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GilbertHydraulicandPneumaticEngineering 10079084
GilbertHydraulicandPneumaticEngineering 10079084
GilbertHydraulicandPneumaticEngineering 10079084
L
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1903 -19 3 4
THI S
l ia m s
B OO"
bel onge d
to
Joh n Al ex an d er Ja m e son Ir
,
Ma s sa c h u setts
t te
AB
Wil
Tec h n ol ogy, 1 9 2 8 ;
M S , C a l iforn ia , 1 93 3 He wa s a m e m be r of P h i B e ta " appa , Tau
B eta P i, th e Am er i can S oc ie ty of C i v il E ng in eer s , a n d th e S ig m a
.
925 ;
B S
.
I n s itu
of
s s
s,
G IL BE RT
Hy dr a u lic
an
P n e u m a tic
E n gin e e r in g
BY
CA R L E TON
P
D
E
H
N
L
Y
N
O
J
R OF E S S O R OF
M A C D O NA L D CO L L E G E
U nde r
Ph D
.
P H Y S I CS
" UE
the
D i r ecti o n
CA NA DA
of
AL F R E D C G I L B E R T
.
I llu s t r ated
by The
rs
1 9 09
C G il b e r t A r t S ta
P ubli s he d
by
T H E A C G I L B E R T COM P A NY
Ne w H av en Conn U S A
Ch i c a g o
L o d on
S n F an c i c o
.
Ne w Y or k
or on o
L 7
9.
I NTR ODUCTI ON
OWA DAYS
The n a ir
an othe r thing which we couldn t l ive without an d y et few
appreciate i t s valu e A ir a n d wate r give u s t r emendou s r e s ult s a s
pneumati c a n d hyd r aulic p r e s sure A knowledge of the s e g r eat fo r ce s
which mo s t b oy s a r e s o famili a r with a n d s til l d o not unde r s tan d th o
roughly will pu t you up f a r ah e a d of y p i1 r: $63 Ifr ie n d s M o s t boys take
is ; th e c l e v e r b oy vvh o dig s into things
thing s t oo much for gra nt e d ;
an d fin d out the rea s o n s
"
'
'
'
I.
the ea r nes t hop e o f the authors o f thi s boo k that the b oy s who
how they
r ead i t will have a b ette r un ders tand ing o f water an d a ir
are u s ed an d wha t they mean to u s
I t is
S in c e rely
COP Y R I G H
TE D,
1 920, B Y
Ne w H AVE N
CON N
you r s
G I LB ERT
TO I LLU TRATIONS
H Y D RA U L I C A P P L I A NC E S
W ater S upply
P riva te W a ter S upply
City
Tan k S y s tem
W ater S upply F r om
P neumati c Ta n k
S ipho n Over H ill
L ift P ump
Force P ump
H ydraul ic P res s
H ydraulic E levator
H yd r aulic L i ft L o ck
F igs 1 2
Fig s 3 4
Figs 7 8
Figs 1 1 12
Figs 22 23
,
A ttic
S pring
Fig s
3 1, 33, 35
P age s 5, 6
P ages 7, 8
P age 10
P age 12
P age 16
P age s 21, 22
Fig s 62 63
Fig 6 5
.
Fig s
Figs
P ag e 43
P age 45
P ages 48 ,
68 A, 73
P age s 48 ,
68 B , 75
6 8 C, 79, 8 1, 8 2
P age s 48 , 55,
P age
Fig 90
52
53
58
66
P age 67
Fig s 91, 92
P age 68
Fig 93
Fig 98
P age 72
105, 106 108
P age s 79 8 0 8 1
Fig s 109 1 10
P age s 82 83
.
Fig s
Torp edo
B attleship
R a i s ing S unken S hip s
Floatin g Dry Dock s
A ir L ock i n P ip e s
Fig s
Fig s
P age s 90, 91
120, 121
P NE U MA T I C A P P L I A NC E S
B a r ometer
A ir Z one s
Altitude G auge
Air L ift P ump
B alloon s
H el ium B alloon s
A i r B rake s
Flame Th r ower
Fi r e E xti ngu i s he r
B icycle P ump s
A i r Compre s s or
S an d B la s t
P neumat ic P a i nt B ru s h
D iving B ell
P neumat ic Ca i s s o n
To r pedo D is cha r ge Tub e
A ir From S e a W at er
Fig
Fig s
122
129, 130
Fig
Fig
13 1
Fig s
Fig s
Fig
P age 101
P age 1 12
P age s 121, 122
146
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Figs
P age 100
P age s 1 10, 1 1 1
156, 1 57
132
P age 99
139, 140
144, 145
Fig s
P age 93
158
P age 123
160
P age 124
1 65
P age 128
167
1 68
P age 130
170
P age 132
P age 130
Fig 18 0
.
8 8 97 7
P age 140
D E S CR I P T I O N
NA ME
3 3 00
3 3 01
3 3 02
3 3 03
3 3 04
3 3 05
3 3 06
3 307
3 3 08
3 3 09
3 3 10
3 3 11
3 3 12
3 3 13
3 3 14
3 315
3 3 16
3 3 17
3 3 18
3 3 19
3 3 20
3 3 21
3 3 22
3 3 23
3 3 24
3 3 25
3 3 26
1 5 54
1
2
7
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
H igh B a e 2
7
B O TT L E
5
G LA SS T U B E L
g
2
Sh t
G L A SS T U B E
2
G LA SS N O Z Z L E
t
d
2
L
SS
T
U
B
L
B
O
W
L
g
E
E
G A
3
G L A SS T U B E T E E
3
U
G L A SS T U B E
1
R U B B E R C O U P L I NG
16
RUB B E R H O SE
d ia m ete
R U B B E R S T O P P E R L a b at y S ty le N 2 t w h le
R U B B E R S T O P P E R L a b at y S t y le N 1 S l id
d ia ete
h le
R U B B E R S T O P P E R L a b at y S ty le N 1
m
R U B B E R S T O P P E R L a b at y S ty le N 0 t w h le
h le
R U B B E R S T O P P E R L a b at y S ty le N 0
C L I P S M etal wi t h fa te e
8 05 d i a m ete
7
LA R G E G LA SS T U B E
tap e e d
7
WO O D H A N D L E S
R U B B E R VA L V E S
l
G L A SS V A L V E S N I P P L E
B A LL OO N D i i gi b l e T y p e
B A LL O O N O b e vat i T y pe
2
R U B B E R CO U P L I N G L a g e
3
RU B B E R B A N D S
RU B B E R B A N D S
1
2
S H E E T R U B B E R P I E CE ( W h i te )
m
d
1
S U B MA R I N E
i
ab t
l g t p
4
G L A SS FU NN E L
A
S
U
N
O
N
V
E
N
A
E
C
G
L
R
T
N
W
H
C
CO
I BE
THE A
i
L
te
T
t
O
ta
d
i
i
m
i s C
In C
d : Th
A C G il b e t M
x
on
or
on
i a rn e e r
or
or
or
on e
or
or
or
or
or
or
on e
or
on
'
I,
on
an a
enz e
o r on o,
V2
r o
"
ia
Hy d r a ul i c
Hy d r a u l i c
o th e r
d Pn e u m a ti c E n gin e e r in g
E n g in e e r in g is
l iq u i d s
th e
gin ee
in g w h ic h d e a ls
w i th w a te r
a n
a n
E n g in e e r in g
P n e u m a t ic
o th e r
an
ga
s es
th e
is
de a ls
E n g i n e e r i n g w h ic h
w i th
ir
WATE R
S UP P L
)
d o yo u k n ow
B oy s hav e y o u r u n n i n g w a t e r ti ri geta horne s
h ow i t get s the r e ? Y ou will Sh ow; h w w i th t hi s E ng i nee r ing s e t
o
o n e o f th r e e
I f y o u l ive in a city you r it" up ing W ate r fi
w a y s : r s t i t i s pu m p e d i n t o a s taif p ipe Or r s e r v o i r ; s ec o n d it i s
b r o ught f r om a di s ta nt lake o r s t r eam a t a h ighe r level ; o r thi r d it i s
pumped di r ec t ly i nto the city main s
The s tandp ip e meth o d i s illu s t r ate d in Fig 1 T h e wa t er i s p um ped
b y m ea n s o f a fo r ce pump B f r o m a r ive r o r lake A i n to a s ta ndp ipe C
f r o m which i t r un s by g r av i ty th r ough the u n de r g r o un d p ipe s or ma i n s
to the h o u s e s D f o unta i n s E a n d hyd r a nt s F T h i s s y s tem i s u s ed i n
t ow n s an d s m all citie s s i tua ted in a a t r egi o n becau s e i t i s the cheap
e s t mea n s
o i gett in g the wate r a b ov e the level o f the highes t hou s e
fauce t i n the t own
I f the t own i s s ituate d near a hill the u s ual p r a ct ice i s to bu ild a
la r ge cement li n e d re s ervoir o n the hill a nd t o p ump the water i nto thi s
i n s tea d o f i n t o a s ta n dp ipe I n e ithe r ca s e t h e wate r r u n s by g r av ity
th r o ugh th e ma in s a n d s ub m a i n s t o the h o u s e s hyd r ant s etc
I f th e c ity i s v e r y la r ge the u s ual p r act ice i s t o b r ing the wate r f r om
a lake o r s tream a t a highe r level New Yo r k i s s upplied with wate r
i n thi s way
,
'
'
'
F ig
L (A )
S ou c e
S u ppl ie d
F r om th e
page
in t h i s
S ee
m ents
Wate S up
( B ) P um p i g S t t ion ( C) S ta d P ipe ( D ) H ou e
w i t h Wate
g F ta i ( F ) H y d a t f F i e H e
of
ou n
On ta r i o H ig h S c h ool P h y s i cs
145 f o r
b ook
.
By P
or
er m i s s i on
of
os
th e P u bl is h er s
ex p e r i
HY D RA U L I C A N D P NE U MATI C EN G I NEERI N G
'
0 0
'
. C
Fi g
NO T E
2 I
.
ll u t at i
s r
ng
t Wate S ppl y S y t
Ci y
em
NO T E
F ig
3 A
St ag e T ank
or
e tea d S u ppl i e d
a T we
om
on
R I V A T E WA T E R
t Ru
wi h
r.
Cour tes y
of th e
er
ow
n n in g
S UP P LY
Wate
Manufac turing
by
M ea n s
Compa n y
of
a Wi
ndmi
ll
and
the
In
pump ed
y s tem
b y m ea n s
i n t o a ta n k
by g r av i t y
s
table
on
to
h own i n Fig
of
w indmill
the water
the h o u s e the f o u n ta i n
,
is
fo r ce pu m p
and
a t ow e r a n d f r o m thi s it
uns
a nd
th e
h ow
th e
h ow s
t ank i s
di s t r ibuted t o the lau n
d r y kitche n a n d bath
room oi t he hou s e
wate r f r o m
th e
F ig
" i
t he
c
4
,
and
S h owi g H ow Water
B ath R oom
n
is
D is t r i b u te d
i n th e
ou s
t o th e
B a em e t L a un d
n
ry
E X P E R I M E NT
No
upply s y s tem
in
which the
A rrange
Open
B A TH R O O M F A U C E T
F ig
Pr
ro
an
Sh w i g H
E lev te d T a k
ow
th e
t o th e
Wate F l
F a et
r
uc
s.
ow s
e
Fl
s s ur
S a me
F ig
th at th Wate
th
E q u al at F a u et
S h owi
are
oor .
ng
on
10
Fi g 7l
.
W te S ppl i ed
a
Cou r tes y
tt T a k
t o a n A ic
of th e G oul d
by
Mea n s
of a
W in dmill
a nd
M a n uf a c tu r i ng Compa n y
Fig 7 the water i s p umped
P um
by a wind
mill an d fo r ce pu m p i n to a tan k i n t h e
a tti c o f t h e hou s e an d f r om the r e i t r u n s
by g r av ity t o the va r io us hous e xtu r e s a s
s hown in Fig 8
The fo r ce pump i s o f t e n
d r iv en by a g a s engin e in s tea d o f by a
win d m ill The han d pump (4) F ig 8 i s
u s ed o nly when the ga s engi n e o r wi n d m ill
i s o u t o f o r de r
In
Fi g
Wate
an
8
.
is
Sh
o w in g
D is t
tt i T a k
c
r ib u
H ow
te d f
ro
X P E R I M E NT
No
11
F ig
S h owin g
H ow
Wat F l ow f om
Atti
T a nk to F u et
er
an
F ig
th e
at
10
Wa t
S h
owin g
er
P r es s u r
at
au c e s
th e
e
S
t h at
Eq l
L evel
A ga in
ar e
me
ua
12
X P E R I M E NT
No
how how wa t e r
b r ought f r om a n
is
eleva te d lake or s p r i ng
A r r ange th e apparatu s a s s hown
i n Fig 12 P lace the tan k o n a
m ou n d o f s an d or ea r th an d b u r y
the u n de r g r oun d p ipe t o a depth
Allow the
o f o n e o r two i nche s
wa ter to r un
To
F ig
f m
Ta k
11
an
ro
H m e S ppl i ed
levate d S p i g
A
E
-
r n
i t Wate
St age
W h
and
or
F ig
12 S h owing How
.
W a t er F l ows fr om
an
l v t ed S p
e a
r ing
to th e
F a u et
c
14
E X P E R I M E NT
To
No
Ope ati
e m at i T a k
F ig 1 6
.
Pn
ng
F ig
17
S t ppe
L pe
o
oo
h ow in g
H ow
r
c ur
by M n s
nds
d Ru b b e r
F ig
18
Se
.
Ba
ea
to
of
M ake
C or d
and
15
F ig
m ic
at
F ig
19
Ope at i
Ta k
.
t e
in An o h
F ig
20
ng
21
Pn
Wa y
16
R A P I D F I R E WA T E R
GA M E
No
A rrange
G UN
X P E R I M E NT
No
of
wate r
upply
as
'
i
p e e d Ai
i
a P eum at i T a k F e
Wate U p th D i h a g e P i pe
F i g 22 Th e Com
.
Wate
L w e F u c et
F ig
23
.
Pr
s sur
is
Gr
eat
er
at
th e
sc
ss
or c
A l
s
.
17
hown he r e
r e s s e d a ir i n
tan k fo r ce s
up t o the faucet s
al s o that the
r p r e s s u r e i s a t t he
faucet a n d tha t the
a re
equal a t
faucet s o n the s a m e level
s
24
Th e
Wate
Pr
s s ur
are
E qu
al
18
WA TER
A N D A IR
E " P E R I M E NT No 7
tha t water i s incomp r e s s ible
.
how
a
n
d
that
To
a ir is
comp r es s ible
A r r ange the appa r atu s a s i n Fig 25 ll the
tu b e wi t h wate r an d tr y t o c o mp r e s s i t Y o u
ca n n o t d o s o becau s e water i s nea r ly i n c o m
pres s ible
No te : W ater is slightly compre s s e d by v e r y
g r eat p r e s s ure s ; f or example if you r tu b e we r e
10 i n long a n d you could apply a p r e s s u r e o f
3000 l b s p e r s qua r e inch the wate r would b e
comp r e s s ed
i nch
Now empty out the water a n d t r y t o compre s s
the a ir i n the tube a s i n (2) Fig 25 You will
n d tha t y ou ca n do s o qui t e ea s ily b ecau s e a ir
i s quite comp r es s ible
You h ave demon s trated h ere that water i s
i nco m p r e s s ible (n ea r ly ) an d that a ir i s c o m p r e s s
i b le You kn ow f r om th i s that i n the pneumati c
t ank i t i s the a ir w h ich i s com
p r e s s ed a nd n ot the wate r <5
s
E " P E R I ME NT
No 8
To s how that compres s ed
.
air
F i g 25
_ 5 h ow i9 g
ate i
m p e ib le
th t
.
co
111
ss
an
18
c om
pneumat
i
c
tan
a
pe ue
p r e s s ed a ir driv e s th e wa ter out o f
s
'
ss
19
TRENC H GUN
GA M E
F ig
27
No
Te
r
nch
G un
Yo u can imitat e th e S tok e s tre nch gun a s fol l ows P u t two l ong
s trip s o f pape r on the g r oun d three fee t apart to rep r e s e n t th e e n emy
tren ch Now go b ack 20 o r 30 feet or mo r e po in t the tube upwa r d an d
toward the enemy trench fo r ce the plunger in an d relea s e it s udd enly
The game i s to try to drop the b omb that i s the plunge r in t o th e
enemy t r ench The winner i s the o n e who doe s it mo s t o ften i n a give n
n umber o f t r ial s
No t e : " eep the in s ide o f the tube wet the plunger we t a n d slippe r y
with s oap a nd a lit t le wate r a b ov e the plunger
.
HE I G HT A N D D I STA N C E CONT E ST
GA M E No
P OP G UN
GA ME NO 5
.
F ig
28
P op G un
20
THE
S IP H ON
F ig
C ou r tes y
T o m ake
29 A
S i p h on
f Th e M a cMil l a n Co
E X P E R I M E NT
a nd Opera te a
ip h o n
No
A r r a n ge
F ig
30
.
I ll u s t at in g
r
th e
S i p h on
22
F ig
U ed
s
3 3 Th e A r r
to
a g em e t
Ove
n
of
p
H ll
P i in g
i
.
F ig
34
S h ow i n g
Wate i S ip h ed Ove
a H ill
s
F ig
3 S Th e A rr
Wa t
.
er
O ve r
e m en t
il l
of
r om
U ed t S iph
a t a g e Ta k
P i in g
or
on
on
W a te r can be
23
HOW T O
STA RT A
L A RGE S IP H ON
E X P E R I M E NT
No 1 1
.
S iph on in g
TO illu s t r ate d iff eren t way s o f
Wate Ove a H ill f om
s iphon
a T ank
Yo u could n ot s ta r t a large s ipho n by s ucking
the a ir o u t o f i t with yo u r mouth H ow then a r e
y o u going to s tart i t ? You will i llu s tra te th r ee way s
The ob ject i n all c a s e s i s to get the a ir out o f the
i s u s ually do n e by lli n g i t wit h
s iphon an d thi s
wa ter
I n the ca s e illus t r a ted in Fig 37 the faucet s a re
all clo s ed an d the air i s d r iven ou t Of the s iphon by
pump ing water in to the tan k through the s ipho n
The check valve p r even t s
the wate r f r om run n ing
back i nto the p ump a n d
when the faucet s are
o p ene d th e water run s
F ig
36
H E C"
V A LV E
F ig
L a g e S i p h i S ta ted b y P m p ing
Wate in t o th e T k th ugh th e S iph n
37
Th e
on
an
ro
tart ing a la r ge
24
L a g e S iph
S ta te d by P m p i g Wate
f
S p i g t h ugh
t
F ig
is
Ou
3 9 Th e
S ip h on
r n
M eth od
S ip h on
38
I ll u s t r at in g On e
of
S ta r t in g a L a r g e
on
F ig
ro
ta r t
s iphon
hous e fau
c e t s are clos ed
the s top cock a t the
pump i s open ed an d the pump i s
ope r a ted until the wate r c om e s f r eely ; then
the s top cock i s clo s ed a n d the wate r r un s
wheneve r a faucet in th e hou s e i s opened
s
25
F ig
40
S ta t i
r
ng
a L
a rg
e S i ph
on .
La e S p
Wate
i h on
rg
F ig 4 1 A
r
r t ed b y
A owi n g t h e
f r om t h e
m
ow
h r ou g h I
S ta
ll
Fl T
t
St ag e Ta k
.
or
S all
26
I llu s tra te
No t e : The
S
a
La e S p
S ta te
Mea
Wate f
a
l
S t or a g e T a n k
4 2 h owi n g H o w
rg
i h on is
d b
r
n s of
r
r om
S ma l
Fi g
OTHER US ES OF TH E S IP H ON
E " P E R I M E NT No 12
.
F ig
Ou t
of
43
S ip h on in g
a B a el
rr
C id
F ig
44 i h on in g
.
Sp
Wat
Ou t
er
of
27
at
Bo
F ig
4S
.
S ip h o
n in g
an
28
F L OW
V E L OC I TY OF
E X P E R I M E NT
F ig
S iph
46
.
V el
oc i
ty
Wate
on .
OTH ER S I P H ON S
E " P E R I M E NT No 14
.
F ig
4 7
.
D o u b le S i p h on
T h ee le g g ed S iph
r
on
and
30
A N EN C L OS ED FOUNT A IN
E X P E R I M E NT No 1 6
Op e r at e an enclo s ed fountai n
.
make
A rrange
l e d F u ta i
a n d pu t the s hort a r m in the ta n k
lled with water
Doe s the wa te r ru n and i s the r e
a founta i n i n the b ottle ?
A rrange the app a r a tus a s in (2)
Fig 49 l ift the tank u ntil the r e
i s about 2 inches o f water in the
bottle then a r r ange a s s hown
I s there a founta i n i n the bottle ?
R epeat b oth o f the s e exp eriment s
bu t u s e i n s tea d o f the b ottle a
wide gla s s tube clos ed at the top
with a s oli d rubbe r s toppe r (1 )
F ig
49
An
E nc
os
F ig
50
on e
in the open
Fig
50
31
s ome expe r iment s which will help you t o u n der s tan d why they act
a s they do
.
W E I G HT
A IR HA S
a t all
A ir however ha s con s i derable
weight a n d i t would take a v ery s trong
man in dee d t o ca rry a weight equal t o
that o f the a ir i n a hou s e o f me dium s iz e
You cannot weigh a ir wi th the apparatu s
you hav e a t han d but thi s i s how i t i s
d one
The app aratu s u s e d i s illu s t r a ted
F i g 51 _W ei g h in g Air
i n pa r t i n F i g
51 The a i r 1 8 p umped ou t Cou r tes y of th e M a cMiIl on
o f the a s k by mea n s o f a n a ir p ump (n o t s hown )
The a s k i s the n
b alance d exactly o n the ne s cale s a n d a ir i s admi tte d t o the as k
a ga in
I t i s foun d that the a s k weighs more when i t i s lled wit h
a ir than when i t i s empty
a n d th i s prove s that a ir ha s weigh t
A cub i c foo t o f a ir at the s urface o f the e arth a n d a t ord i nary
tempera tu r e s i s foun d i n th i s way t o weigh about 1 % oz
Thi s i s
n o t a grea t we i ght
bu t when y ou come t o calculat e the we ight o f a ir
in a hou s e o f medium s ize you n d that i t amount s to a v e ry grea t
deal for example make the following calculat io n :
If
32
16
th e
025
i n 1 1b
cub ic fee t of
an d s i n ce
a ir ,
oz
o f a ir a n d
i ce t h e r e
s n
3 6 000
hou s e co ntain s
z:
16
2250 lb s
of
a ir
us
E X P E R I M E NT
No
17
33
o ne a r m
Do y o u ob s e r v e
s uck o u t the a i r a nd clo s e the clip
that w h e n y o u s uck out the a ir the water i n the
open arm de s cend s while tha t in the o ther a r m
r is e s ?
on
'
of
you r
ow n
5 2 S h owi n
m A m os h r e
F ig
p e
Th at
xe
r e s s ur e.
E XP E
R I M E NT No
18
of
water
34
AT M
1
F ig
53
.
S h owin g T h at
th e
p e e W ill S pp t Wate
A m os h
or
r.
D oe s
35
of
L i p:
"
01
F ig
S4
P r ov i n g
T h at
p e e Wh i
it is th e A m os h
ch
L i ft
th e
Wate
r.
H Y D R AU L I C A ND
36
TO
p r ove that i t
is
E NG I NE E R I NG
P NE U MAT I C
E X P E R I M E NT
No
the p r e s s u r e
th e
of
19
th e
wa t e r
M ake a U tube (1 ) Fig 54 with fou r tube s o n one s ide an d two o n
the othe r ll i t half full o f wate r s o that the two tube s o n the s ho r t s ide
then clo s e the top o f thi s s ide with a coupling and clip
a r e quite full
Now s uck the a ir out o f the long s ide Do yo u ob s e r v e tha t the wate r
d o e s n o t m ove ?
I t d o e s no t move becau s e although you have dec r ea s ed the a ir
p r e s s u r e i n the long s ide the a t m o s phe r e cann o t get a t the wate r in
t h e s h o r t s i d e to f o r ce it d ow n
D oe s the wa te r move ?
Open the t o p an d r epea t the expe r i m e n t
T o s how thi s i n an othe r way
Fill a bottle (2) with wate r place a
gla s s tube i n i t a n d s uck the a ir o u t o f the tub e You O b s erv e that whe n
y o u remov e the a ir p r es s u r e from the water i n the tube the a tmo s phe r i c
p r e s s u r e o n the water i n the bo t t le fo r ce s the w
ate r up into you r m o uth
Now ll the b o ttle qu ite full to exclude the a ir an d clo s e i t with a
o n e hole r u bb e r s t o ppe r which h a s o n e gla s s tube s tuck i n the unde r
s ide a n d an o the r i n th e uppe r s ide
S uck the a ir ou t o f the uppe r
tube DO you nd tha t the wate r does n o t r is e ?
I t doe s n o t r i s e becau s e alth o ugh y ou hav e decrea s ed the a ir p r e s
the a tmo s phe r e cannot get a t the wate r i n the
s u r e i n the upp e r tube
b o t t le t o f o r ce i t in to you r mouth
You hav e p r oved he r e that i t i s the p r e s s ure o f the atmo s p h e r e
w h ich l ift s t h e water
.
X P E R I M E NT
No
20
s h ow
in
38
P OU L T R Y D R I N" I N
F O U NTA I NS
imitate
p oul t r y
d r i nking the wate r s uck
w ater out o f the s auce r
by mean s o f a gla s s tube
u nt il the water i s below
the edge o f the tumble r
,
D oe s
Fig
56
.
D r in k in g
F ig 5 7 P ou
.
lt y F ou ta in
r
T H E S I P H ON
W HY
THE
39
(Co n ti n u e d )
O F TH E I P H O N
of
the s iphon
58 h owin g Wh y
Dri es
h r ou gh
er
F ig
ph e r e
S
v Wat
.
t
a S i ph
A m os
on
40
P UM P S
E X P E R I M E NT No
22
Cou r t es y
Th e
M a c M ill a n Co
l l u s t r a t e t h i s by
m ea n s o f the s yringe
( B ) Fig 59 S oap th e
plunger t o make i t
ll the s y r
s lippe r y
i n ge lift the n ozzle e n d
the wat er
s qu i r t
a nd
I
o u t.
i
F
C
)
(
g
F is
41
F ig
60 A
.
Wate
B IG
G un
S h oot i
ng
an d
B ig G u n
B attle
GUN
B AT TL E
A M E No 7
E ach
60
W t
a
er
Sh t i
oo
an
d B ig G un
B a ttl e
42
MAC H I NE GUN B AT TL E
GA M E
No 8
.
E ach player
Fig 6 1 and i s
.
g un
No 2
.
F ig
TH E D I A B L O
GA ME
61 A
Ma c h in e G un B attl e
W HI STL E
No
F ig
61 B
Th e
D ia b l o Wh is tle
TH E L I FT
P UMP
Com m on
43
F ig
62
L i ft
P um
Th e
F ig
63
S h ow in g H ow
Cou r tesy
Th e
P um
p R a i e Wat
Ma cM zll a n
er .
Co
44
E XP E
R I M E NT No
23
y ou n d that : o n the up s t r o ke o f th e
plunge r wate r m ove s up th r ough the n a r r o w
tube an d lowe r valve int o the p u m p ba r r el ; an d
o n the d ow n s t r oke
the wate r r e m a i n s at the
but
s ame height becau s e the l owe r v alve clo s e s
a s
the plu n ge r move s down the a ir a nd wate r
pa s s th r ough the plunge r valve ? DO you no
t ice that o n the s ucceeding up s t r o ke s wate r
r i s e s an d flow s ove r the top
a nd o n s ucceed i n g
down s troke s i t move s through the plunger
valv e ?
Do
46
F ig
66
E XP E
Th e
or c
P um
R I M E NT No
To make an d o pe r ate a Fo r c e
P um p
24
Ar r a nge
47
X P E R I ME NT NO
25
F ORC E P U M P C ONT E ST
GA ME
No
10
levate T a k
.
p Wate i t
t a F o e P um p
F ig 6 7 P u m
d
n
wi h
.
rc
n o
an
.
48
HY D RAULI C A P P L I A NC E S
F ig
A Cou r tes
68
H y d r au l ic P r es s E levat or
,
y G i a n (5 Co
C F r om On ta r i o H ig h S c h ool P hy s i cs "
and
L i ft L k
oc
B Cou r tesy of Th e M a c M z a n Co
by P er mi ss i on of th e P ubl i sh er s
'
F ig
Pa s ca l
a n
La w is
u n d im i n i s
he d in
69
.
e xer
l l d ir e c t i o n s
L AW
I ll u s t at in g
P re s s u r e
a
te d
49
a al
on
sc
La w
l iq u i d i s t r a n s m i t te d
equ a
ll y
la w is
X P E R I M E NT
No
26
50
ss
Cou r tesy of Th e
und
r s
ar
Mac
zl l a n
ne
Co
o f a n inch
Tha t i s what i s gain ed in f o r ce i s
lo s t i n d i s tance moved
The hyd r o s tat ic bellow s Fig 71 i s an appa r
a tu s o f thi s kin d and i t illu s t r ate s P a s cal s law
I t con s i s t s o f two di s k s o f wood
beaut ifully
connected by a water pro o f canva s cyl inder to
m a ke a collap s ible d r um
A small p ipe pa s s e s
t h r ough the lower d i s k an d o pen s i nt o the d r um
I f now the d r um i s lled wi th water and a m a n
s t a n d s o n the upper d i s k
i t 1 3 found that a ve r y
s m all a m oun t o f water A B
in the p ipe will s u p
p o r t h i s weight
,
F ig
Th
H y d tati
71 _
e
r os
'
51
X P E R I M E NT
No
27
on
P ig
s ta t i
72 I
ll u t at i
e B ell ows
.
ng
th e
Hyd
ro
52
TH E HY D RAU L I C P RE SS
The hydraulic pre s s i s a n applica tion
law an d o f the hyd r o s ta tic
o f P a s cal s
bellow s I t i s u s ed where g r eat p r e s s u r e
i s requi r ed f or example
to comp r e s s
me r chand i s e to be n d s hip plate s to lift
g r eat weight s a nd s o o n
The pre s s h a s a force pump with
handle P whi ch o perate s the s mall p is
t o n A i n the s mall cyli nder C an d pump s
wate r from the res erv oir L through the
valve d throu gh the co n necting p ipe
F i g 73 Th e H y d a u l ic P e s s
C
Cour tesy of Th e M a M II
a n d valve v a nd i nto the large cylinder
D The large p is to n B or ram a s i t i s called move s u p a n d d own i n D
B oth A an d B have collars which preve nt the e s cap e o f wate r
I f n ow the en d o f ram B ha s a n area 100 t ime s a s grea t a s the e n d
of A
then each 1 lb exe r te d o n A exerts a l ift o f 100 Tb s o n B and
E X P E R I M E NT No 28
To make an d ope r a te a hyd r auli c p res s
Ar r ange the app a r a tu s a s s hown i n Fig 74 where
the ti n ca n in the tan k rep r e s en t s the r a m a n d where
t he balloo n r ep r es en t s the collar o f the ram S oap
t h e plunge r t o make i t slippery
Ope n lower clip rai s e the plunger clos e lower cl ip
R ep eat u n til
o pen s ide clip an d lowe r the plunger
the b alloo n i s p a r tly lled with wate r
Now ll the t in can with wate r and r epeat t he
o pe r at ion s ab ove
Do you n d that a s m all force o n the plunge r will
lift the r elat i v ely la r ge w eight o f the t in can full o f
wate r ?
Y o u have s hown he r e tha t o n the hydrauli c pres s
a
mall
force
mov
ing
the
mall
p
i
s
ton
a
long
dis
s
s
F i g 74
I ll u t at i g
W o k in g
th c
tance lift s a g r eat weight on the large p i s ton a
Hy d ul i
P e
s mall d i s tance
z a n
ra
ss
54
th e r a m
id
77 A R
y d r u ic
or f or P s s en g e rs
r om
Mil li ka n <5 G a l es
ir s t Cou r s e i n P h y s i c s
B y pe r mis s i on of
G i nn 6 CO , P u bl i s h er s
F ig
E
levat
F
F
.
ap
a
a l
'
F ig
78 o r in g
th e
d r a ul i c E
I llus tra t in g
W k
f a
levat o
.
r.
Hy
X P E R I M E NT
No
29
55
HY D RAU L I C L I FT L O C"
CA N A L L OC" S
F ig
Cou r te s y
79 A
S i g le L oc k
n
Th e S c ie n tic Ame r i ca n
56
LI FT L OC" S
L ift lock s
so
F ig
80
P r opos ed
L ift L oc k
-
Cour tes y
of
57
Th e S ci entic Amer i ca n
H YD RA U L I C
58
A ND
P N EU MATI C E N G I NEERI NG
HY D RAU L I C L I FT L OC" S
Hy draulic lift lo c k s
H
y d r a u l ic L i f t L oc k
On ta r i o H ig h S c h ool
T h e
P h y s i cs
th e
e r m ws zon
p
u bis h e r s
F ig
8 2 S h ow in
.
H ow
Op er a t e
oc
F r om th e 0 n ta r zo H zg /z S c lzoo
By p er m m zb n of "
'
'
s z
HYD RA U L IC
A ND
59
E XP E R I ME N T
No
30
u s tra t
83
in g t h e \V or k in g of
th e H y d r a uli c L i f t
Loc k
F ig
60
TH E
F i g 8 4 Th e
T a n k a n d P ip e
.
H eigh t
of
th e S r ea m is
I n d e p en d en t
of
th e S ize or
S ha pe
of
th e
62
water i s inde
pen den t o f the v o l u m e o f the water but tha t i t depend s upo n the h e i g h t
of
the wat e r above the n ozzl e Thi s i s known a s the Hy d ro s tat ic
P aradox wh i ch y ou w ill n ow illus trate
by
THE H Y D RO STAT IC
by
PARAD O"
The Hy dro s tati c P ara dox i s s tated a s follows : The pres s ure exerted
a l iqu id o n a ny ba s e i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e v o l u m e o f t h e l iq u i d but
,
dep e nds
o n ly
d e n s i ty
of
th e
th e a r e a
on
l iq u i d
of
th e
b a s e , th e d e p t h
th e
l iq u i d ,
a n
th e
t e The d e n s i ty o f a liqu i d i s
cub i c inch o r p er cub i c cent imeter
o
of
i ts
weight
p er
cub ic fo ot or per
,
F ig 8 6
a r a d ox
.
I ll u s t r a tin
Cou r tes y
th e
H y d r o s ta t i c
f Th e M a cM il l a n C o
F ig
8 7 A S e c on d
.
M e t h od
Cou r tes y
of
I ll u s tr a tin
th
Hy d
r os
t a ti c
Pa
63
r a d ox
f Th e Ma cM il l a n Co
E " P E RI ME N
No
32
88
I ll us tr a ti n g
th e
Hy d
r os
ta t i c
a ra
d ox
64
Is
the water i n the small tub e alwa y s a t the s ame height a s tha t i n the
tu n n el o r large tube ?
A rrange the appara tu s a s i n D F ig 88 I s the water at the s ame
level in all ca s e s ?
The f un nel an d w i de tube ea ch contai n more water tha n the small
tube ; n evert h ele s s the d ownward p res s ure o f the wa ter in each i s b a l
a n c e d b y t h e d own w ar d p re s s ure of the water i n the small tube
You h ave s hown here that the p res s ure exerted b y a liqu i d i s in de
pendent o f the v olum e of the liqu i d that i s y ou have illu s tra te d the
h y dro s tat i c para dox
.
F ig
8 9 E x p l a n a ti on
.
o f th e
H y d r os ta t ic Pa r a d ox
6S
an d the les s the volume the les s the p res s ure Y o u have s hown ab ove
however tha t the pre s s ure o n a g iven b a s e i s in dep en den t o f the v olume
o f water an d that i t depend s onl y o n the depth
The paradox i s e x pla i ned a s follows :
I n 1 F ig 8 9 the ba s e A B i s s ubj ect to the p res sure o f the water in
the cy lin der ab ove i t a n d i n thi s ca s e the pre s s ure i s e qual t o the
we ight o f the water
I n 2 F ig 8 9 the s ame bas e A B ha s a much larger v olume o f water
a b ove i t but the pre s s ure i s the s am e a s i n 1 Y o u w ill un ders tan d
Th i s water
w h y i f y ou cons i der the water outs i de the dotted l i nes
e x ert s a force p erp en d i cular to the s i de s o f the cone a n d a no ther force
horizon tall y aga i ns t the water b etwee n the do tted l ine s s ee the arrows
Neither o f thes e force s ha s a n y e ff ect d ownward o n the ba s e an d there
fore the ba s e i s s ubj ect o nl y t o the we ight o f the water b etween the
dotted l i ne s Th i s weight i s the s ame a s i n 1 a n d therefore the pre s sure
o n A B i s the s ame a s in 1
I n 3 F ig 8 9 the bas e A B ha s a much smaller volume ab ove i t than
i n e ither 1 o r 2 but s t ill the pres s ure i s the s ame a s i n l a nd 2 Y o u
w ill unders tan d w h y from y o ur knowledge o f P a s cal s law The water
abov e A B i s exert ing pre s s ure downward a n d a ccord ing t o P a s c al s
law thi s p res s ure i s tra n smitte d equ all y a n d u n d imin i she d i n all d i
rectio n s The pres s ure p e r s quare inch downward o n the whole o f A B
therefore i s equal to what i t would b e if the whole s pace b etween the
outer dotted line s were lled with water Thi s p re s s ure i s equal t o tha t
i n (1 ) a nd thi s i s w h y the pre s s ure in (3 ) i s equal t o that i n
,
'
E " ERTE D B Y
WATER
H YD R A U L I C AND P N E U MATI C EN G I N E E RI N G
'
66
x 10 x
625 lb s p e r s quare foot
T o nd the pres s ure p er s quare i nch rs t n d the pre s s ure p er s quare
foot an d then d ivide the re s ult b y 144 the number of s quar e i n c hes i n
For example the p res sure on 1 s quare i nch o f A B in
1 s quare foo t
144
lb s
a n y o f the tanks i llus trated i s 625
l
: 2
U RE U ND ER WATE R
TO RP E DO
B O MB
S U B MARI NE
P RE SS
THE D E PTH
D E PTH B O M B
Th e
0
i
F g 9
.
D e p th
B omb
Cour te s y
Th e S c ie n tific Ame n c a n
67
The depth b omb i s us ed b y s ubmar i n e chas ers to des tro y s ubmar i nes
I t i s a s teel c y lin der lled with h igh explo s ive s a n d equ i pp e d with a
trigger which s ets o ff the explo s ive a t a n y des ired dep th u nder water
The tr i gger i s relea s e d b y mean s of a small p lunger which i s expo s e d
to the p res s ure o f the s e a water on the outs ide an d i s s upp orte d b y a
s pring o n the i ns ide T he p res sure o f the water in crea s e s a s the b omb
s inks a n d force s the p lunger i n farther aga in s t the s pring but the
s pring ca n b e s o a dj us ted tha t a t a n y de s i re d d ep th the plunger relea s e s
the tr igger a n d the bomb explodes
When the cha s er s ight s a s ubmar i ne it s teams for it a n d if i t i s
s till above water attack s i t with gun s ; b ut i f it ha s s ubmerged the
chas er s teams i n circle s aro un d the s p ot where i t di s a p p eare d a n d drop s
o r res b omb s a dj u s te d t o ex p lod e a t d iff eren t dep ths
THE TO RP ED O
F i g 9 I Th e P r in c ip l e P a r t s of th e Tor p e d o
R epr od u ce d by P er mis s i on f r om th e
B oy s B ook of S u bmar i ne s
by F r e d e r i c k Col l i ns
Copyr ig h t by F r ed er i c k A S tokes Co
.
" l u c r a ti ve
HYD RAU L IC
68
AND
P NE U M AT IC ENGI NEERI NG
S UB MA RI NE
R epr od u c e d by
P er mis s i on
F ig
f r om
Th e S u b ma r in e
B oy s B ook of S u bma r i n es
93
th e
Copy r ig h t by F r ed er ic k A
by
r e d e r ic k
Col l ins
S tokes Co
70
E XP E R I ME N T
No
34
F ig 9 6 Th e U p
w a r d P r e s s u r e a t a ny
P om t U n d e r Wa t e r 1 3
E qu a l t o t h e D own
wa r d P r e s s u r e a t h s
.
P oi n t
Th e
t i
Ma cM i l l cm
Co
Cou r tes y
9 7 S h ow in
Th a t
th e
r e s s u r e U p wa r d a n d
D own wa r d a r e E q ua l a t
a n y D e p th
F ig
HYD RA UL I C
A ND
PNE
U M ATIC
ENGI NEERI NG
71
rema in s o n un til the level ins ide the chimne y i s the s ame a s the level
outs i de an d th i s i s true a t a n y depth Th i s shows tha t the pre s s ure
upward at a n y depth un der water i s equal to the pres s ure downward
of the column of water in s ide the chimne y I n o ther word s i t s hows
that the pres s ure upward a t a n y dep th un der water i s equal t o the
p res s ure downwar d a t th i s dep th
I llus tra te th i s w i th the a p paratu s (1) Fig 97 P ut the s toppere d en d
i n water
I s a foun ta in p roduced a n d doe s the ow s top when the
level in s i de i s equal t o tha t outs i de the tub e ?
U s e the apparatu s (2) Fig 97 hold the rubb er s heet o n un t il i t i s
u nder water
D oe s it rema i n ?
P our water i nto the tube
D oe s the s heet fall o ff when the level
i n s i de i s equal t o that ou ts i de ?
Yo u have shown here that water exert s pres s ure upward aga i n s t
a n y th ing under its s urface a n d that the upward pre s s ure i s equal to
the downward p re s sure a t a n y g iven dep th
.
p er cu b i c
DE P TH B OM B
feet I f s ea water
the pres s ure p er s q i n aga i n s t the
250
by
144
250
64
TO R P E D O
A torpe d o i s s e t t o travel a t
IS
P res s ure
15
144
64
lb s
per s q i n
.
S U B MA R I N E
of
a su b mar i ne
72
WHY
UO YA NCY
F ig 9 8
.
Wh y D oes
Cour tes y
Th is S t eel S hip
Fl
Th e S c i en tic Am e r i c a n
oa
t?
of
F ig
99
I ll u s t r a tin g
th e
B u oy an t E ff e c t
E XP E R I ME N T
No
of
Wa ter
35
TH E L AW OF
A RC H I M E D E S
e xa c
tl y
It
equ a
l t o th e w e i g h t
of
th e
l iq u i d d i s p l a c e d b y t h e b o d y
74
1 00
Th e C u p
and
Cy l in d e r
Cou r te s y
M e th o d of I l l u s tr a tin g
of Th e M ac Mil l a n C0
On e
th e L a w of
Ar c h im e d es
75
l Ol A n oth e r
t r a t i n g th e L a w
Cou r tes y of The
F ig
M e th o d
I ll u s
o f A r c h im e d e s
M ac Mi ll a n Co
of
F ig
F ig
1 02
1
( ) A S h i p U n l oa d e d
1 02 (2) Th e S a m e S h ip
.
Wh
en
L oa d e d
HYD RAU L I C
76
A sh i p
AND
PNE
U M ATI C
ENGI NEERING
E XP E R I M E N T No 3 6
To illus trate the law of A rch imede s for b od ie s wh i ch oat
.
Us e
empt y g las s
bottle a s the oat ing
bod y
C lo s e the lower
h ole i n the me t al t an k
with a No 1 s topper put
the large coupl i ng in the
ll the t an k
u pper hole
W i th water u n t il w a te r
th e
c ou p li n g a n
1 03
th r
ou t
r un s
ou gh
to p s
the
(1 )F ig
l oa t in
1 03
A
i s p l a c e s I ts O w n
We i h t of Wa te r
F ig
B od y
78
Yo u
s in k
in
b od ie s
wh i ch
Fig
F ig 1 04 - 3
.
A B od y
Wh i c h
S in k s
L os e s W i gh t E q u
e
al
t o th e
W e i gh t
of
104
Wa te r
It
D i s p la c es
RA I S I NG S UN " EN S H I PS
E XP E R I ME N T
No
38
F ig
1 05 Pump in
.
A i r i n to
S un k en S h i p t o
Fo
rce
th e
a te r
Ou t
79
F ill the
bottle w i th wa ter to repre s en t the s unken s h ip s ub m erge i t in a p ail
D oes the s h ip oa t t o the
o f water a n d blow a ir in through the hos e
surface ?
S unken s h ip s a re als o ra i s e d b y mean s o f large s teel po ntoon s lled
w i th a ir a s s hown i n F ig 108
I llu s trate thi s a s s hown in
F ig 107 U s e the b ottle a s the
sun ken s hi p a n d two emp t y t in can s o f the s a m e s ize a s the po nto ons
P unch na il holes i n the opp o s i te s i de s o f the t o p edge o f each tin
can connect them a s s hown force a ir into them a l i ttle a t a t ime
i n e q u a l amounts I s the s hi p ra is e d n early t o th e s urfa c e ?
F ig
107
.
80
HYD RAU L I C
F ig
1 06 S h owin
.
A ND
H ow
U M ATI C
Wa s h in gton ia n
th e
Cour tes y
PNE
E NG I N E E RI N G
w a s R a i s e d b y Compres s ed Air
Th e S c ie n tic Amer i c a n
HYD RA U L I C
F ig
Fig
A ND
1 07 S h ow in
.
1 03 r S h owin
P NE
U MATI C
H ow S h ip s
H ow S hi ps
ar e
E NG I NE E RI NG
R a i s e d b y Com p r es s e d A i r
R a is ed by
Mean s
of
La r g e
Cour tes y of
The S ci entic Ameri can
81
S te el P on toons
82
F L O ATI NG DR Y D O C" S
The oa ting d ry dock Fig 109 i s a huge s teel o r con crete tro ugh
shaped s tructure with hollow s ides a n d with large tanks along the
bottom I t i s op e n a t bo th en ds a nd when the tanks
F ig 1 10 are
lled with water i t s inks t o the water l i n e L L The boa t then s ail s
i nto the doc k a n d i s s ecurel y bra ced the water i s pu m ped o u t o f the
tanks
the dock ri s es unt il the wa ter l i ne i s a t W W an d l ift s
the ship ab ov e water
.
,,
Fig
1 09
Courtes y
Fl
oa tin
Dr y
D oc k
83
F ig
l l O Cr os s
l oa tin
S e c ti on of
Doc k a n d S h ip
Cour tes y of Th e M a c M i l l a n Co
.
D ry
E XP E R I ME N T
To make an d operate a oat ing
d ry
No
39
dock
1 1 1 I l l u s t r a t in
th e Wor kin
l oa tin
D r y D oc k
.
out
of
84
THE C L AS S
S U B MA RI NE
E X P E R I M E N T No
T o m a ke
40
F ig
1 1 2 Th e G l a s s
.
S u b m a r in e
in
water
F ig 1 12 i s hollow and
will ob s erve that the gla s s s ubmar i n e
that i t ha s a hole a t the s tern
P lace i t i n a tumbler o f water D oe s i t oat ?
P lace it s tern down i n the b ottle full to overowing with water
clo s e the b ottle turn i t o n it s s i de an d s hove th e s topper i n hard
D oes the s ubmari n e s ubmerge ? W ithdraw the s topp er sl ightl y D oes
the s ubmarine ri s e a n d als o m ov e forward s u ddenl y ?
R e p eat th i s with the b o ttle between y our e y es an d a light an d ob s erv e
the a ir i n the s ubmari ne I s the a ir compre s s ed when y ou shov e the
s topper i n an d doe s it expan d when y ou withdraw the s topper ?
The s ubmarin e oats i n the tumbler becaus e i t i s l ighter tha n an
equal v olume o f water I t s inks i n the bo ttle when y ou force the
s topper i n b ecaus e s u f c i en t water i s forced i n to make i t heav ier than
a n equal volume o f water I t r i s e s when y ou relea s e the s topp er b ecaus e
the a ir expa nds a nd force s s u f c i ent water out to make i t aga i n lighter
than its ow n volume o f water
Wa ter i s nearl y incompres s ible but a ir i s v ery compre s s ible and
wh en y o u s hove the s topper i n y ou compre s s the a ir but n ot the water
Yo u
86
F ig
115
S h ow i n
The fr i ct i on
(1)
(2)
of
Th a t
water
r i c ti on
in
D ec r ea s e s
t h e V e l oc i ty
of
Wa t er
in
P ip e s
p ipe s :
than whe n i t is
mov i ng slowl y
(4)
in
large p ipe s
of
th e s ame len g th
HY D RAU L I C
A ND
87
NOZ Z LE S
F ig
1 16
B oy
P u ts M o
re
Wa t e r
on
th e R oa d
Th a n
W ith
in
On e
G i v e n T im e
Wi th ou t
Nozz l e
E XP E R I ME N T
No
42
To
88
2
F ig
F ig
Th e
1 17 1
1 17 2 Th e
P r es s u r e
P r es s ur e
is L ow B eh in d
is
H i gh
B eh in d
a L g
ar
S ma l l
Nozz l e
Nozz l e
Y ou
is
longer than
E XP ER I ME N T
No
43
Le
zz
F ig 1 1 8
ss
Wa t e r
l o w s i n t h e G iv e n T i m e
Wi th
No l e Th a n
With out
.
89
H YD RA
90
U L IC A N D
PNE
U M ATI C
ENG I NE E R I NG
of
E XP E RI MEN
No
44
A I R L OC "
F ig
1 20 S h owin
L oc k
Oc curs
H ow
S u p pl y
an
Air
P ip e
to
I f the pip e fr om
y our
wa ter tan k
a n d do wn hill
our h ou s e run s up
i t m a y become s topped b y an a ir
lock a s s hown i n F ig 120 I n (1)
tan k i s empt y b u t water rema i n s i n
the U part to the level o f the b ath
room fau c et ; above thi s i s a ir I n (2)
the tan k i s agai n lle d an d the bath
room fau c et i s open but the water
does n ot run I t doe s no t becau s e
the a ir in th e p i p e permit s the 15
y
F ig
Lo
Ai
g H w
a S p p l y Pip
1 20 S h o w i n
.
ck
Oc c ur s
an
91
E X P E R I ME N
TN
o.
45
F ig
1 21
I l l u s tr a t in g
in
P i p es
an
HYD RA UL I C
92
AND
P NE U MAT I C E NG I NE E R I NG
P n e u m a t ic
a nd
a ir
ot
h on
a nd
a ppl ia n c e s
g in e e r i n g
h e r ga s e s
in t h e
a ppl i a n c e s
s ip
en
is th e
ha v e
Y ou
s e c t io n
en
h y d r a ul ic
on
are
ha v e
m a de
Y ou
als o
en
th i s
l in e
e n g i n e e r in
t w o pn e u m a t i c
g in e e r in g
n
u
m
i
e
a
t
c
p
s om e
a nd
n a m el y ,
a ls o
e x pe r im e n t s
t h a t t h e a t m o s p h e r e e x e r t s p r e s s u r e ; y ou
i n pn e um a t i c
w h i c h d e a l s wi t h
u s ed
a l r e a dy
t h e pu m p ; t h e s e
g in e e r i n g
th e
h y d r a u l ic
to
h ow
w il l b e gin y ou r w or k
b y m a k in g f u r t h e r
e x p e r im e n t s a l on
E XP E R I ME N T
No
46
The M agdeburg hem i spheres (1) F ig 122 are made o f metal are
hollow an d are groun d smooth aroun d the edge s o that the y t t o
gether a ir tight When the a ir i s p umped o u t through the h an d le on
on e s i d e
the y a re hard to pull apart The original hemis p h ere s (2)
Fig 122 were 14 i nches i n d iameter a n d requ ired eight hor s e s o n each
s i d e to p ull them apart When the a ir i s p umpe d o u t there i s n othing
i ns i d e the hem is phere s to exert pres s ure ou twar d a n d the pre s s ure
o f the a tmo s phere h old s them together
,
F ig
123
l i t tle a ir
D oe s the atmosphere make thi s rather d if cult ?
.
94
1 23 E x c r i
m e n ts S imil a r t o h a t
W i th th e M a d eb u r
em is p h er e s
F ig
2
F ig
1 23
.
th e
S im i l a r t o T h a t
p e r im e n t s
M a gd e b u r g
H em is p h e
r es
W ith
95
A mos t s triking me
tho d o f s howing that
the atmo s phere exerts
pre s s ure i s shown i n
Fig 125 A l ittle water
i s placed i n a n empt y
s y rup ca n and bo iled
until the s team come s
o u t for on e o r two m i n
uts The can is then
clos e d a ir t ight an d in
verted i n a d ish o f cold
water I n a short t ime
the can s uddenl y col
lap s es
.
F ig
F ig
a ir
there
is
1 24
Th e A tm os p h e r e
1 25 Th e A tm o s ri h e r e
.
is
or c e s
Cru s h e s
th e
th e
R ubb er
S y ru p
S h e et I n
Ca n
n oth i ng left
in
the ca n
but
ou t
H Y D RA
96
U L IC
WAS
F I RS T
M E AS URED
F ig
1 26
C ou r t es y
T or r i c e l l i
p e r im en t
of
Th e
Ex
Mac Mil l a n Co
98
t p e
e e
ae
I e
F i g 1 28 T h c A m o s h r e
E x r s th e P r s s u r
of
1 5 tb s
in c h ,
p er 5 u r
B u t No
or
.
et
2 :
THE B AR OME I
R
E
99
30
i
a nd when a s a lor s a y s the gl ass i s fall i n g
he mean s tha t the mercury i n the gla s s tube
i s s in k ing below 3 0 i n a nd that ba d weather
1
F ig
I
1 29 B a r om et er s
.
Cou r t es y of th e
l a n Co
JVI a c l
F r om
1125
F ig 130
1 3 0 An er oi d B a r om e ter
.
F ig
Cou r t es y
.
of
Th e
Ma cMiIl an
Co
100
H YD RA U L I C
a b ove the b ox I f the atmo spheri c pres s ure increa ses the spr i ng is
force d down ; if the pre s s ure decrea s e s the s pr i ng r i s es The move
m ents are v ery small but the y are magn i ed b y levers a n d are c om
m u n i c a t e d to the p o i nter b y mea ns of a rack and p i n i on
HOW A I R M E N " N OW TH EI R A LTI TUD E
TH E A LT I TU D E G AU GE
,
The a ir zo nes o f a
m odern b attle are illus
13 1 an d
t r a t e d in F ig
the alt itude guage by
m ean s of wh i ch the air
m e n know their he igh t
i s shown i n F ig 132
This altitu d e gauge i s
a record i ng aneroid
b aro m eter called a bar
og r a ph
I t records th e
he ight o f the a irplan e
i n feet an d i s s uspend
e d free o f the a irplan e
b y four ela s t i c s trap s
wh ich protect it to
s ome extent from the
v ibra t i o n o f the ma
chine
The con s truction o f
the barograph i s a s fol
lows I t ha s ve or s ix
at metal b oxe s ex
h a u s te d o f a ir s imilar
t o the b ox in the or
Thes e
d in a r y anero id
b oxes are expan ded by
B
f M d
l ( 8)
A Z
a s trong s pr ing a s the
height i ncrea s es and
F ig 1 3 1
A i Z on
o ern
ones o
19 1
a tt e
ur
ar
es
en
HYD RA UL IC A N D
102
E X P E R I MEN
No
48
To s how that the v ert ical he ight to wh ich the atmo s phere w ill lif t
water i n a tub e i s i ndepen den t o f the length o r slant o f the tube
M ake th e experimen t s
(2) a n d
F ig 134 S uck a ir out through the upper
coupli ng o n th e tee a n d clo s e the clip
I s th e vert ical he ight o f the water i n
o n e tube a b ov e the water in th e t u m
b ler alwa y s the s ame a s tha t i n the
other ?
M ake e x per imen ts o f y our a
;
.
F ig
1 3 4 T h e H e i h t i s i n d e p en d en
e n th
and
l a n t o f th e T u b e
L g
.
E X P E R I MEN T
No
o f th e
49
own
F ig
1 35
I 3S
Th e
H e igh t
i n d ep e n d en t of
si e
or
s h a pe
of
T u b e a n d of th e
S ur
a c e ou ts
th e
E " P E R I MEN
th e
a ter
id e th e Tu b e
No
103
50
E"
P E R I ME NT
No
51
F ig
l 3 6 S a lt
h e i h t th a n
r es h
r ea t e r h e i g h t
Wa t e r
a te
is
ra s ed
a nd
to a l e s s
G a s o i n e to a
t h a t th e
1 3 1 S h owi n
m os oh er e w il l l i t w e i h t
F ig
104
H YD RA UL IC A N D
E " P ER I MEN T
No 52
.
l 38 S h owin
th e A tm o s p h er e
.
th a t
'
11 Y
tR
:3
,
in
15
but
lb s
no n
c om e
th e
fr i c t i o n
106
for c e d out through the outer p ipe The wa ter comes out a s a con tinuous
heav y s p ra y be c a us e the a ir is mixe d with th e wa ter in b ubbl es rather
than in la y ers
.
Thes e are called a i r lift p ump s but the water i s not ra i s ed by the
a ir p re s s ure I t is rai s e d by the weigh t o f th e water i n th e well out
s ide the p ump b ecaus e the water r i s i ng i n t h e p um p i s rea lly a mixture
o f air and water an d i s lighter than a water column o f the s ame height
-
WAT ER
Fig
p or t s
1 4 1 A Col u m n
.
l on
Cou r tes y
c ol u m n
er
of
of
a ter
L i gh t
f th e Ma c M il l a n Co
F ig
su p
O il
1 40 A n oth e r ty p e
.
P um p
of
A ir
L i ft
107
face o f the water a s the t o p i s a b ove and the water outs i de the pump
l i ft s the l ighter m ix ture o f a i r an d wa ter t o the top Y ou w ill i llu s trate
th i s i n the ne x t e x per iment
,
E " P E R I MEN T
To
No
m ake
53
F ig
ra
eren
r-
108
L AWS
W H IC H A PP L Y
PA S CAL
To GAS E S
S LA W
m i t te d b y t h e g a s
equa
ll y
a n
u n d im in i s
he d i n
ll d ire c t i o n s
are very familiar with on e appli ca t ion o f thi s law namel y i n the
pneumat i c t ire The a ir i n a b icy cle o r automo b ile t ire exerts pres sure
outward equall y a t ever y p art o f the tire
Yo u
E X P E R I MEN T
No
54
1 10
T HE
B A L L OO N S A N D
Th e L a w
of
B U O Y A NT
Ar c him e d e s
F O RC E OF A IR
a p p lie d
to G a s e s
a ir
wh i ch
Th e l a w
ga
on
rc
b o d y is
F ig
i n regar d t o gas e s i s :
h im e d e s
e qu a
l t o th e w e ig h t
1 44 Th e B u oy a n t
.
t o th e
W igh t
e
Court es y
of
of
or c e
on
th e
ga
th e
d i s p la c e d by
of a
the
bo d y
i s E q ua l
B a l oon
th e B a l l oon
Air d is p l a c e d b y th e
Th e S c i en tic Amer i can
How t h e To t a l L if t
bu oy a n t f o r c e
B a ll oon is
Ca l c ula te d
I n Fig
G erman y ,
111
F ig
ve
1 4 5 Com p a r a ti
.
G r e a t B r i ta in
f
g
g
at
th e
Z ep p elin S tr en th of G e r m a n y ,
O utb r ea k of th e G r e a t W or l d
ra n c e
Wa r
O n th e l e t, th irt een G e r m a n s h i p s in c om m is s i on a n d ou r (i n wh it e ) b u il d i n
On t h e r i h t, a b o e , on e
r en c h s h ip b u il t a n d two b u il d in
On th e r i h t, b el ow, t wo B r itis h s h ip s b u il d in
Cou r tes y of Th e S c i e n tic A m er i c a n
H y drogen
1 12
F ig
gr
D ir i i b l e
1 46 Con c ep ti on o f th e P a s s en e Ca r y in
t h e Nea r
u tu r e m a kin
u s e of H el ium G as
Cou r tesy of th e S ci ent i c A mer ica n
of
E " P E R I ME N
No
55
AND
H Y D RAU L IC
1 14
P N E UM AT IC ENGI NEERI NG
i s p laced
or
clothes
b alloon
w i th i t s
Do
?
i
ceil ng
y ou
HYD RA UL IC A ND
E"
P E R I MEN
No
1 15
57
Fig
l
2
3
1 49
Th r ee
Ph a s es
of
Ob s er a v ti on
f
i
S uc c e s s
B al
l oon
ful
Atta ck
on
an
h it h a s b e en s c or ed
Not e th e a e r op l a n e a n d b all oon
I m m ed ia t e y a te r th e
a s t r e d u c e d t o a s h a p el e s s m a s s
e d in a m e s i s
B a l l oon e n v e l
W r e c k a e of e ob s erv a ti on b a l l oon a l li n to e a r h , Wi th a s m ok e tr a i l i n i ts
wa k e
Cou r tesy of th e S a en tz c A mer i ccm
'
t oy
1 16
HYD RAUL IC A N D
with
a s y ringe
w itho ut des tro y i ng it a s shown in F ig 150 The
water o n the balloon w ill make i t s we ight gr eater
than the b uo y ancy o f the a ir d i splaced b y the bal
loon an d th i s w ill br i ng i t down
.
If
E X P E R I MEN T
No
58
ounce o f e ther an d
p our it into a n empt y 12 qt pa il cover the pa il
w i th a news paper an d allow it t o s tan d for about
10 minutes
on e
.
1 50
F ig
D ow n
S m a ll
B a l l o on t op
Do
oats
y ou
on
a ir
F ig
th e
a
I S L I l l us tra tin
B u oy a n t
H ea vy
Ga s
E fect
.
of
HYD RA UL I C A N D
1 18
If
n ow
s urface
a ir in A i s under 2 a tmo s phere s pres
s ure an d i t i s com p re s s e d to
its
rs t volume
.
I f B i s ra i s e d until
its mercury s urface i s
in abov e that i n A
F ig
1 53
A para tus
I I a s tra
B oy l e s L a w
u s ed
Th e
to
of
s l Ia u
Cou r tes y
M ac M
to
Co
the a ir i n A i s u n d er
atmo s pheres pre s s ure an d
its
i t i s compre s s e d to
a n d s o on
r s t v ol ume
I f on the ot h e r h a n d B
i s lowere d
unt il it s
mercur y s urfa c e is 15 in
F ig
1 54 I l l u s t r a tin
.
B oy l e
L aw
1 19
V01 2
.
I f B i s lowere d (6 ) unt il
mercury s u rfa c e is 20
i n below tha t i n A the a ir
i n A i s u nder a pres s ure
of
onl y l /3 a tmo sphere
an d it exp an d s until its
volume i s 3 times i ts vol
ume i n
a n d s o on
i ts
No te :
A column o f mer
I ll u s t
r a t in
6
B oy l e
Law
E X P E R I MEN T
T o illus trat e
If
B o y le s law
No 59
.
y ou
No t e :
HY D RA UL IC A N D
120
2:
m os ph e r e s
h ow t h at wh en y ou
halve the p res sure o n a ga s
i ts v olume doubles u s e the
apparatus (3) Fig 155
To
S tart w i th a d is tan ce
of
i nches
A pull
of
2% lb s
on
s q in i s
x
lb s
per s q in o r
atmos phere
S ince the pull of the balance
atmo s phere the air
i s onl y
i n the tub e mus t b e exert i ng
the other
atmos phere
.
F ig
1 55
D ou bl e
th e
V ol u m e
Hal f
th e
.
D ou b l e
r es s ure
Hal f
th e
th e
on
A ir
Pr e s s ur e
V ol um e
and
an d
y ou
y ou
122
brake s on
Whe n the engin eer wis h e s to take t h e brake s 0 3 aga in h e tur n s the
lever back Th i s clo s e s the tra in pip e an d a t the s ame t ime allows a ir
to ow from ta n k B through the tra in p i pe t o the triple valve F When
the pres s ure i n the trian p ipe i ncreas e s the tr iple valve sh i fts b ack i n
s uch a w a y tha t it let s a ir pa s s from B in to E als o it clo s es the pa s s age
from E to C an d lets the a ir o u t o f C The s p ring then forces the
E"
P E R I ME N
No
60
7
I ll us t a t in g th e W o kin g of th e
1
F ig
5
th e con ditio n s when th e
Ai B ak e
tra in i s runn ing a nd the
HYD RA UL IC A N D
P NE UM AT IC ENGI NEERI NG
123
c y l i nder
Th i s i s the co ndi t i o n whe n the bra ke s are o n
I f y ou have a b icy cle p ump u s e i t i n s tea d o f y our mouth a n d p u m p
You w ill then n d tha t the p i s t on i s dr iven
m ore a ir into the tan k E
o u t w i th greater force
A t the next opportun it y examin e the a ir brake s u nder a b o x car o r
at car on a railwa y s id i ng I dent i fy the a ir tan k c y l i n der p i s to n r o d
end the triple valve an d the tra i n p ipe Not i ce that the outward move
men t o f the p i s to n r od move s a lever a n d tha t this lever in turn s ets
the bra kes
THE F L A M E TH ROWER
1 58
F l a m e Th r owe r
Ac t ion
part a nd ab ov e th i s hy drogen ga s
un der g rea t p re s s ur e
The tan k i s carrie d o n the back o f
the s old ier a s s hown i n Fig 158 an d
when the n ozzle i s op ened the c om
pres s e d hy drogen drive s the o il o u t
with grea t force The o il i s s et o n
re b y a p ilot ligh t j us t beneath the
n ozzle a nd the m oving s tream b e
come s a s tream o f ame or l iq u i d
,
r e
F ig
1 59 S h ow in
.
h ow
Com p r e s s e d
O il ou t of a
H y d m g en d r iv e s th e
l a m e Th r ow e r
124
H YD RA UL I C A N D
E X P E R I MEN T
No
61
TH E F I RE E " T I N GU I S H ER
f
rect
the
s
tream
o
water an d gas
n
d
a
i
s
d
e
u
t
h
n
g
t
O
h
i
o
S
1
6
0
w
F ig
I n s id e of a F i e E tin g u is h e
up on the re b y mea n s of the
Cour tes y of th e Ma c M i ll n Co
short ho s e U s e all o f the water
becaus e once y o u hav e turn ed the ext i ngu i s her up s ide down the l iqu ids
are m ixed , a n d th e ext ingu i sher i s o f n o f ur ther u s e u ntil y ou have r e
.
H YD RAU L IC
126
A ND
R epeat
R epeat
E X P E R I MEN T
No
63
F ig l 6 2 P u ttin g Out a Ma tc h an d a
by me an s of H ea v y Ca r b on D i ox id e
.
heav y an d that
o f v i negar into
it
a n emp t y ten quart pa il Fig 162 a n d add one level tables po onful of
b ak ing s oda S t ir w i th a s poon unt il the zzin g s tops Y o u now hav e
the b ottom o f the pa il full o f carbon d ioxi de gas You canno t s ee it
but it i s there Now light a match an d lower i t slowl y into the pail
-
D oe s
go out ? I t goes
ou t
127
D oe s
D oe s
the ga s put o u t the match or can dle ? Thi s s hows tha t the gas
pours a nd therefore tha t it i s heav ier tha n a ir I t als o s hows aga i n that
the C0 g a s put s out a re
.
THE A I R
PUM P
'
If
y ou
128
HYD RA UL IC
AND
E X P ER I M EN T
No
T o make an d operate an
F ig
1 64
64
pump
a ir
I l l u s t r a t in g
an
A ir
Wo r k in g
th e
Pum p
164
Do
y ou
TH E
F ig
1 64
B IC YC L E PUM P A N D T I RE
Th e B ic c l e P um
y
p
Cour tes y of th e Ma cMil l a n Co
F ig
1 65
13 0
TH E A I R C O M P RES S O R
or a
ro
r e s s or
er
an
an
n ar
oo
ss
s cs
er
THE S AN D B L AS T
The s an d bla s t
on e
2
of
F ig
a
1 6 8 n te ri or
S an d B l a s t
F r om H i tc h c ock s
Comp r es s e d A zr a n d
'
Cou r tes y of th e
Nor ma n W H e nl ey
P u bl is h i ng Co
.
F ig
16 8 A S an d B la s t
H YD RAU L I C
A ND
P N E UMATI C E N G I NEERI N G
13 1
The in s ide o f the machin e i s repre s ente d i n (2) F ig 168 The s and
i s d ump ed int o the V s hap e d top a n d i s a dmi tte d to the chamber CC
below through the valve A The compres s e d a ir e nters a t B an d p as s es
The s and i s dropp ed
o u t t o the ho s e a n d n ozzle through the tub e D
into the mov i ng a ir through the valve F a n d i s carried through the hos e
a n d n ozzle t o the obj ect
.
E X P E R I MEN
No
66
F i ll th e f unne l with d ry
c oa r s e
sand
a n d a s k y o ur
p a rtn er to h ol d h i s h a n d
ov e r t h e fun n el a n d open the
clip while y o u blow a ir i nto
the
a
n
d
o u f han d
y
F i g 1 6 9 I l l t ti
th
W ki g f
opp os i te th e te e op en i ng to
S
l t
d
feel the e e c t
Your p artner s han d mus t b e hel d over the fun nel o therwi s e p art o f
th e a ir will blow up through the s an d
R e p ea t thi s with th e b ott l e us e d a s a compre s s e d a ir tan k
P ump
a ir
in to th e t a n k by m ea n s of a b i cy c l e p um p a n d c l o s e t h e h os e
with a c l i p C on ne c t t h e h os e wit h th e tee a s k y our p art ner to hold
hi s han d over the funnel a n d open the fun nel cl ip then hold y our han d
in fron t o f th e tee o p en ing a n d Op e n the cli p o n the ho s e
D o y ou n d tha t th e s an d s trike s y our han d wit h c o n s i d erab l e f or c e ?
,
us
ra
an
or
as
P NE UMATI C PA I NT B RUS H
The wo rk in g of t h e p neumati c p a i n t b ru s h i s a s foll ows : T h e c om
pre s s e d a ir enter s through the ho s e an d handle a n d i s s ue s from a smal l
nozzle Th e curren t o f a ir thu s p ro du c ed carrie s o u t with i t the a ir
aroun d the n ozzle a n d create s a p art ial va c uum The a tmo s ph eri c p re s
sure o n the p ai nt in the tan k the n for c es p a i n t i n to t h e va c uum aro un d
the n ozzl e a n d t h i s p a in t is c arrie d out t h r oug h th e l a r g e n ozzle by t h e
a ir c urr e n t Th e a ir p r e s s ure i s from 50 t o 8 0 lb s p er s q in a n d t h e
s tream of pa int c an be regula ted fr om a ne m i s t to a s ol i d s tr eam
.
H Y D RA U L IC
132
A ND
F ig
P N E U MATI C E N G I NEERI N G
1 70
r om
A ir
Pa in t Nozz l e
H i tc h c oc k s Compr es s ed
a nd
I ts
Cou r tes y
Nor m a n W
Appl i c a ti ons
th e
H e n l ey P ubl is h ing
Co
E XP E R I MEN
No 6 7
.
134
F ig
as
l 73 A
L a r g e D ivin g
U n d e r s e a S tor e h ou s e
an
Cou r tesy
B el u s e d
by D i e s
th e S c ienti c A mm
ca n
vr
E X P E R I MEN T
No
68
The tu m bler repres en ts the d iving bell an d the match s t ick repre s ents
the man who could n ow go to work o n the b otto m o f the r iver o r lake
O f cours e the ma n i n a regular d iv i ng bell would n o t get i nto the water
rs t but would s tan d o r s it o n a shelf in s i de the bell R a i s e the tumb ler
graduall y a nd n ot i ce tha t the water l ift s the match up aga in
I n th is experi m ent the lower edge o f the d iv i ng bell the tu m bler i s
o nl y s ix o r e ight i nche s un der the s urface o f the water there fore the
HYD RAUL IC A ND
2
F ig
1 74
1 35
3
.
I ll u s tr a ti n g
th e
D ivin g
th e
B el
W o ki g
r
of
E X P E R I MEN T No 69
make a home ma d e d iving bell
.
To
13 6
M a ke expe r imen t s
of
your own
P NEU M ATIC
CA I S S ONS
A cai s s o n s imilar to that s hown he r e i s u s ed to remo v e the earth
d own to the r ock f o r the f o undati o n s o f b r idge p iers I t i s lled with
co m p r e s s ed a i r which d r ive s the water out a t the b o ttom and leave s
the ea r th d r y for the wo r kmen
.
'
Th e
A is
HYD RAU L I C
138
P NEU M ATIC
A ND
ENGI NEE R I NG
locking in
The man o f c o u r s e w o uld n o t d r o p f r om the a ir lock t o
the b o t t o m o f the ca is s o n ; he w o uld cli m b d own a ladde r Tools a n d
mate r ial s a r e a dm itte d t o th e cai s s o n in the s ame way a nd r emoved by
r eve r s e op era tion
ma n
E" PE
To
h ow
h ow
Fi g
By
to
l 78
torp e d o
i s s ho t out
Th e R ev olv er
To p
r
t o p ed oes
eve al t o ped o s in
c a rry in g th e
r e
R I ME N T
No 71
.
of a
ed o
T ub e
ubm a ri ne or battl e
in
S ubma r in
s h ip .
p o ib le
e e my
th
i t is
on
ss
n
HYD RAU L IC
A ND
P NEU M AT IC
E N G I NE E R I N G
139
2
F ig
Cl o s e
1 79
h o w in
g
H ow
a Sh ip
is
T pe d ed
or
E " PE RI ME NT
T o s h ow
t aken f r o m
A r r a n ge
h ow
sea
the m e n
wate r
in
No
72
ub m a r i n e c ould b e
upplied with
a ir
140
HY D RAU L I C
A N D P NEU M AT IC ENGI N E ER I NG
1
18 0
F ig
S h owin g
H ow
Ai r
ro
c ou
l d take
S ubma r i ne s
F I NI
HY D RAU L IC
142
pe
ri
m en t
17
18
19
20
th at th atm ph e e e e t p e u e
To h ow t h at th at m p h e
pp o t c ol um f wate
wi ll
To p ov th at i t i th p e u
o f th
atmo ph wh i h l ift th
w a y t h t th at m o p h e e e e t p e
e d w
To h w i
o th e
upw
g
T i llu t ate t w
e f at m p h e i p e
i m ple
To
ENGI N EE R I NG
AT M S P H E I C P E S S U E
" ER T S P RESS U RE
AI R
WE G HT
AI R HA S
Ex
P NEU M ATI C
AND
s h ow
os
os
re
ss
re
su
ss
r s
er e
r s
r.
s s ur
ate
wa d
w
an
ar
21
s r
TH E
P UM P S
22
a e
G m
7
.
8
Ex
pe
ri
e t
25
a e
G m
Ex
s
pe
10
ri
e t
27
.
ake
and
29
pe ate a l ift p
r
ak
LS
T o s h ow
d ir ec i on s
To m
ake
um
and
s s ur
e e e te d
pe ate a
h y d r os
a nd
ate
L LO C
18
ell ow
ta
r
nsm
ss
e an
or
L C"
an
s sur
n o zz
of
th e
s iz
an d
sh
32
us r
E PLA NA T I O N
r os
ox
OS TA T I C P A RA D O "
H OW T O CALC U LA T E T H E P RES S U RE E " ER T E D
"
a ll
in
31
ll y
eq u a
"
i tted
a li p e
V A TO R
pe at e a h y d a l i elevat
h y dr
tat i
on
S
LI F T L O C " S
h y d a ul i l i ft l o k
T m k
d pe at
T H E P R ESS U R E E " E R T E D B Y WA T E R
h w t h at th
p e e at a
l e i i d epe d e t
T
f th ta k
d p i pe
T H E H Y D R O S T A T I C P A RA D O "
T ill t ate th h y d
tat i pa a d
CA NA
H YD A U L I C L I F T
30
nk.
L AW
elevated ta
n o an
I
m ake
pe ate a
H
H YD RA U L I C E L E
k
H YD A U L I C A PP L I A N C E S
r
To
th at p e
an
H Y D RA U L C P R ESS
T E
To ma
p e ate a f e p um p
at
pe d i t
te t
To m e a n d o r
or c
To s h ow h ow w e r is p um
or c e P um
Con s
PA S C A
FO R C E PU M P
TH E
28
L F T P UM P
To m
s y r in g
s s ur e
IPH N
O F T HE S
of a
26
r c
TH E
24
on
os
us r
TH E
.
W HY
ll t ate th a ti
Wate G u S h o ti g
B ig G u
B attle
Ma h i e G u B attle
Th
D ia b l Wh i tle
To i
23
us
OF
HYD R
BY
WA T ER
ape
HYD RAUL I C
P NEUMAT I C
A ND
E NG I N E E R I NG
143
P R E S S U R E U N DE R W A T E R
T H E D E P TH B O M B T O R P E D O A ND S U B M A R I N E
pe im e t
33
w ate i c ea e W i t h th e d e pth a nd th a t
T
h ow t h at t h e p s u e u n d e
i t i s e q u al i n all d i e c t i on s at n y d ept h
34
To h ow th at w ate r ex e t s p r e s s u e u p wa d o
a y th in g u n d er i ts su r fa c e
n d th at t h i
u p wa d p e s u e i
e qu al t o th d ow w a d p e s su e a t
aepth
H O W T O CA L C U LA T E TH E P R ESS U R E ON DE P T H B O MB
.
Ex
n
.
re
Ex
pe
im
e t
WHY D OE S
TE E
A S
S U B M AR I N E
A ND
TO RPED O
O
YA N C Y
L S H I P LOA T
.
BU
35
e t of wat e
TH E L A W O F A R C H I M E D ES
T i ll t ate th l w of A h im e d e
To ill t ate th l w f A h im e d e f
b od ie wh i h i k in wate
RA I S I N G S U N " E N S H I P S
T
h w h w
ke h ip
a i e d b y m ea of i
FLOA T I N G DR Y D O C "
T m ake
d ope ate a fl atin g d y d k
T H E S M A L L S U B MAR I N E
T m ake th
m all u b m a i e
bm e g e
d i e i
w at
R
U NN I N G W AT E R
F R I CT I O N
T ill u t ate th e t of f i t i
i g wate
N O Z Z L ES
To h ow wh y th e t a m i l o g e wi th a
o
le th a with ou t
To i
ll u t at
s r
th e b u oy
a t
eff
r.
36
37
.
us r
us r
rc
rc
or
s n
r,
38
o s
s un
are
ns
a r.
39
an
oc
40
su
r n
r s
an
er .
'
41
ec
r c
on
on
r un n n
Ex
pe
42
ri m
e t
43
re
t at
t
T o s h ow h
h n wi th ou
le
y ou p u t
ss
t a
V E LO C I T Y O F FL O W
h w th at th
T
vel ity
f
tim e
g eat
AI R LO C"
T i llu t ate
i lo k
at
on
er
ou r
as
of
oc
r oa d
zz
a g i ve t i m e
o
in
i th a
ate
d ou b
is
led
wh
th e
ea d
is
45
Ex
pe
ri
e t
s r
an
a r
46
atmo ph e e e t p e u e
H O W A TM O S P H E R I C P R ESS U R E WA S F I RS T M EA S U R E D
T m ea
e th p e u e f th atm ph e
T H E B A R O M ETE R
H OW A I R M E N " N OW T H E I R AL T I T U D E
T H E AL T I T U D E G A U G E
To
w th a t
sh o
th e
er
r s
ss
47
.
s ur
n ozz e
44
ss
os
r e.
a e
m d
HYD RAUL I C
144
P NEUM AT IC
AND
ENGI N EER I NG
WA T ER B A R O M E T ER
h w t h at th
ve t i al h eigh t t wh i h th atm ph e wi ll li ft w te
T
48
f th
le gt h d la t f th t b e
i i d epe d e t
h e ig h t t
wh i h th
h w t h at t h
at m p h e e will l ift w ate i i d e
T
49
i e d h ape f th t b e d f th wate
fa e t id e
d t f th
p
t ge
th
h w th at th
atm p h e e l i ft h eavy alt wate t a le h eigh t
d
T
50
l i gh t g a l i e t a g eate h e i gh t th a i t l i ft f e h w ate
atm ph e e wil l l i ft w e i h t
h w t h at t h
T
51
m e
tm p h e e will l i ft 1 5 gb p q a e i h b t
52 T o h w t h at th
A I R L I F T PU M P S
i l i ft p m p
T o m ake
d ope ate tw
L AW S W H I C H A PP L Y T O G A SES
P A S CAL S LA W
l w
T
i ll t ate P a al
i t appl i e t
54
ga e
B A L L O O N S A ND TH E B U O Y A N T FO R C E O F A I R
T H E L A W O F A R C H I M E D ES A PP L I E D T O A I R
H OW TH E T O TA L L I F T O F A B ALLO O N I S CALC U LA T E D
pe i m e t
55
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P N E U M A T I C PA I N T B R U S H
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ME MO R A N D U M
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MORA N DUM
MEMORANDUM
MEMOR A NDUM
WATER
AND A IR
Two v e ry common y e t
important su bstances a nd
very powerful too wh en
you learn how to u s e them
Do y ou know why water
come s out of a f auce t
when you turn it on ?
Wh y air compres ses ? You
will be co m e fa m iliar wi th
facts that
a great many
at one ti m e were d ifc ult
prob lems in e ngin ee rin g
if y ou h a v e a
.
G ILB ER T
Hy d ra u lic
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5 05
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C a n a da
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Th e A
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1 25 Hig h H o l b o r n W C ,
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wh a t th e we a t h er
will b e on a c er t ain
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THE A
5 05 B l a t c h l e y
G I LB ERT
ve n u e
C OM P AN Y
Ne w H a ve n
Con n
ILB ER T M ENZ I ES C O Li m i t e d T o o t o 0 n t
G ILB ER T C O 1 25 H i g h H o l b o m L o n d o n W C l
I n C a n a d a : TH E A C
I n En g l a n d : THE A. C .
.
Ou t
S upp os e y ou h ad to lay
out a te n n is c our t Wh at
?
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wou d y ou d o
Wh ere
woul d y ou s ta rt ? Ten to
one y ou woul d n t know
h ow to go a bout it V ery
l ikely y ou woul d h a ve to
c al l on y our fa th e r to h elp
ou but y ou would n t
av e to i f y ou own ed a
G ilb e rt Civil E ngineer
mg Out t
.
G IL B E R T
E NG INE E R ING
(S UR VE YI NG)
Not only can
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5 0 5 Bl a tc h l e y Av e
In C a n a d a Th e
I n E n g l a n d Th e
A C G il b t M
A C G il b r t C
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Ha v e n ,
Lim ite d
Conn
To r o n t o , On t
Hig h Ho l b o r n , Lo n d o n ,
C 2.
.
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Th e Mos t
B ook f or B oy s E ve r
P u bl is h e d
Footb al l S tr ategy , by Walter
Tr a inin g,
by th e famous Ya l e tr ai ner,
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l ig h t ex p er i m en ts h ow to b u ild a r ea l
of
it "
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p
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tr a ted b ook
I t s y ours f or a qu ar ter a n d
worth d oll ars to y ou
B uy i t f r o m y ou r d e a le r o r
'
You
s e n d us 2 5 c t o - d a y
,
n e ve r
Th e G r ea tes t
B ookf or B oy s
in Yea rs
be
s o r ry
The A C Gilbert
Company
5 05 B l t h l y A
.
Ne w
Ha ve n
v e n ue
Con n