Ciencia e Ingeniera de

Materiales de Construccin
Tema: Introduction

Ing. Francisco Javier Vzquez Rodrguez. M.C

REFERENCES

Materiales para ingeniera civil - Michael S. Mamlouk Ed. Prentice Hall

Civil Engineering Materials (2nd Edition)
by Shan Somayaji
Materials Science and Engineering
Askeland, Donald
Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers
James F. Shackelford. Ed Prentice-Hall

FIRST EXAM

Unit 1 Introduction to Materials

Science
Materials Classification
Types of Bonds
Solids Structure
Surface Properties
Materials behavior under stress

Why study materials science?

Materials are involved with everything.
To know the materials properties, and how
and when can be used.
To know how the main materials properties are
determined.
New materials.

Role of Civil Engineer in Materials

Engineering
Design, construction, maintenance, inspection,
administration, Research and Development.

Types of Materials
Ceramic Materials
Ceramic materials are nonmetallic materials.
Ceramic materials are
usually crystalline and
fragile. They are nonconductors of heat and
electricity, and they can
withstand very high
temperatures.
Give some examples

Properties:

Hard
Wear-resistant
Brittle
Refractory
Thermal insulators
Electrical insulators
Nonmagnetic
Oxidation resistant
Thermal shock
Chemically stable

Polymeric Materials
The term "polymer" derives from the ancient Greek
word polus, meaning "many, much and meros,
meaning "parts"
Poly styrene

Poly vinyl chloride

Poly acrylonitrile

Properties:
Density
Mechanical
Properties
Melting Point
Glass Transition

Metal Materials
They are usually classified as ferrous and nonferrous metals.

Mention some metal materials properties.

Composite Materials
Composite materials (also called composition
materials or shortened to composites)
are materials made from two or more constituent
materials with significantly
different physical or chemical properties.

Civil Engineer Materials

Wood
Cement and concrete
Bituminous Materials
Concrete and clay units
Structural and reinforced steel

Ductile Materials
They are materials that have the ability to be
formed without fracturing.

Elastic Materials
A material is called elastic if the deformation
produced in the body is completely recovered
after the removal the load.

Fragile Materials
They are materials that show no permanent
elongation.

Cementitious Materials
Materials in which the main element is the cement
binding.

Give some examples

Amorphous Materials
They are materials that do not have a definite
crystal structure. Its structure is random.

Crystalline Materials
Crystalline materials have constituent atoms,
molecules, or ions arranged in an ordered pattern
extending in all three spatial dimensions.

Difference between
atomic structure and
crystal structure.
Graphite and Diamond.

Electronic Materials
They are materials with the ability to easily share
their electrons.

Insulation Materials
Materials that reduce or prevent the
transmission of heat or sound or electricity.

Magnetic Materials. They have a magnetic

moment or spin.
Diamagnetic Materials. They show
repellency to Magnetic field. Cu, Bi, Hg.
Paramagnetic Materials. They have a
permanent magnetic moment. Ti, Al, Mg.
Ferromagnetic. They are iron-based
materials. These materials have permanent
magnetic dipole.

 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing /

Thomson Learning

Materials science is linked to the basic knowledge

searching of materials structure, properties and
processing.

Processing Methods

Temperature - Deformation - Bonding Chemical Treatment

Processing Methods

Polymers

Processing Methods

Compressive strength, density, elastic

modulus, degree of polymerization,
molecular weight, polydispersity index.

 Processing can change structure

Metals

Table 13.3 Saving in Steel by using TMT Bars

TMT 415

TMT 500

TMT 550

Yield strength, Mpa, Min

415

500

550

Saving in steel compared to Plain bar

40%

44%

47%

14%

19%

Saving in steel compared to Fe-415 CTD

 Properties depend on structure

EG: hardness vs structure of steel
(d)

Hardness (BHN)

600

30 m

(c)

500
400

(b)

300
200

4 m

(a)
30 m
30 m

100
0.01 0.1

1
10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (C/s)

Processing can change structure

Homework 3

Materials selection
Metals:
Strong, ductile
high thermal & electrical conductivity
opaque, reflective.

Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding

sharing of es
Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
thermal & electrical insulators
Optically translucent or transparent.

Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory)

compounds of metallic & non-metallic elements
(oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
Brittle, glassy, elastic
non-conducting (insulators)

The Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application

Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,

magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties

Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material

Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape

ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, forming,
joining, annealing.

Material selection is accomplished. Design limitations

or restrictions for materials might include:
Size and thickness
Velocity
Temperature
Composition of constituents
Bimetallic attachment
Geometric Form
Static and cyclic loading
Surface configuration and texture
Special protection methods and techniques
Maintainability
Compatibility with adjacent materials

General Physical Characteristics

1) Chemical composition (%)
2) Contamination of contents by
corrosion products.
3) Corrosion characteristics in:
Atmosphere
Water
Soil
Chemicals
Gases
Molten metals
4) Creep characteristics
temperature range
5) Crystal structure
6) Damping coefficient
7) Density (g/cm3)
8) Effect of cold working
9) Effect of high temperature on
corrosion resistance
10) Effect of strength after
exposure to:
Hydrogen
High Temperatures
11) Electrical conductivity
(mho/cm)
12) Electrical resistivity (/cm)
13) Fire resistance
14) Hardenabiliy
15) Maximum temperature not
affecting
16) Melting point (C)
17) Corrosion factor (rapidity of
corrosion)
strength (C)

18) Susceptibility to corrosion:

General
Hydrogen damage
Pitting
Galvanic
Corrosion fatigue
Fretting
Stress corrosion cracking
Corrosion/erosion
Cavitation damage
Intergranular
Selective attack
High temperature
19) Thermal coefficient of
expansion (C-1)
20) Thermal conductivity
(W/mC)
21) Wearing quality:
Inherent
Via heat treatment
Via plating
1) Anisotropy characteristics
(main and cross-direction)
2) Area factor (in.2/lb/mil)
3) Burn rate (in./min)
4) Bursting strength (Mullen
points)
5) Change in linear dimensions
@100C for 30 min. (%)
6) Clarity
7) Color
8) Creep characteristics
@temperature range-creep
apparent modulus (10alb/in2).

9) Crystal structure
10) Crystalline melting point
11) Damping coefficient
12) Decay characteristics in:
Atmosphere
Alcohols
Chemicals
Gases
High relative humidity
Hydraulic oils
Hydrocarbons
Solvents
Sunlight
Water
13) Deflection temperature (C)
264 (lb/in2) fiber stress
66 (lb/in2) fiber stress
14) Density (g/cm3)
15) Dielectric constant
16) Dielectric strength: short
time/step-by-step
17) Dissipation factor (1 M)
18) Effect on decay from: high
temperature/low temperature/
exposure to heat
19) Electrical loss factor (1 M)
20) Electrical resistivity
arc/sec
insulation (96 hp 90% RH and
35C) M
21) Combustion properties /fire
resistance
22) Flammability
23) Fillers
24) Gas permeability

(cm3/100in.2/mil thick/24 hr/

atm at 25C): CO2 , H2, N2, O2)
25) Heat distortion temperature
at 264 lb/in2) (F)
26) Thermal coefficient of
expasion (in. -1 F)
27) Thermal conductivity
(Btu/ft2 hF in.-1)
28) Light transmission, total
white (%)
29) Maximum service
temperature (C)
30) Melt index (dg/min)
31) Minimum and maximum
temperatures not affecting
strength (C)
32) Softening temperature (C)
33) Susceptibility to various
forms of deterioration:
General
Cavitation/erosion
Erosion
Fatigue
Fouling
Galvanic (metal-filled
plastics)
Impingentment
Stress cracking and crazing
35) Thermal conductivity
(W/mC)
36) Wearing quality:
Inherent
Via treatment

Strength and Mechanical Characteristics

1) Bearing ultimate (N/mm2)
2) Complete stress-strain curve for tension
and compression
3) Compression modulus of elasticity
(kg/mm2)
4) Fatigue properties
5) Hardness (Vickers)
6) Impact properties (Charpy kg/cm2 @
20C):
Notch sensitivity
Effect of low temperature
Maximum transition temperature (C)
7) Poisons ratio
8) Response to stress-relieving methods
9) Shear modulus of elasticity (kg/mm2)
10) Shear ultimate (Pa)
11) Tension modulus of elasticity (Pa)
12) Tension-notch sensitivity
13) Tension yield

1) Abrasion resistance
2) Average yield (lb/in2)
3) Bonding strength (lb/thickness)
4) Brittleness
5) Bursting pressure (lb/in2)
6) Compressive strength:
Flatwise (lb/in2)
Axial (lb/in2)
at 10% deflection (lb/in2)
7) Deformation under load
8) Elongation (%)
9) Elongation at break (%) -75F (24C)
10) Fatigue properties
11) Flexibility and flex life
12) Flexural strength (N/mm2)
13) Hardness (Rockwell)
14) Impact strength, Izod (ft lb-1 in. -1 notch)
15) Inherent rigidity
16) Modulus of elasticity (lb/in2 or kg/mm2)
In compression
In flexure
In tension
In shear

Table 2.2 Fabrication Parameters to Analyze in Materials Selection

General Subject

General Subject
Metals

Parameter

Routing
Sawing
Shearing
Turning
Fire hazard
Lubricant or coolant
Material and shape of cutting
tool
Quality suitability for:
Drilling
Routing
Milling
Sawing
Shearing
Turning

Metals
Brazing and soldering

Compatibility
Corrosion effect
Flux and rod

Formability at elevated and

room temperature

Aging characteristics
Annealing procedure
Corrosion effect of forming
Heat treating characteristics
Quenching procedures
Sensivity to variation
Tempering procedure
Effect of heat on prefabrication
treatment

Formability in annealed and

tempered states

Apparatus stress X local stream curve

Characteristics in:
Bending
Dimpling
Drawing
Joggling
Shrinking
Stretching
Corrosion effect of forming
Elongation X gauge length
Standard hydropress specimen test
True stress-strain curve
Uniformity of characteristics

Machinability

Best cutting speed

Corrosion effect of:
Drilling
Milling

Parameter

Protective coating

Anodizing
Cladding
Ecology
Galvanizing
Hard surgacing
Metallizing
Need of applicacion for:
Storage
Processing
Service
Paint adhesion and
compatibility
Plating
Prefabrication treatment
Sensivity to contaminants
Suitability
Type surface preparation

General Subject

Parameter

General Subject

NONMETALS

METALS
Quality of finish

Weldability

Torch cutting

Appearance
Cleanliness
Grade
Honing
Polishing
Surface effect
Arc welding
Atomic hydrogen welding
Corrosion effect of welding
Cracking tendency
Prefabrication treatment effects
Electric flash welding
Flux
Friction welding
Heat zone effect
Heli-arc welding
Pressure welding
Spot welding
Torch welding
Welding rod

Molding and
injection

Lamination

Compression ratio
Compression molding pressure (lb/in.2 )
Compression molding temperature (C)
Injection molding pressure (lb/in.2 )
Injection molding temperature (C)
Molding qualities
Mold (linear) shrinkage (in./in.)
Specific volume (lb3)

Lamination pressure (lb/in.2 )

Lamination temperature (C)

Formation at elevated
temperatures
Machinability

Adverse effects of:

Drilling
Milling
Sawing
Shearing
Turning
Best cutting speed
Fire hazard
Machining qualities
Material and shape of cutting tool

Protective coating

Cladding
Painting
Plating
Sensitivity to contaminants
Suitability
Type surface preparation

Quality of finish

Appearance
Cleanliness
Grade
Polishing
Surface and effect

Joining

Adhesive joining
Bonding
Cracking tendency
Heat zone effect
Welding

Cutting speed
NONMETALS

Parameter

Engineering materials properties

Physical properties
Mechanical properties
Chemical properties

Physical Properties
Material properties or physical structure:
Density
Porosity
Moisture
Permeability
Structure
Texture
Color
Shape

Mechanical Properties
Mechanical properties are the material strength
under load.
Deformation capacity or rigidity.
Resistance. Tension, compression, shearing,
bending, torsion and impact.
Elasticity, plasticity, ductility.

Chemical Properties
They are relevant to the composition and the
potential reaction of the material.
Nature of the compounds, oxides, carbonates.
Alkalinity
Acidity
Corrosion resistance

Other Properties
Thermal Properties
Electrical properties
Magnetic properties
Acoustic properties
Optical properties.