VSAM - Session - 1

Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM)
Objectives of VSAM
To be strong on VSAM concepts
To be able to process a VSAM Dataset in a COBOL
program.
Learning & Culture

All work described was performed by Capgemini or a Capgemini affiliate
2007 Capgemini - All rights reserved 1
Table of Contents (Session 1)

Introduction to VSAM
Features of VSAM
Types of VSAM files
Characteristics of VSAM
VSAM objects
Control Interval
Control Area
Control Interval Splits and Control Area Splits.

Creation of a VSAM File using IDCAMS DEFINE CLUSTER
Adding Records to a VSAM file using IDCAMS REPRO
Common Errors
Changes to a COBOL Program while using a VSAM file.
Learning & Culture

Table of Contents (Session 2)

Introduction to VSAM-AIX
Rules for creating a VSAM AIX
AIX with Unique Keys and Non-Unique Keys
Creation of an VSAM-AIX File using IDCAMS DEFINE AIX
Adding Records to the AIX Cluster using IDCAMS BLDINDEX
Creation of a PATH using IDCAMS DEFINE PATH
Changes to the Run JCL with respect to the PATH to be used.
Learning & Culture

VSAM Session 1
Features of VSAM
Types of VSAM files
VSAM objects
Control Interval
Control Area
Control Interval Splits and Control Area Splits.

Creation of a VSAM File using IDCAMS DEFINE CLUSTER
Adding Records to a VSAM file using IDCAMS REPRO
Common Errors
Learning & Culture

VSAM Virtual Storage Access Method
One of the High performance access method on IBM

Mainframe.
Used to organize, store, catalog, retrieve and delete
datasets
VSAM Dataset is also called as a CLUSTER
Learning & Culture

Features of VSAM
All VSAM files must be created before they can be used in
the program.
All VSAM clusters must be catalogued.
VSAM data space must be allocated before the creation of
the VSAM clusters.
The VSAM clusters must reside in the space specifically

allocated for VSAM Datasets.
All VSAM clusters exist only on DASDs.
Learning & Culture
Types of VSAM Data sets
ESDS Entry Sequenced Data Set
KSDS Key Sequenced Data Set

RRDS Relative Record Data Set
LDS Linear Data Set
Learning & Culture

Entry Sequenced Data sets

Similar to a conventional Physical Sequential File.
An ESDS Cluster consists of a Data component which
contains the actual records.
Records are retrieved in the order in which they have been
written.
New records are always added at the end of the file.
Physical deletion of records is not possible.
Access can be Sequential or Direct
Direct Access is possible using RBA (Relative Byte
Addressing).
Learning & Culture

Key Sequenced Data sets

Similar to a Indexed Sequential file in many ways.
A KSDS Cluster consists of a Data component which contains the
actual records and an Index component which contains the indexes
that are used to access the records in the data component.
Records are retrieved on the basis of the Key.
Each record can be identified by a Unique primary key.
Primary key is Unique and Not Null.
Access can be Sequential, Random or Dynamic.
Sequential Access Records are read in the sequence of the key
values stored in the files index.
Random Access Key value is supplied for the record to be read.
Dynamic Access Key value is supplied to position the file pointer on
the record required and then is read sequentially.
Learning & Culture

Relative Record Data sets
Similar to a Relative file in many ways.

A RRDS Cluster consists of fixed length slots that are
numbered.
These are called as Relative Record Numbers (RRNs).
Each record can be accessed Sequentially or Randomly.
Learning & Culture

Linear Data sets
A Linear Data set is a VSAM dataset that has no record

organization.
Instead data is stored as a long stream of bytes with no
division into records.
Learning & Culture

Data Access is faster, because of the way the VSAM

Datasets are organized.
KSDS Records are inserted in a more efficient manner,
with less organization required.
VSAM groups logical records into blocks called Control
Interval.
Control intervals in turn are grouped together into Control
Areas.
Learning & Culture

VSAM Objects Control Intervals

Control Intervals
Control Interval can be thought of as the unit of data that VSAM
transfers between virtual and disk storage.
This is similar to the blocking concept in Non-VSAM files.
The size of a control intervals are generally 2K or 4K.
Control Interval
Data
Free
(multiple recs.)
Space
RDF
CIDF
(one or more)
(3 bytes)
(4 bytes)
Learning & Culture

Control Intervals (continued)
A Control Intervals consists of
Data records
Free space
Un-used space
Control Information.
RDF Record Description Field (1 or more)
CIDF Control Interval Description Field.
Learning & Culture

VSAM Objects Control Area
Control Area
A collection of adjacent Control Intervals.

Contains a minimum of 2 CIs.
It is VSAMs internal unit for allocating space within a cluster.
VSAM computes an optimum CA size which can vary depending
on the unit of allocation.
The size of a CA could vary from a minimum of one track to a
maximum of one cylinder.
Learning & Culture

Control Areas (continued)
Control Areas
Control Interval 1
Record 1
Record 2
Record 3
Control Interval 2
Record 4
Record 5
Record 6
Record 7
Record 8
Record 9
Control Interval 3
Learning & Culture

Control Interval Split

Control Interval Split
Occurs only in KSDS
Occur as a result of record insertion.
An empty CI from the CA is inserted at the point where the new record is to
be inserted.
The records from the CI are put into this new CI, to make place for the new
record.
The record to be added is inserted at the point of split.
Subsequent records after insertion point are written on to a fresh CI.
Reorganization of data set is done automatically and is transparent to the
user.
Learning & Culture

CI Split (continued)
Current Status
Control Interval 1
Record 1
Record 2
Record 5
Control Interval 2
Record 7
Record 8
Record 9
Control Interval 3
Let us now say, that record 3 is to be added, then
Learning & Culture

CI Split (continued)
New Status
Control Interval 1
Record 1
Control Interval 2
Record 5
Control Interval 3
Record 7
Record 2
Record 3
Record 8
Record 9
Learning & Culture

Control Area Split
Control Area Split

Occurs only in KSDS
Occurs when there in no space for record insertion due to an
absence of free CIs.
It is similar to a CI Split
CA splits continue until space allocation limits are exceeded.
Learning & Culture

Creation of a VSAM Cluster
To create a KSDS Cluster using IDCAMS, we use the

DEFINE CLUSTER Command.
Incase of a KSDS Dataset, usually DATA and INDEX
parameters are also coded.
The DATA and the INDEX components are two physical

datasets viewed as a cluster.
Learning & Culture

Creation of a VSAM Cluster (continued)

To create a KSDS Cluster using IDCAMS, we use the Command DEFINE CLUSTER
DEFINE CLUSTER
(NAME (USER1.KSDS.CLUSTER)
RECORDSIZE (80 80)
KEYS
(5 0 )
VOLUME
(USER02)
INDEXED
CISZ
(1000 )
REUSE
FREESPACE
(20 10)
)
DATA
(NAME
(USER1.KSDS.DATA)
)
INDEX
(NAME
( USER1.KSDS.INDEX)
)
CATALOG (USER1.USER.CATAL)
Learning & Culture

Adding Records to a VSAM file

To add records to a VSAM Cluster using IDCAMS, we use
the REPRO Command.
It is used to load VSAM cluster with records and build data
& index components for KSDS.
The records must be in the sequence of the Primary Key
field.
It can also be used to backup VSAM data on to a Physical
Sequential dataset.
Learning & Culture

Adding Records to a VSAM file (continued)
To copy records to a VSAM cluster we use the IDCAMS

command - REPRO
REPRO
INFILE (ddname of the Input file)
OUTFILE (ddname of output file)
or
REPRO
INDATASET (DSN of the Input file)
OUTDATASET (DSN of output file)
Learning & Culture

Common Errors
IDC3003I Dataset not found or missed hyphen
IDC3013I Duplicate Dataset name

IDC3314I- Action error on xxx or Record xxx out of
sequence.
Learning & Culture

Changes to COBOL program while using a VSAM Dataset

Changes to the SELECT Clause
SELECT filename ASSIGN TO ddname
ORGANIZATION INDEXED
ACCESS SEQUENTIAL / RANDOM / DYNAMIC
RECORD KEY primary-key
FILE STATUS working-storage-variable.
Changes to the modes in the OPEN verb

The OUTPUT mode is no longer required, as the VSAM datasets
should be existing before they can be used.
The EXTEND modes is no longer required, as we can add the records
in the I-O mode itself.
Learning & Culture


(continued)
Changes to the WRITE and REWRITE commands
WRITE record
INVALID KEY imperative statement.
REWRITE record
Additional commands added for KSDS Clusters

The DELETE Command
DELETE filename RECORD INVALID KEY imperative statement.
The START Command

START filename KEY = key-field INVALID KEY imperative statement.
Learning & Culture


(continued)
Changes to the READ commands
Depending on the ACCESS Method defined in the SELECT Clause,
we can have three different types of READ.
Sequential Access
READ filename AT END imperative statement.
Random or Dynamic Access

READ filename KEY IS key-field
Dynamic Access
READ filename NEXT AT END imperative statement.
Learning & Culture

Thank You For Your Time

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Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM)

Learning & Culture

Table of Contents (Session 1)

Control Interval Splits and Control Area Splits.

Learning & Culture

Table of Contents (Session 2)

Learning & Culture

Control Interval Splits and Control Area Splits.

Learning & Culture

VSAM Virtual Storage Access Method

One of the High performance access method on IBM

Learning & Culture

The VSAM clusters must reside in the space specifically

Types of VSAM Data sets

ESDS Entry Sequenced Data Set

KSDS Key Sequenced Data Set

LDS Linear Data Set

Learning & Culture

Entry Sequenced Data sets

Learning & Culture

Key Sequenced Data sets

Learning & Culture

Relative Record Data sets

Similar to a Relative file in many ways.

Learning & Culture

Linear Data sets

A Linear Data set is a VSAM dataset that has no record

Learning & Culture

Data Access is faster, because of the way the VSAM

Learning & Culture

VSAM Objects Control Intervals

Learning & Culture

Control Intervals (continued)

A Control Intervals consists of

Learning & Culture

VSAM Objects Control Area

A collection of adjacent Control Intervals.

Learning & Culture

Control Areas (continued)

Learning & Culture

Control Interval Split

Learning & Culture

Let us now say, that record 3 is to be added, then

Learning & Culture

Learning & Culture

Control Area Split

Control Area Split

Learning & Culture

Creation of a VSAM Cluster

To create a KSDS Cluster using IDCAMS, we use the

The DATA and the INDEX components are two physical

Learning & Culture

Creation of a VSAM Cluster (continued)

Learning & Culture

Adding Records to a VSAM file

Learning & Culture

Adding Records to a VSAM file (continued)

To copy records to a VSAM cluster we use the IDCAMS

OUTFILE (ddname of output file)