Oracle

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.
Oracle
Part 1
0
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Oracle Part1
Oracle Part1

Files Structure

Processes
Memory Structure

Database Startup
Database Startup
The Data Dictionary

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Oracle Part1
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Oracle Part1
Oracle
. oracular
.

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Oracle Part1

Database
.
RDBMS
:
:

Process
.
Memory
.
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Oracle Part1
.
:
Oracle Server
:
.1 Processes
.2 Memory Structure
.3 Physical File Structure
Database
Instance
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Oracle Part1
Processes
+ = Oracle Instance
Database
+ = Oracle Server
:
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Oracle Part1

Dedicated Server Process
Sql .

Shared Server

10
100
.
dispatchers

(SGA)System Global Area
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Oracle Part1
Quee
:
dispatcher

.SGA
.
Client :
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Oracle Part1

Dedicated Server Process
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
.
.TNS Names
TNS
Transparent Network Substrate
Remote .Peer to peer communication
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Oracle Part1
Connect String
ora816.us.oracle.com

TNSNAMES.ORA
:
HostNmae
Port
SID

TCP/IP
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Oracle Part1
aria.us.oracle.com 1521
.TNS Listener

Listner
Didicated Server Process
Dispatcher .Shared Server
Listener

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Oracle Part1
Listner Shared Server
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Oracle Part1
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Oracle Part1
Files Structure

Physical Files
(
.
. Data Files

Views ..procedures
.DBWR
.
Transaction
Redo Log
LGWR
) (Redo Redo Log Buffer
Redo Log Files

Switching
ARCH
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Oracle Part1
Control File .
Log
& Alert . Files .

:
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Oracle Part1
Physical
Structure

Parameter File
Files Data
Password file
Control File
Oracle Net
Redo Log Files
Parameter files
SGA
.
PFILE Server ) SPFILE
.(Paramater file
250 g10
30
Control File

:
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Oracle Part1
Control Files .
Multiplex

.CHKP View
;SQL> select name from v$controlfile

Data Files

SQL
TableSpaces Tables
Indexes :
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Oracle Part1
:
Data Files
.

.TableSpaces
.Views
SQL
.
.DataFiles
DataFile
.

.DataFiles
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Oracle Part1
) System Change Number (SCN
Tablespace M100
.
Redo Log Files

New transaction
Password File
SYSDBA
SYSOPR .
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Oracle Part1

Logical
:
Segment:
Segment
Table Sgment
Index Sgments
Rollback Sgments.
Extents
Extents
.rollback Segment
1 2 .
Block
Bloack
Physical .

)2 4 8 16 32
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Oracle Part1
Extents
.
Bloch Header
o Header
Table Block .Index Block
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Oracle Part1
o Active transaction
.
o .
Table Directory
o

Table Directory
o
.
Block Overhead
.
: TableSpace
Segment

Extents .Block
Phiscal
Data Files .

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Oracle Part1
TableSpace
USER_DATA ) (2 Data
Files ) user_data01.dbf .( user_data02.db
)( T1, T2,I1
) (2 T1, T2 ) (1
I1
) (4 Extents
.
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Oracle Part1
( T1) Segment ) (2
Extent .
) ( T2, I1 .
:
o .
o .
:
8.1.5
dictionarymanaged tablespace
Extents
SQL Dictionary tables

.

. 7.3
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Oracle Part1
Temporary TableSpace
Extents
8.1.5 locally
managed tablespace
dictionary managed
TableSpace extents
Bitmap
.
Redo Log Files

Instance Failure OnLine Redo
Log .

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Oracle Part1
ONLINE Redo

.
Online Redo Log

.
:
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Oracle Part1
Switch
0Log Check
) pointing (CHKP ).Database Block Writer (DBWn
cache
buffer
Database
SGA
redo log buffe
Commit
Data files
Redo Log Buffer ONLine
Redo Log LGRW

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Oracle Part1

Database buffer cache
.DBWR

Transactions
Database buffer cache Dirty

.Buffer
) Checkpoints (CHKP
) (DBWR CHKP
. Event
.

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Oracle Part1
:Archived Redo Log

Online Redo Log
NOARCHIVELOG
ARCHIVELOG
.
Online Redo
Archivelog
Online Redo log
:
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Oracle Part1
Processes

) (.

Processes servicing user

requests
Processes writing
data to the data files

recording transactions in log files
Processes

Processes monitoring the functioning of the database

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Data Files
Shared Memory
) Transaction
( Log
Files
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Oracle Part1
Processes
Server Process
User Process

User Process
Server Process
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Oracle Part1
:

.User Process
User Process
PGA
.
Server Process Oracle

Instance .
:
Oracle Processes In Background
.

I/o
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Oracle Part1
.1 :
:
(DBWRn) Database Writer

Database Buffer cache

files
0Data
)Checkpoint (CKPT
Control File
Data files System Change
) Number (SCN

.
Checkpoint
.
Log Writer (LGWR)/

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Oracle Part1
Transactions
Log Buffer

. CHKP
SCN
.
) ( ARCH

.
Alter log
System Archive
log_archive_start = true
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Oracle Part1
.2 :Monitoring Processes
) (SMON
) (PMON

(SMON ) System Monitor

ShutDown
normal

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Oracle Part1
Temporary Segments
Database
Writer Sgments
Tempory
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Oracle Part1
( PMON) Process Monitor

User Processes :
.
Locks .

.
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Oracle Part1
Memory Structure

.
:
) System Global Area (SGA :
o Database buffer cache
o Redo Log buffer
o Shared pool
o Large pool
) Program Global Areas (PGA :
Stack areas o
Data areas o
:
:( System Global Area ) SGA

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Oracle Part1
System global Area
o : Java Pool
JVM
o Large Pool:
Session
RMAN
o : Shared Pool

Shared Procedures dictionary caches
....
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Oracle Part1
:SGA
JAVA_POOL_SIZE
SHARED_POOL_SIZE Shared Pool
LARGE_POOL_SIZE Large Pool
DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS
LOG_BUFFER
Fixed SGA
SGA
. .
:SGA

Redo Log buffer
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Oracle Part1

Database buffer cache .
!.
0LRU

Data Files

DBWR .Dirty Blocks
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Oracle Part1
:Redo Log buffer

Redo
LGWR OnLine Redo Log
Commit .
LOG_BUFFER
) *128 ( CPUs
:Java Pool
statistics_level TYPICAL
:Shared Pool
SGA

. .
. 1000
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Oracle Part1
SQL
PL/sql .

The data dictionary .
.
:
o The Library Cache

SQL
parse tree and the execution .
o The Data-Dictionary Cache

:
user privileges
Integrity
constraints

columns in database tables
space
allocated and used for schema objects
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Oracle Part1
SQL

.
):The Program Global Area (PGA
: Stack space
session's variables
arrays, and so on
Session
multithreaded server
SGA
SQL : Private SQL area

binding variables and runtime buffers is kept.
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Oracle Part1

Transaction
.
Transaction
SQL
Commit
.Rollback ) /
( client /server :
.SQL*Net
SQLPLUS

.SQL*Net
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Oracle Part1
SQL
.
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Oracle Part1
Shared Pool
sql Shared SQL Area

.

SGA
Data files
.SGA
. .
Commit
Rollback

Redo
Log Buffer OnLine Redo Log .

Database buffer cash
Datafiles
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Oracle Part1
Oracle Part1
Database Startup
. :
:STARTUP NOMOUNT

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Oracle Part1
0Data Files
.
Scripts
.

Control File

:STARTUP MOUNT

archive log mode
:STARTUP OPEN

:STARTUP FORCE

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Oracle Part1

shutdown abort and then restarts the database
STARTUP RESTRICT
RESTRICTED
SESSION
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Oracle Part1
Database Startup

Connect SYSOPER or SYSDBA
:

Option
Shutting Down with the NORMAL
:
SHUTDOWN NORMAL
:
.
.

.
:
Shutting Down with the IMMEDIATE Option
:
.
.

Log Off
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Oracle Part1

SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE
:

.
Committed
rolled
. back
instance
.recovery
:
Shutting Down with the TRANSACTIONAL Option

Active Transaction :
SHUTDOWN TRANSACTIONAL
:
Shutting Down with the ABORT Option

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Oracle Part1
.

.
.
:
SHUTDOWN ABORT
:
.

.
not rolled back

Instance recovery
.
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Oracle Part1
The Data Dictionary

data dictionary
Schema Objects
) tables, views, indexes, clusters, synonyms,
sequences, procedures, functions, packages, triggers,
and so on
user privileges

constraints
Integrity
columns
in database tables
space allocated
and used for schema objects

SQL
DDL .
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Oracle Part1
SYS, Owner of the Data Dictionary
Views

SYS

SYSTEM tablespace
Online.
:
: Base Table
.
User-Accessible Views

.
.
Data Dictionary Views

Oracle 10g
1300 .
_ DBA _ , ALL_ , USER
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Oracle Part1
DBA_TABLES
ALL_TABLES

USER_TABLES
:
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emp

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Dynamic Performance Views

10g
Oracle 350
V$ :
V$VERSION
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.
:
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.
:
.
:
:Server Manager
.
Manager
:Enterprise
:SQL Loader
.
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Oracle Part1
:Export Manager
:Import Manager

.
:
1979
: ) (
) ( )
(.
: 1983
) (
)( .
: 1984
)( ) (
.
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Oracle Part1
: 1985
/ ) (
640
. DOS
: 1988

) ( 1991
: 1992
:
4
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Oracle Part1
i9
NT/2000/XP
" "
:
https://profile.oracle.com/jsp/reg/createUser.jsp?act=5
&src=1180588&tid=262&owner=3&nexturl=http%3A//w
ww.oracle.com/technology/software/index.html&langu
age=en
: i9
OraHome90 :
< C> or <D> or.. :\Oracle\ora90:
-:
Next
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Oracle Part1
" "
C: D:
: i9
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Oracle Part1

General Purpose
) (SID Global database name

global database name ORACLE.US.COM
) (SID ORACLE
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Oracle Part1
Database file .
) (

.
.
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Next

:
Install
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CD 2 3
:
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Oracle Part1
Properties properties System

Computer Name
Change Computer Name Changes
More
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Oracle Part1
DNS Suffix and NetBIOS Computer Name
ORACLE.US.COM computer suffix of this Primary DNS
. OK
2000 Release 6.0 OR i6
i9
i9 2000 Release 6.0 OR i6

: configuration Net service Name Local -1
: Net Configuration Assistant
Start -> programs -> Oracle - Orahome90 -> Configuration and Migration Tools ->
Net Configuration Assistant
Local Net service Name configuration

.Next
.Next Add
Oracle 8i or later database or service

.Next
)( Service Name
global database ORACLE.US.COM "
.Next " name
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TCP . Next
Name
Host TCP/IP
. Port .Next
Yes, perform a test .Next
Connecting...Test successful.
Change
login :
Username: system
Password: manager
.Next
- Net Service developer
.Next
- Next Next . Finish
tnsnames.ora
Oracle\Ora90\network\admin :

ORANT\net80\admin
sqlnet.old :
Oracle\Ora90\network\admin -
ORANT\net80\admin -

:
Username: system
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Oracle Part1
Password: manager
Host String Or Database: developer.oracle.us.com
.
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Oracle
Part 2
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Oracle Part 2
Oracle Part 2
:

.

.....
.
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Oracle Part 2
:CREATE
USER USER
Azzam BY IDENTIFIED
.236
"CREATE USER Azzam IDENTIFIED BY "236

.User created .
"CREATE USER NAMEOF USER IDENTIFIED BY "YOUR PASSWORD
:GRATN

GRATNS
.
GRANT OBJECTNAME TO YOURUSERNAME

RECOURCE DBA
DATABASE ADMINISTRATION :
:
GRANT RESOURCE,DBA TO Azzam

,
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Oracle Part 2
:CONNECT
:
CONNECT Azzam/236
Azzam 236
.
:
SHOW USER

:DUMMY TABLE

.DUAL
:
SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL
.
:CREATE TABLE

CREATE TABLE STUDENTS
DATATYPE :
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:VARCHAR2
20 VARCHAR2 20.
:NUMBER
NUMBER4
.1234
:DATE :
CREATE TABLE table_name
(column1 datatype ,
column2 datatype ,
..
)

CONSTRAINTS
PRIMARY KEY

PRIMARY KEY.
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Oracle Part 2
:CONSTRAINT

:
Ammar 2000-03-08
Ammar 2001-03-08
) ( ..

.
(column1,
KEY
PRIMARY
CONSTRAINT constraint_name
)column2, . column_n
FOREIGN KEY
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Oracle Part 2
:
:
CONSTRAINT CONSTRAINT_NAME FOREIGN KEY (column1,
)column2, ... column_n

)REFERENCES parent_table (column1, column2, ... column_n

:
CONSTRAINT fk_column
)FOREIGN KEY (column1, column2, ... column_n
)REFERENCES parent_table (column1, column2, ... column_n
;)
: :
1 2 3 4
: :
1 2 3 4
: :
1 2 3 4
5 6 6 7
8 9 10
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Oracle Part 2
:
CREATE TABLE NATIONALITY(
NAT_NO VARCHAR2(5),
NAT_NAME VARCHAR2(20),
NAT_CRE_DATE DATE,
NAT_CRE_NAME VARCHAR2(50),
CONSTRAINT NAT_PK PRIMARY KEY(NAT_NO)
)
/
, NAT_CRE_DATE
NAT_CRE_NAME
:
CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENTS(
DPT_NO VARCHAR2(5),
DPT_NAME VARCHAR2(20),
DPT_CRE_DATE DATE,
DPT_CRE_NAME VARCHAR2(50),
CONSTRAINT DPT_NO_PK PRIMARY KEY(DPT_NO)
)
/
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Oracle Part 2
:
(CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEES
EMP_ID VARCHAR2(10),
EMP_NAME VARCHAR2(50),
EMP_BIRTH_DATE DATE,
EMP_SEX VARCHAR2(1),
NAT_NO VARCHAR2(5),
EMP_HIRE_DATE DATE,
EMP_BASIC_SALARY NUMBER(4),
EMP_ADD_EXCHANGE NUMBER(4),
DPT_NO VARCHAR2(5),
EMP_CRE_DATE DATE,
EMP_CRE_NAME VARCHAR2(20),
CONSTRAINT EMP_ID_PK PRIMARY KEY(EMP_ID),
)CONSTRAINT NAT_NO_FK FOREIGN KEY (NAT_NO
REFERENCES NATIONALITY (NAT_NO),
)CONSTRAINT DPT_NO_FK FOREIGN KEY (DPT_NO
)REFERENCES DEPARTMENTS (DPT_NO
)
/
NAT_NO
DPT_NO
. EMP_CRE_DATE
EMP_CRE_NAME
: DESCRIBE YOUR_TABLENAME

NOT NULL
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Oracle Part 2
DESC EMPLOYEES :
DESCRIBE EMPLOYEES <SQL

NAME
NULL?
EMP_ID
NOT
NULL
EMP_NAME
EMP_BIRTH_DATE
EMP_SEX
NAT_NO
EMP_HIRE_DATE
EMP_BASIC_SALARY
EMP_ADD_EXCHANGE
DPT_NO
EMP_CRE_DATE
EMP_CRE_NAME VARCHAR2(20)
TYPE
VARCHAR2(10)
VARCHAR2(50)
DATE
VARCHAR2(1)
VARCHAR2(5)
DATE
NUMBER(4)
NUMBER(4)
VARCHAR2(5)
DATE
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Oracle Part 2
:
-1
5 20

2 :
PRIMARY KEY
FOREIGN KEY
3 .FOREIGN KEY
4 :
PRIMARY KEY
:
= e0001 = 10
= e0002 = 10
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Oracle Part 2

Insert Update Delete
1 :insert

insert
into
Primary key
key foreign values

VARCHAR2 ' 'VALUE DATE
' ' VALUE
CUTAION SINGLE ;commit
.
:
INSERT INTO table

)(column-1, column-2, ... column-n
VALUES
;)(value-1, value-2, ... value-n
.
:
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Oracle Part 2
:
NAT_NO
NAT_NAME
NAT_CRE_DATE
NAT_CRE_NAME
INSERT INTO
NATIONALITY(NAT_NO,NAT_NAME,NAT_CRE_DATE,NAT_CRE
_NAME)
VALUES('001','SAUDI',SYSDATE,USER);
INSERT INTO
_NAME)
VALUES('002','JORDAN',SYSDATE,USER);
INSERT INTO
_NAME)
VALUES('003','EGYPT',SYSDATE,USER);
INSERT INTO
DEPARTMENTS(DPT_NO,DPT_NAME,DPT_CRE_NAME,DPT_CRE
_DATE)
VALUES ('DP01','EMPLOYEES',USER,SYSDATE);
INSERT INTO
_DATE)
VALUES ('DP02','ACCOUNT',USER,SYSDATE);
INSERT INTO
_DATE)
VALUES ('DP03','COMPUTER',USER,SYSDATE)
COMMIT;
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Oracle Part 2
2 :DELETE
:
DELETE
DELETE FROM
DELETE FROM table name
DELETE TBALE_NAME
:
.
;DELETE DEPARTMENTS
;DELETE FROM NATIONALITY
;COMMIT
.
: WHERE CONTION
AND
DELETE FROM DEPARMENTS

'WHERE DPT_NO='DP02
;COMMIT
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Oracle Part 2
3 :UPDATE

UPDATE SET .
update table_name set field_name = value

:
'UPDATE DEPARTMETS SET DPT_NAME='ALL
where
condition :
update table name set field name = value,field_name2=value

:
'UPDATE DEPARTMETS SET DPT_NAME='ALL' ,DPT_NO='02
'WHERE DPT_NO='DPT02
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Oracle Part 2
Select Statement :
Select Statement

statement select
Update Delete Insert function

.
1 SELECT:
SELECT *
FROM FROM
:
* SELECT
;>FROM <table name
:
SELECT * FROM NATIONALITY
.
2 SELECT :
*
>SELECT <column name, column name, ..., <column name
;>FROM <table name
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Oracle Part 2
:
SELECT DPT_NO,DPT_NAME FROM DEPARTMENTS
. SELECT
:WHERE CONDTION SELECT 3
WHERE CONDITION
SELECT *
FROM <table_name>
WHERE ....
:
SELECT * FROM DEPARTMENTS
WHERE DPT_NO='DP01'
DELETE INSERT UPDATE SELECT
:CREATE TABLE
:INSERT SELECT
INSERT
SELECT
.SELECT
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME

(COLOUMN1...,COLOUMN2...)
SELECT COLOUMN1...,COLOUMN2...)
FROM OTHER_TABLE_NAME
WHERE .....
:
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Oracle Part 2
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENTS(DPT_NO,DPT_NAME)

SELECT NAT_NO,NAT_NAME
FROM NATIONALITY;

:DELETE SELECT
DELETE FROM TABLE_NAME
WHERE COLOUMN_NAME [COLOR=blue]IN[/COLOR]
(SELECT COLUMN FROM TABLE NAME
WHERE ....
IN WHERE CONDTION FUNCTION
SELECT
:UPDATE SELECT
UPDATE TABLE_NAME SET COUMN_NAME= SELECT
CLOUMN_NAME FROM TABLE_NAME WHERE ....
SELECT
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Oracle Part 2
:TABLE CREATE SELECT

:
CREATE TABLE new_table
AS (SELECT column_1, column2, ... column_n
FROM old_table_1, old_table_2, ... old_table_n);
SELECT
:
CREATE TABLE DEPT
AS (SELECT DPT_NO,DPT_NAME FROM DEPARTMENTS
WHERE DPT_NO='DP001')
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Oracle Part 2
functions
:
1 :
:ALIASES
.
;select sysdate as "My Date" from dual

My Date
-------22-10-06
:DISTINCT
SELECT
.SELECT :
1980-07-02
1981-07-02
SELECT
DISTINCT
.
SELECT DISTINCT CLOUMN1...,COLUMN2.. FROM

TABLE_NAME
SELECT DISTINCT DPT_NAME FROM DEPARTMENTS
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Oracle Part 2
:LOWER UPPER
LOWER SMMAL UPPER CAPITAL

:
SELECT UPPER(CLOUMN OR STRING) FROM TABLE NAME

SELECT LOWER(CLOUMN OR STRING) FROM TABLE NAME
:
SELECT LOWER('ADMIN05') FROM DUAL;
SELECT UPPER('admin05') FROM DUAL;
. DUAL
SELECT UPPER('DPT_NAME'),LOWER(DPT_NAME FROM
DEPARTMENTS
SMALL CAPITAL
capital :initcap
select initcap(cloumname or string) from table_name
select initcap('admin05') from dual;
NULL :NVL
.
SELECT NVL(CLUMONAME,YOUR_VALUE) FROM
TABLE NAME
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Oracle Part 2
:
SELECT NVL(dpt_name,'not found') from departments
select NVL(number,0) from dual
string : to char
select to_char(cloumn,'ur mask') from table name

select to_char(cloumn) from table name
select to_char(sysdate,'dd-mm-yyyy') from dual
select to_char(sysdate) from dual;
:ORDER BY
SELECT SELECT

.DESC ASC
ORDER BY COLUMN_NAME ASC

SELECT DPT_NO,DPT_NAME FROM DEPARTMENTS
ORDER BY DPT_NO ASC
GROUP BY : GROUP BY

SELECT column1, column2, ... column_n, aggregate_function

(expression)
FROM tables
WHERE predicates
GROUP BY column1, column2, ... column_n;
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Oracle Part 2
:Count
:
)SELECT COUNT(expression
FROM tables
;WHERE predicates
COUNT

.GROUP BY
SELECT COUNT(DPT_NO) as "Number of Dept",DPT_NAME FROM

DEPARTMENTS
GROUP BY DPT_NAME
COUNT GROUP BY
.
:SUM :
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Oracle Part 2
SELECT SUM(expression )
FROM tables
WHERE predicates;
DISTINCT SUM
:
SELECT SUM(DISTINCT salary) as "Total Salary"
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 25000;
.

SELECT SUM(sales*0.10) as "Commission"

FROM order details;
BY GROUP SUM
:
SELECT department, SUM (sales) as "Total sales"
FROM order_details
GROUP BY department;
. :MAX
SELECT MAX (expression)
FROM tables
WHERE predicates;
MAX :MIN
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Oracle Part 2
SELECT MIN (expression)

FROM tables
WHERE predicates;
:
SELECT MIN(salary) as "Lowest salary"
FROM employees;
DPT_NAME
GROUP BY COUNTDPT_NO
.MAX,MIN,SUM
GROUP BY :HAVING
GROUP BY
.
:
SELECT column1, column2, ... column_n, aggregate_function
(expression)
FROM tables
WHERE predicates
GROUP BY column1, column2, ... column_n
HAVING condition1 ... condition_n;
SUM,MAX,MIN,COUNT
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Oracle Part 2
:
:SUM
SELECT department, SUM(sales) as "Total sales"
FROM order_details
GROUP BY department
HAVING SUM(sales) > 1000;
: COUNT[/COLOR]
[COLOR=red]
SELECT department, COUNT(*) as "Number of employees"
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 25000
GROUP BY department
HAVING COUNT(*) > 10;
:MIN
SELECT department, MIN(salary) as "Lowest salary"
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING MIN(salary) = 35000;
: MAX[/COLOR]
[COLOR=red]
SELECT department, MAX(salary) as "Highest salary"
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING MAX(salary) < 50000;
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Oracle Part 2
:( ) ( ) / BETWEEN

SELECT columns
FROM tables
WHERE column1 between value1 and value2;
:
SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_id between 4000 and 4500;
:( ) NOT BETWEEN
NOT
BETWEEN
SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_id not between 4000 and 4500;
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Oracle Part 2
:
1 = DP04 =marketing
2 :
where condition
3
4
5 select
6 select
7 select .DP01
8 statement select
9 2006-01 01 2006
to_char
10 nvl initcap select
11 sum
12
13
14 between not between

15 5
:TO_DATE STRING
STRING . DATE
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Oracle Part 2
to date( string1, [ format mask ], [ nls_language ] )

. STRING1
: FROMAT_MASK
.STRING
: NLS_LANGUAGE
.
:
to_date('2003/07/09', 'yyyy/mm/dd') would return a date value of July 9,
2003.
to_date('070903', 'MMDDYY') would return a date value of July 9, 2003.
to_date('20020315', 'yyyymmdd') would return a date value of Mar 15,
2002.
:LAST_DAY
.
:
last day( date )
:
last day(to_date('2003/03/15' ,'yyyy/mm/dd')) would return Mar 31, 2003
last day(to_date('2003/02/03' ,'yyyy/mm/dd')) would return Feb 28, 2003
last day(to_date('2004/02/03' ,'yyyy/mm/dd')) would return Feb 29, 2004
: ADD_MONTHS
:
add months( date1, n )

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Oracle Part 2
n
:
add_months('01-Aug-03', 3) would return '01-Nov-03'
add_months('01-Aug-03', -3) would return '01-May-03'
add_months('21-Aug-03', -3) would return '21-May-03'
add_months('31-Jan-03', 1) would return '28-Feb-03'
. :NEXT_DAY
next date(date1,n)
n
NEXT_DAY('01-01-2006',5) RETURN '06-01-2006'

NEXT_DAY('15-01-2006',-5) RETURN '10-01-2006'
next_day('01-Aug-03', 'TUESDAY')
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Oracle Part 2
:TRIM
) trim( [ leading | trailing | both [ trim character ] ] string1

leading trailing
both
)//( trim
.
)' trim(' tech ''tech
)' trim(' ' from ' tech 'from 'tech
)' trim(leading '0' from '000123 '' 123
)' trim(trailing '1' from 'Tech1 ''Tech
)' trim(both '1' from '123Tech111
'Tech' 23
: Ltrim .
.
) ] ltrim( string1, [ trim_string
:
'ltrim(' tech'); would return 'tech
'ltrim(' tech', ' '); would return 'tech
'ltrim('000123', '0'); would return '123
'ltrim('123123Tech', '123'); would return 'Tech
'ltrim('123123Tech123', '123'); would return 'Tech123
'ltrim('xyxzyyyTech', 'xyz'); would return 'Tech
'ltrim('6372Tech', '0123456789'); would return 'Tech
y
:Rtrim trim Ltrim
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Oracle Part 2
rtrim( string1, [ trim_string ] )

:
rtrim('tech '); would return 'tech'
rtrim('tech ', ' '); would return 'tech'
rtrim('123000', '0'); would return '123'
rtrim('Tech123123', '123'); would return 'Tech'
rtrim('123Tech123', '123'); would return '123Tech'
rtrim('Techxyxzyyy', 'xyz'); would return 'Tech'
rtrim('Tech6372', '0123456789'); would return 'Tech'
:LPAD
lpad( string1, padded length, [ pad string ] )

padded length
10 + RRR
7 3
+++++++RRR
:
lpad('tech', 7); would return ' tech'

lpad('tech', 2); would return 'te'
lpad('tech', 8, '0'); would return '0000tech'
lpad('tech on the net', 15, 'z'); would return 'tech on the net'
lpad('tech on the net', 16, 'z'); would return 'ztech on the net'
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Oracle Part 2
:RPAD
) ] rpad( string1, padded_length, [ pad_string

:
' rpad('tech', 7); would return 'tech
'rpad('tech', 2); would return 'te
'rpad('tech', 8, '0'); would return 'tech0000
'rpad('tech on the net', 15, 'z'); would return 'tech on the net
'rpad('tech on the net', 16, 'z'); would return 'tech on the netz
:SUBSTR
) ] substr( string, start position, [ length

SUBSTR

.
:
'substr('This is a test', 6, 2) would return 'is

'substr('This is a test', 6) would return 'is a test
'substr('TechOnTheNet', 1, 4) would return 'Tech
'substr('TechOnTheNet', -3, 3) would return 'Net
'substr('TechOnTheNet', -6, 3) would return 'The
'substr('TechOnTheNet', -8, 2) would return 'On
:INS

.
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Oracle Part 2
instr( string1, string2, [ start_position ], [ nth_appearance ] )

:
instr('Tech on the net', 'e') would return 2; the first occurrence of 'e'
instr('Tech on the net', 'e', 1, 1) would return 2; the first occurrence of 'e'
instr('Tech on the net', 'e', 1, 2) would return 11; the second occurrence of 'e'
instr('Tech on the net', 'e', 1, 3) would return 14; the third occurrence of 'e'
instr('Tech on the net', 'e', -3, 2) would return 2.
. :LENGTH
length( string1 )
:
length(NULL) would return NULL.
length('') would return NULL.
length('Tech on the Net') would return 15.
length('Tech on the Net ') would return 16.
:TRANSLATE
RTYYRT RTY
T 3 Y QW3
QW33QW Q R W
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Oracle Part 2
:
translate( string1, string_to_replace, replacement_string
(
string_to_replace
replacement_string .
:
'translate('1tech23', '123', '456); would return '4tech56

'translate('222tech, '2ec', '3it'); would return '333tith
:REPLACE replace( string1,
( [ string_to_replace, [ replacement_string
TRANSLATE
TRANSLATE REPLACE

:
'replace('123123tech', '123'); would return 'tech

'replace('123tech123', '123'); would return 'tech
TRANSLATE
'replace('222tech, '2', '3'); would return '333tech
'replace('0000123', '0'); would return '123
'replace('0000123', '0', ' '); would return ' 123
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Oracle Part 2
Oracle Part 2
. :CONCAT
concat( string1, string2 )
||
concat('Tech on', ' the Net'); would return 'Tech on the Net'.
concat('a', 'b') would return 'ab'.
'Tech on'|| ' the Net' would return 'Tech on the Net'.
'a'|| 'b' would return 'ab'.
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Oracle Part 2
birth_date
emp_name
emp_no
20-01-1970
ali ahmed ali
10
20-02-1976
Admin05 05 05
20
20-01-1960
ahmed moheme
30
20-10-1950
50dfgdr50
40
-1 5
-2 5
-3 3
-4 concat
-5 a e
-6 m
-7
-8 3 v
-9 9
-10
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Oracle Part 2
) :(Subqueries
:WHERE CONDITION -1
select * from all_tables tabs
where tabs.table_name in (select cols.table_name
from all_tab_columns cols
;)'where cols.column_name = 'SUPPLIER_ID
WHERE IN
all_tables
select .
)where cols.column_name in (select * from table_name

:

SELECT EMP_NAME,EMP_NO FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE DPT_NO IN (SELECT DPT_NO FROM
DEPARTMENTS
' '=WHERE DPT_NAME
10
SELECT ) (.
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Oracle Part 2
:UNION Query -2
select field1, field2, . field_n

from tables
UNION
from tables;
:
select supplier_id
from suppliers
UNION
select supplier_id
from orders;
:union With ORDER BY Clause
......1 unio
select supplier_id, supplier_name
from suppliers
where supplier_id > 2000
UNION
select company_id, company_name
from companies
where company_id > 1000
ORDER BY 2;
company_name supplier_name 2
Order By
"CODE]select supplier_id, supplier_name as "name

suppliers from
2000 < where supplier_id
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Oracle Part 2
UNION
"company_name as "name ,select company_id
from companies
1000 < where company_id
[BY name;[/CODE ORDER
:Query UNION ALL

union
from tables
UNION ALL
from tables;
:
select supplier_id
from suppliers
UNION ALL
select supplier_id
from orders;
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Oracle Part 2
: INTERSECT Quer -y3 union
field_n . ,select field1, field2
from tables
INTERSECT
from tables;
:
select supplier_id
from suppliers
INTERSECT
select supplier_id
from orders;
:MINUS Query

from tables
MINUS
from tables;
:
select supplier_id
from suppliers
MINUS
select supplier_id
from orders;
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Oracle Part 2
. )
(
:ALTER TABLE
:
:column(s) to a table Adding
.
:
ALTER TABLE table_name

;ADD column_name column-definition
ALTER TABLE ADD
.
:
ALTER TABLE supplier
;)ADD supplier_name varchar2(50
.
ADD ( column_1 column-definition,
column_2 column-definition,
...
;) column_n column_definition
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Oracle Part 2
:Modifying column(s) in a table

.
:

MODIFY column_name column_type;
. SQL MODIFY
:
MODIFY supplier_name varchar2(100) not null;
:
MODIFY ( column_1 column_type,
column_2 column_type,
...
column_n column_type );
:column(s) in a table DropALTER TABLE table_name

DROP COLUMN column_name;
:
DROP COLUMN supplier_name;
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Oracle Part 2
(2 NEW in Oracle 9i Release) :Rename column(s) in a table i R29

RENAME COLUMN old_name to new_name;
:
RENAME COLUMN supplier_name to sname;
:TABLE DROP
:
DROP TABLE table_name;
:
DROP TABLE supplier;
CASCADE CONSTRAINTS
DROP TABLE supplier CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
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Oracle Part 2
:
1 Union Select
2 count union
3 INTERSECT Query Query Minus
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Oracle Part 2
:
: unique constraint -1-
Primary Key UNIQUE

UNIQUE
PRIMARY KEY NULL VALUE .
Primary key unique

key Primary
E01
2222 w01 E01
3333 w02
primary Key

unique
primary key
unique
primary key
.unique
:unique unique
.
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Oracle Part 2

(column1 datatype null/not null,
column2 datatype null/not null,
...
CONSTRAINT constraint_name UNIQUE (column1, column2,
. column_n)
);
:
CREATE TABLE supplier
( supplier_id numeric(10) not null,
supplier_name varchar2(50) not null,
contact_name varchar2(50),
CONSTRAINT supplier_unique UNIQUE (supplier_id)
);
: unique
:
CREATE TABLE supplier
( supplier_id numeric(10) not null,
supplier_name varchar2(50) not null,
contact_name varchar2(50),
CONSTRAINT supplier_unique UNIQUE (supplier_id,
supplier_name)
);
:
add CONSTRAINT constraint_name UNIQUE (column1,
column2, ... column_n);
:
add CONSTRAINT supplier_unique UNIQUE (supplier_id);
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Oracle Part 2
: unique
:
add CONSTRAINT supplier_unique UNIQUE (supplier_id,
supplier_name);
:Constraints Check
: .
.(View )( check)
( check)
.
. ( Sub Query ) ( check)

:
:
(column1 datatype null/not null,
column2 datatype null/not null,
...
CONSTRAINT constraint_name CHECK (column_name
condition) [DISABLE]
);
:
CREATE TABLE suppliers
( supplier_id numeric(4),
supplier_name varchar2(50),
CONSTRAINT check_supplier_id
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Oracle Part 2
CHECK (supplier_id BETWEEN 100 and 9999)

);
:
CREATE TABLE suppliers
( supplier_id numeric(4),
supplier_name varchar2(50),
CONSTRAINT check_supplier_name
CHECK (supplier_name = upper(supplier_name))
);
capital
.Capital
:ALTER
add CONSTRAINT constraint_name CHECK (column_name
condition)
:
ALTER TABLE suppliers
add CONSTRAINT check_supplier_name
CHECK (supplier_name IN ('IBM', 'Microsoft', 'Nvidia'));
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Oracle Part 2
:CONSTRAINTS
drop CONSTRAINT constraint_name;
:
drop CONSTRAINT check_supplier_id;
:CONSTRAINT
enable CONSTRAINT constraint_name;
:
enable CONSTRAINT check_supplier_id;
:CONSTRAINT
disable CONSTRAINT constraint_name;
:
disable CONSTRAINT check_supplier_id;
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Oracle Part 2
CONSTRAINT
: USER_CONSTRAINTS
CONSTRAINT
CONNECT SYSTEM/UR_PASSWORD
SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME,CONSTRAINT_TYPE
FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS
WHERE TABLE_NAME='SUPLLIERS';
CONSTRAINT
NOVALIDATE CONSTRAINT
.VALIDATE
:NOVALIDATE
ALTER TABLE uclass MODIFY CONSTRAINT pk_uclass
DISABLE VALIDATE;
:VALIDATE
ALTER TABLE uclass ENABLE NOVALIDATE PRIMARY KEY;
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Oracle Part 2
1 PRIMARY KEY UNIQUE
2 PRIMARY
KEY
.
3 CONSTRAINT
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Oracle Part 2
:Function
CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION function_name
] )][ (parameter [,parameter
RETURN return_datatype
IS | AS
][declaration_section
BEGIN
executable_section
[EXCEPTION
]exception_section
;]END [function_name
function_name CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION

REPLACE CREATE OR
FUNCTION REPLACE
] )[ ([parameter [,parameter
IN .
OUT
IN OUT
.
:RETURN return_datatype
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Oracle Part 2
IS | AS :IS
.
:BEGIN
executable_section
SELECT
]:EXCEPTION
[exception_section

;[function_name] END

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Oracle Part 2
:
CREATE OR REPLACE Function FindCourse
( name_in IN varchar2 )
RETURN number
IS
cnumber number; cursor c1 is
select course_number
from courses_tbl
where course_name = name_in;
BEGIN
open c1;
fetch c1 into cnumber;
if c1%notfound then
cnumber := 9999;
end if;
close c1;
RETURN cnumber;
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
raise_application_error(-20001,'An error was encountered '||SQLCODE||' -ERROR- '||SQLERRM);
END;
:( Procedure)
CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name
[ (parameter [,parameter]) ]
IS
[declaration_section]
BEGIN
executable_section
[EXCEPTION
exception_section]
END [procedure_name];
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Oracle Part 2
procedure_name CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE

Procedure OR CREATE
REPLACE PROCEDURE PROCEDURE
REPLACE PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE
] )[ ([parameter [,parameter

:
IN .
OUT .
IN OUT
.
/ IS :
.Procedure
:BEGIN
executable section
Procedure SELECT
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Oracle Part 2
:EXCEPTION
[exception section]

END [PROCEDURE_name];
. Procedure
:
CREATE OR REPLACE Procedure UpdateCourse
( name_in IN varchar2 )
IS
cnumber number; cursor c1 is
select course_number
from courses_tbl
where course_name = name_in;
BEGIN
open c1;
fetch c1 into cnumber;
if c1%notfound then
cnumber := 9999;
end if;
insert into student_courses
( course_name,
course_number)
values ( name_in,
cnumber );
commit;
close c1;
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
raise_application_error(-20001,'An error was encountered '||SQLCODE||' -ERROR- '||SQLERRM);
END;
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Oracle Part 2
:TRIGGER
TRIGGER

FUNCTION PROCEDURE
CREATE or REPLACE TRIGGER trigger_name

TRIGGER TYPE
ON table_name
[ FOR EACH ROW ]
DECLARE
-- variable declarations
BEGIN
-- trigger code
EXCEPTION
WHEN ...
-- exception handling
END;
trigger_name CREATE or REPLACE TRIGGER

CREATE OR REPLACE Trigger
REPLACE TRIGGER TRIGGER
TRIGGER TRIGGERJ
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Oracle Part 2
:TYPE TRIGGER
Trigger Delete Update Trigger Insert Triggers
:ON table_name
[ FOR EACH ROW ]

:
views 1
new 2
old 3
:(Triggers Insert )
:INSERT Trigger BEFOR

BEFORE INSERT
ON table_name
[ FOR EACH ROW ]
DECLARE
BEGIN
-- trigger code
EXCEPTION
WHEN ...
END;
:
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Oracle Part 2
:
CREATE TABLE orders
( order_id number(5),
quantity number(4),
cost_per_item number(6,2),
total_cost number(8,2),
create_date date,
created_by varchar2(10)
);
:
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER orders_before_insert
BEFORE INSERT
ON orders
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
v_username varchar2(10);
BEGIN --
SELECT user INTO v_username
FROM dual; -- new
:new.create_date := sysdate; --
new
INSERT
:new.created_by := v_username;
END;
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Oracle Part 2
:AFTER INSERT
AFTER INSERT
ON table_name
[ FOR EACH ROW ]
DECLARE
BEGIN
-- trigger code
EXCEPTION
WHEN ...
END;
:
:
CREATE TABLE orders
( order_id number(5),
quantity number(4),
cost_per_item number(6,2),
total_cost number(8,2)
);
:
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER orders_after_insert
AFTER INSERT
ON orders
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
v_username varchar2(10);
BEGIN
-- Find username of person performing the INSERT into the
table
SELECT user INTO v_username
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FROM dual; -- Insert record into audit table

INSERT INTO orders_audit
( order_id,
quantity,
cost_per_item,
total_cost,
username )
VALUES
( :new.order_id,
:new.quantity,
:new.cost_per_item,
:new.total_cost,
v_username );
END

:Drop a Trigger /
DROP TRIGGER trigger_name;
:
DROP TRIGGER orders_before_insert;
:DISABLE
ALTER TRIGGER trigger_name DISABLE;
:
ALTER TRIGGER orders_before_insert DISABLE;
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Oracle Part 2
:
ALTER TABLE table_name DISABLE ALL TRIGGERS;
:
ALTER TABLE orders DISABLE ALL TRIGGERS;
:
ALTER TRIGGER trigger_name ENABLE;
:
ALTER TRIGGER orders_before_insert ENABLE;
:
ALTER TABLE table_name ENABLE ALL TRIGGERS;
:
ALTER TABLE orders ENABLE ALL TRIGGERS;
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Oracle Part 2
:
1
2
3 SELECT
4
5
6 .SELECT
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Oracle Part 2
Views
views
.
:View
CREATE VIEW view_name AS

SELECT columns
FROM table
WHERE predicates;
:
CREATE VIEW sup_orders AS
SELECT supplier.supplier_id, orders.quantity, orders.price
FROM supplier, orders
WHERE supplier.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id
and supplier.supplier_name = 'IBM';
: view
SELECT *
FROM sup_orders;
: view
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT columns
FROM table
WHERE predicates;
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Oracle Part 2
:
CREATE or REPLACE VIEW sup_orders AS
SELECT supplier.supplier_id, orders.quantity, orders.price
FROM supplier, orders
WHERE supplier.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id
and supplier.supplier_name = 'Microsoft';
: view
DROP VIEW view_name;
:
DROP VIEW sup_orders;
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Oracle Part 2
: Synonyms
tables, Synonyms
,views, sequences, stored procedures

.
:
create [or replace] [public] synonym [schema .] synonym_name
for [schema .] object_name [@ dblink];
Synonyms replace or
public
.schema
table package
view materialized view
sequence java class schema object
stored procedure user-defined object
function synonym
:
create public synonym suppliers
for app.suppliers;
puplic suppliers app synonym
synonym
[COLOR=blue]select * from suppliers;[/COLOR]
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Oracle Part 2
: synonym
create or replace public synonym suppliers
for app.suppliers;
:synonym
drop [public] synonym [schema .] synonym_name [force];
puplic synonym public
synonym force
.oject
:
drop public synonym suppliers;
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Oracle Part 2
ROLES

Creating a Role Role privileges Role system
CREATE ROLE role_name

| [ NOT IDENTIFIED
| IDENTIFIED {BY password | USING [schema.] package
;} EXTERNALLY | GLOBALLY
role_name role
: NOT IDENTIFIED role role
.role
:IDENTIFIED role
:BY password
role
:USING package role
: EXTERNALLY
EXTERNALLY .role
: GLOBALLY
.enterprise
NOT IDENTIFIED IDENTIFIED

role .NOT IDENTIFIED
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Oracle Part 2
:
role test_role
;CREATE ROLE test_role
role
CREATE ROLE test_role
;IDENTIFIED BY test123
Roles Grant Privileges (on Tables) to
role privilege
:
Select select
Insert
Update
Delete
References Constraints
Alter
Index index
:
grant privileges on object to role_name
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Oracle Part 2
:Roles
grant select, insert, update, delete on suppliers to test_role;
:Roles
grant all on suppliers to test_role;
:Roles
Revoke Privileges (on Tables) to Roles
Roles
revoke privileges on object from role_name;
:
revoke delete on suppliers from test_role;
:
revoke all on suppliers from test_role;
:roles
revoke execute on object from role_name;
:
revoke execute on Find_Value from test_role;
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Oracle Part 2
: Roles
Granting the Role to a User

:
GRANT role_name TO user_name;
:
GRANT test_role to smithj;
:The SET ROLE statement
Roles Set Role
SET ROLE
( role_name [ IDENTIFIED BY password ]
| ALL [EXCEPT role1, role2, ... ]
| NONE );
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Oracle Part 2
Oracle Part 2
:
ABAHE DHID
.

...

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Oracle Part 2

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Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

Files ) user_data01.dbf .( user_data02.db

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

SQL Dictionary tables

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

) pointing (CHKP ).Database Block Writer (DBWn

Redo Log LGRW

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

Database buffer cache Dirty

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

:Archived Redo Log

Online Redo Log

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

Processes servicing user

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

Server Process Oracle

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

Database Buffer cache

Log Writer (LGWR)/

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

(SMON ) System Monitor

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

( PMON) Process Monitor

Arab British Academy for Higher Education.

:( System Global Area ) SGA