ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE

STRUCTURES BY THE FORCE METHOD

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Force Method of Analysis: Beams

Maxwells Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements;
Bettis Law
Force Method of Analysis: Frames
Force Method of Analysis: Trusses
Force Method of Analysis: General
Composite Structures

Force Method of Analysis : Beams

1 Degree of freedom
Compatibility of displacement
M1

M1

R1

A
R1

R2

R2

P
2

B
L

Compatibility of slope

+
1

11

f22 R2

M1

1
2 + f22 R2

= 2 = 0

1 + 11M1

= 1= 0

2 Degree of freedom
Ax

1
B

Ay

R1

2
C

R2

2
+

f21

f11

f12

Dy

D
1

xR
R11

+
f22

xR
R22

1
1 + f11 R1 + f12 R2
2 + f21 R1 + f22 R2

= 1 = 0
= 2 = 0

Maxwells Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements; Bettis Law

f21

1
1

B
f11

f21

m2 M 1
mm
dx = 2 1 dx
EI
EI
L
L

1 f 21 =

m1

m2 m1
dx
EI
L

f 21 =

A
f12

f22

m2
4

f12

m2 m1
dx
EI
L

f 21 =

f22

f12

m1M 2
mm
dx = 1 2 dx
EI
EI
L
L

1 f12 =

m1m2
dx
EI
L

f12 =

m2

f 21 = f12

Maxwells Theorem:

f ij = f ji

f21

f11
m1

f11, f22

B
f11

f21

m1M 1
mm
dx = 1 1 dx
EI
EI
L
L

1 f11 =

m2 M 2
mm
dx = 2 2 dx
EI
EI
L
L

1 f 22 =

m1

In general,
1

1 f ij = f =

mi m j

f22
f12

1 f ji = f ji =
L

EI
m j mi
EI

dx

dx

m2
6

1
A

2
P1

d11 = f11 P1

d21 = f21 P1

P2
A

d12 = f12 P2

d22 = f22 P2

Force Method of Analysis: General

Compatibility Eq.

1 + f11R1 + f12R2 = 1 = 0
2 + f21R1 + f22R2 = 2 = 0

w
1

2
2

f12 f22 R
2
xR1

+
f12

f12 f22 R
2
f11 f12 R1

f21

f11

f11 f12 R1

f22
1

xR2

=-

0
1

2
1
2

General form:
f11 f12 f1n
f21 f22 f2n
..
.
fn1 fn2 fnn

R1
R2
..
.
Rn

1
2
.
= - ..
n

Example 9-1
Determine the reaction at all supports and the displacement at C.

50 kN
B

A
6m

6m

SOLUTION

Use compatibility of displacement for find reaction

Principle of superposition

50 kN

MA
A
6m

6m

RB

RA

50 kN

B
+
RBB
fBB x R
Compatibility equation : ' B + f BB RB = 0

-----(1)
1

10

 Use formulation for B and fBB

50 kN
A

6m

P(6) 3
P ( 6) 2
'B =
+ ( 6)
3EI
2 EI

50(6)3
(50)(6) 2 9000
=
+ (6)
=
,
EI
3EI
2 EI

C
f BB

6C

B = C+ (6 m)C

B C

6m

PL3 (1)(12) 3 576

=
=
=
,
3EI
3EI
EI

fBB

11

 Substitute B and fBB in Eq. (1): 'B + f BB RB = 0

+ :

'B =

9000 576
+(
) RB = 0
EI
EI
RB = 15.63 kN,

9000
,
EI

f BB =

576
,
EI

50 kN
6m
MA

6m
C

B
15.63 kN

RA
Equilibrium equation :
+ MA = 0:
+ Fy = 0:

M A 50(6) + 15.63(12) = 0,
+ RA 50 + 15.63 = 0,

MA = 112.4 kN,

Ra = 34.37 kN,
12

 Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve

50 kN
6m

112.4 kNm
A

6m
B

15.63 kN

34.37 kN
34.37
V
(kN)

x (m)
-15.63

-15.63

93.78
M
(kNm)

x (m)
3.28
-112.44

12

13

Or use compatibility of slope to obtain reaction

50 kN

Principle of superposition
6m

6m

A
RA

MA

RB

50 kN
A

A
1

fAA

xM
MAA

Compatibility equation :

' A + f AA M A = A= 0

-----(2)

14

 Use the table on the inside front cover for B and fBB
50 kN
A
C

A
PL2
A'=
16 EI

fAA

A
f CC =

L
3EI

Substitute the values in equation: ' A + f AA M A = A= 0

+:

PL2
L

+
MA =0
16 EI 3EI
MA =

3PL 3(50)(12)
=
16
16

= 112.5 kNm, +
15

Or use Castigliano least work method

50 kN

x1

x2

12RB - 300 = MA

A
6m

50 - RB = RA
M 12RB - 300
diagram

B = 0 = (
0

6m

RB

M2 = RBx2
M1 = (12RB - 300) + (50 - RB)x1

x (m)

M M
)
dx
RB EI
6

1
1
0=
(
12

x
)(
12
R

300
+
50
x

R
x
)
dx
+
x2 ( RB x2 ) dx2
B
B 1
1
1
1
EI 0
EI 0
2

6
900 x1 24 x1
50 x1 x1
x
0 = (144 RB x1 3600 x1 +

RB
+
RB ) 0 + 2 RB
2
2
3
3
3

RB =15.63 kN,

6
0

16

Use conjugate beam for find the displacement

50 kN
6m

112 kNm

6m

34.4 kN

Real Beam

15.6 kN

93.6

M
(kNm)

x (m)
12

3.28

93.6/EI

-112

Conjugate Beam
-112/EI
281
223
776
M 'C =
( 2)
(6 ) =
EI
EI
EI
C = M 'C =

776
,
EI

281/(EI)

MC

VC 2 m

4m

223/(EI)

223/(EI)

17

Use double integration to obtain the displacement

50 kN
6m

112 kNm

6m

34.4 kN

93.6

Real Beam

15.6 kN

M
(kNm)

x (m)
3.28
-112

12

d 2
EI 2 = 112 + 34.4 x1
dx
d
x12
EI
= 112 x1 + 34.4 + C1
dx
2
2
x1
x13
EI = 112.4 + 34.4 + C1 x1 + C2
2
6
1
62
63
778
(112( ) + 34.4( ) + 0 + 0) =
C =
,
2
6
EI
EI
18

Example 9-2
Draw the quantitative Shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected
curve for the beam shown below.The support at B settles 5 mm.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4.

16 kN
B

C
B = 5 mm

2m

2m

4m

19

Use compatibility of displacement to obain reaction

Principle of superposition

16 kN
B

C
B = 5 mm

2m

2m

16 kN

4m

SOLUTION

B
fBB

RB

1 kN
Compatibility equation :
B = 0.005m = 'B + f BB RB

-----(1)

20

 Use conjugate beam method for B

16 kN
Real A
beam
12 kN

B
B
2m

2m
24

M
diagram
24
Conjugate EI
beam
56
EI

4
3

24
EI

4m

4 kN

16

16
EI

72
EI

MB
2
3

2m

4m

40
EI

VB
4
3

32
EI
40
EI

2
4
3
32 4 40
+ MB = 0: M ' ' B +
( )
(4) = 0
EI 3 EI
117.33
' B = M ' ' B =
,
21
EI

 Use conjugate beam method for fBB

fBB

Real A
beam
0.5 kN

1 kN

4m

4m

0.5 kN

m
diagram

mB
vBB

-2
Conjugate
beam
4
EI

4
3

+ MB = 0:
4

EI

2
EI

EI

4
EI

2
4
3

4
EI

4
EI

4 4
4
( )+
(4) = 0
EI 3 EI
10.67
f BB = mB ' ' =
,
EI

mB ' '

22

 Substitute B and fBB in Eq. (1):

+ : 0.005 =

B = 0.005 m = ' B + f BB RB

117.33 10.67
RB
+
EI
EI

117.33
,
EI
10.67
= mB ' ' =
,
EI

'B = M ' 'B =

(0.005) EI = 117.33 + 10.67 RB

f BB

(0.005)(200 60) = 117.33 + 10.67 RB

RB = 5.37 kN,

16 kN

16 kN
A

1 kN

0.5 kN

0.5 kN

4 kN

12 kN

xRB = 5.37

RA = 9.31 kN 5.37 kN

RC = 1.32 kN

23

 Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve

16 kN
B

RA = 9.31 kN 5.37 kN
2m

2m

B = 5 mm
RC = 1.32 kN
4m

9.31
V
diagram
-6.69
M
diagram
Deflected
Curve

-1.32

18.62
5.24

B = 5 mm

24

Or use Castigliano least work method

Principle of superposition
16 kN

RB

RA = 12 - 0.5RB

16 kN

12

0.5RB

4m

2m

2m

RC = 4 - 0.5RB

RB

0.5RB

25

16 kN
x1 x2

x3

RB

RA = 12 - 0.5RB
2m

x1

2m

RC = 4 - 0.5RB
4m

M1 = (12 - 0.5RB)x1
V1

x3
(4 - 0.5RB)x3 = M3

M2 = 0.5x2RB + 16 - 2RB + 4 x2

12 - 0.5RB

V2
L

B = 0.005 = (
0

M i M i
)
dx
RB EI

RB
x2

V3

4 - 0.5RB

4 - 0.5RB
4m
2

1
1
0.005 =
(

0
.
5
x
)(
12
x

0
.
5
x
R
)
dx
+
(0.5 x2 2)(0.5 x2 RB + 16 2 RB + 4 x2 )dx2
1
1
1 B
1
EI 0
EI 0
4
1
+
(0.5 x3 )(4 x3 0.5 x3 RB )dx3

EI 0
0.005 EI = 117.34 + 10.66 RB , RB = 5.38 kN,

26

Example 9-3
Draw the quantitative Shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected
curve for the beam shown below.EI is constant. Neglect the effects of axial load.

5 kN/m
A

B
4m

4m

27

Use compatibility of displacement to obtain reaction

Principle of superposition
A

5 kN/m

A=0

4m

5 kN/m

4m

B=0

A
1 kNm

BA

AA
AB
Compatibility equation :

SOLUTION

MA

1 kNm M
B

BB

A = 0 = ' A + AA M A + AB M B

-----(1)

B = 0 = 'B + BA M A + BB M B

-----(2)

28

 Use formulation: A, B, AA, BA, BB, AB,

5 kN/m

3wL3 3(5)(8) 3 60
'A =
=
=
EI
128 EI
128EI
7 wL3
7(5)(8) 3 46.67
'B =
=
=
EI
384 EI
384 EI

1 kNm

AA

BA

1 kNm

AB

BB

AA =

M o L 1(8) 2.67
=
=
3EI 3EI
EI

BB =

M o L 1(8) 2.67
=
=
3EI 3EI
EI

BA =

M o L 1(8) 1.33
=
=
6 EI 6 EI
EI

AB =

M o L 1(8) 1.33
=
=
6 EI 6 EI
EI

Note : Maxwells theorem of reciprocal displacement is AB = BA

29

 Substitute A, B, AA, BA, BB, AB, in Eq. (1) and (2)

5 kN/m

A=0

4m

4m

B=0

A = 0 = ' A + AA M A + AB M B

-----(1)

B = 0 = 'B + BA M A + BB M B

-----(2)

AA

AB =

60
EI
2.67
=
EI

'A =

0=

60 2.67
1.33
+(
)M A + (
)M B
EI
EI
EI

0=

46.67 1.33
2.67
+(
)M A + (
)M B
EI
EI
EI

'B =

1.33
EI
46.67
EI

1.33
EI
2.67
=
EI

BA =
BB

Solving these equations simultaneously, we haave

MA = -18.31 kNm,

MB = -8.36 kNm,

+
30

MA = -18.31 kNm,

MB = -8.36 kNm,

5 kN/m
18.31 kNm

A
RA

+ MA = 0:
+ Fy = 0:

B
4m

4m

8.36 kNm

RB

18.31 20( 2) + RB (8) 8.36 = 0,

3.76
+ R A 20 + RB = 0,

RB = 3.76 kN,
Ra = 16.24 kN,

31

 Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve

5 kN/m
18.31 kNm

B
4m

16.24 kN

V
diagram

4m

8.36 kNm

3.76 kN

16.24
3.25 m

M
diagram

8.08

-3.76

6.67
-8.36

-18.31

Deflected
Curve

32

Force Method of Analysis : Frames

Principle of superposition
fCC C x
B

CH

C
Cx
Cy

1 kN

Ax

A
Ay

Compatibility equation :
CH = 0 = 'CH + f CC C x
33

Example 9-4
Draw the quantitative Shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected
curve for the Frame shown below.EI is constant.

2 kN/m

6m

6m

34

SOLUTION

Use compatibility of displacement to obtain reaction

Principle of superposition
fCC C x
B

6m

CH

2 kN/m

Cy

6m

2 kN/m

Cx

1 kN

Ax

A
Ay

Compatibility equation :
CH = 0 = 'CH + f CC C x

-----(1)

35

6m

3m

Cy

3m

P
V2

6+P

12 kN

-12 - P

V1
2x1

-6 - P

Ay

x2

6+P
M1 = (12 + P)x1- x12

x1

Ax

M2 = (6 + P)x2

x2

2 kN/m

2 kN/m

Use Castiglianos method for CH

CH
6m
B
C

x1
-12 - P
-6 - P

0
0
6
6
1
1
2
M 'i M 'i
(
x
)
(
12
x
+
x
P

x
)dx1 +
( x2 )(6 x2 + x2 P) dx2
)
= (
dx =
1
1
1
1

EI 0
EI 0
P EI
0
L

'CH

1
1
2
3
2
=
(
12
x

x
)
dx
+
(
6
x
) dx2
1
1
1
2

EI 0
EI 0
3

1 12 x1 x1 6 1 6 x2
=
(
)0+
(
)
EI
EI 3
3
4

6
0

972
,
EI

36

 Use Castiglianos method for fCC

fCC
6m

m2 = x2P

x2
P

1 kN

P
v2

Cy

6m

x2
P

m1 = x1P
x1
-P

Ax

v1

Ay

x1
-P

-P
1
1
6
6
1
1
m' m'
( x1 )( x1 P)dx1 +
( x2 )( x2 P )dx2
= ( i ) i dx =

EI 0
EI 0
P EI
0

-P

f CC

1 x1 6 1 x2
=
( ) +
( )
EI 3 0 EI 3

6
0

144
,
EI
37

 Substitute CH and fCC in Eq. (1) CH = 0 = 'CH + f CC C x

+:

0=

-----(1)
972
,
EI
144
f cc =
,
EI

CH =

972 144
+
Cx
EI
EI

Cx = -6.75 kN,

6 kN

1 kN

C x = 6.75kN

12 kN

C 6.75 kN

B
2 kN/m

2 kN/m

1 kN

0.75 kN

5.25 kN

1 kN
A

6 kN

1 kN

0.75 kN
38

Or use Castigliano least work method:

x2
B

6m

M2 = (6-Cx)x2

Cx

2 kN/m

Cx

x2

V2

6 - Cx

6 - Cx
6m
M1 = (12 - Cx)x1- x12

x1
12 - Cx
6 - Cx

V1
2x1

x1
12 - Cx

M i M i
U i
)
dx = CH = 0
= (
C x 0 C x EI
6

0=

6 - Cx

1
1
2
(

x
)(
12
x

C
x

x
)
dx
+
( x2 )(6 x2 C x x2 )dx2
1
1
1
1
x 1
EI 0
EI 0
3

12 x1 C x x1 x1 6
6x
C x
0 = (
+
+ ) 0 + ( 2 + x 2
3
3
4
3
3

0 = -972 + 144Cx , Cx = 6.75 kN,

6
0

39

 Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve

B

6m

2 kN/m

6.75 kN
0.75 kN

- 0.75

- 0.75

- 6.75

6m

V, (kN)
5.25

5.25 kN

2.63 m

0.75 kN

-4.5

1.33 m
-4.5

Deflected curve
A

M, (kNm)

6.90

A
40

Force Method of Analysis : Truss (Externally indeterminate)

E

Ax

Cx

'CH + f CC C x = CH = 0

Cy

Ay
P

+
A

A
B

C
P

1
x Cx

B
C

fCC

41

Truss (Internally indeterminate)

P

6
1

2
5

'6 + f 66 F6 = 6 = 0

D
6
A

f66

C
1

xF6
B

42

Example 9-5
Determine the reaction at support A, C, E and all the member forces. Take
= 200 GPa and A = 500. mm2 .

40 kN
D

4m
A

5m

C
5m

43

SOLUTION

Use compatibility of displacement to obtain reaction

Principle of superposition
RE

40 kN
D

4 m Ay
A

C
5m

RC

Cy
fCC

40 kN

5m

Ax

C
1 kN
Compatibility equation :

C = 0 = 'C + f CC RC

-----(1)

44

 Use unit load method for C and fcc

5.39
m
53.85

20
E

50

40 kN

+53
.85

5m
53.85
2.5
0
2.5

(53.85)(-2.69)(5.38)
(200x106)(500x10-6)

=- 7.81 mm,

0
5m

fCC =

N i (kN)

1
E

AiEi

0
0

C =
=

4 m 20 kN
85
-53.
50

5.39
m

niNiLi

=
-2.6
9

D
0
+2.5

0
B

ni (kN)

-2.6
9

+2.5

fCC
C

1 kN

niniLi
AiEi
2(-2.69)2(5.385)
(200x106)(500x10-6)
2(2.5)2(5)
(200x106)(500x10-6)

= 1.41 mm,
45

 Substitute Cv and fCC in Eq. (1): C = 0 = 'C + f CC RC

'C = 7.81 mm,

+ : 7.81 + 1.41RC = 0

f CC = 1.41 mm,

RC = 5.54 kN ,

20

50

+53
.85

40 kN

36.15 kN
36.15 kN

-2.6
9

D
0

N i (kN)
38.93 kN

0
0

2.5
D

20 kN
85
.
3
5
50

53.85

2.5

+2.5

14.46 kN
E
+38
.95
20 kN 53.85
A

+13.85

ni (kN)

53.85

xRC = 5.54 kN
-2.6
9

C
+2.5
1 kN

40 kN
D -1
4.90
0 21.8o
B +13.85

N i (kN)

C
5.54 kN

46

Or use Castigliano least work method:

5.39
m

-2.7 RC + 53.85 = RE

4m
Ax = -2.5RC +50 = Ax

5.39
E -2.7 R
m
40 kN
C +5
3.85
D
-2.7
5
RC
8
.
-53
0 21.8o

A
Ay = 20

2.5RC
5m

2.5RC

C
RC

5m

Castiglianos Theorem of Least Work :

CV = 0 = (
0=

N i N i Li
)
RC AE

1
[(2.7)(2.7 RC + 53.85)(5.39) + ( 2.7)(2.7 RC )(5.39) + 0 + 0 + 2[(2.5)(2.5 RC )(5)]]
AE

0 = 39.3RC 783.68 + 39.3RC + 62.5 RC

RC = 5.55 kN,

47

Example 9-6
Determine the force in all member of the truss shown :
(a) If the horizontal force P = 6 kN is applied at joint C.
(b) If the turnbuckle on member AC is used to shorten the member by
1 mm.
(c) If (a) and (b) are both accounted.
Each bar has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.

C
2m

B
3m

48

SOLUTION

Part (a) : If the horizontal force P = 6 kN is applied at joint C.

Principle of superposition

6 kN

6
3

2m
B

3m
D

C 6 kN

3m
D

1 E
E E

2m
B

Compatibility equation :
Note : AE + E ' C = L

E f66

A
6 + f66 F6 = 0

F6
B

----------(1)
49

 Use unit load method for 6 and f66

3m
D

C 6 kN

+6

6
+4
6

E E

+6

-7.
2

1
0

N i (kN)

2 m -0.555
0

-14.98
-2
6. 0
3
-14.98

niN iLi (kN2m)

-0.832
ni (kN)
0

2.08

-4.44

-0.832

0.616

6
3.

3
-0.555

3.6

0.616

2.08
ni2Li (kN2m)

Li (m)

'6 =

6
3.

3.6

n'i N 'i Li
Ai Ei

1
[4.44 26.03 2(14.98)]
AE

60.43
AE

n' L
1
12.61
[2(0.616) + 2(2.08) + 2(3.61)] =
f 66 = i i =
Ai Ei
AE
AE

50

 Substitute 6 and f66 in Eq. (1)

3m
+6

60.43 12.61
+
( F6 ) = 0
AE
AE
F6 = 4.80 kN, (T)

6 kN

6
+6

E E
-7.
2

2m

-0.555
0

N i (kN)

-0.832

ni (kN)
0

80
.
+4 2.4
1
+2

+1.34

A
4

Ni (kN)

-0.555 x F6 = 4.80 kN

B
0

6 kN

+2

+4

-0.832

C
-2.66

B
4

51

Part (b) : If the turnbuckle on member AC is used to shorten the member by 1 mm.
f 66 =

12.61
12.61
=
= 1.26(10-4) m = 0.126 mm
(500)(200)
AE
F6 =

-0.832
1

-0.555
0

-0.832

ni (kN)
0

1 mm
(1 kN ) = 7.94 kN
0.126 mm

-6.61

D
-0.555

B
0

x F6 = 7.94 kN

94
.
+7 7
.94
-6.61

-4.41

A
4

Ni (kN)

C
-4.41

B
4

52

Part (c) : If the horizontal force P = 6 kN is applied at joint C and the turnbuckle
on member AC is used to shorten the member by 1 mm are both accounted.

(Ni)load (kN)

-3.07

74
.
2

-4.41

B
0

C
5.5

-4.61

(Ni)short (kN)

6 kN

-4.61

94
.
+7 7
.94
-6.61

-4.41

C
-2.66

-6.61

80
.
+4 2.4
1
+2

+1.34
6

6 kN

+2

(Ni)total (kN)

-7.07

B
4
53

Or use compatibility equation :

6 + f66 F6 = 6 = 0.001

60.43 12.61
+
( F6 ) = 0.001
AE
AE

F6 =

+6
4

6
-7
. 21

N i (kN)

12

-3.06
6

-0.832
ni (kN)
0

2
.7

C
5.5

-4.58

A
4

(Ni)total (kN)

C
1

x F6 = 12.72 kN
f66 -0.555

-4.58

-0.832
1 1

-0.555

6 kN

+6
+4

0.001AE + 60.43 0.001(500)(200) + 60.43

=
= 12.72 kN, (T)
12.61
12.61

B
0

6 kN

-7.06

B
4

54

Composite Structures
Example 9-7
Find all reaction and the tensile force in the steel support cable. Consider both
bending and axial deformation.
Steel cable
Ac = 2(10-4) m2
Ec = 200(103) kN/m2

2m
A
5 kN

m2

Ab = 0.06
Ib = 5(10-4) m4
Eb = 9.65(103) kN/m2

6m

55

SOLUTION

m
6.32

x
5 kN
0.316T

M = 0.316Tx - 5x
N = -0.949T

0.949T
V
5 kN

2m

18.43o

RC = T

B
6m

Bx

MB

By

By Castiglianos Theorem of Least Work ;

C = 0 =
(U ib + U in )
T
L
L
M M
N N
C = 0 = (
dx + ( )
)
dx
T
EI

T
AE

0
0

1
1
1
0=
(
0
.
316
x
)(
0
.
316
xT

5
x
)
dx
+
(

0
.
949
)(

0
.
949
T
)
dx
+
Eb I b 0
Ab Eb 0
Ac Ec
6
1
0.316 2 x 3
(0.316 5) x 3 6
1
1
2
0=
[(
T)
]0+
(0.949 xT ) 0 +
( xT )
Eb I b
3
Ab Eb
Ac Ec
3

0 = (1.49T - 23.58) + 9.33(10-3)T + 0.158T

6.32

(1)(T )dx
0

6.32
0

; T = 14.23 kN, (tension) #

56

4.5 kN
C

m
6.32

2m

18.43o

A
x
5 kN

Bx

B
6m

MB

By

+ F = 0:
x

Bx = Rc cos = 13.5 kN,

+ Fy = 0:

By = 5 - Rc sin = 0.5 kN,

+ MB = 0:

RC = T = 14.23 kN
13.5 kN

MB = 13.5(2) - 5(6) = -3 kNm, +

57