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Charge Voltage and Current
Charge Voltage and Current
Lecture 2
+
-
Lecture 2
Electric charge
Electric charge is measured in Coulombs
(symbol C)
The charge on the electron is - 1.6021892 x 10-19 C
The charge on the proton is +1.6021892 x 10-19 C
usually referred to as e
This is a fundamental constant of our universe
The symbol that we use
for charge in equations is
usually
Q or q
Charles Augustin de
Coulomb
(1736 1806)
Published the inverse
square law of electrical
attraction
Lecture 2
Free charges
We can remove electrons from (some) atoms quite easily
Heating
The positively charged
Electrical sparks
atom left behind is called
Friction
an ion
Photo-electric effect
Separated electric charges have a very strong force between
them (the electrostatic force)
+
+
Like charges repel
+
Opposite charges attract
The force obeys the inverse square law
Lecture 2
q1
+
-q1 -
q2
+
r
F
F =
+ +q2
q1 q2
4 0 r 2
q1
+
-q1 -
q2
+
r
F
F =
+ +q2
q1 q2
4 0 r 2
1
4 0
Newtons
Electric field
The electrostatic force can be expressed in terms of ELECTRIC
FIELD (symbol E)
A vector field surrounding charges with
magnitude proportional to the force on a point charge
direction in the direction of the force on a positive charge
(i.e. electric field arrows point towards NEGATIVE charges)
F = qE
Lecture 2
E (r ) =
q
4 0 r 2
Lecture 2
Moving electrons
A free electron in an electrostatic field experiences a force and so
it accelerates and gains kinetic energy.
The further it moves through the field, the more energy it gains.
v
v=0
Lecture 2
Moving electrons
v
v=0
v2 =
2 Eqd
m
1 2
mv = Eqd
2
The electron kinetic energy increases linearly with distance
along the electric field
Electronics is all about exploiting energetic electrons
Lecture 2
10
Lecture 2
11
P.E. P.D.
5J
5V
++++
+ Q=1
1J
4J
4V
2J
3J
3V
3J
2J
2V
1J
1V
4J
E
5J
-----
12
Energy = QV
13
A demonstration Voltaic
pile from ~1825
Two dry piles, insulated
with sulphur
Clarendon Laboratory
Museum, Oxford
Lecture 2
14
An analogy
P.E. = mgh
who?
K.E.
0
P.E. P.D.
5J
5V
++++
+ Q=1
1J
4J
4V
2J
3J
3V
3J
2J
2V
1J
1V
F=EQ
4J
F=mg
E
5J
-----
K.E. = mv2
15
E=V/l
Units V m-1
V=-El
E (l ) =
dV
dl
Lecture 2
V = E (l )dl
0
16
Current
Moving charged particles transport charge from one point
to another
The rate of charge transport across any surface is called the
CURRENT [symbol in equations i or I, unit Ampres (A)]
If N particles of charge q
cross a surface in time t, the
current is given by
i=
Nq
Ampres
t
Statue in Lyon
17
18
dq
i (t ) =
dt
t2
Q = i (t )dt
t1
19
P(t ) =
dE
dt
P(t ) = Vi (t )
Lecture 2
10
Lecture 2
21
+V
I
Passive:
Current flow is in the direction
of the voltage (+ to -)
Power is absorbed from the
current by the components and
transferred to the surroundings
Active:
Current flow is in the OPPOSITE
direction to the voltage (- to +)
Power is absorbed from the
surrounding by the components and
transferred to the current flow
Lecture 2
22
11