Highway Design project

Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4
Chapter1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.Geometric design of roads ..................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter2: Alignments- Horizontal Alignment ............................................................................................... 7
2.Horizontal alignment ................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Needed and considerations of horizontal curve ................................................................................. 7
2.2 Types of horizontal curves .................................................................................................................. 8
2.3 Elements of a horizontal curve ........................................................................................................... 9
2.4 Calculations of the horizontal alignment .......................................................................................... 10
2.4.1 Points of intersections (PIS) of the routs .................................................................................... 10
2.4.2 Azimuths and Distances ............................................................................................................. 11
2.4.3 Chainages of the point of intersections (PIs) ............................................................................. 14
2.4.4 Intersection Angles (s) ............................................................................................................. 15
2.4.5 Radius of the curve .................................................................................................................... 16
2.4.6 Curve information ...................................................................................................................... 17
2.4.7 Chainages of the points after insertion of curves ...................................................................... 18
2.4.8 Coordinates of POB, BC1, EC1, BC2, EC2, BC3, EC3 and EP ............................................................ 19
2.4.9 Deflection angles and chords for all horizontal curves .............................................................. 20
2.5 Horizontal Alignment drawing .......................................................................................................... 24
2.6 Superelevation and diagrams ........................................................................................................... 25
2.6.1 Superelevation Attainment Methods and Diagram ................................................................... 26
2.6.2 Superelevation Transitions ........................................................................................................ 27
2.6.3 Calculations and Diagrams for all curves ................................................................................... 29
Chapter3: Alignments- Vertical Alignment ................................................................................................. 32
3. Vertical Alignment................................................................................................................................... 32
3.1 Grades ............................................................................................................................................... 32
3.2 Vertical Curves .................................................................................................................................. 33
3.2.1 Elements of Vertical Curves ....................................................................................................... 34
3.2.2 Types of Vertical Curves ............................................................................................................. 35
3.2.3 Longitudinal section calculation ................................................................................................ 35
3.2.4 Longitudinal section drawing ..................................................................................................... 42
1

Chapter 4: Cross Section ............................................................................................................................. 43

4. Cross Section ........................................................................................................................................... 43
4.1 Elements of Cross Section ................................................................................................................. 43
4.2 Cross Section drawings ..................................................................................................................... 44
4.2.1 Cross Section @ Chainage 2+500 ............................................................................................... 44
4.2.2 Cross Section @ Chainage 2+750 ............................................................................................... 45
4.2.3 Cross Section @ Chainage 2+850 ............................................................................................... 45
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 46
References .................................................................................................................................................. 47

List of figures
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3

Geometric roadway design alignment (3)

Plan view (horizontal alignment) (7)

Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7

Elements of the horizontal curve (6)

Cases of azimuth
Superelevation (7)
Relationship between speed and side friction
factor (7)

Figure 8
Figure 9

Superelevation Transitions (4)

Elements of a Superelevation Transitions (Right
Hand Curve) (4)

Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14

Critical lengths of the grades (7)

Upgrade and downgrade (8)
Critical lengths of the grades (7)
Vertical Curve (7)
Types of Vertical Curve (7)

Types of horizontal curve (5)

List of tables
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6

Points and coordinates

Azimuths and distances for points
Chainages of points
Intersection angles
Curves information
Chainages of the points after insertion of
curves

Table 7

Coordinates of POB, BC1, EC1, BC2, EC2,

BC3, EC3 and EP

Table 8
Table 9

Elevations of the curve

Results of the drawing

Introduction
The design of any highway is important because it will carry vehicles and
passengers. There are many things must be determined to design the road, such as
superelevation of the road and grade.
In this project, at the beginning I mensioned about geometric design of the road
and what factors can influence the geometric degsin of the road. Then, I mentioned
different types of alignment, such as horizontal alignment which is in chapter 2 and
vertical alignment in chapter 3. For each type, I mentioned definition types of the
curve and calculations that I did for different curves. Finally, the last chapter is
about cross section and three drawings for three curves.

Chapter1
1.Geometric design of roads
The geometric design of roads is a part of the highway engineering that focus on the locations
and positions of any factual items of the roadway depending on limitations and principles
(standards). Among the main goals of the geometric design are to reduce the costs and
environmental harm, and to increase and improve competency and integrity. The significant
impartial is livability which can be distinct as the roads designed to stand- in wider communal
objectives, such as provision of access to jobs and schools, as well as the use of various means of
transportation and traveling, for example, walking, transit and bicycling in accordance to reduce
the usage of fuel. (1)

There many factors that can influence the geometric design of the roads, such as:
1. Cost
2. The type of the road
3. Topography
4. Design speed (2)

There are three main portions of the geometric roadway design, which are:
1. Alignment
2. Cross- section
3. Profile

They are providing the Three-dimensional planning of the road. (1)

Alignment: is the route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal tangents and curves.
Cross section: shows the position and number of vehicle and bicycle lanes, along with their
cross slope or banking. Cross sections also show drainage features, pavement structure and other
items outside the category of geometric design.
Profile: is the vertical aspect of the road, including crest and sag curves, and the straight grade
lines connecting them. (1)

Figure 1: Geometric roadway design alignment (3)

Chapter2: Alignments- Horizontal Alignment

There are two types of roadway alignments:
1. Horizontal alignment
2. Vertical alignment

2.Horizontal alignment
Definition: Horizontal curves are evolutions among two tangents. All these ricochet variations
are to evade any influences of ground conditions, such as rain.

Figure 2: Plan view (horizontal alignment) (7)

2.1 Needed and considerations of horizontal curve

It is required for the incremental change in when the trend point immediately to cross is not
possible, such as freeways, highways and high-speed routes with a continual movement of
traffic. The horizontal curve has many considerations, such as the design speed, superelevation
(Runoff & Runout), radius of the curve and side friction factor. (4)

2.2 Types of horizontal curves

1. Simple curve: it is a curve that has a one radius which linked to two tangents
2. Compound curve: two simple curves each has different radius and the shorter radius is
equal to 2/3 of the larger radius and the length must be greater than 250m
3. Reverse curve: it is consist of two reversed circular curves which are joining together by
a small tangent
4. Spiral curve: entering transition into a simple curve with a variable rate of curvature
along its layout
5. Broken-Back Curve: it consist of two curves which moving in the identical course and
they are allied by a short tangent

Figure 3: Types of horizontal curve (5)

2.3 Elements of a horizontal curve

There are elements that any horizontal curve consist of as shown in the figure below:

The beginning point of the curve is called PC.

The end of the curve is called PT.
The distance from PI to PC or from PI to PT is called (T) which the tangent distance.
The PI is the intersecting point of two tangents.
The radius (R) of curvature is the radius of the circle whose are forms the curve from the
PC to the PT.
The length of curve (L) is the distance from the PC to the PT along the curve.
The angle of intersection () is the exterior angle at the PI
The external distance (E) is the distance from the PI to the midpoint of the curve.
The long chord (C) is the straight-line distance from the PC to the PT.
The middle ordinate (M) is the distance from the midpoint of the curve to the midpoint of
the long chord. (5)

Figure 4: Elements of the horizontal curve (6)

2.4 Calculations of the horizontal alignment

2.4.1 Points of intersections (PIS) of the routs
Steps:
1. We have to find each coordinate for each point
2. Starting with the first point ( POB) , by using ruler we measure the distance in the north
direction and in the east direction then we add or minus the distance from the previous
coordinate or from the next coordinate
3. We continue like this to find the all PIs

Figure 5: Cases of azimuth

Table1: Points and coordinates
Eastings

Northings

POB

3190319

13049

PI1

3190400

12747

PI2

3191438

12639

PI3

3191379

12417

EP

3191537

12220.938
10

2.4.2 Azimuths and Distances

Steps:
1. By using the previous coordinates, we can find first azimuths by two steps:
2. First: Find the differences in distances between easting and northing coordinates
Second: Find the , by applying this formula

= tan-1 ( )
Whereas x: is the difference between easting coordinates for two points
y: is the difference between northing coordinates for two points
3. By using the rules of azimuths
4. Then, finding the differences in distances between easting coordinates and northing
5. Using this formula to find the distances

Azimuth and Distance from POB to PI1:

POB: (3190319, 13049)
PI1: (3190400, 12747)

= tan-1 (

= 150 51

13049

302

Because coordinates are located in

the second quarter, I used the

POB

12747
81

PI1

second case where azimuth= 180-

Azimuth = 180- 150 51

3190319
19

3190400

= 16459 9

= 312.674 m
11

Azimuth and Distance from PI1 to PI2:

PI1: (3190400, 12747)
PI2: (3191438, 12639)
-1

= tan (

12747

PI1
108

= 843 36

12639

1038

Because coordinates are located in

the second quarter, I used the

PI2
3191438

3190400

second case where azimuth= 180-

Azimuth = 180- 843 36
= 9556 24

= 1043.603 m

Azimuth and Distance from PI2 to PI3:

PI2: (3191438, 12639)
PI3: (3191379, 12417)

= tan-1 (

= 1452 60
Because coordinates are located in
the third quarter, I used the

PI2
12639
222
12417

PI3
3191379

59

3191438

third case where azimuth= 180+

Azimuth = 180+ 1452 60
= 19452 60

= 229.70 m
12

Azimuth and Distance from PI3 to EP:

PI3: (3191379, 12417)
EP: (3191537, 12220.938)
-1

= tan (

PI3

12417

196.062

= 3851 51

12220.93
8

Azimuth = 180- 3851 51

= 1418 9

158

3191379

EP

3191537

Because coordinates are located in

the second quarter, I used the
second case where azimuth= 180-

= 251.802 m

Azimuths and Distances:

Table2: Azimuths and distances for points
Azimuth

Distance (m)

POB to PI1

16459 9

312.6739

PI1 to PI2

9556 24

1043.603

PI2 to PI3

19452 60

229.70

PI3 to EP

1418 9

251.802

13

2.4.3 Chainages of the point of intersections (PIs)

Steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.

After we checked all distances and coordinates by AutoCAD, we find the chainages
The starting point POB has chainage of 2+000
Then, we have to add the distance that we found itbefore to get the chainage of PI1
After that, continue until finding all chainages

Table3: Chainages of points

Point

Chainage

POB

2+000

PI1

(2+000) + ( 312.674)= 2+312.674

PI2

(2+312.674) + (1043.603)= 3+356.277

PI3

(3+356.277) + ( 299.70)= 3+585.977

EP

(3+585.977) + (251.802)= 3+837.779

The way of calculation:

The beginning point is POB= 2+000
PI1= POB+ (distance from POB to PI1)
PI2= PI1+ (distance from PI1 to PI2)
PI3= PI2+ (distance from PI2 to PI3)
EP= PI3+ (distance from PI3 to EP)

14

2.4.4 Intersection Angles (s)

Steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Find for each point

Using azimuths from the previous calculation
Minus azimuth of PI1 from POB
Take the absolute value for

The way of calculation:

1= PI1- POB
= 9556 24 - 16459 9
= -692 45 = 692 45
2= PI2- PI1
= 19452 60 - 9556 24
= 9856 36

3= PI3- PI2
= 1418 9 - 19452 60
= 5344 51

Intersection Angles (s):

Table4: Intersection angles
1
2
3

15

2.4.5 Radius of the curve

According to the condition of the site and space, we decided the radius for each curve

Curve1:
R1= 350m
e= 3%
f= 0.12
By using this formula, we calculate v:

When we calculate v, it becomes small: v= 81.7 km/h = 80km/h

As we need high speed, we have to increase the radius and we decided it to be R= 400m
and keeping e & f as they are

Curve2:
R= 70 m
e= 6%
f= 0.12
When we substitute, we got v= 40 km/h

Curve3:
R= 80 m
e= 5%
f= 0.12
When we substitute, we got v= 41.56 km/h= 40 km/h

16

2.4.6 Curve information

Steps:
1. Using s that we found it before and Radii
2. By using three formulas, we can find L, Ch and T for each curve
L = 2R /360 (meters)

C. = 2R sin /2 (meters)

T = R tan /2 (meters)

Table5: Curves information

Curve

Deltas (s)

Radius (R)

Length (L)

Chord (Ch)

Tangent (T)

400 m

482.031 m

453.389 m

275.15 m

70 m

120.882 m

106.412 m

81.88 m

80 m

75.046 m

72.324 m

40.54 m

The way of calculation:

Curve1:
L = 2 (400) (692`45``)/360 = 482.031 m
C. = 2(400) sin (692`45``)/2= 453.389 m
T = (400) tan (692`45``)/2= 275.15 m
Curve2:
L = 2 (70) (9856`36``)/360 = 120.882 m
C. = 2(70) sin (9856`36``)/2= 106.412 m
T = (70) tan (9856`36``)/2= 81.88 m
Curve3:
L = 2 (80) (5344`51``)/ 360 = 75.046 m
C. = 2(80) sin (5344`51``)/ 2= 72.324 m
T = (80) tan (5344`51``)/ 2= 40.54 m

17

2.4.7 Chainages of the points after insertion of curves

Steps:
1. By using AutoCAD Program, we can obtain the length of the straight line that connected
each two points
2. When we figure the first which connect POB to BC1, we add CH of POB which 2+000 to
the length to get CH of BC1
3. Then, length from BC1 to EC1and add the length to the CH of BC1 to get CH@ EC1
4. Continue by the same way until we reach EP

Table6: Chainages of the points after insertion of curves

Point

Chainage

POB

2+000

BC1

(2+000) + ( 37.532)= 2+037.532

EC1

(2+037.532) + (482.031)= 2+519.563

BC2

(2+519.563) + ( 686.582)= 3+206.145

EC2

(3+206.145) + (120.882)= 3+327.027

BC3

(3+327.027) + (107.292)= 3+434.319

EC3

(3+434.319) + (75.046)= 3+509.365

EP

(3+509.365) + (211.262)= 3+720.627

18

2.4.8 Coordinates of POB, BC1, EC1, BC2, EC2, BC3, EC3 and EP
By using the AutoCAD program, in the command I type ID and select the point (chainage).
Then, we can see the coordinate for each of them in the horizontal alignment drawing.

Table7: Coordinates of POB, BC1, EC1, BC2, EC2, BC3, EC3 and EP
Point

Easting

Northing

POB

3190319.000

13049.000

BC1

3190328.721

13012.756

EC1

3190673.671

12718.526

BC2

3191356.562

12647.473

EC2

3191416.970

12559.870

BC3

3191389.413

12456.180

EC3

3191404.438

12385.434

EP

3191537.000

12220.938

19

2.4.9 Deflection angles and chords for all horizontal curves

By using the previous values of chainages, Ls, R and s and given formulas, we can calculate
deflection angles and chord by substitute values in formulas

Deflection angle =

Chord = 2R sin deflection angle/2

Where:
l is the difference between each two chainages, the second chainage minus the first and
continue
L is the length of the curve
R is the radius of the curve
is the intersection angle

Steps:
1. Start the calculation with BC for each curve
2. Then choose the nearest number to the BC
3. After that, the rest of chainages will have 50 for fist curve as difference between them
until reaching the EC chainage, then 20 for second and third curves
4. Find l by minus each chainage from the chainage above it
5. Find deflection angle by substitute in formula

Deflection angle =
6. Find chord by substitute in this formula

Chord = 2R sin deflection angle/2

20

Curve 1:
Curve

Deltas (s)

Radius (R)

Length (L)

400 m

482.031 m

Steps:
1. Start the calculation with BC1= 2037.532
2. Then choose the nearest number to 2037.532 which is 2050.
3. After that, the rest of chainages will have 50 as difference between them until
reaching the EC1= 2519.563
4. Find l by ( 2519.563-2037.532=12.468)
5. Find deflection angle by substitute in formula

=
6. Find chord by substitute in this formula
2(400) sin 053`35``/2= 12.489

Chainage

Length (l)

Deflection angle

Tangential angle

Chord

2037.532

2050

12.468

2100

50

2150

50

2200

50

2250

50

2300

50

2350

50

2400

50

2450

50

2500

50

2519.563

19.563

21

Curve 2:
Curve

Deltas (s)

Radius (R)

Length (L)

70 m

120.882 m

2
Steps:

1. Start the calculation with BC2= 3206.145

2. Then choose the nearest number to 3206.145 which is 3210
3. After that, the rest of chainages will have 20 as difference between them until
reaching the EC2= 3327.027
4. Find l by (3206.145-3327.027=3.855)
5. Find deflection angle by substitute in formula

=
6. Find chord by substitute in this formula
2(70) sin

/2= 3.855

Chainage

Length (l)

Deflection angle

Tangential angle

Chord

3206.145

3210

3.855

3230

20

3250

20

3270

20

3290

20

3310

20

3327.027

17.027

22

Curve 3:
Curve

Deltas (s)

Radius (R)

Length (L)

80 m

75.046 m

Steps:
1. Start the calculation with BC3= 3434.319
2. Then choose the nearest number to 3434.319which is 3440.
3. After that, the rest of chainages will have 20 as difference between them until
reaching the EC3= 3509.365
4. Find l by (3434.319-3509.365=5.681)
5. Find deflection angle by substitute in formula

=
6. Find chord by substitute in this formula
2(80) sin

/2= 5.680

Chainage

Length (l)

Deflection angle

Tangential angle

Chord

3434.319

3440

5.681

3460

20

3480

20

3500

20

3509.365

9.365

23

2.5 Horizontal Alignment drawing

24

2.6 Superelevation and diagrams

Definition: Is the sloping of the roadway surface upward toward the outside of the curve. Also, it
permits a driver to negotiate a curve more rapidly speed than would otherwise be contented. In
highway design, it is necessary to establish limiting values of superelevation (emax) based on the
operational characteristics of the facility. The concrete upper limits 6%.
Some of the factors that limiting the superelevation:
- Low speed
- High/ Loose suspension of some vehicles
- Weather

Figure6: Superelevation (7)

Superelevation and side friction work together to offset the outward pull of the vehicle as it
traverses the horizontal curve, in the graph below we can consider different speed and side
friction

25

Figure7: Relationship between speed and side friction factor (7)

2.6.1 Superelevation Attainment Methods and Diagram

There are different methods to find the superelevation:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Rotate toured way with standard irritated slopes about the centerline outline
Rotate toured way with standard irritated slopes about the inside-edge outline
Rotate toured way with standard irritated slopes about the outside-edge outline
Rotate toured way with straight cross slope about the outside-edge outline (4)

26

2.6.2 Superelevation Transitions

Runoff
Along the way necessary to complete the change in the out of passage across the ramp from zero
to full
Runout
Along the way necessary to complete the change in the out of passage across the ramp from
normal rate to zero (4)

Figure 8: Superelevation Transitions (4)

27

Runoff
For the exterior and convenience, the long of the superelevation runoff must be founded on the
difference among max satisfactory longitudinal grades from rotational axis and the edge of the
sidewalk. Detecting the part of the run-off in the tangent, in primary of the PC, is the best
because this tempted to reduce the rush lateral acceleration which led frictional side demand.
In drawing, 2/3 of the runoff will be on the tangent and 1/3 of the runoff will be on the curve. (4)

Figure 9: Elements of a Superelevation Transitions (Right Hand Curve) (4)

28

2.6.3 Calculations and Diagrams for all curves

According to my project, there are three curves, so first I should find CRL and the length for
each drawing. Then, draw the superelevation diagram.
To be able to draw the superelevation diagram we should find CRL and L for each one by using
these formulas.

Curve 1:

Table 1:
f

2%

3%

= 30.030

= 45.045

Diagram 1: Left Hand Curve

-2%

-2%

0%

-2%

CRL= 30.030

-3%

-2%

+2%

CRL= 30.030

(2/3) L= 30.030

+3%

(1/3) L= 15.015

3%
2%

0%

-2%

-3%

LL

Name: Khaloud AkJaberi

ID: H00204323

ECVL N310

29

Curve 2:

Table 2:
f

2%

6%

= 30.030

= 90.090

Diagram 2: Right Hand Curve

-2%

-2%

0%

-2%

CRL= 30.030

-6%

-2%

+2%

CRL= 30.030

(2/3) L= 60.06

(1/3) L= 30.03

+6%

+2%
0%
-2%

RL

-6%

30

+6%

Curve 3:

Table 3:
f

2%

5%

= 30.030

= 75.075

Diagram 3: Left Hand Curve

-5%
-2%

-2%

-2%

CRL= 30.030

-2%

0%

+2%

CRL= 30.030

(2/3) L= 50.050

+5%

(1/3) L= 25.025

+5%
+2%

0%

-2%

LL

-5%

31

Chapter3: Alignments- Vertical Alignment

3. Vertical Alignment
The second type of alignments is vertical alignment. There are two main elements of the vertical
alignment which are grades and vertical curves.

Figure 10: Critical lengths of the grades (7)

3.1 Grades
The properties of proportion and measurement of the grade are supplementary distinct on the
functioning features of Lorries than cars users and as a result may present objectionable
rapidity differences among the types of vehicles. The critical length of the grade is used to
specify the extreme dimension of a quantified rising gradient upon that a overloaded truck
may activate starved of an irrational decrease in speed (commonly 10 mph [15 km/h]). (7)
Gradients can be upgrade with positive sign and downgrade with negative sign.

Figure 11: Upgrade and downgrade (8)

32

In the figure below, we can consider the relationship of the percent upgrade, the length of
the grads and the reduction speed of truck. Also, the critical length of grade is surpassed
for two-lane highways, climbing lanes should be considered.

Figure 12: Critical lengths of the grades (7)

3.2 Vertical Curves

Definition: Identifies the raises (elevations) of any point among the highway. These elevations
are specified by the requirement for appropriate sanitation and the safety driver. Also, it affords
steady variations among tangents of altered grades.

33

3.2.1 Elements of Vertical Curves

1. The beginning grade of the roads is called G1, the final grade of the road is called G2 and
they are in percentages
2. The beginning point of the curve is called PVC
3. The end of the vertical curve is called PVT
4. The point of intersection of two tangents is called PVI
5. The horizontal distance which is the length of the curve is called L ( from PVC to PVT)
6. A is the absolute value of the variance between two grades

Figure 13: Vertical Curve (7)

34

3.2.2 Types of Vertical Curves

There are two different types of vertical curves:

Crest vertical curve

Sag vertical curve

Figure 14: Types of Vertical Curve (7)

3.2.3 Longitudinal section calculation

The calculation of vertical curve consists of many steps, such as determining the original ground level
(OGL) and design level.

1. Determine elevations
Steps:
4. Select a point which is in my project the beginning of the curve
2+000

35

5. Find g, first find the difference between 466 and 464

466-464= 2
6. Then, draw a line from 464 to the node of the point
7. Last, extend the line and type list in the command and select the line to
find the horizontal length in order to find g

8.

9.

Find the distance by typing DIST in the

command then select the point of the
beginning of the line that I drew before to
the node of the point
Calculate the elevation of 2+000

36

I found elevations only for first five points and estimated for the rest
1. Elevation @ 2+000
g= 466-464= 2
L= 9.254
x= 0.638
Elevation= (464) + (
2. Elevation @ 2+050
g= 466-464= 2
L= 9.164
x= 7.625
Elevation= (464) + (
3. Elevation @ 2+100
g= 470-468= 2
L= 9.198
x= 1.193
Elevation= (468) + (
4. Elevation @ 2+150
g= 472-470= 2
L= 10.624
x= 6.048
Elevation= (470) + (
5. Elevation @ 2+200
g= 474-472= 2
L= 11.660
x= 8.904
Elevation= (472) + (

37

10.

After finding elevations, draw circle in the and R= OGL- Datum (400) then draw lines
from each center to center in order to draw the OGL line which is circulated by yellow
circle

2. Determine the Formation Level

Steps:
1. By using this formula find G

2. Find G1:

3. Find G2

38

4. Find length of the vertical curve

A= G1 G2
|
=|
|
=|

Given that V= 100 km/hr

From the drawing, my curve is crest so when V= 100, k will be 105 from the graph below

By using this formula, we can calculate the length

L=KA
Where K = the rate of change of curvature;
A = the algebraic difference of the grades in the direction of
travel (G2 G1)

39

So, L= AK
= (4.957) (105)
= 520.485= 600m
L= 600m

By using excel sheet, we can calculate elevations by entering G1 , G2, the

length of the curve and A
Table 8: Elevations of curve
CHAINAGE A

X^2

A/200L

Tangent
Elevation

Road
Elevation

G1

G2

3.878 -1.079

2500 -4.957 600

0.000

-0.00004131

0.000

477.377

477.377

2550 -4.957 600

50.000

2500

-0.00004131

-0.103

479.316

479.213

2600 -4.957 600 100.000 10000

-0.00004131

-0.413

481.255

480.842

2650 -4.957 600 150.000 22500

-0.00004131

-0.929

483.194

482.265

2700 -4.957 600 200.000 40000

-0.00004131

-1.652

485.133

483.481

2750 -4.957 600 250.000 62500

-0.00004131

-2.582

487.072

484.490

2800 -4.957 600 300.000 90000

-0.00004131

-3.718

489.011

485.293

2850 -4.957 600 350.000 1E+05

-0.00004131

-5.060

490.950

485.890

2900 -4.957 600 400.000 2E+05

-0.00004131

-6.609

492.889

486.280

2950 -4.957 600 450.000 2E+05

-0.00004131

-8.365

494.828

486.463

3000 -4.957 600 500.000 3E+05

-0.00004131 -10.327

496.767

486.440

3050 -4.957 600 550.000 3E+05

-0.00004131 -12.496

498.706

486.210

3100 -4.957 600 600.000 4E+05

-0.00004131 -14.871

500.645

485.774

40

Then, filled the table in the longitudinal section drawing

Table 9: Results of the drawing
CHAINAGE

OGL

Formation Level

Cut or Fill

2+000

464.137

457.962

+6.175

2+050

465.670

459.904

+5.766

2+100

468.259

461.845

+6.414

2+150

471.139

463.787

+7.352

2+200

473.527

465.728

+7.799

2+250

476.130

476.670

-0.540

2+300

478.121

469.611

+8.510

2+350

480.313

471.553

+8.760

2+400

482.150

473.494

+8.656

2+450

486.011

475.436

+10.575

2+500

487.502

477.377

+10.125

2+550

487.901

479.213

+8.688

2+600

488.120

480.842

+7.278

2+650

488.120

482.265

+5.855

2+700

489.000

483.481

+5.519

2+750

489.000

484.490

+4.510

2+800

489.001

485.293

+3.708

2+850

484.123

485.890

-1.767

2+900

478.980

486.280

-7.300

2+950

478.012

486.463

-8.451

3+000

478.255

486.440

-8.185

3+050

480.125

486.210

-6.085

3+100

481.475

485.774

-4.299

3+150

481.475

485.213

-3.738

3+200

482.123

484.674

-2.551

3+250

483.132

484.134

-1.002

3+300

479.890

483.594

-3.704

3+350

478.123

483.054

-4.931

3+400

477.981

482.514

-4.533
41

3+450

477.012

481.974

-4.962

3+500

475.612

481.434

-5.822

3+550

474.980

480.894

-5.914

3+600

477.123

480.354

-3.231

3+650

478.540

479.814

-1.274

3+700

478.012

479.274

-1.262

3.2.4 Longitudinal section drawing

42

Chapter 4: Cross Section

4. Cross Section
Definition: A cross section is a vertical plane (slice) taken at right angles to the road control line
showing the various elements that make up the roads structure. It is normally viewed in the
direction of increasing chainage. (9)

Figure 15: Typical Cross Section (9)

4.1 Elements of Cross Section

Cross section consists of many elements, such as:

Road Reserve
Formation

Carriageway
Pavement

Traffic Lane
Batters

Batter Benches
43

Catch Drains

Verge

Table Drain

Shoulder

4.2 Cross Section drawings

In my project, there are three different cross sections drawings for different chainages. Chainages are
2+500, 2+750 and 2+850.

4.2.1 Cross Section @ Chainage 2+500

44

4.2.2 Cross Section @ Chainage 2+750

4.2.3 Cross Section @ Chainage 2+850

45

Conclusion
At the end, designing a highway is a complex and difficult thing. It is important
that the engineer making sure about the safety of the road for the vehicles and
users. From this project, I learnt that to be able to design highway you should have
enough and good information about every element in the road which can influence
the design of the highway. From each point in this project I learnt many things that
will help me in the future as I will be an engineer. Going step by step is a way to
have great highway designing.

46

References
1. geometric design. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved June 21, 2014, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_design_of_roads#Curve_sight_Distance
2. Horizontal alignment, Class handout, outcome 2

3. Blog Archives. (n.d.). ReviewCivilPE. Retrieved June 21, 2014, from

http://www.reviewcivilpe.com/tag/transportation-breadth-2/
4. horizontal curve. (n.d.). http://www.ugpti.org/dotsc/engcenter/downloads/HorizontalCurves.pdf.
Retrieved June 1, 2014, from
http://www.ugpti.org/dotsc/engcenter/downloads/HorizontalCurves.pdf
5. Military. (n.d.). FM 5-430-00-1 Chptr 9 Road Design. Retrieved June 21, 2014, from
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/5-430-00-1/CH9.htm
6. Geometric Design Lecture5 Prof. Garrick. (n.d.). Geometric Design Lecture5 Prof. Garrick.
Retrieved June 21, 2014, from http://www.engr.uconn.edu/~garrick/ce371/l05-08.htm
7. vertical alignment . (n.d.).
http://onlinemanuals.txdot.gov/txdotmanuals/rdw/vertical_alignment.htm#BGBBEADH.
Retrieved June 2, 2014, from
http://onlinemanuals.txdot.gov/txdotmanuals/rdw/vertical_alignment.htm#BGBBEADH
8. vertical alignment, Handout, Outcome 3

9. cross section. (n.d.).

http://www.usq.edu.au/course/material/SVY2301/CIV2701/Lectures/Lecturer%208%20%20CIV2701%20-%20Cross%20Sections.pdf. Retrieved June 1, 2014, from
http://www.usq.edu.au/course/material/SVY2301/CIV2701/Lectures/Lecturer%208%20%20CIV2701%20-%20Cross%20Sections.pdf
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