , c z = 6 , 1 ; d x= 4 , 4 , d y = 2 ,
da
romlisTvisac (
18
+ ) ( +
jamSi
) = 0. ILW.
veqtoris sididea 12
m, xolo daxriloba x RerZis dadebiTi mimarTulebis mimarT aris 40, saaTis isris
moZraobis
sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT.
81
82
veqtorebi
Tavi 3
19 3.29
suraTze
da
veqtorebi Tana-
24
wis da zecis garCevac ki SeuZlebelia). mkvlevari apirebda 5,6 km-is gavlas CrdiloeTiT,
na, rom 7,8 km gaiara Crdilo-aRmosavleTi-
25
20
xazi, romelic erT kuTxes akavSirebs meoresTan centris gavliT. erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi, ra iqneba sxeulis di-
erTeulovan-veqtoru-
Si?
veqtoris
jami
: 6m +0,9 radiani
: 5m 75
: 4m +1,2 radiani
: 6m 210
22 A
qveTavi 3-8.
kanonebi
26 3.31
da
suraTze 17 m sididis
fizikis
veqto-
y
y
ay
bils. pirveli xoWo garbis 0,5 m-s aRmosavleTidan 30 kuTxiT. meore xoWoc akeTebs
veqtorebi
23 ori xoWo erTi wertilidan iwyebs sirleTiT, Semdeg ki 0,8 m-s Crdilo-aRmosav-
x
y
ax
83
sistema
pirvelis
mimarT
27
da
sidideebia 4,5 da 7,3 erTeuli, xolo kuTxeebi _ 320 da 85 x RerZis dadebiTi mi-
veqtoris a) x
28
da
=2 +4 . moZebne a)
g) (
da d)
=3 +5
, b)
-s komponenti
,
-s gas-
Tu
mniSvnelobebi?
36
gadaadgilebaa
orisa
30
=3 +3 2 ,
=2 +2 +1 . moZebne
da
), b) ( b + ) da g)
=3 2 +4
Tu
tolia (
31
)(
da
)?
+ ).
=5 +2 , risi
ravlis gansazRvreba
= axbx + ayby+azbz.
faqti, rom
+3 +3 da
32
+4 +6
da
=3 +
namravlSi
=q , q=2,
=2 +
=4 20 +12 , Tu Bx=By ,
veqtors erTeulovan-
veqtorul CanawerSi?
33
-sa da
-is
2
=(4m) +(5m) ,
, g) (
mimarTulebis
da d)
=3 +4 +2
35 3.32
=7 8
komponenti
(miniSneba:
damatebiTi amocanebi
kldis
lis
Si
ori
nawevi
mopirdapire
erTmaneTis
suraTze A
bamde
ewodeba
mimarT
da B
erTmaneTs
bzars,
mxare
rom-
warsul-
wanacvlda.
3.33
wertilebi wanacvleemTxveoda.
gadaadg-
horizontaluri
wanacvleba
)?
=2 +3 4
me-
gaswvriv.
toli iqneba 3 (2
xolo
=14.
-s mimarTule-
bebs Soris?
34
b)
37
veqto-
siRrmiseuli
wanacvleba
wanacvlebis
sibrtye
84
Tavi 3
veqtorebi
veqtoris b) x da g) y komponentebi
veqtoris d) x da e) y komponentebi?
da
-s a) si-
t1 momenti
45 10 erTeulis sididis
t2 momenti
Teuli sididis
40
bas iwyebs xyz koordinatTa sistemaSi xy sibrtyeze. is gadis 40 m-s x RerZis uaryofiTi
mimarTulebiT, Semdeg 20 m-s marjvniv, perpendikularuli traeqtoriiT, bolos ki
41 Tu
Tu
-s, miviRebT 6 + .
-s davumatebT
-s gamovaklebT
risi tolia
-s, miviRebT 4 +7 .
-s sidide?
42 Tu B -s davumatebT
=3 +4 -s, miviRebT
veqtori da 6 er-
veqtori erTmaneTisgan
-s si
skalaruli namravli da b)
veqtoruli
namravlis sidide.
46
=(12m)
+(8m) . koordinatTa sistema aTvlis saTavis garSemo SemovabrunoT saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT 20
kuTxiT. miviRebT xy koordinatTa sistemas. rogori iqneba axal sistemaSi a)
b)
veqtorebi
da
erTeulovan-veqtorul
CanawerSi?
85
a)
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
Soris?
mimarTulebiT
trebSi:
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
udris
=(6 m) +(8 m)
da
veqtoris
a)
da
veqtoris
-s
-s
-s
, b)
-s mimarTulebebs Soris?
da g) kuTxe
-sa da
-s
=4 +5 6
=1 +2 +3
da
=4 +3 +2
a) rogori iqneba
sidide
b) rogori iqneba kuTxe -sa da z RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebas Soris? g) risi tolia
komponenti
d) risi tolia
2
-is
da
-is
mimarTulebis
perpendikularulia
-isa da
1
54
gadaadgilebas:
TiT,
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT
dadebiTi
mimarTuleba
60-iT. x
iyos
RerZis
aRmosavle-
-is a) x da
-is g) x da d) y komponen-
tebi?
da
55
da
(a)
-s
mimarTulebas
-s mimarTulebas Soris,
( +3 ) mimarTulebas Soris.
da
-s
-s kom-
5 . rogori iqneba 4 3
(b) erTeu-
-sa da
52
gadaadgileba Zevs xz
86
veqtorebi
Tavi 3
sferuli koordinatebiT?
ri iqneba
56
(e) erTeulovan-veqtorul
lia
veqtoruli diagrama.
veqtori
/4-s da (b)
da (k) mimarTuleba?
58 Tu
=5
=3
da
da (b)
=2 +4
erTeulo-
59
veqtori
veqtors.
jami gvaZlevs mesame veqtors, romelic mimarTulia y RerZis gaswvriv da misi sidide
=3 +3 +2
1
(
1
62 5m sididis
5m aRmosavleTiT da bolos
deg
risi tolia
-is
(
1
(a)
erTeulovan-veqtorul
rogori
=5 +4 6 ,
= 4 + 3
+
2
+ 2
iqneba
= + ,
,
Cana
Tu
=2 +2 +3
da
-sa
),
veqtori
samxreTiT. 4m sididis
=2 +3 +1
), (g )
3
werSi
=2 4 +2
da (b) mimarTuleba?
65
(b)
imoZraos?
:5m,235
:4m,+65
=(4m) (6m)
=(2m) +(3m)
).
3
mimarTulia
veqtori mimarTu-
-s komponenti
-s mimar-s kompo-
-s perpendikularulad, magram
-sa
87
formula 3.27).
-s sidide?
68
Tulebis
mimarTulebis
gori iqneba
-s da (d)
da (v)
(g) 5 m.
ruka 3.37 suraTze). policiisgan Tavis dasaRwevad mZarcvelebi TviTmfrinaviT gafrindnen da Seasrules sami frena: 32 km samxreTiT
dasavleTis mimarT 45-iT, 53 km dasavleTiT
CrdiloeTis mimarT 64-iT da 26km samxreTgadafrenis
salemi
voburni
leqsingtoni
/d-s T) sidide
69
mesame
18-iT.
aRmosavleTiT
arlingtoni
banki
medfordi
valthami
niutoni
velisli
bostoni
bruklini
dedhami
quinsi
veimousi
uolpoli
kacis
moZraobis
dawyebidan
dacemamde? (b) rodesac kaci aTvlis saTavesTan brundeba, risi tolia misi mTliani
76
a) aCvene, rom
lia
nebismieri
b) risi tolia
( a ) nulis toda
veqtorisTvis.
( ) sidide, Tu
-sa da
gadaadgilebis sidide?
77 aCvene, rom
da (b)
73 davuSvaT,
ken,
veqtorebsa da wiTel
farTobia 1 | |.
2
amocana 25.
72 Tu =2 ,
da
da =3 +4 , ma?
mimarTulia aRmosavleTis
CrdiloeTisken, xolo
zeviT. risi
organzomilebiani da
samganzomilebiani
moZraoba
robi niveli `didi kanionis~ erTi napiridan meoreze gadaxta da motocikliT xtomis gasaocari rekordi daamyara _ 68 metri. robi, ra
Tqma unda, kanionis meore napirze daSvebas eswrafoda da sulac ar
undoda, rom Tundac umciresi Secdomis gamo kanionis fskerze aRmoGeniliyo.
TviTm-
4.2
mdebareoba da gadaadgileba
88
89
veqtori iqneba:
= x +y +z ,
sadac x ,y
da z
(2 m)
(-3m)
(5 m)
(4 .1 )
-dan
iqneba:
D r =
1.
(4.2)
dinatebi
+(z2 z1) ,
(4 .3 )
(x2,y2,z2) koor-
nacvlad CavsvamT x-s, (y2y1)-is nacvlad y-s da (z2 z1)-is nacvlad z-s:
D
= Dx +Dy +Dz .
(4.4)
4.1
veqtoria
1
-dan
gadaadgileba
z
-mde?
amoxsna: D
sur. 4.2 D =
gadaadgileba
x
2
miiReba
sab-
1 gadaadgilebis veqtori
2
veqtoris
bolos
aerTebs 2 veqtoris bo1
losTan.
90
Tavi 4
-is gamo
klebiT:
D =
(pasuxi)
4.2
natebi
eroT:
x = 0,31 t2 + 7,2t + 28
(4.5)
da
y = 0,22 t2 9,1t + 30
(4.6)
( -is nacvlad
kurdReli
garbis
avtosadgomze,
ro
veqtori erTeulo-
drois funqciaa).
rodesac
skalaruli
kompo
CanawerSi?
y
t=15wm,
nentebia:
(4.7)
dRlis mdebareobis
ym
40
40
t = 0 wm
20
20
-41
0
20
40
60
80
0
20
-20
40
60
xm
80
5 wm
-20
-40
r
10 wm
-40
-60
15 wm
-60
(a)
25 wm
20 wm
(b)
sur. 4.3 a) kurdRlis mdebareobis veqtori, rodesac t =15 wm. -is skalaruli komponentebi naCvenebia
RerZebis gaswvriv. b) kurdRlis traeqtoria da misi mdebareobebi t-s xuTi mniSvnelobisTvis.
91
(pasuxi)
amoxsna: t-s ramdenime mniSvnelobisTvis SegviZlia a) nawils davubrundeT da avagoT grafiki. 3.4.b suraTze
asaxulia grafiki t-s xuTi mniSvnelobisTvis. aseve SegviZlia gamoviyenoT
grafikuli kalkulatori da avagoT
parametruli anu y-is x-ze damokidebulebis grafiki, romlis koordinatebi
drois funqciebis saxiT mocemulia 4.5
da 4.6 formulebiT.
(pasuxi)
(57 m)
y
= tg1 = tg1
= 41
x
66 m
(pasuxi)
4.3
rodesac wertili moZraobs erTi adgilidan meorisken, SeiZleba misi siCqaris gageba
dagvWirdes. rogorc me-2 TavSi vTqviT, siCqares ori sidide asaxavs: saSualo siCqare da
myisi siCqare. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi es sidideebi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc veqtorebi
da gamoviyenoT veqtoruli Canaweri.
Tu wertili D gadaadgilebas asrulebs t drois SualedSi, maSin misi
siCqarea:
saSualo siCqare =
anu
saS =
saS-s
saS
saSualo
gadaadgileba
drois Sualedi
D
t
(4.8)
Tuleba unda daemTxves D -is mimarTulebas (veqtori formulis marjvena mxares). 4.4
formulis gamoyenebiT 4.8 formula SeiZleba ase davweroT:
saS =
Dx +Dy
+Dz
= Dx
t
+ Dy + Dz
t
t
(4.9)
magaliTad, Tu wertili amocanis 4.1 nimuSSi sawyisi mdebareobidan momdevno mdebareobamde misvlas 2 wams andomebs, maSin misi saSualo siCqare iqneba:
saS =
(12m) +(3m)
D
t =
2wm
= (6m/wm) +(1,5m/wm)
saS
myis
92
Tavi 4
d
.
dt
(4.10)
mxebi
traeqtoria
-dan
intervalSi, t1 momentSi
mdebareo1
bis veqtoridan t2 momentSi 2 mdebareobis veqtoramde. pozicia 1-Si wertilis traeqtoriis mxebia naCvenebi.
1)
mdebareobis
veqtori
maSasadame,
saS-s)
mimarTuleba
uaxlovdeba
werti-
3)
saS
roca t 0, gveqneba
saS
saS
tul momentSi.
sami ganzomilebis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi igivea:
=vx + vy + vz ,
(4.11)
dx
dx
dz
, v =
da vz =
.
dt y dt
dt
(4.12)
sadac
-s skalaruli komponentebia:
vx =
magaliTad, dx/dt aris
-s ska-
y
mxebi
vy
vx
traeqtoria
siCqare skalaru-
mdebareobebs ar akavSirebs, is ufro wertilis moZraobis myis mimarTulebas gviCvenebs, misi sigrZe ki
siCqaris sidides asaxavs.
93
suraTze naCvenebia wertilis moZraobis wriuli traeqtoria. Tu wertilis myisi siCqasakontrolo wertili
veqtori.
4.3
y (m )
siCqare,
40
amocanis
amoxsna
ori
na
siCqaris
20
20
40
60
80
x (m )
vx =
dx
d
= (0,31t2+7,2t+28)
dt
dt
= 0,62t + 7,2.
-20
-40
(4.13)
vy =
-60
dy
d
= (0,22t29,1t+30)
dt
dt
= 0,44t 9,1.
-130 o
(4.14)
4.6
+ (2,5 m/wm)
suraTzea
naCvenebi,
(pasuxi)
aris
da
= tg1
(2,5 m/wm)
vy
= tg1
vx
(2,1 m/wm)
(pasuxi)
formula 3.6:
v=
sadame 50180=130.
= 3,3 m/wm.
(pasuxi)
94
Tavi 4
4.4.
-dan
-mde, misi
saS
saSualo aC-
anu
saS
siCqaris cvlileba
drois Sualedi
v
t .
(4.15)
saS
zRvrulad
d
.
dt
(4.16)
dv
dv
+ dty + dtz
(4.17)
dvy
dvx
dvz
, ay =
dt da az = dt
dt
(4.18)
sadac
-s skalaruli komponentebia:
ax =
maSasadame,
ax
Zleba.
ay
traeqtoria
O
sur. 4.7. wertilis
aCqareba da
misi skalaruli komponentebi.
kurdRlis
aCqarebis veqtori da
aCqareba,
4.4
amoxsna: amocanis amoxsna ori nawilisgan
Sedgeba: 1) kurdRlis
aCqarebas vipoviT,
95
y (m )
40
aCqare-
bis x komponents:
dv
d
ax = dtx = dt (0,62t+7,2)= 0,62 m/wm2.
20
dv
d
ay = dty = dt (0,44t9,1)= 0,44 m/wm2.
x (m )
20
40
60
80
rogorc vxedavT, aCqareba droSi ar icvleba (Tanabaria), vinaidan t drois cvladi arc
-20
(pasuxi)
-40
145 o
-60
a=
= 0,76 m/wm2
(pasuxi)
0,44 m/wm
ay
1
= tg
= 35
ax
(0,62) m/wm
kalkulatorze
naCvenebi
kuTxe
gva
mimarTulia mar-
1) x = 3t2 + 4t 2 da y = 6t2 4t
2) x = 3t2 4t da y = 5t2 + 6
3)
4) = (4t3 2t) +3
35 + 180 = 145
es
pasuxi
ponentebs.
ar
ewinaaRmdegeba
gaiTvaliswine,
(pasuxi)
-s
rom
kom
-s
si-
vinaidan
aCqareba
Tana
baria.
=2 +4 . rodesac
4.5
da
sidide-kuTxur
CanawerSi,
rodesac
t=5wm?
amoxsna:
Tavdapirvelad
SevniSnoT,
rom
organzo
amoxsna
ori
96
Tavi 4
is x da y komponentebia, xolo ax da ay
komponentebi.
ax-isa
da
ay-is
sa-
SualebiT davagegmiloT
Semdeg
(pasuxi)
v=
-s sididesa da
kuTxes:
povnelad
an gamoviyenoT
formula 3.5:
vy
= 127 130 (pasuxi)
vx
veqtori
sakontrolo
wertili
4.
mawanwa-
=(4t32t) +3 , sadac
metrebSia,
xolo t wamebSi. rogori unda iyos koeficientebis: 4, 2 da 3 erTeulebi?
4.5
am
ani
Wurvisebri moZraoba
TavSi
ganvixilavT
moZraobis
organzomilebi-
gansakuTrebul
SemTxvevas.
aC-
moZraobas
Wurvisebri moZraoba.
sur. 4.9 myari zedapiridan asxletili CogburTis burTis stroboskopuli foto. Sejaxebebs Soris burTi Wurvisebr moZraobas asrulebs.
an ixvi. Cveni mizania aseTi moZraobis gaanalizeba 4.2-4.4 qveTavebSi mocemuli organzomilebiani moZraobis aRweris daxmarebiT.
vuSvebT, rom haeri Wurvze zegavlenas ar axdens.
ros:
0
0x
da
0y
= v0x +v0y
(4.19)
0
-sa da x RerZis
97
mdebareobis veqtori da
(4.20)
siCqaris veq-
sur.
4.10.
da y0=0,
Wurvis
0
traeqtoria
wertilidan
x0=0
naCvenebia sawyisi da momdevno siCqareebi komponentebTan erTad. rogorc vxedavT, horizontaluri siCqaris komponenti mudmivia, xolo vertikaluri siCqaris
komponenti icvleba. R aris horizontaluri manZili,
miRwevamde.
98
Tavi 4
monakveTSi. is, rom erTi burTi vardnis dawyebamde horizontalurad moZraobs, ar axdens gavlenas mis vertikalur moZraobaze, anu horizontaluri da vertikaluri moZraobebi erTmaneTze ar aris damokidebuli.
g 0
ia
r iy
to l
aq fi
e
o
tr y
4.12 suraTs fizikis bevri leqcia gamoucocxlebia. aq gamosaxulia patara mili G, romlidanac
sulis SeberviT burTs isvrian. samiznea M magnitze
Camokidebuli yuTi da Tofic pirdapir maszea damiznebuli. eqsperimenti isea dagegmili, rom, rogorc
ki milidan burTi gamoityorcneba, yuTi agnits mowydeba.
mainc xvdeba yuTs! rogorc 4.12 suraTze moCans, burTis frenis ganmavlobaSi burTic
da yuTic nulovani g-s Sesabamisi poziciidan Tanabar h manZils gadian. rac ufro Zlierad uberavs Tofs demonstratori, miT ufro didia burTis sawyisi siCqare, miT ufro
naklebia frenis dro da h-is sididec mcirea.
4.6
tikalurad.
horizontaluri moZraoba
rogorc 4.13 suraTze Cans, horizontaluri aCqarebis arqonis gamo Wurvis siCqaris vx
komponenti mTeli moZraobis manZilze ucvlelia da v0x sawyisi sididis tolia. nebismier
x x0 = v0xt
rogorc viciT, v0x = v0cos0, amitom gveqneba:
x x0 = (v0cos0)t
(4.21)
sur. 4.13. skeitbordistis siCqaris vertikaluri komponenti icvleba, magram horizontaluri komponenti, romelic skeitbordis
siCqares emTxveva, ucvlelia. amis Sedegad skeitbordi sportsmenis qvemoT rCeba da am ukanasknels masze daxtomis saSualeba
aqvs.
99
vertikaluri moZraoba
Tavisuflad vardnili sxeulis vertikaluri moZraoba 2.9 qveTavSi ganvixileT. yvelaze
mniSvnelovania, rom am dros aCqareba Tanabaria. maSasadame, 2.1 cxrilis formulebi
gamogvadgeba. a-s nacvlad davweroT g, x ki SevcvaloT y-iT. magaliTad, formula
2.15-sTvis miviRebT:
y y0 = v0yt 12 gt2 = (v0 sin 0)t 12 gt2
(4.22)
vy = v0 sin 0 gt
vy2 = (v0 sin 0)2 2g(y y0).
da
(4.23)
(4.24)
rogorc 4.10 suraTze da 4.23 formulaSi Cans, vertikaluri siCqaris komponenti ise icvleba, TiTqos burTi vertikalurad maRla aisroles. is mimarTulia maRla da misi sidide
nuls uaxlovdeba traeqtoriis umaRles wertilamde. amis Semdeg, vertikaluri siCqaris
komponenti mimarTulebas icvlis da misi sididec drois mixedviT izrdeba.
traeqtoriis gantoleba
Wurvis traeqtoriis gantolebis gamoyvana SesaZlebelia, Tu 4.21 da 4.22 formulebSi gamovricxavT t cvlads. 4.21 formulidan gavigoT t da CavsvaT 4.22-Si. mcireodeni
gardaqmnebis Semdeg miviRebT:
y = (tg0)x
gx2
2(v0cos 0)2
(traeqtoria)
(4.25).
es formula 4.10 suraTze naCvenebi traeqtoriis gantolebaa. simartivisTvis davuSvaT, rom 4.21 da 4.22 formulebSi x0 = 0 da y0 = 0. vinaidan g, 0 da v0 mudmivebia, 4.25
cxrili
4.1
II
I
v0
traeqtoria I traeqtoria II
(haerSi)
(vakuumSi)
60o
98,5m
177m
53m
76,8m
6,6wm
7,9wm
x
maqsimaluri simaRle
sur. 4.14
frenis dro
a
_ 44,7m/wm.
100
Tavi 4
horizontaluri areali
rogorc 4.10 suraTze naCvenebi, Wurvis R horizontaluri areali aris Wurvis mier
ganvlili manZili sawyis simaRleze dabrunebamde. R arealis sapovnelad, 4.21 formulaSi CavsvaT x x0 = R, xolo 4.22-Si y y0 = 0. miviRebT:
R=
2v02
sin 0 cos0
g
R=
v02
sin20
g
(4.26)
haeris zemoqmedeba
aqamde vuSvebdiT, rom Wurvis moZraobaze haeri zemoqmedebas ar axdens. Tumca,
gamoTvlebsa da Wurvis realur moZraobas Soris sxvaoba SeiZleba sakmaod didi iyos,
vinaidan haeri moZraobas ewinaaRmdegeba. magaliTad, 4.14 suraTze naCvenebia burTis
frenis ori traeqtoria, rodesac burTi moZraobas iwyebs 60 kuTxiT da 44,7m/wm sawyisi
siCqariT. traeqtoria I gamoTvlilia haerSi frenis realur pirobebTan miaxloebiT.
traeqtoria II ki burTis vakuumSi frenis traeqtoriaa.
sakontrolo wertili 5.
suraTze
maSveli
4.6
TviTmfrinavi
mifrinavs Tanabari siCqariT, agdebs gadamrCenel kapsulas. kapsulis vardnisas misi horizontaluri siCqaris komponenti rCeba TviTmfrinavis siCqaris toli.
tr
ba axlos.
sur. 4.15. TviTmfrinavi, romelic horizontalurad
mx
ed
ve
lo
bi
ae
qt
sa
or
ia
re
101
kapsulas gadaagdebs?
x 0 = (55 m/wm)(cos0)(10,1wm)
x = 555,5 m
anu
= tg1
kapsulis
gadagdebis
wertilia.
= tg1
x
,
h
(4.27)
kafsulis)
horizontaluri
koor-
(4.28)
kafsula
kafsulis
vy = v0 sin 0 gt
siCqare erTeulovan-veqtorul
da sidide-kuTxur CanawerSi?
(pasuxi)
555,5 m
= 48
500 m
v = (55 m/wm)
(99 m/wm)
(pasuxi)
(pasuxi)
4.7
siCqariT isvris.
102
Tavi 4
gvWirdeba srolis 0 kuTxesTan dakavSirebuli formula, rodesac tyvia horizontalurad gadaadgildeba qvemexidan xomaldisken.
vinaidan qvemexi da gemi erT simaRleze
arian, amitom areali iqneba horizontalu
ri gadaadgileba. Cven SegviZlia srolis 0
kuTxe R arealTan davakavSiroT 4.26 form
mulis saSualebiT:
R=
2v02
sin20 ,
g
(4.30)
rac mogvcems:
2
gR
1 (9,8 m/wm )(560 m)
2 = sin
(82 m/wm)2
v0
20 = sin1
= sin1 0,816.
sin1
Sebrunebul
funqcias
ori
(4.31)
pasuxi
vdes?
miT miviRebT:
R=
mogvcems:
(82 m/wm)2
2v02
sin20 =
sin (240)
9,8 m/wm2
g
= 686 m 690 m.
(pasuxi)
0 = 12 (54,7) 27
(pasuxi)
0 = 12 (125,3) 63
(pasuxi)
raferi emuqreba.
da
roca
xtomis
rekordi.
nel-nela
kunZuls
Sordeba,
4.8
gemi
asafreni
tramplini
dasaSvebi
tramplini
asax-
R =12,
xolo
D=77m.
motociklisti
maT
Soris
davuSvaT,
meore
rom
tramplinis
SuagulSi daeSva. haeris zemoqmedeba ugulebelvyoT. gamoTvale motociklistis siswrafe pirveli tramplinidan gadaxtomis dros.
amoxsna: reni da misi motocikli
Wurvia. Tu maT ganvixilavT, rogorc erT wertils, maSin SegviZlia
gamoviyenoT Wurvis formulebi.
sur. 4.17
103
sistema
gadaxtoma.
koordinatTa
iqneba x0 = 0 da y0 = H= 3 m. 0 gadaxtomis
daSveba. 4.17g suraTze tramplinis sigrZe L marTkuTxa samkuTxedis hipotenuzas qmnis. reni tramplinis SuagulSi anu
wverodan L/2 manZilze wertilSi
daeSva.
simaRlisa da
t=
koordinatia
H 3m
=
= 1,5 m
2
2
daSvebis wertilis x horizontaluri
y=
koordinatis
sapovnelad
rZe:
d=
x x0
v0 cos 0
y y0 = (v0 sin 0)
gamovTvaloT
(4.33)
= (x x0)tg 0
) (
x x0
x x0
1g
2
v0 cos 0
v0 cos 0
g(x x0)2
,
2(v0 cos 0)2
3m
H
=
= 14,11 m
tg
12
tg R
viRebT:
nati:
d
14,11 m
x = D + = 77 m +
= 84,1 m
2
2
anu
4.21 formulas:
(4.32)
(pasuxi)
taqtika 1 : algebra
ricxvebis nacvlad
104
Tavi 4
4.7.
sur. 4.18. saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT Tanabarwriulad moZravi wertilis siCqarisa da
aCqarebis veqtorebi. maTi sidide ucvlelia, mimarTuleba ki mudmivad icvleba.
aCqarebis sididea:
a=
v2
r
(centriskenuli aCqareba),
(4.34)
wertilis siCqare.
garda amisa, am aCqarebis mqone wertili wrewiris garSemo srul bruns asrulebs anu
T=
2r
v
(periodi)
(4.35)
T-s brunvis periodi an, ubralod, periodi ewodeba. esaa dro, romelic wertils
sWirdeba erTi sruli brunis gasakeTeblad.
4.19a suraTze es niSnavs, rom siCqare wertilis mdebareobaze gavlebuli radiusis perpendikularulia. maSin kuTxe -sa da p wertilze gavlebul vertikals Soris r radiussa
da x RerZs Soris kuTxis tolia.
-s skalaruli komponentebi 4.19b suraTzea naCvenebi. maTi saSualebiT
SeiZleba
= vx + vy = (v sin ) + (v cos )
(4.36)
105
vy
ax
vx
yp
ay
x
xp
sur. 4.19. p wertili wreze moZraobs saaTis isris sawinaaRmego mimarTulebiT. (a) misi mdebareoba da
qare mocemul momentSi. (b) siCqare da misi komponentebi. (g) wertilis aCqareba da misi komponentebi.
siC-
) ( )
vxp
r
(4.37)
d
v dyp
= dt =
r dt
) (
+
v dxp
r dt
(4.38)
axla gaviTvaliswinoT, rom yp-s cvlilebis tempi dyp /dt siCqaris y komponentis tolia. analogiurad, dxp /dt = x. 4.19b suraTidan vxedavT, rom x = sin da y = cos.
CavsvaT es yvelaferi 4.38 formulaSi da miviRebT:
v2
cos
r
) (
v2
sin
r
(4.39)
a=
v2
v2
r
v2
,
r
tg =
maSasadame, = . es niSnavs, rom
ay (v2/r) sin
=
= tg .
ax (v2/r) cos
mimarTulia 4.19a suraTze naCvenebi r radiusis gas-
106
Tavi 4
4.9
garkveul
mkveTrad
pilotis
diskomforts
moxvevis
sxeuli
ga
dros.
aseT
ganicdis
cen-
gasafrTxileblad
ramdenime
Tu
aCqarebam
kidev
moimata,
anu `g-Ti
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom wriul
uyuradRebo
piloti
sahaero
brZo-
rogori
iqneba
centriskenuli
4.8
CarCo
A
CarCo
BA
xBA
xPB
x
xPA = xPB + xBA
es
formula
ikiTxeba:
(4.40)
`P-s koordi-
107
(vinaidan
= dx/dt):
(4.41)
es formula ase ikiTxeba: `P-s siCqare A-s mimarT vPA tolia P-s siCqares B-s mimarT
vPB mimatebuli B-s siCqare A-s mimarT vBA ~. vBA aris B sistemis siCqare A-s mimarT (vinaidan
moZraoba erTi RerZis gaswvrivaa, SegviZlia siCqaris komponentebi am RerZis gaswvriv
gamoviyenoT 4.41 formulaSi da ugulebelvyoT veqtoris isrebi).
Cven mxolod im sistemebs ganvixilavT, romlebic erTmaneTis mimarT Tanabari siCqariT moZraobs. am SemTxvevaSi es niSnavs, rom barbara (sistema B) aleqsis (sistema A)
mimarT moZraobs vBA mudmivi siCqariT. asea Tu ise, P manqanas (moZravi wertili) SeuZlia
Secvalos siCqare da mimarTuleba (anu aCqardes).
barbarasa da aleqsis mimarT P-s aCqarebis dasakavSireblad, 4.41 formulaSi gavawarmooT dro:
d
d
d
dt (vPA) = dt (vPB) + dt (vBA).
vinaidan vBA mudmivia, amitom formulis bolo wevri nulis tolia da gveqneba:
aPA = aPB .
(4.42)
mdgomareoba
BA
PA
(a)
+ 50
+ 50
(b)
+ 30
da P manqanas Soris?
(g)
manqanis siCqare
PB
+ 40
+ 60
20
4.10
anu
maSasadame,
vPB = _ 130km/sT
(pasuxi)
Tu P-s barbaras manqanaze TokiT mivabamdiT, 130 km/sT siCqareze Tokis kvanZi gaixsneboda da ori manqana gancalkevdeboda.
(b) Tu P manqana amuxruWebs aleqsis mimarT
(maSasadame, miwis mimarT) t = 10 wm-is ganmavlobaSi Tanabari aCqarebiT, rogori iqneba
misi aPA aCqareba aleqsis mimarT?
108
Tavi 4
formula gvaZlevs:
aPA =
0 (78 km/sT)
1 m/wm
v v0
=
10 wm
3,6 km/sT
t
= 2,2 m/wm2
aPB =
(pasuxi)
= 2,2 m/wm2
(pasuxi)
4.9
vBA moZraobs A-s mimarT (am ori sistemis Sesabamisi RerZebi erTmaneTis paraleluria).
4.21 suraTze moZraobis erTi konkretuli momentia naCvenebi. am momentSi
B-s aTvlis saTavis mdebareobis veqtori A-s aTvlis saTavis mimarT aris . amis garda,
P wertilis mdebareobis veqtori A-s aTvlis saTavis mimarT aris , xolo B-s aTvlis
saTavis mimarT _
(4.43)
da
siCqareebis dakavSireba:
y
(4.44)
da
damkvirveblebis
mimarT
(4.45)
iseve, rogorc erTganzomilebiani moZraobisTvis, aqac arsebobs Semdegi wesi: sxvadasxva aTvlis sistemebis damkvirveblebis
mimarT, romlebic erTmaneTis mimarT Tanabari siCqariT moZraoben, moZravi wertilis
aCqareba erTnairi iqneba.
109
4.1 1
Crd
TviTmfrinavis
siCqare
qaris
kuTxiT. qaris
aRm
20 o
(a)
rogori
mimarT TviTmfrinavis
iqneba
miwis
siCqaris sidide
da kuTxe?
A sistema dakavSirebulia miwasTan (davarqvaT mas G), xolo B sistema dakavSirebulia qarTan (davarqvaT mas W). saWiroa
(b)
sur. 4.22. aRmosavleTisken gasafrenad TviTmfrinavis pilotma qaris mimarTuleba unda gaiTvaliswinos.
an 0=(215km/sT) sin+(65km/sT)(cos20).
-s amoxsna mogvcems:
= sin1
kavSirebeli winadadeba:
TviTmfrinavis
siCqare
miwis mimarT
TviTmfrinavis
siCqare
qaris mimarT
(PG)
qaris siCqare
(PW)
miwis mimarT
(WG)
vinaidan
(4.46)
vPG=(215km/sT)(cos16,5)+(65km/sT)(sin 20)
= 228 km/sT
(pasuxi)
y komponentebisTvis vipoviT:
vPG,y=vPW,y+vWG,y
110
Tavi 4
mimoxilva da Sejameba
mdebareobis veqtori. wertilis mde-
romelsac
mdebareobis veqto-
= x +y +z ,
d
.
dt
(4.16)
erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi:
(4.1)
(4.17)
Wurvisebri
ewodeba
icvleba
ba:
D =
1.
(4.2)
+(z2 z1)
= Dx +Dy +Dz
x x0 = (v0 cos0)t
(4.4)
siCqare drois am
D
(4.8)
t
Tu 4.8 formulaSi t nuls uaxlovdeba, maSin
saS
myisi siCqare
ewodeba:
d
dt
(4.10)
=vx + vy + vz ,
sadac x = dx/dt, y = dy/dt da z = dz/dt.
(4.11)
(4.21)
(4.22)
vy = v0 sin0 gt
(4.23)
saS
gamoisaxeba 0
(4.3)
monakveTSi iqneba:
gasrolili
Wurvisebri
siCqariT
aRebulia dadebiTad). Tu
moZraoba.
sawyisi
moZraobis
dros
(4.24)
wertilis
y = (tg0)x
gx2
2(v0cos 0)2
(4.25)
R=
myisi
v02
sin20 ,
g
(4.26)
icvleba
sididea:
-dan
v
t .
a=
(4.15)
v2
,
r
aCqarebis
(4.34)
maSin
saS
111
sistemis damkvirveblisa da B sistemis dam-
2r
T=
v
(4.35)
(4.44)
sadac
(4.45)
SekiTxvebi
1 4.23 suraTze naCvenebia wertilis i sawyisi da f saboloo mdebareobebi. rogori
mixedviT.
veqtori
tori
erTeulovan-veqtorul CanawerSi?
2m
1m
4m
4m
5m
3m
(a)
(b)
(g)
3m
(1)
(3)
=20 + 70 ,
(2)
=20 + 70 ,
=20 70 ,
(4)
=20 70 .
2 4.24 suraTze
naCvenebia
lis
skunsis
saWm-
maZiebeli
moZrao-
bis traeqtoria i
6 xilis namcx-
sawyisi wertili-
vars erTaderTi
sargebeli Sur-
da igive T dro
Si
varjiSisas
raTze
bi
garkveul
=25
4,9
momentSi
burTis
siCqarea
(x RerZi horizontaluria, y
mimarTulia zeviT,
naCvene-
grafiki
asaxavs
lili
srola-
duliT
Wurvebis
gasronamcxvr-
112
7
Tavi 4
350
km/sT
lurad
siCqariT
mfrinavma
ketebiT
horizonta-
TviTmfrinavma
saWmlis
maragi
pa-
Camoyara.
wis
garkveuli
(a)
yisi
vertikaluri
da
(b)
horizonta-
donidan
isroles.
ri
suraTze
iqneba
siCqaris
yuTis
horizontaluri
miwaze
dacemamde?
siCqariT
saw
4.29
na
Cvenebia
bur
sur. 4.29 SekiTxva 10.
Tis R
klebi Tu igive?
grafikze
arealis
aRniSnuli
11 4.30 suraTze
naCvenebia
oTxi
traeqtoria
(nax-
dididan mcireze.
evarwreebi an me
oTxedi
1
2
wreebi),
romelTac
matarebeli
nabari
moZraobisas. daa
lage
ebi
gadis
Ta
siCqariT
traeqtori
dididan
mciremde
matareblis
mixedviT.
aCqarebis
sididis
Tanabarwri-
ulad moZraobs.
moZrao-
vlis
sami
aT-
saTavea.
a) -s ra mniS-
koordinatTa
dartymuli
bis centri xy
sistemis
dan
didi-
wertilebi
traeqto-
mixedviT,
(b)
sawyisi
verti-
kaluri
siCqaris
komponentebis
mixedviT,
(g)
sawyisi horizon-
113
amocanebi
SSM
www
ILW
wertilebis raodenoba
amocanis sirTules
gviCvenebs
3 pozitronis gadaadgileba
= 2
3 +6 mTavrdeba =3 4 mdebareobis veqtoriT. rogori iyo pozitronis sawyisi mdebareobis veqtori?
D
eleqtronis
mdebareoba
mocemulia
formuliT: D =3t 4t +2
2
wameb-
Sia, xolo
=5 6 +2 . 10 wamis Semdeg
=2 +
saS
erTeulovan-veqtorul Canaw-
erSi?
Sualo manZili?
10
parkis flagStokidan aRmosavleTiT 40 mis manZilze imyofeba da samxreTisken moZraobs 10 m/wm siCqariT. 30 wamis Semdeg ve-
114
Tavi 4
=0,4m/
nulovani
11 xy
sibrtyeze
mdebareoba
da
-sa da y RerZis
formuliT:
(2t 5t) + (6 7t ) ,
izomeba metrebSi,
xolo t wamebSi. erTeulovan-veqtorul
siCqariT
moZravi wertilis
mocemulia
sawyisi
, (b)
da (g)
kenWis siCqarea (4 m/wm) . ras udris kenWis siCqaris (a) sidide da (b) kuTxe, ro
desac is gadaadgildeba 12 m-iT x RerZis
paralelurad?
urika xy horizontalur sibrtyeze
moZraobs ax=4 m/wm da ay=2 m/wm2 aCqarebis komponentebiT. misi sawyisi siCqaris
komponentebia v0x=8m/wm da v0y=12m/wm.
rogori iqneba urikis siCqare erTeulovanveqtorul CanawerSi, rodesac is udides y
koordinats miaRwevs?
14 xy
sibrtyeze moZravi
siCqare
mocemulia
wertilis
formuliT: xy
15
bas iwyebs
= 3 m/wm siCqariT da
= (1
16 4.32
=3m/wm
sibr-
13
gamoiwvevs Sejaxebas?
17
18 1991
19
burTi
miwidan
haerSi
aisroles.
= (7,6
mimarTulia horizontalu-
maRles miaRwevs burTi? (b) ra horizontalur manZils gaivlis burTi? risi tolia
miwaze dacemis momentSi burTis siCqaris
(g) sidide da (d) kuTxe (horizontis mimarT)?
20
115
kidesTan migorda da Camovarda. is magidis
kididan
1,52m
horizontalur
manZilze
wm
gadaadgilebis
(b)
movardnis dros?
=1,1wm? gamoTvale
25
0,19 wamis Semdeg isari kidis Q wertils moxvda zustad P-s qvemoT. (a) risi tolia PQ
manZili? (b) ra manZilze ascda mizans isari?
22 4.33
(a)
horizontaluri
da
komponentebi,
simaRlis platformis kididan 2 m/wm siCqariT gadmoxta. (a) kididan ra horizontalur manZilze iqneba myvinTavi 0,8 wm-is
Semdeg? (b) wylis zedapiridan ra vertikalur manZilze iqneba am momentSi myvinTavi? (g) kididan ra horizontalur manZilze Seexeba myvinTavi wyals? SSM WWW
26 matCis
horizontalurad
scildeba
kor-
A
h
rodesac burTi bades miaRwevs, (a) gadaaxteba Tu ara mas da (b) rogori iqneba manZili burTis centrsa da badis zeda nawils
Soris? davuSvaT, burTi imave siCqariT
moawodes, magram burTi raketas amjerad
maRle miwidan.
23
TviTmfrinavis
siCqarea
290km/sT,
27
28
moZraobs 19,5m/wm
sawyisi
siCqariT
da
24 t=0
momentSi
116
Tavi 4
29
30
34
(m/wm)
0
d
27
25
23
21
19
t (wm)
35 4.38
32
daecema, rogori iqneba srolis wertilidan gadaadgilebis (b) sidide da (g) kuTxe?
33 4.36
burTi
d2
d1
m simaRlis
d
sur. 4.36 amocana 33.
117
4.41
siCqariT
unda
isrolon.
suraTze
R (m)
37
momgeriebeli
Camowodebul
burTs maSin urtyams, rodesac burTis centri miwidan 1,22 m simaRlezea.
burTi miwidan 45 kuTxiT mifrinavs.
am dartymis Sedegad, burTis horizontaluri areali (dartymis simaRleze
dabrunebisas) 107 m-ia. (a) gadalaxavs
Tu ara burTi 7,32 m simaRlis kedels,
romelic dartymis adgilidan 97,5 m-is
moSorebiTaa? (b) rogori iqneba kedlis zeda nawilsa da burTis centrs
Soris manZili, rodesac burTi kedels
miuaxlovdeba? SSM WWW
100
0
sur. 4.41. amocana 40.
41
talurad migoravs kibis napirisken. safexurebis simaRle da sigane 20,3 sm-ia. romel
safexurs daecema pirvelad burTi? SSM
42
y
x
(a)
y (m/wm)
10
20
x (m)
(b)
40
(g)
miwidan
43 4.42
suraTze
beisbolis
burTs
-5
sur. 4.40 amocana 38.
komponentebi?
118
Tavi 4
44
45 15
umaRles wertilSi
46
= (6m/wm2)
47
da b)
garSemo Tanabari siCqariT brunavs. siCqare aris 3,66 m/wm, xolo centriskenuli aCqareba 1,83 m/wm2.
51 t1 = 2 wm
52
romelic horizontalur xy sibrtyeSi mdebareobs. erT momentSi, (4m, 4m) wertilSi yofnisas, misi siCqarea 5 m/wm, xolo
aCqareba +12,5 m/wm2. risi tolia wriuli
traeqtoriis centris a) x da b) y koordinatebi?
53
54
sac
mimarTulia b) aRmosavleTisken da g)
samxreTisken?
48
horizontalur
= (3m/wm)
brunvis periodi?
49
55
50
119
56 navi mdinaris dinebis sawinaaRmdego mi-
siC-
_ 28 kvanZs 40 samxreT-dasavleTisken. (1
marTuleba?
57
62
siCqaresTan?
63
qveTavi 4-9.
organzomilebiani far-
mindvris
dobiTi moZraoba
58
mimarT
burTis
siCqares
64 4.43
uZravi
-s
siCqariT. Tu
59
Tanabari siCqariT. vertikalidan ra kuTxiT Cans fifqebis dacema swor gzaze 50 km/
sT-iT moZravi manqanis mZRolisTvis? SSM
60 msubuqi
qariT
mifrinavs.
daniSnulebis
adgili
gafrindes.
2 saaTis Semdeg
65 A xomaldi
imyofeba B xomaldidan
Tu
mimarTulia
aRmosavle-
Tisken? (b) dawere B-s mimarT A-s mdebareobis gamosaxuleba ( -sa da -s saSualebiT),
120
Tavi 4
umciresi daSoreba?
qvebi
mocemulia 5
cxrilSi
zontis mimarT (aris sxva qvebic, sxva siCqariTa da kuTxiT). davuSvaT, Sen xar x=20km
66 200 m
wertilSi
iqneba
Seni
mimarTulebiT
gamosrolili
unda
mogces
warmodgena,
ras
qvebi
siCqare (m/wm)
kuTxe (gradusi)
520
14
B
C
630
16
750
18
870
20
1000
22
damatebiTi amocanebi
67 Sen politologebma mogitaces (vinaidan ganucxade, rom politologia namdvili
moZraobis
mimarTuleba
(moxvevebis
x
0
10
20
121
burTis siCqare samiznis miRwevis dros?
mizani
(t = 15 wT). dafiqrdi ciyvis saSualo siCqareebze A wertilidan TiToeul wertilamde. am sami saSualo siCqaridan, rogori
5m/wm
(borbali
warmovidginoT
d3
d1
belti?
d2
borbali
talaxi
biT, 7wm periodiT. erT momentSi misi mdebareobis veqtori (aTvlis saTavidan) aris
74 4.49 suraTze burTi miwidan vertikalurad aisroles v0= 7 m/wm sawyisi siC-
y (m)
50
0
25
50
-25
-50
B
sur. 4.47 amocana 71.
burTi
122
Tavi 4
mimarT?
78 mdebareobis veqtori
miwis
mimarT
obis mimarTule
gorc
funqcia
( izo
meba
RerZis
dadebiTi
gamoTvale
koeficienti
b) f koeficienti,
m/wm?
erTeulebis
40
(a)
drois
0o
10
20
mimar
Tulebisadmi).
a)
-40o
da
t (wm)
sur. 4.52 amocana 78.
ga
40o
TvaliswinebiT.
gunda
ciga
veqtori izomeba
= 5t + (et + ft2)
6,4 km/sT siCqariT, magram amJamad 6,4 km siganis mdinareSi imyofeba, romelic 3,2 km/sT
10
20
mimarTulia
v s (m/wm)
(b)
obis veqtoria
qare
sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT
da
Semdeg
-sadmi ra
maRali traeqtoria
siCqariT, rogorc
es 4.51 xuraTzea
naCvenebi.
risi
dabali
traeqtoria
da
(b)
kuTxe,
0
0
bombebi amoifrqveva. 4.53 suraTze iaponiaSi fuZaiamas mTis ganivkveTia naCvenebi. (a)
ra sawyisi siCqariT unda amovardes bombi
123
A
rogori iqneba es sidide da srolis adgilidan ra manZilze iqneba qva (i) horizontalurad da (k) vertikalurad?
ganaviTarebs,
dedamiwis
mimarT
siCqare
aRmoaCina
aRmosavleTidan
momavali
sadguridan
d1=360m man-
TviTmfrinavi
ufro swrafad brunavs, (a)-s da (b)-s pasuxebi izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu igive rCeba?
adgilidan
qvisken
d2
das
d1
1
mimarTuli
radari
aRm
124
Tavi 4
wrewirze
31014
moZravi
m/wm2.
eleqtronis
aCqarebaa
risi
tolia
miwis
mdinaris gadasakveTad?
bareobis
vM
P
= 2
+ 6
+ 2 .
veqtori?
(b)
romeli
sibrtyis
parale-
x luria es veqtori?
dP
veqtori
vP
samiznes
damiznebis
adgilidan
Semdeg?
94 Wurvis siCqare miwidan maqsimalur simaRleze 10 m/wm-ia. (a) risi tolia Wurvis
siCqare maqsimaluri simaRlis miRwevamde
gamosvlis dros?
qare
wriuli
moZraoba
konkretul
gamoiwvios.
magnitur
velSi
maqsimaluri
simaRlis
miRwevidan
=4 2 +3 ,
125
(a) protonis
saS
aCqareba erTeulovan-veqsi-
da x RerZis dadebiT
da b) mdebareoba erTeulovan-veqtorul
saS-sa
saS-s
CanawerSi?
(b) siCqare?
amis Semdeg ipove wertilis aCqareba intervalis (T) dasawyisSi da (i) dasasrulSi.
y
21,5 km-iT
sawyisi siCqare?
siCqaris
yinulze
srialis
aCqarebas
aRmoCndeba.
yinulze
mqone
eleqtroni
liTonis
or
kaluri komponentebi?
126
Tavi 4
110
maluri simaRle?
10
daSorebiT.
qalTa
frenburTSi
Tu
burTis
bade
sawyisi
miwidan
siCqare
y (futi)
10
20
30
x (futi)
40
gamoyenebis
nacvlad
B
y
dinatTa sistemaSi
da 46 m-is
moZravi
wertilis
wrfivi
traeqto-
Cqardeba t1 drois
SualedSi. aCqareba Tanabaria. A wertilis
koordinatebia (4m, 6 m), xolo B wertilisa
(12m, 18m). (a) risi tolia aCqarebis komponentebis Sefardeba ay /ax? (b) risi tolia wertilis koordinatebi, Tu moZraoba
grZeldeba kidev erT t1 drois SualedSi?
mimarT)?
mili/sT-ia.
Crdilo-
yovelTvis
eTisken
ise
es
TviTmfrinavi
mifrinavs,
rom
mde-
= 2t + 2sin
metrebSia, xolo t _
127
moTvale wertilis siCqaris komponentebi,
10
rodesac t =1, 2 da 3 wm. (a) nawilSi wertilis traeqtoriis grafikze gaavle siCqaris
veqtorebi da aCvene, rom siCqare wertilis
traeqtoriis mxebia da wertilis moZraobis mimarTuleba aqvs. (g) gamoTvale wertilis aCqarebis komponentebi, rodesac t=
1, 2 da 3 wm.
10
15
20
sur. 4.59 amocana 119.
25
30
mdebareobebis
stroboskopuli
grafiki.
vis periodi?
CanawerSi.
xolo _ vertikalurad.
ris sigrZeze?
Seni pasuxi.
mimarTulia horizontalurad,
128
Tavi 4
drois mixedviT.
124
sipediT
moZraob 30 Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT.
wm-is ganmavlobaSi.
sawyisi
tbaSi
wertilidan
micurav.
wylis
velo-
Tavdapirvelad,
Si.
123 amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yovelwliurad avtomobilisa da matareblis Sejaxebis 4000 SemTxveva xdeba. umetesoba
maSin xdeba, rodesac avtomobilis mZRoli
SeniSnavs momaval matarebels da cdilobs,
liandagze matareblis mosvlamde gadaiaros (sakmaod suleluri gadawyvetilebaa).
ganvixiloTY Semdegi situacia: am 4000-dan
erT-erTi mZRoli trasis perpendikularulad
momaval
matarebels
SeniSnavs
da
mavlobaSi.
amis Semdeg miemarTebi dasavleTisken. Semdeg ki:
Sualo siCqare
raobis ganmavlobaSi?
m/wm2-iT
dags.
gadawyvetilebis
miRebis
momentSi
= (3m) + (1m)
(a)
saSualo
gadaadgileba
siCqare
erTeulovan-veqtorul
erTeulovan-veqtorul
matarebeli
129
ra simaRlisaa barieri? (g) barieridan ra
manZilze daecema burTi miwas?
ulad moZraobs. garkveul momentSi manqanis aCqarebaa 3 m/wm2 aRmosavleTisken. rogori iqneba am momentSi manqanis daSoreba
130 golfis moTamaSe burTebs 20m daSorebis vertikalur kedels esvris da cdilobs kedelze daxatul 30sm diametris
15 m/wm
moxvedramde?
erTi
cdisas,
burTi
moZraobs
mxars, romelic dafas zeviT aagdebs. gebSi moZebne msaxiobis saSualo aCqareba
adgilm-
b) aCqareba
130
Tavi 4
siganis codna?)
Zala da moZraoba
aviamzididan afrenisas mZlavri ZravebiT aRWurvil reaqtiul
TviTmfrinavs aviamzidis gembanze damontaJebuli sasroli meqanizmi
win ubiZgebs. amis Sedegad miRebuli didi aGqarebis gamo TviTmfrinavi
afrenisTvis saWiro siGqares mokle droSi aRwevs. samagierod, gembanidan
afrenis dros aseTi aGqareba pilots ubiZgebs, TviTmfrinavis cxviri
mkveTrad qveviT daxaros. pilotebs am impulsis ugulebelyofas aswavlian,
magram zogjer TviTmfrinavi mainc pirdapir okeaneSi vardeba.
moqmedebs da amiT siCqares ucvlis. magaliTad, sportuli avtomobilis aCqarebisas mis ukana
saburavze amaCqarebeli Zala moqmedebs. rodesac sportuli TamaSisas erTi gundis Tavdamsxmeli
meore gundis mcvels miwaze anarcxebs, am dros Tavdamsxmeli mcvelze moqmedebs ZaliT, romelic
mcvels ukan mimarTul aCqarebas aniWebs. rodesac avtomanqana satelefono boZs ejaxeba, Zala,
romliTac boZi manqanaze moqmedebs, mis gaCerebas iwvevs. samecniero, sainJinro, iuridiuli
da samedicino Jurnalebi savsea statiebiT sxeulebze, maT Soris adamianebze moqmedi Zalebis
Sesaxeb.
131
132
Tavi 5
Zala da moZraoba
astronomiuli sxeulebiT
5.4. Zala
axla Zalis erTeuli unda ganvsazRvroT. ukve viciT, rom
Zalas sxeulis aCqarebis gamowveva SeuZlia. maSasadame, Zalis
erTeuls ganvsazRvravT aCqarebiT, romelsac Zala 1 kg masis
sxeuls aniWebs (sur. 1.4.).
sxeuls horizontalur, xaxunisgan Tavisufal magidaze
movaTavsebT da marjvnidan ise vubiZgebT, rom 1 m/wm2 aCqareba
mivaniWoT. amis Semdeg vambobT, rom 1 kg masis sxeulze
5.4. Zala
133
veqtoruli sididea, mas aqvs sidide da mimarTuleba da maTi Sekreba xdeba me-3 TavSi moyvanili
veqtoruli Sekrebis wesebiT.
rodesac sxeulze ori an meti Zala moqmedebs, veqtoruli SekrebiT jamuri Zalis anu Zalebis
tolqmedis povna SegviZlia. jamuri Zalis sididisa da mimarTulebis mqone erTi Zala sxeulze
imave zemoqmedebas axdens, rasac cal-calke moqmedi es Zalebi erTad. am movlenas Zalebis
zeddebis principi ewodeba. samyaro sakmaod ucnauri iqneboda, Tu Sen da Seni megobari 1 kg
masis sxeuls erTi mimarTulebiT ubiZgebdiT, TiToeuli 1 n ZaliT, da jamuri Zala rogorRac
14 n gaxdeboda.
simboloTi.
danaxuli,
CrdiloeT
polusidan mosriale Saibis moZra
niutonis kanoniT ki ar aris gamowveuli, aramed imiT, rom obis traeqtoria. dedamiwa brunavs
Saibas moZravi aTvlis sistemidan vakvirdebiT. am SemTxvevaSi aRmosavleTisken. b) dedamiwidan
danaxuli Saibis moZraobis tra
dedamiwa aTvlis arainerciuli sistemaa.
eqtoria.
134
Tavi 5
Zala da moZraoba
am wignSi vuSvebT, rom dedamiwa aTvlis inerciuli sistemaa da Zalebs da aCqarebebs swored
am sistemis mimarT vzomavT. Tu gazomvebi Catarda, magaliTad, dedamiwis mimarT aCqarebuli
liftis kabinaSi, maSin gazomvebi Catarebula aTvlis arainerciul sistemaSi da Sedegebic
sakmaod ucnauri iqneba. amis magaliTs amocanis amoxsnis 5.8 nimuSSi vnaxavT.
sakontrolo wertili 1. eqvsidan romel suraTzea
naCvenebi, ise, rom miviRoT mesame veqtori, romelic
(a)
(b)
(g)
(d)
(e)
(v)
5.5. masa
yoveldRiuri yofa gviCvenebs, rom mocemuli Zala sxvadasxva sxeuls sxvadasxva sididis
aCqarebas aniWebs. beisbolisa da keglis burTebi iatakze daawyve da orives erTi ZaliT daartyi.
Sedegi winaswar ici: beisbolis burTi keglis burTze did aCqarebas SeiZens SeiZens. aCqarebebs
Soris gansxvaveba masebs Soris gansxvavebiTaa gamowveuli. ra aris masa?
SegviZlia ramdenime eqsperimentiT vaCvenoT, Tu rogor unda gavzomoT masa aTvlis inerciul
sistemaSi. pirvel eqsperimentSi Zala m0=1 kg masis sxeuls movdoT. davuSvaT, sxeuli 1 m/wm2-iT
aCqarda. am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sxeulze 1 n Zala moqmedebs.
Semdeg igive Zala ucnobi masis meore X sxeuls movdoT. davuSvaT, es X sxeuli 0,25 m/wm2-iT
aCqarda. ukve viciT, rom naklebi masis mqone beisbolis burTi ufro did aCqarebas iZens, vidre
meti masis mqone keglis burTi, rodesac maTze erTi da igive Zala moqmedebs. aqedan gamomdinare,
mivdivarT Semdeg daskvnamde: ori sxeulis masebis Sefardeba maTi aCqarebebis Sebrunebuli
Sefardebis tolia, rodesac am sxeulebze erTi da igive Zalaa modebuli. X sxeulisa da 1 kg masis
sxeulisTvis gveqneba:
mx a0
m0 = ax .
a
1.0 m/w2
mx = m0 a0 = (1 kg)
= 4 kg.
0.25 m/w2
x
Cveni daskvna mxolod im SemTxvevaSia swori, Tu is Zalis sididis Secvlis SemTxvevaSic samarTliania. magaliTad, 1 kg masis sxeuls 8 n Zala movdeT da miviReT 8 m/wm2 aCqareba. igive Zala X
sxeuls movdeT da miviReT 2 m/wm2 aCqareba. Cveni daskvnis Tanaxmad:
a
8.0 m/w2
mx = m0 a0 = (1 kg)
= 4 kg.
2.0 m/w2
x
135
(5.1)
formula martivia, magram is frTxilad unda gamoviyenoT. pirvel rigSi unda ganisazRvros
sxeuli, romlisTvisac viyenebT am formulas. Semdeg unda davrwmundeT, rom
jamur veqtorSi
mxolod am da ara romelime sxva sxeulze moqmedi Zalebi Sedis. magaliTad, ragbiSi burTisTvis
brZolisas Senze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedi Seni sxeulis mier miRebuli biZgebi da dartymebia
da ara _ sxva moTamaSeze Sens mier miyenebuli dartymebi.
sxva veqtoruli formulebis msgavsad, 5.1 formulac sami komponenturi formulis
eqvivalenturia. xyz koordinatTa sistemis TiToeuli RerZisTvis gveqneba:
(5.2)
a =0. roca sxeuli uZrav mdgomareobaSia, uZravadve rCeba; roca moZraobs, moZraobas
Tanabari siCqariT ganagrZobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi sxeulze moqmedi Zalebi erTmaneTs awonasworebs
da am mdgomareobas wonasworuli ewodeba. aseve amboben, rom Zalebi erTmaneTs abaTilebs, magram
termini `gabaTileba~ ar aris zusti, vinaidan es ar niSnavs, rom Zalebi aRar arsebobs. yvela Zala
sxeulze kvlav moqmedebs.
cxrili
5.1
Zala
masa
aCqareba
SI
niutoni (n)
kilogrami (kg)
m/wm2
CGSa
dini
grami (g)
sm/wm2
britanulib
girvanqa (lb)
slagi
futi/wm2
1 dini = 1 gsm/wm2
1 girvanqa = 1 slagifuti/wm2
136
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 5
(5.3)
Zalis zogierTi erTeuli sxva erTeulTa sistemebSi mocemulia 5.1 cxrilsa da D danarTSi.
niutonis meore kanonis daxmarebiT amocanebis amosaxsnelad xSirad Tavisufali sxeulis
grafiks vxazavT. am grafikze mxolod is sxeulia gamosaxuli, romelze moqmed Zalebsac
vkribavT. zogjer maswavleblebi Tavad sxeulis daxatvas arCeven, magram adgilis ekonomiis
mizniT am TavebSi sxeuls wertilis saxiT gamovsaxavT. sxeulze moqmedi TiToeuli Zala
veqtoriT gamoisaxeba, romlis saTave am sxeulzea. viyenebT, agreTve, koordinatTa sistemas,
xolo sxeulis aCqareba zogjer veqtoris isriTaa naCvenebi.
sistema erTi an meti sxeulisgan Sedgeba da nebismier Zalas, romelic am sxeulebze sistemis
garedan moqmedebs, gare Zala ewodeba. Tu sistemis Semadgeneli sxeulebi erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli, maSin sistema SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc erTi mTliani sxeuli da masze
moqmedi
tolqmedi yvela gare Zalis jamis toli iqneba (Sida Zalebs anu sistemis sxeulebs
mdebare
sxeulze
horizontaluri
moqmedi
Zalac
ori
horizontaluri
moqmedebs,
risi
tolia
Zala.
Tu sxeulze
F3 -is
F3
mesame
5.1
F1 da F2 Zalebi RerZis
gaswvrivaa mimarTuli
da maTi sidideebia
Zalebis tolqmeds
davukavSiroT.
Tumca,
vinaidan
niutonis
meore
kanoni
mxolod
komponentebisTvis davweroT:
Ft,x=max
(d)
(e)
(v)
5.3d
suraTisTvis,
sadac
mxolod
erTi
F1=max
CvenTvis
cnobili
monacemebis
CasmiT
miviRebT:
(5.4)
(g)
(b)
Saiba
(a)
ax =
F1
4n
=
= 20 m/w2
m 0.2 kg
(pasuxi)
137
F3,xF2
F cosF 2
= 3,x
m
m
(1 n)(cos 30) - 2 n
=
= 5,7 m/w2 (pasuxi)
0.2 kg
ax =
F 1 F 2 =ma x
CvenTvis
cnobili
monacemebis
CasmiT
miviRebT
sakontrolo
wertili
suraTze
F 1 F 2
4n2n
=
= 10 m/w2 (pasuxi)
m
0.2 kg
maSasadame, tolqmedi Zala Saibas x RerZis
gamosaxulia
ar
ax =
aris
mimarTuli.
F3,x
mxolod
aCqarebis
gaswvriv
komponentia mimarTuli ( F3
zevidan
3.
danaxuli
oTxi
zedapirze
sxeuls
aCqarebas
F3,xF2=max
suraTidan vxedavT, rom F 3,x =F 3 cos. aCqarebis amoxsna da F3,x-is Casma mogvcems:
5.2
tolqmedi
F(net = ma ). maSasadame,
F1 + F2 + F3 = ma ,
rac mogvcems:
F3 = ma - F1 - F2
(5.5)
mxares
veqtoruli
sidideebis
nacvlad
F3 -s ver
138
Tavi 5
Zala da moZraoba
=m(acos50)F1cos(150)F2cos90.
(pasuxi)
da
(pasuxi)
5.3
aleqsi
Car
li
FA ZaliT
eqaCeba,
FC ZaliT.
ferso
xolo
Carlzi _ 170 n sididis
FC -s mimarTuleba
naCvenebi ar aris. risi
F
tolia betis B Zalis sidide?
amoxsna:
vinaidan
sami
Zala
beti
saburavs
a =0 (anu Zalebi
(b)
(a)
tolqmeds
5.5b
suraTze
naCvenebia
(5.6)
Tavisufali
saSualebiT. vinaidan
FB mimarTulia y RerZis
F By =FAy F Cy
viciT
gvinda FB -s sididis gageba.
miviRebT:
F Bsin(90)=FAsin133FCsinf
monacemebis Casma mogvcems:
(5.7)
139
Semdeg gveqneba:
FBcos(90)=FAcos133FCcos
rac mogvcems:
FB = 241 n
(pasuxi)
gamoiyenoT
veqtoruli
veqtoruli
kalkulatoriT
an
Sekreba,
RerZebis
taqtika
2:
ZalebTan dakavSirebuli
amocanebis wakiTxva
amocanis piroba ramdenjerme waikiTxe, raTa
kargad
gaiazro
mocemuli
mdgomareoba,
rodesac
Zalebs
mdgomareobis
xazav,
uxeSi
eskizia.
TiToeuli
Zalis
FB Zalas).
sxeulze moqmedi
mimarTuli. wina TavebSi ar gagvirkvevia am Zalis buneba da ganvixilavdiT iseT situaciebs, sadac
meore sxeuli dedamiwa iyo. Tumca, rodesac vlaparakobT sxeulze moqmed
Fg mizidulobis
Zalaze, vgulisxmobT Zalas, romelic sxeuls dedamiwis centris mimarTulebiT ubiZgebs anu
mimarTulia qveviT. momavalSi davuSvebT, rom dedamiwa aTvlis inerciuli sistemaa.
roca m masis sxeuli Tavisufali vardnis g aCqarebiT Tavisuflad ecema, haeris zemoqmedebas
ugulebelvyofT da sxeulze moqmed erTaderT Zalad
140
Tavi 5
Zala da moZraoba
qveviT mimarTuli mizidulobis Zala da aCqareba SegviZlia erTmaneTs niutonis meore kanonis
Fg=m(g)
Fg=mg
an
(5.8)
(5.9)
wona
sxeulis wona W im tolqmedi Zalis sididea, romelic
sxeulis Tavisufali vardnis SesaCerebladaa saWiro.
magaliTad, miwaze dgomis dros burTis xeliT dasaWerad
unda warmoqmna zeviT mimarTuli Zala, romelic sxeulze
moqmed mizidulobis Zalas gaawonasworebs. davuSvaT,
mizidulobis Zalaa 2 n, maSin zeviT mimarTuli Zala
Fg mizidulobis
F t ,y =ma y
Cvens magaliTSi es iqneba:
anu
W=F g
WF g =m0
(wona, rodesac dedamiwa aTvlis inerciuli sistemaa)
(5.10)
(5.11)
W=mg (wona)
(5.12)
141
sur.
awonva
maSin
xdeba,
rodesac
sxeuli
yuradRebiT: sxeulis wona masa ar aris. wona Zalis sididea da masasTan 2.15 formuliTaa
dakavSirebuli. Tu sxeuls gadaitan wertilSi, sadac g gansxvavebulia, maSin misi masa (Sinagani
maxasiaTebeli) ucvleli darCeba, wona ki Seicvleba. magaliTad, 7,2 kg masis keglis burTis wona
dedamiwaze 71 niutonia, mTvareze ki _ mxolod 12 n. masa dedamiwazec da mTvarezec erTnairia,
magram mTvareze Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebaa 1,7 m/wm2.
drekadobis Zala
leibze dgomisas dedamiwa qveviT geqaCeba, Sen ki mainc
uZrav mdgomareobaSi xar. amis mizezi leibia, romelic Sens
fexebs qvemoT deformirdeba da maRla gibiZgebs. aseve, roca
iatakze dgaxar, is deformideba (SeikumSeba an CaiRuneba) da
zeviT gibiZgebs. erTi SexedviT myari betonis iatakic ki aseve
iqceva (Tu is dedamiwaze myarad ar aris damagrebuli, bevri
adamianis dgomisas is SeiZleba Catydes kidec).
leibidan an iatakidan Senze moqmed Zalas
FN drekadobis
iatakis perpendikularulia.
sxeuli
magidis perpendikularuli
FN drekadobis ZaliT
Fg
F
suraTze naCvenebia Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki. sxeulze vertikalurad moqmedebs g da FN
mizidulobis Zalis gavleniT axdens. magida sxeulze
Zalebi. maSasadame, am SemTxvevaSi niutonis meore kanoni zeviT mimarTuli y RerZis pirobebSi
F N F g= m a y
142
Tavi 5
Zala da moZraoba
F N mg=ma y
F N =mg+ma y =m(g+a y )
(5.13)
magidis an sxeulis nebismieri vertikaluri ay aCqarebis SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, moZrav
liftSi), Tu magida da sxeuli dedamiwis mimarT aCqarebas ar ganicdis, maSin ay=0 da formula
5.13 gvaZlevs:
sakontrolo wertili 4. 5.8 suraTze
FN=mg
(5.14)
tolia, rodesac sxeuli da magida liftiT zeviT moZraobs a) Tanabari siCqariT da b) zrdadi
siCqariT?
xaxuni
Tu
sxeuls
SevecdebiT,
zedapirze
sxeulsa
da
gavasrialebT
zedapirs
Soris
an
gasrialebas
winaaRmdegoba
f ZaliTaa warmodgenili
da mas xaxunis Zala an, ubralod, xaxuni ewodeba. es Zala sur. 5.9. f xaxunis Zala zedapirze
daWimuloba
rodesac Toki (Zafi, kabeli
an sxva msgavsi sagani) mimagrebulia sxeulze da Zlierad iWimeba,
(sur. 5.10a). am Zalas xSirad daWimulobis Zalas uwodeben, vinaidan Toki daWimulia. Tokis
daWimuloba sxeulze moqmedi T Zalis sididea. magaliTad, Tu Tokidan sxeulze moqmedi Zalaa
(a)
(b)
(g)
sur. 5.10. a) Toki daWimulia. Tu misi masa umniSvneloa, Toki sxeulsa da xelze T ZaliT moqmedebs, im SemTxvevaSic
ki, rodesac Toki uwono da xaxunisgan Tavisufal blokzea Semoxveuli, rogorc b) da g) SemTxvevebSi.
143
aCqarebiT moZraobs an Toki umniSvnelo masis, xaxunisgan Tavisufal blokzea (suraTebi 5.10b
da g) Semoxveuli. aseT bloks sxeulebTan SedarebiT umniSvnelo masa da xaxuni aqvs. Tu Toki
blokze naxevradaa Semoxveuli (rogorc 5.10g suraTze), maSin Tokidan blokze moqmedi Zalis
tolqmedia 2T.
sakontrolo wertili 5. 5.10g suraTze Tokze dakidebuli sxeulis wonaa 75 n. amaze
metia, naklebia Tu tolia T, rodesac sxeuli zeviT moZraobs a) Tanabari siCqariT, b) mzardi
siCqariT da g) klebadi siCqariT?
maSinaa
gamosadegi,
vertikaluri
aCqareba
nulis
tolia.
FN -is
darCes.
magaliTad, 5.8a suraTze SesaZlebelia
sxeulsa
da magidas Soris sazRvars daemTxves.
FN -is
arasworad
gamosaxvis
albaToba
sxva
maSasadame,
niutonis
am
meore
formulas
kanonisgan
FN -is axali
SegviZlia suraTze
FN gadavaadgiloT,
sxeulis
grafikis ageba (sur. 5.8b), rodesac
gamosaxulebas emTxveva.
5.4
hor
veqtori.
Fg
horizontaluri
veqtorTa jamis
j=
g+
hor
mimarTulebas
povna
hor
SesaZlebelia,
veqtorebs
5.11b
davwerT:
tg
vizualur
niSnebs
RamiT
ver
an
(5.15)
144
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 5
a
moCvenebiTi
gadaxra
hor
siCqare
(0=0),
saboloo
siCqare
hor
(85 m/wm)2=02+2ax(90 m)
a x=40,1 m/wm2.
anu
Zala pilotze
hor
afrenis drosaa modebuli. pilots eCveneba, rom Tavi
wyvetili zolis gaswvriv gadaixara. b) veqtorebis
jami j(= g+ hor) vertikalisadmi kuTxiTaa dax
rili.
(pasuxi)
cxviri
76-iT
aiwia.
am
TviT
maSasadame,
aviamzidis
gembanze
BC
B wigni
Caiweros:
FBC=FCB
C yuTi
(Tanabari sidideebia)
xolo veqtorulad:
BC
CB
minus niSani gvamcnobs, rom am veqtorebs urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba aqvT. or sxeulze moqmed Zalebs
mesame kanonis ZalTa wyvili SeiZleba vuwodoT. rodesac
ori sxeuli erTmaneTze moqmedebs, am dros aucileblad
da
yuTze. b)
CB
BC
(yuTidan wignze)
mimarTuleba aqvs.
CT
nesvi C
CE
145
magida T
dedamiwa E
(a)
CE
EC
gravitaciuli Zala
(b)
nesvi
CE
EC
(dedamiwa-nesvis urTierTqmedeba)
CT
dre
TC
dre
TC
(nesvi-magidis urTierTqmedeba)
(g)
TC
-s da
CT -s
sidideebi?
CE -s
da
EC -s
(d)
146
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 5
5.5
daWimuloba.
kidev
erTi
mniSvnelovani
S mosriale
sxeuli
orive
dedamiwasac,
sxeulze
= ma .
gamoviyeneb,
romel
sxeuls
unda
mivusadago?
Cveni yuradReba mipyrobilia or sxeulze
mosriale
da
Camokidebul
sxeulebze.
vinaidan
erTnairad
moZraobs.
maTi
yvela
nawili
niutonis
meore
sxeuli S
moZraobs.
brunvis
ganxilvis
147
= ma
da
masze
moqmedi
yvela
Zala
iqneba
Tavisufali
sxeulis
grafiki.
TF gH=ma y
FgH-is nacvlad SegviZlia CavsvaT mg, xolo
ay-is nacvlad a (a uaryofiTia, vinaidan H
Cqardeba y RerZis uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT).
miviRebT:
Tmg=ma
(5.18)
= ma mosriale sxeu
rogor gamoviyenoFnet
(5.19)
saxiT SeiZleba:
Camokidebuli
sxeuli H
mosriale
sxeuli S
tolia.
am gverdis perpendikularuli z mimarTu
lebiT Zala ar moqmedebs.
T=Ma
(5.17)
Camokidebul
sxeulze
araferi
ar
gviTqvams.
esec marTalia. rogor gamoviyeno
SekiTxva:
Tvis?
iseve, rogorc S sxeulisTvis. avagoT
Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki H sxeulisTvis,
es 5.16b suraTzea naCvenebi. Semdeg
rogorc
(5.20)
= 3,8 m/w2
(pasuxi)
da
(3,3kg)(2,1kg)
= 3,3 kg + 2,1 kg (9,8 m/w2)
= 13 n
(pasuxi)
rom
5.19
formulas
tolobis
orive
Sexede.
mxaris
148
Tavi 5
Zala da moZraoba
Zalaze.
magaliTad M=0 da m.
(5.21)
damakmayofilebeli
daskvnaa,
5.6
suraTze,
Tokebis
Tavisufali
sxeulis
grafikze
Fg
Tokebis daWimuloba?
(Ft,y=may) da vwerT:
T 3 F g =Ma y .
Fg-s nacvlad Mg-s CasmiT da ay aCqarebis
nacvlad 0-is CasmiT miviRebT:
T 3 Mg=M0=0
es niSnavs, rom blokze moqmedi ori Zala
erTmaneTs awonasworebs. M-isa (15kg) da g-s
Casma mogvcems:
Semdeg
T3=147 n
ganvixiloT
(pasuxi)
5.17g-ze
naCvenebi
davweroT:
T1 + T2 + T3 = mk a k .
149
x da y
komponentebis saSualebiT gadavweroT. x
amis nacvlad, 5.22 formula
an
RerZisTvis gveqneba:
T1sin28+T2sin47147 n = 0
(5.24)
T1x+T2x+T3x=0
T1sin28+T2sin47T3=0
T 1 cos28+T 2 cos47+0=0
(5.23)
T1=104 n da T2=134 n
(pasuxi)
5.7
T
Zala da zedapiridan blokze moqmedi FN
a) risi tolia Tokidan blokze moqmedi
drekadobis Zala?
amoxsna: es ori Zala da Tokze moqmedi
mizidulobis
Fg
= ma ) Zalebs
T + F N + Fg = ma .
(5.25)
T + F N + Fg = 0
formula gvamcnobs, rom Zalebi erTmaneTs
awonasworeben.
5.25 formulaSi mocemuli gvaqvs ori ucnobi
veqtori, amitom veqtoruli kalkulatoris
saSualebiT misi amoxsna SeuZlebelia. maSa
SemTxvevaSi
FN
da
Zalebi
RerZebs
gaviTvaliswinoT,
F
kuTxe g -sa da y RerZs Soris kuTxecaa
(sur. 5.18g). maSin Fgx komponenti aris Fgsin,
150
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 5
ase:
T+0-mgsin=0,
miviRebT:
Fgx = ma
mg sin = ma,
saidanac gamomdinareobs:
T=mgsin
=(15kg)(9,8m/wm2)(sin27)
=67 n
anu
rac mogvcems:
(pasuxi)
(pasuxi)
zedapirze
(5.26)
FN=mgcos
=(15kg)(9,8m/wm2)(cos27)
=131 n 130 n
a = g sin
0+F N mgcos=0
anu
Camocurebisas?
Tu
(pasuxi)
mxolod
mimarTuli) iwvevs.
sakontrolo wertili 7. suraTze
F -is
moqmed dreka
dobis
Zalas
zrdis Tu amci
rebs?
5.8
uZraobisas
da
zeviT
an
qveviT
moZraobis dros.
a)
gamoTvale
sasworis
Cveneba
kabinis
mgzavri
sasworis
Cveneba sasworidan
mgzavrze moqmedi FN drekadobis Zalis
toli iqneba. mgzavrze moqmedi erTaderTi
sxva Zala mizidulobis
Fg Zalaa, rogorc es
(a)
(b)
SegviZlia
gamoviyenoT
niutonis
151
Cveneba
davweroT:
F N =F g +ma
(5.27)
FN=m(g+a)
wonaze
metia.
saswori
F N F g =ma
anu
mgzavris
(pasuxi) (5.28)
nebismieri a aCqarebisTvis.
b) risi tolia sasworis Cveneba, Tu kabina
uZravia an 0,5 m/wm Tanabari siCqariT moZraobs
zeviT?
amoxsna: nebismieri Tanabari siCqarisTvis
(maT Soris, nulisTvisac) mgzavris a aCqareba
nulis tolia. 5.28 formulaSi am da sxva
mocemuli sidideebis CasmiT miviRebT:
Fnet = map,kab?
aCqarebisas
mgzavrze
moqmedi
(pasuxi)
amoxsna:
gvaZlevs:
wertili
8.
amocanis
mudmivi
da,
bolos,
(a)
A
(b)
FAB
B
FBA
(g)
Tanabari horizontaluri
Zala moqmedebs. A bloki B bloks awveba.
B
A
uperspeqtivo
5.9
swor
b) A blokze
B blokidan ori horizontaluri Zala,
da F AB moqmedebs.
g) B blokze
A blokidan mxolod erTi horizontaluri
Zala, F BA moqmedebs.
152
Tavi 5
Zala da moZraoba
Zala pirdapir A
seriozuli Secdoma:
F hor = (m A + m B)a
axla
masis
a=
F hor=m Aa
F AB Zalac CavTva
F AB-s
mimarTulebis aRsa
swori amoxsna:
Fhor
20 n
=
= 2 m/w2 (pasuxi)
mA + mB
4 kg + 6 kg
sistemas.
saSualebiT
SegviZlia.
kanons
komponentebisTvis vwerT:
FBA=mBa,
arsebuli monacemebis Casma mogvcems:
(pasuxi)
mimoxilva da Sejameba
niutonis meqanika. sxeulis siCqare SeiZleba
samarTliania,
Seicvalos
ewodeba.
(sxeuls
SeuZlia
aCqardes),
Zala
veqtoruli
misi
moqmedeba
veqtoruli
pirveli
kanoni.
Tu
sxeulze
sistemas,
inerciuli
romelSic
arainerciul
sistema
sistemebSi
tolqmedi
FnetZala
= ma aCqarebas Semdeg
nairad ukavSirdeba:
Fnet = ma
am formulis komponenturi versiebia:
(5.1)
(5.2)
aTvlis
aTvlis
inerciuli
sididea.
emTxveva.
aTvlis
kanonis Tanaxmad,
1 n = 1 kg 1 m/wm2
Tavisufali sxeulis grafiki aris gamar
sistemebi.
aTvlis
niutonis
kanonebi
drekadobis
perpendikularulia.
mimarTulebiTaa
gavlebuli,
rom
Zala
zedapiris
cdilobs.
paraleluria
yovelTvis
153
es
Zala
da
yovelTvis
zedapiris
mimarTulia
sawinaaRmdegod.
moZraobis
xaxunisgan
Tavisufal
bolo
dedamiwis
mimarTulia
SemTxvevaSi
mizidulobis
Zala
sxeuls
miizidavs.
Tokis
gaswvriv
es
mizidva
da
sxeulis
Fg -s
sididea:
Fg=mg
(5.8)
wona
zeviT
mimarTuli
im
W=mg
awveba,
am
(5.12)
sxeulze
F BC Zala
sxeulze
moqmedebs, maSin
arsebobs
sxeuli
F CB
Zalac. es
F BC = F CB
sawinaaRmdego:
moqmedebs.
SekiTxvebi
1. 5.21 suraTze naCvenebia oTxi mdgomareoba,
rodesac
ze naCveneb Tavi
Zalebi
xaxunisgan
Tavisufal
sufali
grafikze
li veqtori war
moadgens
Tanabari siCqariT?
sxeulis
rome
sauke
Tesod a) F1 -s da
b)
F2 -s? risi
tolia
tolqmedi
Zalis komponenti
3.
5.23 suraTze
F1 da F2 Zalebi
moqmedebs
xunisgan
fal
ze,
yuT
romelic
xa
Tavisu
zedapirze
154
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 5
F1 -is sidi
SesanarCuneblad,
sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli?
5.
5.24
suraTze
sxeulis
grafiki
naCvenebia
oTx
Tavisufali
mdgomareobaSi,
g)
TiToeul
mdgomarobaSi
aCvene
a -s
F Zala miaTrevs.
ra
sami
grafiki
da
siCqaris
155
piridan blokze moqmed
FN drekadobis
Zalas,
meoreze moqmedi
a) qveviT da b) zeviT?
blokebi
zedapirze mdebare
moqmedi
F sididis Zalis
marTuleba. mimar
klebadobis
mixedviT.
F , F 21 da F 32 Zalebi sididis
naCvenebia daxril
oTxi SesaZlo mi
aCqarebis
e) daalage
blokze
F 21 ZaliT da g) meoredan
mesameze moqmedi F 32 ZaliT? d) daalage
sakmarisi
ar
zedapiridan
aris).
blokze
daalage
variantebi
moqmedi
drekadobis
mdebare
F hori
zontaluri Zala
moqmedebs. ra masa aCqardeba
marjvniv a)
amocanebi
SSM
www
ILW
wertilebis raodenoba
amocanis sirTules
gviCvenebs
da g) F2 =(3n) i +(4n) j .
roids kosmosuri xo
maldisken
ubiZgebs.
156
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 5
5. 2 kg masis yuTze
ori Zala moqmedebs,
magram 5.32 suraTze
mxolod erTia naCve
F1=20n-sTvis
a=12 m/wm2 da =30.
nebi.
erTeulovan-
F2 =(12n) i +(8n) j .
da
F1 =(30n) i +(16n) j
moZebne mesame Zala.
8. 4 kg masis disko
yinulze misrialebs.
zedapirze
masze F1 da F2 ho
rizontaluri
Zale
bi
yinu
moqmedebs.
lze
gavlebulia
xy
koordinatTa sistema.
F1 -is
moqmedi
Zalis
a)
sidide
da
b) mimarTuleba?
mimarTuleba
Tokze
kidia.
Tavisufal
blokzea Semoxveuli
da kedelze 98 n Za
liT moqmedebs. mok
le
nawilebis
daWi
T1=58,8n,
sur. 5.35. amocana 11.
T2=49n da T3=9,8n.
risi tolia a) A diskos masa, b) B diskos masa,
g) C diskos masa da d) D diskos masa?
mulobebia
mqone
aseTi
mweri horizontalur
totzea Camokidebuli
misi
eqvsive
Tanabradaa
157
horizontaluria. a) risi tolia TiToeuli
SSM.
Tu igive darCeba?
qveTavi 5.9.
niutonis kanonebis
gamoyeneba
nela
asamoZraveblad
mzis
sawinaaRmdego
siswrafiT imoZravebs?
gavlebulia
xy
koordinatTa
mudmivi)
moqmedebs
mgzavris
g) 0, d) 10 m/wm2 da
e) 20 m/wm2.
158
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 5
yuTs
xaxunisgan
T a v i s u f a l
lamure
daxril zedapirze
mimarTulebiT.
(=30)
horizontaluri
ZaliT
awvebian.
moZraobs
RerZis
moTxilamureze
uaryofiTi
moqmedebs
30. 5 kg masis
yuTs
Tavisufal, hori
zontisadmi
xaxunisgan
ku
TxiT daxril ze
dapirze
v) kuTxe?
ubiZgeben.
zeviT
5.41
naCvenebia xaxunis
gan Tavisufal ma
gidaze
dadebuli
0,025kg masis li
moni da masze mo
qmedi samidan ori
horizontaluri
horizontaluri
qari
sferos
mimarTulebis
ubiZgebs
da
Toks
sadac t droa?
159
33. liftisa da misi tvirTis saerTo
masaa 1600 kg. gamoTvale liftis bagiris
moqmedi
Semdeg gamoTvale
e)
adamianisgan bolo
F Zala da v) Ti
Zala
da
d) mexuTedan meoT-
jaWvis
amwevi
rgolze
moqmedi
Toeuli
rgolis
amaCqarebeli
Za
=18
marTulebisadmi)
kuTxiT.
gemis
daWimuloba?
bagiriTaa
aCqareba?
gadabmuli da ma
Ti amoZraveba
kabinis
zeda
nela
ba
izrdeba.
blokis
B kabinisa
b)
giriT SeiZleba. A
kg,
pingvinia
naCvenebi,
romelTac
xaxunisgan
160
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 5
Semoxveuli.
Tebis
mA=30kg, mB=40kg
da mC=10 kg. ro
43.
desac
bloki
xaxunisgan
Tavi
sufal
rogorc
5.47
su
masebia
sistema
naCvenebia xaxuni
xveuli
d a k a v S i r e b u l i
ori yuTi. am mo
wyobilobas etvu
magidaze
gverdigverd dgas.
yu
horizontalurad
marjvniv
sgan
Tavisufal,
umniSvnelo
dis
ma
TokiT
manqana
ewo
awveba.
sidide?
49. 10 kg masis
maimuni
umniSv
Toki Semoxveulia
marjvniv
micocavs.
miaTreven.
xaxunisgan
Tavi
sufal totze da
mibmulia
miwaze
mdgar, 15 kg masis
yuTze (sur. 5.52).
a) ra minimaluri
aCqareba
unda
hqondes
maimuns,
daWimuloba? SSM
161
10kg. roca yuTebs xels gavuSvebT, risi toli
skam
Camokide
bulia umniSvnelo
masis
Tok
Se
xaxu
ze mjdomare kaci.
skami
ze,
mqone
romelic
moxveulia
nisgan
Tavisufal
blokze,
xolo
misi
bolo
meore
kacs
xelSi
ravs.
uWi
kacisa
da
kacma
Tokze,
raTa
aiwios
romelic
horizontalur
xaxunisgan
zedapirze
Tavisufal
Zevs.
bloki
m1=3,7
51.
kg
masis
yuTii
xaxunisgan
Ta
=30
visufal,
kuTxiT
daxril
zedapirze
TokiT
dakavSirebulia m2
blokebze
dakavSirebuli
Semoxveuli
TokiT
sa
mi yuTi. B yuTi xa
xunisgan
magidaze
Tavisufal
Zevs.
56.
yu
mA=6
kg, mB=8 kg da mC=
Tebis
5.58
suraTze
naCvenebia
sabagiro
masebia
162
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 5
kabelidan, romelic
pasuxi
TiToeuli
Zvel
sistemas
efuZneboda,
sadac
vagonis
Tavzea mimagrebuli.
davuSvaT,
kabelebi
daWimulia da =35
kuTxiTaa
mocemuli
daxri
1,77-isa,
koeficientebi
oTxi
niSnis sizustiT
gansxvaveba
kabe
mo
daWimu
lis
mezobeli
nakveTebis
lobebs
Soris,
TiToeul
Tu
vagons
maqsimaluri
daamrgvale) d) sinamdvi
TviTmfrinavs?
sur. 5.58. amocana 56.
dasa
miuxedavad
moZraobs?
sawvavis
arqonisa,
pilotma
damatebiTi amocanebi
57.
erTeulebis
porti
ugulebelyofa.
fizikis
yuradRebiT
mopyrobas
iT
realuri
cxovrebidan
aRebuli
reisis
TviTmfrinavi
monrealidan
metismetad
Soris
iyo,
pilotma
xaxunma
TviTmfrinavi
Seanela
da
maT
TviTmfrinavSi.
sawvavis
ekipaJma
raodenoba
icoda,
rom
kilogramebSi
upasuxa,
7682
litrio.
TviTmfrinavSi
hkiTxa,
ra
koeficienti
iyo
miaTreven, rogorc
es
naCvenebi.
boloze
5.59
suraTzea
Tokis
hori
163
zontaluri Zala moqmedebs. a) daamtkice,
buravi,romelsac
sami,
horizonta
lurad
gaWimuli,
TokiT
eqaCebian.
erT
Tokze
mocemulia.
modebuli
danarCen
(F1=50n)
Zala
Tokebze
modebulma
Zalaa F1 = (2 n) i + (3 n) j + (2 n) k da F2 = (5 n)
63.
muSa
yuTs
TokiT
qarxnis
iatakze
67.
5.63
suraTze
naCvenebia
xaxunisgan
310 n.
daWimuloba.
erTmaneTTan
`awebebs~,
birTvis
1,4107m/wm
siCqariT
moZravi
neitroni
164
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 5
masis
12n sididis F Za
yuTi,
b) m2 masa?
ro
la moqmedebs. Za
F2=17n,
F2=3n,
F4=14n da F5=5n,
xolo 4=30. mo
la
sur. 5.64. amocana 70.
daxrili sibrtyis
72.
=37 kuTxiT
kosmosuri
erT-erT
warmoidgine
xomaldi,
sadesanto
romelic
iupiteris
aCqareba
kalistos
zedapirTan
axlos?
Zala
12 m/wm aCqarebas
aniWebs, xolo m2
masis sxeuls 3,3
2
m/wm2 aCqarebas. ra
aCqarebas mianiWebs
Zala a) m 2 m 1 da
b)
m 2 +m 1
masis
Tunuqis
WurWeli
(m1=1kg)
Tunuqis
meore WurWelTanaa
(m2=2kg)
sxeulebs?
bloki
mibmuli.
xaxunisgan
Tavisufalia
masebi
moqmedebs
umniSvneloa.
rodesac
konteineri
zedapirze
1 m/wm
aCqarebiT
umniSvnelo
WurWelze,
melsac
da
masa
meore
ro
qveviT
165
mimarTuli 5,5 m/wm2 aCqareba aqvs. risi tolia
Zala?
barian
kabinis
bis tolqmedi?
sasworzea
Camokidebuli.
a)
5.17
79.
5.6
amocanis
amoxsnis
nimuSis
T1
2-ze damokidebulebis
grafiki, rodesac 0<2<90. daaxloebiT risi
tolia T1-is a) maqsimaluri da b) minimaluri
daWimulobis
sidideebi?
aris
SesaZlebeli
g)
Tu
ara
es
maqsimaluri
fizikurad
sidide
da
d) minimaluri sidide?
korpusze
mimagrebuli
TiToeul
mxolod
(rogorc
WanWikze
sami
wesi).
datvirTis
emzadeba.
b)
frenis
dros
gamoTvale
moqmedi Zala.
TiToeul
WanWikze
amjerad
gayinul,
xaxunisgan
Tavisufal
zedapirze
sistemis
mimarT
uZrav
Serbis.
javSnosanis
sawyisi
moqmedebs.
erTeulovan-veqtorul
amoZravebas
3 dReSi?
da
3108 m/wm-isa)
tolia
varskvlavebis
miRwevisas
sistemis
Zravebi
mimarT
gamorTes
(siCqare
166
Tavi 5
Zala da moZraoba
mgzavrze
moqmedi
minimaluri
iatakze
moqmedi
maqsimaluri
ubiZgeb?
pirveli
SemTxvevis
Sesabamis
sxeulze
ori
Zala
moqmedebs.
wona?
b) sidide da g) kuTxe?
konstruqcia.
is
liTonis
ori
romlebic
erTmaneTze
umniSvnelo
93. 2 kn wonis motocikli 0-dan 88,5 km/sTmde 6 wamSi Cqardeba. risi tolia a) Tanabari
aCqareba da b) aCqarebis gamomwvevis Zalebis
tolqmedi?
masis
(a)
(b)
167
100. 29 kg masis pingvini aRmosavleTisken
6 m/wm siCqariT moZraobs da didi farTobis
yinulze Serbis. yinulze curvis dros qari
pingvinze ucvleli sididis da mimarTulebis
ZaliT moqmedebs. 5.71 suraTze naCvenebia
yinulze curvis dros pingvinis mdebareobebi
1-wamian
SualedebSi.
RerZis
dadebiT
qaris
pingvinze
moqmedi
Zalis
a) sidide da b) mimarTuleba?
Zala da moZraoba
6.2. xaxuni
xaxuni Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia. maTTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis
gareSe yvela moZravi sagani gaCerdeboda. avtomobilSi moxmarebuli sawvavis 20% Zravasa da
transmisiaSi arsebuli xaxunis winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneba. meores mxriv, xaxunis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi avtomobili saerTod ver imoZravebda da, ufro metic, fexiT an velosipediT
gadaadgilebac ki SeuZlebeli iqneboda. ver daviWerdiT fanqars da, Sesabamisad, verc
davwerdiT. WanWikebi da lursmnebi gamousadegarebi gaxdeboda, moqsovili tansacmeli nawilnawil daiSleboda da kvanZebic ki TavisiT gaixsneboda.
amjerad Cven SevexebiT mSral, myar zedapirebs Soris moqmed xaxunis Zalebs, rodesac zedapirebi
168
6.2. xaxuni
169
siCqaris
sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebis
mqone
aCqareba
(b)
(g)
(d)
(e)
(v)
fs-is maqsimaluri mniSvneloba
xaxunis Zalis
sidide
fk miaxloebiT
mudmivia
moZraobis
dasawyisi
(z)
Fg mizidulobis Zalas
FN drekadobis
Zala awonasworebs. 6.1b suraTze gamosaxul
sur. 6.1. a) uZrav blokze moqmedi 6.1g da 6.1d suraTebze naCvenebia, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac Tqven
Zalebi. b)-d) blokze modebul
gare Zalas f s statikuri xaxunis
Zala awonasworebs. -is zrdasTan
erTad fs Zalac izrdeba, vidre fs
garkveul maqsimalur mniSvnelobas
SeiZens. e) amis Semdeg bloki
is mimarTulebiT Cqardeba. v) Tu
bloki mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs,
maSin F Zala kvlav im maqsimalur
mniSvnelobamde Semcirdeba, rome
lic blokze iyo modebuli amoZra
vebamde. z) a)-v) movlenebis eqsperi
mentuli Sedegebi.
f s statikuri
170
Tavi 6
Zala da moZraoba
dawyebamde
blokze
modebuli
Zala
nel-nela
(a)
wamierad
civad
SeduRdebian
da
liTonis
erTi
naWeri
atomebs
SeiZleba. Cveulebriv pirobebSi atomTa Soris mWidro kontaqti ar xdeba, vinaidan Zalian
gaprialebuli zedapiris mqone liTonic ki atomur skalaze ar aris idealurad swori. ufro
metic, yoveldRiuri sagnebis zedapirebze Jangis da sxva gamWuWyianeblebis fenebia dadebuli
da civi SeduRebis albaTobac mcirea.
ori Cveulebrivi zedapiris erTmaneTTan miaxloebisas, mxolod SemaRlebuli wertilebi exeba
erTmaneTs. Sexebis realuri, mikroskopuli farTobi xilul, makroskopul farTobze daaxloebiT
104-jer mcirea. miuxedavad amisa, Sexebis bevri wertili mainc ganicdis civ SeduRebas. SeduRebis
Sedegad statikuri xaxuni Cndeba da modebuli Zala zedapirebis erTmaneTze gasrialebas
cdilobs.
rodesac modebuli Zala sakmarisad didia, SenaduRi nakerebi irRveva damoZraobasTan erTad
SemTxveviTi Sexebis adgilebi Cndeba (sur. 6.2). moZraobis sawinaaRmdego
fk
kinetikuri xaxunis
f s statikuri xaxunis
Zalis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba ufro metia. zedapirebis srialisas wamieri civad SeduRebis
wertilebis raodenoba metia da, maSasadame,
xSirad erTi zedapiris meoreze srials, biZgebi axlavs Tan, vinaidan zedapirebi erTmaneTs
ekroba. msgavsi moZraobisas wripinis an RrWialis xma ismis. magaliTad, saburavebis xma mSral
trasaze damuxruWebisas, frCxilebis moZraoba carciT gasvril dafaze an daJanguli karebis
gaReba. ar aris aucilebeli xma arasasiamovno iyos, magaliTad violinos xemis simze gasmac
gamodgeba.
myof zedapirze gasrialebas cdilobs, Sedegad miRebul xaxunis Zalas sami Tviseba aqvs:
pirveli Tviseba. Tu sxeuli ar moZraobs, maSin
171
fs,max=sFN
(6.1)
f k = k F N
(6.2)
sadac k aris kinetikuri xaxunis koeficienti. amis Semdeg, 6.2 formuliT mocemuli f k
kinetikuri xaxunis Zala moZraobas ewinaaRmdegeba.
xaxunis Zalis meore da mesame TvisebebSi moyvanili FN drekadobis Zalis sidide gviCvenebs, Tu
ramdenad Zlierad awveba sxeuli zedapirs. niutonis mesame kanonidan gamomdinare, rac ufro
metia dawola, miT ufro metia FN. pirveli da meore Tvisebebi erTaderT
F Zalas axasiaTebs,
magram isini sxeulze modebuli ramdenime Zalis tolqmedsac miesadageba. 6.1 da 6.2 formulebis
veqtoruli Cawera SeuZlebelia, radgan
srials ewinaaRmdegeba, xolo
6.1
nawilebi kvals
toveben
da
es
(a)
k=0,6
da
damuxruWebis
dros
manqanis
vinaidan
aCqarebas
mudmivad
(b)
sur. 6.3. a) manqana marjvnisken misrialebs da 290mis gavlis Semdeg Cerdeba. b) Tavisufali sxeulis
grafiki manqanisTvis
172
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 6
2 = 0 2 +2a(x-x 0 )
(6.3)
Cven ukve viciT, rom x-x0 gadaadgileba 290mia, saboloo siCqared 0-s miviCnevT da 0-is
gamoTvla gvsurs. manqanis a aCqareba CvenTvis
ucnobia.
FN
Fg mizidulobis Zalis
a = mk =
kmg
m = kg,
uaryofiTi
f k =ma
xaxunis
Zalis
mimarTulebas
da 0-sTvis amovxsnaT:
0 =
gamosaxuli
qali
(pasuxi)
6.2
siCqaris
(6.4)
asaxavs.
6.4a
anu
mimarTulebisaa
m=75kg
mudmivi
siCqariT
miacurebs.
amoxsna:
1. vinaidan
marxili
mudmivi
siCqariT
(a)
dakavSireba
kanoniT SeiZleba ( Ft
niutonis
= ma ).
meore
marxili da tvirTi
Fg mizidulobis
Zala da
(b)
a =0) gvaZlevs:
(6.5)
173
Caiweros:
T x +0+0f k =0
anu
Tcos k F N =0
(6.6)
Ty +F N F g +0=0
F N=mgTsin
rom T-s
yuradReba
Tsin +F N mg=0,
sadac Fg-is nacvlad mg CavsviT.
(6.7)
sakontrolo
formulaSi CavsvaT:
moqmedebs, magram
Semdeg
k mg
T=
cos+ksin
(0,1)(75kg)(9,8m/w2)
=
cos42 +(0,1)(sin42)
= 91 n
gazrdis
anu
(6.8)
miaqcieT,
F2
wertili
yuTi
vertikaluri
2.
suraTze
F1 Zala
uZravia.
Zala
amis
zrdas
Tu
igive rCeba?
6.3
moneta
Camosrialebis
zRvarzea
anu
am
(a)
statikuri xaxunis
koeficienti?
amoxsna: wigns rom xaxunisgan Tavisufali
moneta
Camosrialdeboda,
vinaidan
fs
monetaze
xaxunis
Zala
mimarTulia
gaswvriv.
6.1
maRla,
wigniszedapiris
formulidan
gamomdinare
drekadobis
Zala.
gvaZlevs:
fs=fs,max= sFN ,
zemoTqmuli
(b)
174
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 6
saidanac viRebT:
f
s= s
FN
am
formulis
(6.9)
fs
gamoTvlisTvis
FN
da
fs + 0 mgsin =0
anu
y RerZisTvis gveqneba:
0 + FN mgcos = 0
misi
6.5b
suraTze
gamosaxulia
f s + FN + Fg =0
(6.10)
fs = mgsin
(6.11)
anu
FN = mgcos
(6.12)
s=
mgsin
,
mgcos
(6.13)
s=tg13=0,23
(pasuxi)
Txevadi
Soris
nivTiereba.
fardobiTi
rodesac
siCqare
siTxesa
arsebobs
da
(sxeuli
sxeuls
moZraobs
ganvixilavT
mxolod
iseT
SemTxvevebs,
rodesac
eqsperimentulad
gansazRvruli
wevis
D= 1 CA 2 ,
2
(6.14)
sadac aris haeris simkvrive (masa moculobis erTeulze), xolo A - sxeulis ganivi
kveTis faqtiuri farTobi (
175
D wevis Zala
D Zala
(b)
(g)
D Fg = ma ,
(6.15)
Fg = 0
es formula gvaZlevs:
(6.16)
cxrili
6.1
145
60
2500
430
beisbolis burTi
42
210
CogburTis burTi
31
115
kalaTburTis burTi
20
47
10
7
5
6
3
sagani
tyvia
es aris manZili, romelic sxeulma unda gaiaros saboloo siCqaris 95%-is ganviTarebisTvis.
miuxedavad amisa, xangrZlivi vardnis SemTxvevaSi kata t siCqares ganaviTarebs, aCqareba qreba
da moSvebuli cxoveli saxsrebSi iSleba (am dros kata ciyvs emsgavseba). am dros A farTobi da
6.14 formulidan gamomdinare D wevac izrdeba. vinaidan D>Fg, kata Senelebas iwyebs da axal,
ufro mcire t siCqares iZens. saboloo siCqaris Semcireba miwaze daSvebisas dazianebis safrTxes
amcirebs. miwaze daSvebamde kata kvlav kecavs fexebs, raTa dacemisTvis moemzados.
176
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 6
Camovardnili
kata
97km/sT
6.4
saboloo siCqarea t0 da tn, xolo ganivi kveTis
saboloo siCqare?
amoxsna:
6.16
formulis
Tanaxmad,
katis
6.5
w=m/V. maSasadame:L
Fg = Vwg = 3 R3wg
4
aCqareba
nulis
toli
gaxdeba.
amis
=
= 7,4 m/w 27 km/sT
yuradReba
Rrublis
miaqcieT,
simaRle
ar
(pasuxi)
rom
gamoTvlebSi
dagvWirvebia.
6.1
177
ar
amcirebs,
is
Tavisufali
wertili
3.
(pasuxi)
dedamiwis
a=
2
R
(centriskenuli aCqareba),
(6.17)
1. moZraoba manqaniT. Tqven manqanis ukana savarZlis centrSi zixarT da manqana swor gzaze
mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs. Semdeg mZRoli marcxniv uxvevs da wriul rkals Semowers. am dros
Tqven savarZlis marjvena mxareze gacurdebiT da mTeli mosaxvevis ganmavlobaSi fanjaras
aekrobiT. ra aris amis mizezi?
rodesac manqana wriul rkals Semowers, is Tanabarwriulad moZraobs. es niSnavs, rom manqanas
wris centrisken mimarTuli aCqareba aqvs. niutonis meore kanonidan gamomdinare, aCqarebas
Zala iwvevs. garda amisa, es Zala mimarTulia wris centrisken da maSasadame centriskenulia.
moyvanil magaliTSi centriskenuli Zala gzidan saburavebze moqmedi xaxunis Zalaa.
Tu manqanasTan erTad Tanabar wriul moZraobas ganicdiT, maSin centriskenuli Zala Tqvenzec
moqmedebs. savarZlidan Tqvenze moqmedi xaxunis Zala ar aris sakmarisad didi, raTa manqanasTan
erTad wriulad imoZraoT. aqedan gamomdinare, savarZeli Tqvens qvemoT curdeba da manqanis
marjvena fanjaras ejaxebiT. Semdeg fanjridan miRebuli biZgi saWiro centriskenul Zalas
qmnis da Tqven manqanis Tanabar wriul moZraobas uerTdebiT.
178
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 6
masze
mibmuli
Toki
wris
centrzea
damagrebuli.
miaqcieT,
rom
centriskenuli
Zala
ar
F=m
2
R
(6.18)
=7,6km/wm
mudmivi
siCqariT
dedamiwis
6.6
(7,6 103 m/w)2
6,37 106 m + 0,52 106 m
(pasuxi)
sadac RE
aris dedamiwis
a=
2
2
=
R
RE + h
am
simaRleze
asvlis
ar
imoZravebs,
is
Semdeg
dedamiwis
orbitaze
centrisken
momentSi
traeqtoriis
mxebis
gadaadgildeba
da
dedamiwis
179
Tanabarwriuli
moZraobis
gamo
brunvis
Fg mizidulobaa,
centrisken
(dedamiwis
6.7
diavolom
rgolis
formis
trasaze
zeda
nawilze
yofnisas
nivTier
Fg mizidulobis Zala
da rgolidan
nivTier wertilze moqmedi FN drekadobis
naCvenebi.
FN Fg = m(a)
da
rodesac
FN mg = m(2/R)
wertils
rgolTan
(6.19)
kontaqtis
velosipedis
zemoT
SevitanoT:
saWiro.
= 5,1 m/w
masas
miRebuli
mniSvneloba
siCqaris
ar
aqvs,
gadaWarbebaa
a aCqarebas da Tqvenze
CauvliT?
mimarTuleba eqneba
180
Tavi 6
Zala da moZraoba
6.8
centraluri
RerZis
garSemo
dgeba.
karebis
CaketvisTanave
gasaocaria,
magram
adamiani
cilindris
centraluri
RerZis
fs mg = m(0),
sadac m aris adamianis masa, xolo mg _
sFN mg = 0
vnelobis mqone
f s statikuri xaxunis
Fg
anu
mg
FN =
s
(6.20)
( R )
FN = m
(6.21)
(pasuxi)
patara
bavSviT
damTavrebuli
181
arainerciuli
1200 n
sistemaa
da
am
sistemidan
6.9
koeficientia
(a)
sididisaa FL ?
amoxsna: Cven
(b)
zRvarzea.
Tavdapirvelad
moZraobasTan
horizontalur
dakavSirebuli
oTxi
faqti
CamovweroT:
davadginoT:
mimarTuli.
( R )
fs = m
(6.22)
sFN = m
( R )
2
(6.23)
ganvixiloT.
6.12b
suraTze,
FN
Zala
mimarTulia
maRla,
suraTze
gamosaxul Tavisufali
sxeulis grafikze f s xaxunis Zalaa naCvenebi.
182
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 6
FN mg FL = 0
FN = mg + FL
anu
(6.24)
(90 m/w)2
FL,90
=
(28,6 m/w)2
FL
FL = m
2
g
sR
= (600 kg)
(pasuxi)
(28,6 m/w)2
9,8 m/w2
(0,75)(100 m)
= 663,7 n 660 n
(pasuxi)
rom
bolidze
moqmedi
mizidulobis Zalaa
uaryofiTi wevis
=5880 n.
mosaxveviani
nawili
90m/wm-ia (324km/sT).
6.10
yovelTvis
xaxunis
Zala
mocurebas
xels
(a)
manqana
wriuli
traeqtoriiT
(b)
FN drekadobis Zala
183
FN cos mg = m(0)
saidanac gamomdinareobs:
( R )
FN sin = m
(6.25)
FN da m ucnobia.
modiT y RerZis gaswvriv arsebuli Zalebi
da aCqareba ganvixiloT. drekadobis Zalis
vertikaluri komponentia FN,y = FN cos, man
qanaze moqmedi mizidulobis Zalis sididea mg,
FN cos = mg
(6.26)
da
= tg1
= tg1
2
gR
(20 m/w)2
= 12 (pasuxi)
(9,8 m/w2)(190 m)
mimoxilva da Sejameba
swrafad mcirdeba:
fk = kFN
(6.2)
cienti.
fs
xaxunis
Zala
F -is zedapirisadmi
da
fs,max = sFN ,
sadac
aris
statikuri
(6.1)
xaxunis
komponenti
fs,max-s
aWarbebs,
D = 1 CA2,
(6.14)
2
sadac aris siTxis simkvrive (masa moculobis
erTeulze), xolo A sxeulis ganivi kveTis
faqtiuri
farTobi
siCqaris
perpen
D wevis Zala
1. Tu sxeuli ar moZraobs,
f s statikuri
Tu
moqmedebs.
sxeuli
zedapirze moZraobs.
haerSi
Tanabarwriuli
(6.16)
moZraoba.
Tu
wertili
184
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 6
a cen
a=
F=m
R
2
(6.17)
2
,
R
(6.18)
SekiTxvebi
1. bloki zedapirze Zevs da masze sam eqspe
riments atareben, romelTa drosac blokze
maRlaa mimarTuli.
6.
da
uZravad
F Zala iwyebs mo
F1
mimarTuleba?
Zala yuTzea mo
debuli, romelic
FN
suraTze
daxrili sibrtyi
2. 6.14 suraTze
10n sididis hori
zontaluri
6.16
F Zala
F Zala sapirispirod
amjerad
miaWerT,
rom
mimarTuleba
moqmed
fs
yuTi
eqneba
ar
a)
Camovardes,
kedlidan
statikuri
xaxunis
yu
Za
saxuravs
daeca,
samzareulos
4.
d) FN da e) fs,max?
6.15
suraTze
yuTi uZravia da
horizontalsa da
Zalas
Soris
kuTxe izrdeba.
a) Fx, b) fs, g) FN, d) fs,max izrdeba, mcirdeba Tu
ucvleli rCeba? e) Tu yuTi moZraobs da
185
SeiZleba
gasrialdes.
a)
mniSvnelobaTa
adamianze
gamoTvlebi
saWiro
ar
aris.
ubralod
moqmedi
centriskenuli
Zalis
tempiT
moZraobs.
daalageT
naCvenebia
parkSi
moseirne adamianis
traeqtoria.
miani
ada
mudmivi
amocanebi
SSM
www
ILW
wertilebis
raodenoba
gviCvenebs
amocanis sirTules
kaliforniaSi,
moTamaSesa
da
miwas
Soris
arsebuli
`sikvdilis
velSi~,
qvebi
0,8-ia.
ra
horizontalurma
Zalam
unda
qvam
moZraoba
ganagrZos?
horizontalurad
ubiZgebs.
kinetikuri
SSM WWW
SSM ILW
4.
idumalebiT
moculi
moZravi
qvebi.
6.
vagoni-platforma
yuTebiT
aris
186
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 6
zedapirTan
48km/sT
matarebeli
aris
siCqariT
0,25.
Tu
moZraobs,
ise
gaCerdes,
rom
yuTebi
gasrialdnen?
ar
tikuri
xaxunis
0,25.
gamoTvaleT a) zeda
piridan
koeficientia
blokze
moqmedi xaxunis Za
la da b) blokis aC
qareba.
8.
6.21
lis
suraTze
gamosaxulia
sria
ladelfieli
moyvaruli
Rori,
35
sincoski
romelic
henri
koWebze
daxris
mqone
ekida. aRsaniSnavi is
sasrialoze
or
met
droSi
srialdeba,
vidre
jer
mas
dasWirdeboda
xaxunisgan
moqceuli,
xolo
Tavisu
danarCeni TiTebi -
ne igive sasrialoze.
da sasrialos Soris
da
statikuri
koeficientia
saerTo
sacxovreblis
gadaadgilebisTvis
koridorSi
cocxis
wignis
gamoyeneba
ZaliT
imoqmedes,
wignma
koWas
Soris
xaxunis
0,7,
10.
miaxoxeben.
2,5kg
masis
bloki
horizontalur
ho
Tu
statikuri
xaxunis
rizontaluri Zala
da P vertikaluri
yuTi? SSM
ZalebiT imoqmedes
(sur. 6.22). bloksa
a)
187
asaxavs,
ro
melzec
sriali
SesaZlebelia. gzis
Tavze ganlagebuli
gamoyofili
gafarToebuli
wyali
blokze
wona am mdgomareobaSi?
siCqare
damuxruWebis
dawyebisas
Camovardnas?
15.
5n
wonis
bloks
horizontaluri
Zala
12n
vertikaluri
kedlisken
awveba
19.
6.28 suraTze gamosaxul 45n wonis blokze
=15-iT
daxril
sibrtyeze uZravad
xunis koeficiente-
da
sur. 6.28. amocana 19.
veqtorul
CanawerSi,
a) (5n) , b) (8n)
izontaluri Zala
blokze
erTeulovan-
rodesac
aris
da g) (15n) ?
gada
6.26
moqmedebs da ze
adgilebs.
bloksa
qmedebs
dapirze
Zevs.
suraTze
gamo
saxulia
blo
grafiki,
ra umciresi
rodesac
gavlebuli
risi
tolia
bloki
zedapirze
da
zedapirs
Soris
17.
g)
ra
mudmivi
siCqariT imoZraos
maRla?
188
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 6
bloksa
magi
das
da
Soris
stati
0,25,
ficientia
30, xolo
B-sa da kvanZs Soris
kuTxea
A-sa
da
daxril
sibrtyes
Soris
Zala moqmedebs da
daxris
yuTebi aCqarebulad
moZraobs. `Ciriuo
siCqariT
`Ciriouzebis~
yuTze
horizontaluri
kinetikuri xaxunis
0,2.
koeficientia
kuTxea
qvemoT
srialdeba. ra masa
aqvs B yuTs?
sami
Zala moqmedebs. Tu
masaa
M,
meore
da
blokis
xolo
minimaluri
gamosaxulsamyuTs
unda
bloks, raTa A ar
zontaluri
F Zala
betonis zedapirze
wona
hqondes
gadaadgilebs.
yuTebis
masebia
m1=30kg,
meoreze?
zedapirze
b)
Tu
yuTebi
moZraoben,
sadac
gaprialebul
kinetikuri
gamosaxuli
bloki
ori
(m1=16kg
da M=88kg) erT
maneTze
damagre
189
buli ar aris. blokebs Soris statikuri
xaxunis
0,38,
koeficientia
xolo
mo
wevis
firfita
xaxunisgan
zedapirze
uZravad
Zevs,
siCqariT
moZravi
koeficientebi
TviTmfrinavidan
Tanabaria.
pilotis
Tavi
sufal
sT
xo
F horizontaluri Zala
bloksa
da
firfitas
Soris
CanawerSi?
deba.
g-s erTeulebSi.
190
Tavi 6
akeTebs.
ra
Zala da moZraoba
umciresi
koeficienti
unda
statikuri
arsebobdes
xaxunis
katasa
da
Zelakidan
kabinaze,
Tu
kabinis
siCqarea
zis.
umaRles
wertilSi
savarZlidan
FN Zala
SSM ILW
moZraobs.
gorakis
mwvervalze,
manqanis
usafrTxoebis Rvedi?
47. TviTmfrinavi
horizontalur wre
ze 480km/sT siCqariT
mifrinavs (sur.6.39).
misi frTebi hori
zontisadmi
40
kuTxiTaris
daxrili.
ri
sitoliawrisra
sur. 6.38. amocana 41.
ro,
bolozea damagre
buli
lurad
WanWiks
savarZeli
wriuli
traeqtoriis
umaRles
Semo
WanWiki
horizonta
da
Zelaki
Zelaki
ganaTebis
poziciebi
horizont
a
brunavs.
anaTebs
da
moZraobas
akvirdeba.
191
da M = 2,5kg masis
balansiris
Camokidebul cilin
drzea damagrebuli.
gulSi
b) moZraobis periodi?
gakeTebul
xvrelSi
gadis
xolo
Tokis
siCqaris SemTxvevaSi
cilindri
0,04kg,
masaa
uZravi? SSM
wevis
Zala
orives
gadaadgilebs
davuSvaT
yinulis
firfitis
zomebia
ZelakTan masis ar
mqone, L=1,7m si
masis
burTi
tikalur,
ver
mbrunav
dakavSirebuli.
Zelakze
Tokebis
damagrebebs
ris
So
manZilia
d=1,7m.
zeda
Tokis
daWimulobaa
35n.
54.
trasis
manqana
mosaxvevis
mosaxvevSi
daproeqteba.
metismetad
Tu
swrafad
F jamuri Zala da
mosaxvevis
6.43
mosaxvevSi
moZraobs
brun
Sedis.
wreze mudmivi si
konuss
msgavsad
horizontalur
(balansiris
suraTis
Camokidebuli
CqariT
6.13
konu-
suri qanqara, ro
zea
moZrav
suraTze
gamosaxulia
swrafad
damatebiTi amocanebi.
52.
SemTxvevaSi
192
Zala da moZraoba
Tavi 6
safrTxes ar iTvaliswineben?)
59.
mosamsaxure
daudevari
Sva
bris tars F Za
liT
vertikalisadmi
kuTxes adgens, xo
lo s
da k
brasa
da
Soris
karada?
da
Svabras
57.
6.44
suraTze
gamosaxul
0,2.
58.
6.45
statikuri
xaxunis
taris
xaxunis
masa
koeficientebia.
ugulebelyaviT
da
a)
Tu
Svabra
iatakze
Zala Svabras
sasrialeblad (qve
das daZvris gareSe)
yuTsa
da zedapirs Soris
kinetikuri
blokis qvedaze ga
yuTze F Zala mo
da
statikuri
suraTze
gamosaxul m masis
qmedebs
iataks
Soris
koeficientia
Sva
da 60-iT daxril
kinetikuri xaxunis
tari
bloksa
sibrtyes
awveba.
Zalam
unda
imoqmedos.
blokebi
ganla
horizontaluri Zala,
193
yuTi =30 kuTxiT
daxril, xaxunisgan
T a v i s u f a l
daWimuloba?
zedapirzea
67.
lagebuli.
gan
pirvel
yuTsa da horizon
6.50
suraTze
yuTi
daxril
RarSi
0,45.
statikuri
xaxunis
koeficientia
Tu a) horizontalurad mimarTuli, b) ho
rizontalidan maRla 60-iT gadaxrili da
g) horizontals qvemoT 60-iT gadaxrili
Zala bloks gacurebis zRvarze aCerebs.
64.
konservebiT
datvirTuli
sardafSi
Cavarda.
68.
6.51
daRmarTi
suraTze
gamosaxuli m1=1,65
kg
masis
pirveli
yuTi da m2=3,3kg
masis
yuTi
meore
daxril
yuTi
sibrtyeze
misrialebs. yuTebi
masis
armqone
da
sibrtyis
paraleluri
2=0,113.
koeficientia
adgens.
dros
davuSvaT,
tvirTi
ar
amgvari
mcire
srialebs.
daxris
gansazRvreT
69.
gamosaxuli
6.52
mB=2kg. B yuTsa
da
horizontalur
iqneba
kinetikuri
daRmarTis
gaswvriv
6.49
Soris
xaxunis
koeficientia
k=0,5.
mimarTuli?
66.
A yu
sibrtyes
Zala
suraTze
a)
gamoTvaleT
Tavisufalia.
suraTze
gamosaxuli m1=2kg
masis pirveli blo
ki da m2=1kg ma
bloki
mxolod
yuTebis
a)
Tokis
daWimuloba
da
b) yuTebis aCqareba.
20
n sididis da =35 kuTxiT daxrili
194
Tavi 6
Zala da moZraoba
mel
mimarTuli?
75.
eqsperimentSia
gzis
xaxunis
mSeneblobis
Zala
adgilze
qvemoT
TamaSis
zontalur zedapirs
SemTxvevaSi
b)
ra
minimaluri
xaxunis
koe
Tu
es
daWimuloba
moqmedi
orTqlmavalidan
matarebelze
maqsimaluri
Zalis
matarebels?
kvlav
Tu
ara?
SekiTxvas
60n sididis F ho
rizontaluri
liT
centridan
uZravad
gaCerebuli.
10sm
manZilze
ganlagebis
Za
vertikalur
kedelze
aris
koeficientia 0,55,
xolo kinetikuri xa
romel
xaxunis
Zala
moqmedebs
blokze?
195
monakveTis sigrZe 80m-ia da horizontisadmi
reoba
moqmedebs yuTze?
mimarTuli.
upasuxeT
Semdeg
SekiTxvebs:
0,5wm-is
SualediT
fiqsirdeba.
ganmavlobaSi
Tovls
ewebeba,
magram
mo
amcirebs
aadvilebs.
da,
Sesabamisad,
Txilamuris
cviliT
fenasaTan
axali
Tavidan aviciloT?
xaxunic
mcirdeba.
reklamaSi
TxilamurebiT
TvaleT
g)
kinetikuri
standartuli
61
wamis
xaxunis
nacvlad
koeficienti
TxilamurebisTvis
da
d) axali TxilamurebisTvis.
saboloo
siCqare?
burTi
haerSi
82.
yuTebi
sardafSi
tvirTisgan
daxrili
dacales
sibrtyis
da
saSualebiT
gadaadgilebis
grafiki.
davuSvaT
da
aCqarebaa
196
Tavi 6
Zala da moZraoba
pirobidan gamomdinare?
88.
bavSvma
kalaTa
atraqcionis
gare
xaxunis
koeficienti
unda
89.
Cemodansa
6.57
suraTze
manqana
horizontalurma
manqana,
raTa
gorakis
90.
daxrili
kuTxiT
P ZaliT
unda
imoqmedos
man
mudmivi
siCqare
SeinarCunos?
95. 40n wonis bloki horizontisadmi 25iT daxril sibrtyeze 0,8m/wm2 aCqarebiT
ganerviulebuli
da =70
Zalam
gamocdebisgan
statikuri
radiusis wred Se
Zleba
Soris
R=250m
kveTi
iataks
gorakze
da
moqmedebs da bloki
=37 kuTxiT da
xril
xaxunis
koeficienti?
b)
ra
sibrtyeze
0,3.
197
ra a) sididis da b) mimarTulebisaa blokis
ukan Camocurdeba?
brtyel,
horizontalur
wreze
moZraobs.
koeficienti?
a) Tu =42, ra
funqciis
gamosaxuleba.
minimaluria
da
d)
F-is
minimaluri
mniSvneloba.
0,8-ia.
Semdeg
mTamsvlelma sax
srebi
da
moaduna
Camovardnis
zRvarze mivida. a)
aageT Tavisufali
sxeulis
grafiki
mTamsvlelisTvis.
b)
ra
ZaliT
awveba
imoqmedebs
brunvis
dros
saganze?
198
Tavi 6
Zala da moZraoba
mudmivi
vertikalur
asrulebs
wreze
atrialebs.
bavSvi
siCqariT
mifrinavs.
Tokis
horizontalur
meore
bolo
wreze
miwazea
frTebis
Sedegad
horizontaluri
ganlagebis
gawyvetisas?
(wevis)
Zala
frTebze?
haeri
moqmedebs
TviTmfrinavs
TviTmfrinavis
199
200
Tavi 7
(kinetikuri energia)
(7.1)
magaliTad, rodesac 3kg masis ixvi 2m/wm siCqariT mifrinavs, misi kinetikuri energiaa 6kgm2/wm2
anu ixvis moZraoba am ricxviT xasiaTdeba.
SI sistemaSi kinetikuri energiis (da yvela sxva saxeobis energiis) erTeuli joulia (j). es
erTeuli me-19 saukuneSi moRvawe ingliseli mecnieris - jeims preskot joulis sapativcemulod
aris SemoRebuli. 7.1 formulidan gamomdinare jouli masis da siCqaris erTeulebiT
ganisazRvreba:
(7.2)
7.1
orTqlmavalis
SegviZlia
kinetikuri
gamovTvaloT,
magram
energia
amisTvis
7.4. muSaoba
201
m=
= 1,22 105 kg
Semdeg
2 = 02 + 2a(x x0),
saSualebiT
orive
= 2 108 j
anu
formulis
gamovTvliT:
2 =0 + 2(0,26m/wm2)(3,2103m)
7.1
9,8 m/w2
(pasuxi)
7.4. muSaoba
Tu saganze ZaliT imoqmedebT da mis siCqares gazrdiT, sagnis kinetikuri energiac gaizrdeba.
aseve, Tu saganze ZaliT imoqmedebT da mis siCqares SeamcirebT, kinetikuri energiac Sesabamisad
Semcirdeba. kinetikuri energiis cvlilebis SefasebisTvis vambobT, rom Zalam energia Tqvenidan
saganze an piriqiT gadaitana.
Zalis saSualebiT energiis gadacemis dros Zala saganze W muSaobas asrulebs. muSaobis
gansazRvreba Semdegia:
kuTxiT daxrili, mudmivi F Zala moqmedebs da mas mavTulis gaswvriv aCqarebs. Zalasa da
aCqarebas Soris kavSiris dasadgenad x RerZis gaswvrivi komponentebisTvis niutonis meore
202
Tavi 7
Fx = max ,
(7.3)
sawyis mniSvnelobas
laze d gadaadgilebisadmi
kuTxis
2 = 02 + 2axd.
(7.4)
1 m2
2
1 m02 = Fxd
2
(7.5)
bolos burTulis Kf kinetikuri energiaa, xolo meore wevri - Ki kinetikuri energia gadaadgilebis
dasawyisSi. 7.5 formulis marcxena mxare gvauwyebs, rom kinetikuri energia Zalis moqmedebiT
Seicvala, xolo formulis marjvena mxaris Tanaxmad es cvlileba Fxd-s tolia. maSasadame, Zalis
mier burTulaze Sesrulebuli W muSaobaa:
W = Fxd
(7.6)
W muSaobas gamovTvliT.
d gadaadgilebis mimarTulebasa da F
(7.7)
es formula gamosadegia, Tu F, d da sidideebi viciT. vinaidan formulis marjvena mxare F d
skalaruli namravlis tolia, amitom:
W= F d
(7.8)
sadac F aris F Zalis mniSvneloba (sidide). 7.8 formula gansakuTrebulad maSin xdeba
gafrTxileba: 7.6-7.8 formulebis gamoyenebaze ori SezRudva arsebobs: 1) Zala unda iyos
mudmivi anu misi sidide sagnis moZraobis dros ar unda icvlebodes da 2) sagani nivTieri
wertilis magvari unda iyos anu is unda iyos myari da misi yvela nawili erTdroulad moZraobdes.
mocemul TavSi mxolod nivTieri wertilis magvar sagnebs
da mudmivi Zalis SemTxvevebs ganvixilavT.
203
(7.9)
ramdenime Zalis mier Sesrulebuli jamuri muSaoba. rodesac saganze ori an meti Zala moqmedebs,
jamuri muSaoba calkeuli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobaTa jamis tolia. jamuri muSaoba
ori meTodiT SegviZlia gamovTvaloT: 1) gamovTvaloT TiToeuli Zalis mier
Sesrulebuli
Ft gamovTvaloT,
Semdeg ki 7.7 formulis gamoyenebiT F-is nacvlad Ft CavsvaT, xolo -s nacvlad - Ft -sa da d -s
muSaoba da Semdeg SevkriboT, 2) Tavdapirvelad am Zalebis tolqmedis sidide
Soris kuTxe.
energiis cvlileba
) (
=
wertilze Sesrulebuli
jamuri muSaoba
(7.10)
es formula gvauwyebs:
kinetikuri energia jamuri
Kf = Ki + W
) (
=
) (
=
(7.11)
Sesrulebuli jamuri
muSaoba
204
Tavi 7
7.2
001
12n sididis da
Spioni
moZraobis
dros
am
Zalebis
F1 da F2 Zalebi
maSasadame,
muSaobis
gamoTvli
F d )
SegviZlia
da
(pasuxi)
vinaidan
7.7
am
Tavisufali
sxeulis grafikidan gamomdinare
gadacema ar xdeba.
formula
gamoviyenoT.
ufro
mosaxerxebelia.
da
F1
W = W1 + W2 = 88,33j + 65,11j
= 153,4j 153j
(pasuxi)
formulebi gavaerTianoT:
W = Kf Ki = 1 mf2 1 mi2
2
= 1,17 m/w
(pasuxi)
7.3
d = (3
m) manZilze gadaadgildeba da masze
qari F =(2n) +(6n) ucvleli ZaliT moq
da
lebis dros?
amoxsna: vinaidan yuTi nivTieri wertilia
qaris
Zalis
sidide
da
mimarTuleba
205
d -s bolos?
F da d erTeulovan-
W = F d = [(2 n) + (6 n) ] [(3 m) ].
Kf = Ki + W = 10j + (6 j) = 4 j
(pasuxi)
SesaZlo skalaruli
namravlebidan mxolod
W = (2 n)(3 m) + (6 n)(3 m)
=(6 j)(1) + 0 = 6j
(a)
(g)
(b)
(d)
Fg
2
maRla asrolili sagnis SemTxvevaSi Fg Zala d gadaadgilebis K (=1 m2)-mde cvlilebas asaxavs.
f
2
(7.13)
minus niSani gvauwyebs, rom maRla asvlis dros saganze moqmedi mizidulobis Zala sagnis
kinetikur energias mgd raodenobas aklebs da, Sesabamisad, sagani neldeba.
mas Semdeg rac sagani maqsimalur simaRles miaRwevs, is vardnas iwyebs da
Fg Zalasa da d
(7.14)
plius niSani gvauwyebs, rom mizidulobis Zala sagnis kinetikur energias mgd raodenobis
energias umatebs. aqedan gamomdinare sagani Cqardeba.
206
Tavi 7
K = Kf Ki = Wa + Wg ,
(7.15)
mizidulobis
Zalisadmi f=180
F
g
xolo K kinetikuri energia gadaadgilebis dasawyisSi. igive
i
kuTxes
adgens.
modebuli
Zala
formula sagnis dabla dawevis SemTxvevaSic gamosadegia, saganze dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs.
Tumca am SemTxvevaSi mizidulobis Zala sagans energias b) modebuli F Zala sagans dabla
gadascems, xolo Cvens mier modebuli Zala sagans energias wevs. sagnis d gadaadgileba Fg
mizidulobis Zalisadmi f=0 kuTxes
arTmevs.
adgens. modebuli Zala saganze
gavrcelebuli SemTxvevaa, rodesac awevamde da awevis uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs.
Semdeg sagani uZravia. magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom wigns
iatakidan Taroze debT. am SemTxvevaSi Kf da Ki kinetikuri energiebi nulis tolia da 7.15
formula Semdeg saxeze daiyvaneba:
Wa + Wg = 0
anu
Wa=Wg
(7.16)
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom igive Sedegs miviRebT, Tu kinetikuri energiebi erTmaneTis tolia.
orive SemTxvevaSi miRebuli Sedegi niSnavs, rom modebuli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
mizidulobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis Sebrunebulia anu modebuli Zala sagans
igive raodenobis energias gadascems, rasac mizidulobis Zala sagans arTmevs. 7.12 formulis
gamoyenebiT 7.16 formula ase SeiZleba Caiweros:
(7.17)
sadac aris kuTxe Fg -sa da d -s Soris. Tu gadaadgileba vertikalurad zeviT aris mimarTuli
(sur. 7.7a), maSin = 180 da modebuli Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobaa mgd. Tu gadaadgileba
vertikalurad qvemoT aris mimarTuli (sur. 7.7b), maSin = 0 da modebuli Zalis mier Sesru
lebuli muSaoba mgd-s utoldeba.
7.16 da 7.17 formulebi nebismier mdgomareobas Seesabameba, rodesac sagans maRla an dabla weven
da awevamde da awevis Semdeg sagani uZravia. formulebi modebuli Zalis sidideze damokidebuli
ar aris. magaliTad, Tu iatakidan Wiqas aiRebT da Tavs zemoT daiWerT, Tqveni Zala awevis dros
mniSvnelovnad Seicvleba. miuxedavad amisa, awevamde da awevis Semdeg Wiqa uZravia da Tqveni
Zalis mier Wiqaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba 7.16 da 7.17 formulebiT gamoiTvleba, sadac mg aris
Wiqis wona, xolo d - awevis manZili.
7.4
1sm simaRleze
awia. platformaze mTlianad 27900n wonis
iyo ganlagebuli.
platforma
daaxloebiT
207
Fg Za
(pasuxi)
gamosaxuleba
gvqondes,
misi
Zala
ar
gvaqvs
da
namdvilad
romc
ar
iyo
mdgomareobas asaxavs:
WA = Wg = +280 j
(pasuxi)
nili
Zalis
Sesrulebuli
muSaobis
zurgCanTis
iatakidan
aRebisTvisac
7.5
zedapiri
Fg -sa da d -s Soris
(b)
(7.18)
208
Tavi 7
trigonometriuli
igiveoba
gamoviyeneT.
moqmedi
muSaoba
unda SevkriboT. a)-dan ukve viciT, rom
Wg = mgh
= 386 j
(7.19)
(pasuxi)
Zalis
mier
Sesrulebuli
samive
da
perpendikularulia.
Cven
ara
horizontalur gadaadgilebaze.
b) ra WT muSaobas asrulebs yuTze Tokidan
anu
0 = WT 368j + 0
da
WT = 368 j
(pasuxi)
saWiro
ar icvleba?
7.6
Fg
(pasuxi)
asrulebs
kabinaze
liftis
gvarlis
T Zala?
amoxsna:
(W=Fdcos)
7.7
formulis
sa
(a)
(b)
209
WT
Tavdapirvelad
muSaobas
gamovTvliT,
Tu
T sididis gamosaxulebas
gamomdinare,
7.16
formula
am
SemTxvevaSi gamousadegaria.
T Fg = ma
es formula T-sTvis amovxsnaT, Fg-s nacvlad
vardnis ganmavlobaSi?
amoxsna: jamuri muSaoba kabinaze moqmedi
Zalebis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobebis jamia:
gadavitanoT:
= 1,18104 j 12 kj
4
g
WT = m + g d cos = mgd cos
5
5
4
= (500 kg)(9,8 m/w2)(12 m) cos 180
5
= 4,7 104 j 47 kj
(pasuxi)
1
2
Kf = Ki + W = mi2 + W
1
2
= (500kg)(4m/wm)2 + 1,18104 j
= 1,58 104 j 16kj
(pasuxi)
drekadobis Zala
7.11 suraTze naCvenebia moSvebul mdgomareobaSi myofi zambara anu rodesac zambara SekumSuli
an daWimuli ar aris. zambaris erTi bolo damagrebulia, xolo meore boloze nivTieri wertilis
magvari sagani, magaliTad, blokia mibmuli. Tu bloks marjvniv gavwevT da zambaras davWimavT
(7.11b suraTi), zambara bloks marcxnisken ubiZgebs (vinaidan drekadobis Zala zambaras pirvandel
mdgomareobaSi abrunebs, mas aRmdgen Zalasac uwodeben). Tu bloks marcxnisken vubiZgebT da
zambaras SevkumSavT (7.11g suraTi), zambara bloks marjvnisken ubiZgebs.
zambaraze
Catarebuli mravali eqsperimentiT gamarTlebulia daSveba, rom zambaridan moqmedi
(7.20)
Fs = - k d (hukis kanoni) ,
sadac Fs aris drekadobis Zala. es formula hukis kanonis saxeliTaa cnobili. robert huki
ingliseli mecnieri iyo, romelic me-17 saukuneSi moRvaweobda. 7.20 formulaSi gamoyenebuli
minus niSani gvauwyebs, rom drekadobis Zala yovelTvis zambaris Tavisufali bolos
gadaadgilebis mimarTulebis sapirispiroa. k mudmivas zambaris sixiste ewodeba da igi zambaris
elastiurobis maxasiaTebelia. rac ufro metia k, miT ufro araelastiuria zambara anu miT
ufro meti Zalaa saWiro mocemuli gadaadgilebis misaRwevad. SI sistemaSi k-s erTeulia n/m.
210
Tavi 7
Fx = kx (hukis kanoni).
(7.21)
d
bolos emTxveva. b) bloki
manZilze gadaadgildeba, zambaris
gaWimvis
sidide x dadebiTia da
mier
Sesrulebuli
muSaobis
gamoTvlisTvis
ori
garda amisa, davuSvaT, rom bloksa da zedapirs Soris xaxuni ar arsebobs da bloki nivTieri
wertilis magvari sagania.
Tavdapirvelad bloks vubiZgoT marjvnisken da avamoZraoT. bloki marjvnisken gadaadgildeba,
masze Fx drekadobis Zala muSaobas asrulebs da blokis kinetikuri energia (maSasadame siCqarec)
mcirdeba. 7.7 formulis saSualebiT am muSaobis gamoTvla SeuZlebelia, vinaidan formulaSi
mudmivi Zala unda Sediodes, drekadobis Zala ki cvalebadia.
zambaris mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis dadgenas gamoTvlebi dasWirdeba. modiT blokis sawyisi
mdebareoba xi simboloTi aRvniSnoT, xolo momdevno mdebareoba xf simboloTi. Semdeg am or
mdebareobas Soris manZili Zalian mcire x sigrZis segmentebad davyoT. es segmentebi xi-dan
dawyebuli 1, 2 da a.S. ricxvebiT aRvniSnoT. blokis mier TiToeuli segmentis gavlis dros
drekadobis Zala ar icvleba, vinaidan segmentis zomis simciris gamo x TiTqmis ucvlelia.
aqedan gamomdinare, segmentSi moqmedi Zalis mniSvneloba mudmivad SegviZlia miviCnioT. Zalis
mniSvneloba segmentebis mixedviT iyos Fx1, Fx2 da a.S.
vinaidan TiToeul segmentSi Zala mudmivia, 7.7 formulis saSualebiT TiToeul segmentSi
Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamoTvla SesaZlebeli xdeba. am SemTxvevaSi, = 180 da cos = 1. pirvel
segmentSi Sesrulebuli muSaobaa Fx1x, meore segmentSi Sesrulebuli muSaoba _ Fx2x da a.S.
zambaris mier Sesrulebuli jamuri Ws muSaoba xi-dan xf-mde am muSaobebis jamis tolia:
(7.22)
sadac j aris segmentebis rigiTi nomeri. zRvarSi x nulisken miiswrafis da 7.22 formula aseT
saxes iRebs:
(7.23)
211
(7.24)
Ws = 1 kxi2 1 kxf2
(7.25)
drekadobis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli Ws muSaoba SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi an uaryofiTi, rac
(7.26)
Fa Zala moqmedebas
ganagrZobs. gadaadgilebis dros Cvens mier modebuli Zala blokze Wa muSaobas asrulebs, xolo
K = Kf Ki = Wa + Ws ,
(7.27)
Wa = Ws
(7.28)
7.7
amoxsna:
koordinatidan
rodesac
paketi
gadaadgildeba,
212
Tavi 7
F
4,9 n
k= x =
= 408 n/m
x1
12 103 m
rodesac paketi x2=17mm kordinatzea, 7.26
= 0,059 j
(pasuxi)
= 0,03 j = 30 mj
formulidan gamomdinareobs:
(pasuxi)
dros
ufro
met
dadebiT
7.8
horizontalur
zedapirze
zedapiri
amoxsna:
3. yuTis
sawyisi
kinetikuri
energiaa
1
2
K= m , xolo saboloo kinetikuri energia
Kf Ki = 1 kd2
2
0 1 m2 = 1 kd2
2
(pasuxi)
213
(a)
simaRlea.
Tu Fj,saS mudmivia, Zalis mier j rigis SualedSi Sesrulebuli
Wj muSaobis nazrdi 7.7 formulis saSualebiT miaxloebiT
gamoiTvleba:
Wj=Fj,saSx
(7.29)
Fj,saS
(b)
(7.30)
mruds mxolod
uaxlovdeba.
Sedegi realurTan ufro miaxloebuli iqneba Tu zolis
x
(g)
(7.31)
(7.32)
samganzomilebiani analizi
amjerad ganvixiloT nivTieri wertili, romelzec samganzo
milebiani Zala moqmedebs:
(7.33)
(d)
sur.
7.13. a) erTganzomilebiani
214
Tavi 7
SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos y-ze, magram ara x-ze an z-ze; 3) Fz SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos z-ze,
magram ara x-ze an y-ze. am SemTxvevaSi wertilis gadaadgilebis nazrdi iqneba:
(7.34)
(7.35)
formuliT gamoiTvleba:
ri sawyisi mdebareobidan
(xi, yi, zi koordinatebi) rf saboloo mdebareobisken (xf,yf,zf koordinatebi)
gadaadgilebis dros F Zalis mier wertilze Sesrulebuli W muSaobaa:
(7.36)
Tu F -s mxolod x komponenti aqvs, maSin 7.36 formulaSi y da z wevrebi nulis tolia da formula
7.32 formulamde daiyvaneba.
(7.37)
sadac niutonis meore kanonis gamoyenebiT F(x) Zala ma-iT SevcvaleT. 7.37 formulaSi madx
sidide ase SeiZleba Caiweros:
dv
dx
dt
(7.38)
dv dv dx dv
= = v ,
dt dx dt dx
(7.39)
dv
v dx = mv dv,
dx
(7.40)
madx = m
7.38 formula aseT saxes iRebs:
madx = m
= 1 mvf2 1 mvi2
2
(7.41)
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom rodesac cvladi x-dan -ze SevcvaleT, aucilebeli gaxda integralis
zRvrebis axali cvladiT gamosaxva. aseve gaiTvaliswineT, rom m mudmivia da misi integrals
gareT gatana SesaZlebelia.
7.41 formulis marjvena mxares gamosaxuli wevrebi kinetikuri energiebia da viRebT:
W = Kf Ki = K ,
es formula muSaoba-kinetikuri energiis Teoremas asaxavs.
215
proceduris
dros,
7.9
eqimis
Cven
deba.
farTobs gamovTvliT:
W=
x=18mm,
xolo
rodesac
x=30mm,
nemsi
regionis farTobia
farTobiA=1 (0,008m)(12n)=0,048nm=0,048j
damokidebulebis
Tviseba
kargad
unda
ar gagviWirdeba:
nemsis
wveri
x=30mm
mdebareobaze
anu
(pasuxi)
(a)
(b)
sur. 7.14. a) epiduraluri proceduris dros nemsis x gadaadgilebaze Zalis F sididis damokidebulebis grafiki.
b) grafiksa da gadaadgilebis RerZs Soris teritoria regionebad aris dayofili, raTa farTobis gamoTvla
SesaZlebeli gaxdes.
7.10
amoxsna: amocanaSi moqmedi Zala cvladia,
bazea
deba Tu ar icvleba?
damokidebuli.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
216
Tavi 7
=7j
F Zala wertils
(pasuxi)
7.9. simZlavre
muSam jalambaris saSualebiT agurebi Senobis saxuravze unda aitanos. Cven SegviZlia
jalambaridan tvirTze moqmedi Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba gamovTvaloT, rac tvirTis
awevisTvis aris saWiro. miuxedavad amisa, muSisTvis muSaobis Sesrulebis temps ufro aqvs
mniSvneloba, vidre mis sidides. Cndeba SekiTxva: 5 wuTs waiRebs samuSao Tu mTel kviras?
Zalis mier muSaobis Sesrulebis temps simZlavre ewodeba. Tu Zala t droSi W muSaobas
asrulebs, saSualo simZlavrea:
PsaS =
W
Dt
(saSualo simZlavre)
(7.42)
7.15.
da
= 746vt
(7.45)
7.42 formulaze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom muSaoba droisa da simZlavris namravlia. aqedan
gamomdinare:
(7.46)
P=
anu
( )
dW Fcos dx
dx
=
= Fcos
dt
dt
dt
P=Fcos
(7.47)
217
7.9. simZlavre
7.47 formulis marjvena mxare
P= F
(7.48)
(myisi simZlavre)
siCqariT moZrav
tvirTze F ZaliT moqmedebs. F -iT gamowveuli myisi simZlavre drois momentSi F -is mier
Sesrulebuli muSaobis tempia da 7.47-7.48 formulebiT gamoiTvleba. xSirad misaRebia gamoTqma:
`satvirTo avtomobilis simZlavre~, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom simZlavre Zalis mier muSaobis
Sesrulebis tempia.
sakontrolo wertili 5. wris centrze damagrebuli Toki blokzea mibmuli da bloki
arwriulad moZraobs. Tokidan blokze moqmedi Zalis Sedegad miRebuli simZlavre
dadebiTia, uaryofiTia Tu nulis toli?
F1 da
7.11
xaxunisgan
Tavisufali
zedapiri
2
F
F
dmivia 3m/wm-ia. vinaidan 1 da 2 Zalebi
simZlavre
amoxsna:
Cven
gvWirdeba
myisi
Pj-ic) ucvlelia.
F1 Zala
siCqarisadmi 1=180
P1=F1cos1=(2n)(3m/wm)cos180
=6vt
(pasuxi)
da gveqneba:
b) Tu
P2 =F2cos2=(4n)(3m/wm)cos60
=6vt
(pasuxi)
amoxsna:
rea:
Pj = P1 + P2=6vt+9vt=3 vt
(pasuxi)
formulis
jamis tolia:
Pt = P1 + P2 = 6vt + 6vt = 0
(pasuxi)
siCqaris
zrdasTan
218
Tavi 7
mimoxilva da Sejameba
kinetikuri energia. m masis da siCqariT
moZravi wertilis K kinetikuri energiaa:
K=1 m2 (kinetikuri energia)
(7.15)
(7.1)
gadacemuli
energia
dadebiTi
Wa = Wg
(7.16)
muSaobaa,
muSaoba.
mudmivi
mu
W=Fdcos= F d
7.8)
sadac
drekadobis Zalaa:
Fs = k d
(7.20)
(hukis kanoni) ,
Ft
muSaobis tolia.
Semdegi kavSiria:
Fx = kx (hukis kanoni)
(7.21)
Tavisufali
bolos
gadaadgi
damagrebuli,
drekadobis
xi
gvaZlevs:
Kf = Ki + W
(7.11)
d
muSaoba. m masis wertilis magvar
saganze
gadaadgilebis ganmavlobaSi
Fg mizidulobis
Wf = mgdcos
sawyisi
saboloo
(7.25)
(7.12)
mdebareobidan
xf
Zala
Ws = 1 kx2
2
(7.26)
219
7.9. simZlavre
Fx komponenti mxolod x-zea damokidebuli
da ara y-ze an z-ze, Fy komponenti mxolod yzea damokidebuli da ara x-ze an z-ze, xolo Fz
komponenti mxolod z-zea damokidebuli da
ara x-ze an y-ze, Sesrulebuli muSaoba iqneba:
W=
(7.36)
drois
simZlavrea:
PsaS =
am
SualedSi
saSualo
W
Dt
(7.42)
P=
W
Dt
(7.43)
formula martivdeba:
Tu
(7.32)
Zala
sagnis
moZraobis
P=Fcos = F ,
sadac
mimarTu
(7.47, 7.48)
SekiTxvebi
1. qvemoT moyvanili siCqareebi kinetikuri
energiis
mixedviT
daalageT,
romelic
=4 +3 ,
=3 4 ,
=4 +3 , g)
b)
am
=3 +4 , d)
e) =5 da v) =5m/wm da horizontalisadmi
30 kuTxes adgens.
-4i?
100 da g) F = 2i 3
- 3 j da d =4
-sa da
daalageT
mdgomareobebi
sami
goWi
arCevani
xaxunisgan
aqvs.
samive
Tavisufal
4.
7.18a
suraTze
naCvenebia
xaxunisgan
romelzec
ori
horizontaluri
220
Tavi 7
mokidebuleba)
7.21b
suraTze
gamosaxul
kinetikuri
energiis
cvlilebas
vardnis ganmavlobaSi?
bameba
7.21a
suraTze
gamosaxul
Zalebs?
ra
mas
iqneba
misi
mde
koordinati,
a)
udidesi kinetikuri
(a)
energia, b) udidesi
siCqare da g) nu
lovani
eqneba?
siCqare
d)
ra
m i m a r T u l e b i T
imoZravebs wertili
(b)
(g)
x=6m koordinatis
gavlis Semdeg?
amocanebi
SSM
www
ILW
wertilebis raodenoba
amocanis sirTules
gviCvenebs
221
2. 1972 wlis 10 agvistos, aSS-sa da kanadis
CrdiloeTiT uzarmazarma meteorma gaifrina.
cecxlovani burTi imdenad naTeli iyo, rom
dRis sinaTlezec ki Canda da misi simkveTre
Cveulebrivi meteoris mier datovebul kvals
bevrad aRemateboda (sur. 7.24). meteoris masa
daaxloebiT 4106kg iyo da 15km/wm siCqariT
moZraobda. atmosferoSi vertikalurad Se
svlis SemTxvevaSi meteori dedamiwis ze
dapirs igive siCqariT Seejaxeboda. a) gamo
TvaleT
SesaZlo
vertikaluri
Sejaxebis
13
kilotona
trotilis
rodesac
t=0,
burTula
x=0
Zala
monetaze
gadaadgilebis
dros?
8. motivtive
yinuls wylis dineba napiris
zedapirze
uZravad
F Zala moqmedebas
Zevs
222
Tavi 7
a)
0,5wm-ian SualedebSi
fiqsirdeba. ra muSaobas
Saobas
SualedSi?
daadgilebis
mavlobaSi? b) yuTis
mimarTulebiT
Zraobs.
masze
moqmedebas.
kinetikuri
mudmivi
Zala
iwyebs
suraTze
gamosaxulia
mdebareobaze
energiis
gamosaxul
ze
ga
7.27
gan
Cauvlis,
mimarTuli
asrulebs
deba? SSM
mde
RerZis
swvriv
mu
izrdeba Tu mcir
rodesac
bareobas
jamur
kinetikuri energia
mo
sxeuli x=0
ra
Soris.
amis
da x=5m
Semdeg
Zala
sami
yuT
horizon
taluri (F1, F2 da
F3)
debs.
Zala
yuTi
moqme
Tav
dapirvelad uZravia
da Semdeg xaxunisgan
Tavisufal zedapirze gadaadgild
eba. F1 =3n,
(2i 4
- 4 j+3
+ 3k)m gadaadgilebis dros
Zala d = (2
wertilze muSaobas asrulebs. ra kuTxea Za
lasa da gadaadgilebas Soris, Tu wertilis
kinetikuri energiis cvlilebaa a) +30j da
b) 30j?
manqanebis saxelos-
noSi, xaxunisgan Ta
visufal zedapirze,
x RerZis gaswvriv
2m manZilze gadaad
gildeba.
7.28
su
moZraobs,
ra
iqneba
misi
mizidulobis
Zala?
vertmfrenSi
223
zontaluri
3kg
masis
Zala
wignze
moqmedebs da wigni
xaxunisgan
Tavi
sufal
daxril
a)
(=
sibrtyeze
uZravi
speleologi
d=0,5m man
30)
Tavdapirvelad
mizidulobis
ganmavlobaSi?
Zilze adis. a) ra
Zala
da
drekadobis
Zala
naSi
Zevs.
kabina
d1=2,4m da
Semdeg d2=10,5m manZilze gvarlis saSulebiT
vertikalurad maRla adis. a) d1 gadaadgilebis
yuTi
xaxunisgan
Tavisufal
daxril
jer
FN ?
maRla
adis. ra muSaobas
asrulebs
sibrtyeze mudmivi
siCqariT
Fa
didi
re yuTi h=0,15m
vertikalur
manZils gaivlis?
Fr
miliTaa
ze maRla mimarTumoqmedebs.
katapulta
ZaliT
ebrZvian.
damagrebuli
Fr
CarCoze
li 50n sididis
katapultebiT
fanjris
mdgomareobas daubrundeba?
sur. 7.33. amocana 21.
sibrtyeze d=0,5m
manZilis gavlis Semdeg yuTis kinetikuri
Fr Zalis
ararsebobis pirobebSi?
224
Tavi 7
x=+4sm
koordinatisken
xi
desac
bloks
=+5sm
koordinatidan
b)x=3sm,
x=5sm
g)
a)
da
d)
x=+3sm,
x=9sm
koordinatisken gadaadgildeba?
bareobaze
damo
kidebulebis
mniSvneloba?
gra
mier
31.
10kg masis
aguri
x RerZis
gaswvriv moZraobs.
Zalis
koordinatisken gadaadgildeba?
bareobaze
gamosaxuli
bloki
damoki
x=0 koordinatidan
x=+3sm
koordi
agurze
natisken
gadavaa
raTze
naCvenebia
xeli
Zala
x=0
koordinatisken
gamomwvevi
x=8m
koordinatidan
dgileT da uZravad
gavaCereT. 7.36 su
aCqarebis
gavuSviT.
ra
muSaobas
ki
xaxunisgan
Ta
visufal,
hori
zontalur
zeda
pirze
wrfivad
moZraobs da masze
Zala
moqmedebs.
gadaadgildeba?
aTvlis
gadaadgildeba?
Zala
moqmedebs,
romlis
komponentia
saTavidan
x=8m koordinatisken
muSaoba,
rodesac
wertili
225
da muSaoba grafikis mixedviT gamoTvaleT da
xaxunisgan
sufal,
horizon
talur
zedapirze
Zala?
mdebareobis
droze
damokidebulebis
zedapirze
uZravad
aris
horizontaluri
Zala
iwyebs
moZraobs,
Tavi
romlis
gaswvriv x RerZia
(x)=(2,5x2) n formuliT
gamoisaxeba, sadac x mocemulia metrebSi,
xolo blokis sawyisi mdebareobaa x=0. a)
ra kinetikuri energia eqneba bloks x=2m
42.
koordinatebs Soris?
moqmedebas. Zala
Tokis
saSualebiT
paralelurad
aris
gadaWimuli
kinetikuri
moTxilamure
rode
sac masze Fa Za
aRmarTis
wertilis
aCqareba,
20j,
xolo
x=3m
226
Tavi 7
dviT
x=0 koordinatze
sxeulis
boloTi
zedapirze
srialebs
horizontalur
da
zambarazea
wonasworul
drekadobis
Zala
mdebareobaze
nulis
tolia)
saSualo
simZlavre
d f -s Soris.
di -sa da
damatebiTi amocanebi
49. 2kg masis sxeuli x RerZis gaswvriv
moZraobs da masze moqmedi erTaderTi Zala
icvleba.
siCqarea
4m/wm. a) ra kineti
mniSvnelobis
kinetikuri
energia?
g)
ra
maqsimaluri
zam
gaCerda.
zambaris SekumSvis
ganmavlobaSi ra mu
Saobas asrulebs blokze a) mizidulobis Zala
da b) drekadobis Zala? g) risi tolia blokis
siCqare zambaraze dacemis momentSi? (xaxuni
ugulebelyaviT). d) Tu Sejaxebis siCqares
gavaormagebT,
ra
maqsimalur
manZilze
SeikumSeba zambara?
20 kuTxiT
3m-is
gavlis
ganmavlobaSi
ra
muSaobas
gadis.
227
mniSvneloba
xolo
aqvs,
Fa -sa da
burTulis
gada
asrulebs (wertilze
sxva Zalebic moqmedebs).
adgilebas Soris
risi tolia c, Tu
57.
7.46
suraTze
naCvenebia
xaxunisgan
da b) 147?
muSaobas asrulebs
Fa , rodesac aris a) 64
Zala,
drekadobis
Zala
da
1m-iani
gadaadgilebis
bolos
metrebSi.
gamoTvaleT
Zalis
mier
gamoTvaleT.
moaxdineT integrireba.
x=2m
koordinatamde.
a)
amisTvis
F(x)
muSaobis
gamoTvlisTvis
60.
228
Tavi 7
di da d f
veqtorebs Soris.
xunisgan
Tavisu
fal,
horizon
talur
zedapir
ze Zevs da hori
zontaluri zambaris (k sixistis) erT bo
lozea damagrebuli. zambaris meore bolo
fiqsirebulia. bloki Tavdapirvelad uZravia
(x=0),
naxevris dasasruls?
mimarTulebis
horizontaluri
Zalis
2m sigrZis da horizontisadmi
10-iT daxril aRmarTze adis, Semdeg 2m-s
latori
iT
(2m) (4m) ?
g) daRmarTze Cadis?
68.
erT
yinulmWreli
blokze m=20kg ma
gayinul
qari
uberavs
F Zala moqmedebs.
tbaze
dauberavs.
xaxunisgan
uZravad
qari
dgas,
Tavisufal
rodesac
aRmosavleTisken
200n ZaliT
moqmedebs. qari yinulmWrels 8m manZilze
Tavisufal boloze
a) ra sididis unda
davuSvaT
masis
armqone blokebzea
damagrebuli.
Cadis.
xaxunisgan
Tavisufal,
daRmarTze
daxril
da
yinulmWrelze
sawinaaRmdegod
aris
mimarTuli.
bavSvi
229
energia 30j-iT izrdeba. a) ra muSaobas
asrulebs bavSvze mizidulobis Zala am drois
ganmavlobaSi? b) Tu deda gaiweva, ramdeniT
gaizrdeba bavSvis kinetikuri energia igive
72.
wertili
wrfivad gadaadgilda
70.
b) dadebiTia da g) uaryofiTia?
grZis
yuTs
ZaliT
230kg masis
yuTi L=12m si
dia.
Tokze
Tqven
cvladi
ki
ubiZgeT da d=4m
mamoZravebelma
manZiliT
SenarCunebisTvis?
gverdze
gadaadgileT (sur.
7.49). a) ra sidide
aqvs
F Zalas, ro
Zalam
amgvari
siCqaris
x=3m
wertili
x=1m
koordinatamde
koordinatidan
gadaadgildeba.
misrialebs da masze
Fa Zala moqmedebs.
mm
mm
niutonebSi. sagani
60
110 n
maqsimaluri
da
g)
risi
tolia
230
Tavi 7
koordinatamde
gadaadgildeba
da
masze
aRmosavleTisken
aris
mimarTuli.
a)
ra
energiis
ZalebSi)?
sufal
gayinul
tbaze
mudmivi
siCqariT
1
3
xarisxis
proporciulia.
moZraobs.
risi
tolia
manqanis