.

:
1-1 .
2-1 .
3-1 .
1-3-1 .
2-3-1.
4-1 .
5-1 .
1-5-1 .
2-5-1 .
6-1 .
7-1 .
1-7-1 .
2-7-1 .
8-1 .
:
1-2.
1-1-2 .
2-2-2 .
2-2 .
1-2-2 .

2-2-2 .
3-2-2 .
3-2 .
1-3-2 .
2-3-2 .
3-3-2 .
4-2
1-4-2 .
2-4-2 .
3-4-2 .
1

 :
1-3 .
2-3 .
3-3 .
1-3-3 .
2-3-3 .
4-3
1-4-3 )(.
2-4-3 .
3-4-3 .
4-4-3 .
5-3
1-5-3 .

2-5-3 .
:
1-4 .
1-1-4 .
2-1-4 .
3-1-4 .
2-4 .
1-2-4 .
2-2-4 .
3-4 ) . (K
1-3-4 .
2-3-4 .
3-3-4 .
4-3-4 .
4-4 ) . (Keff
1-4-4 .
2-4-4 .
:
1-5 .
2

 1-1- 5 .
2-1-5 .
2-1-5 .

4-1-5 .
2-5 .
3-5 .
4-5 .
1-4-5 .
2-4-5 .
5-5
1-5-5 .
2-5-5 .
3-5-5 .
6-5 .
: .
1-6 .
1-1-6 .
2-1-6 ).(Fich
2-6 .
1-2-6 .
2-2-6 .
3-2-6 .
3-6 .
1-3-6
2-3-6 .
3-3-6 .

4-6 .
1-4-6 .
2-4-6 .
3-4-6 .
4-4-6 .
5-6 .
1-5-6 .
3

 2-5-6 .
:
1-7 .
1-1-7 .
2-1-7 .
3-1-7 .
4-1-7 .
2-7
1-2-7
2-2-7
3-2-7
4-2-7
3-7 .
1-3-7
2-3-7
4-7 .

1-4-7
2-4-7
3-4-7
:
1-8 .
2-8 .
3-8 .
4-8 .
5-8 .
6-8 .
1-6-8 .
2-6-8 .
7-8 .
1-7-8 .
2-7-8 .
3-7-8 .
:

 424/ 33 :
" : "
.

.
.
,
.
: .
.
.
.
.
.

.
.

Summary of the Research Project No.33/424

This book titled Principle of Nuclear Reactor treats many aspects that interest
students and researchers in the nuclear reactor engineering field and nuclear energy
production. The book contains many chapters organized in such a way that help the
reader to acquire progressively the basic knowledge for different reactor theories.
We spent effort to choose a clear and simple style in writing this book to fulfill the
needs of non specialist as well as specialist readers. In spite of lot of mathematics
formula in same chapter, they are presented as simple as possible using an
attractive and non tedious style.
This book contains eight chapters: The first chapter is an introduction to Nuclear
physics while the second chapter is reserved to neutron and its interaction with
matter. The third chapter treats the fission theory and explains the main difference
between the fissile and fertile material and the fission reaction chain. The fourth
chapter discus the neutron cycle (generation, absorption and leakage) in the nuclear
reactors, while the fifth chapter treats the neutrons slowing down problems and
their energy distribution. The sixth chapter studies the neutron diffusion phenomena
in the thermal nuclear reactor and the effect of the light reflector. The seventh
chapter treats the neutron diffusion theory including one group, two group and
multi-group of neutrons. The last chapter is consecrated to the calculation of the
critical dimension of the reactor core and the minimizing of the critical mass using
neutron reflector material surrounding the nuclear reactor core.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to express his gratitude to the Research Center, College of
Engineering, King Saud University and SABIC for their financial and technical
support extended for the execution of this investigation through their research project
grant # 31 / 425.



..:
" : "

.
,
,
.


.
.
,
.
:
.
.

.
.

.

.


.


. .


.

.

.

.
.

.
.

.

.

.
.

.

1-1
2-1
3-1
4-1
5-1
6-1
7-1
8-1

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
,
.
.
1-1

 ,
, .
:
)
.( .... 3 2 , 1 2
)
.( .... 2 , 1
.
) : ) (e ) ( ) .( (
.
) (Ve ) (V

) . (V
.
.
,
. ) (1-1 . .
) : (1-1 ) ) = (S (.

) (e

)(

) (1

) (Ve

) (0

) (u

)(

) (

) (1

) (V
) (0

) (c

) (

) (1

) (V

) (0
) (t

2
+
3

2
+
3

2
+
3

1

3

1

3

1

3

) (d

) (s

) (b

 . )(Gluons
. w z

.
. )(Graviton

. ) (2-1 .
) : (2-1 ) ) = (S (.

)(Gluons
)(Bosons w, z
)(Photon
)(Graviton

- ) : (e ,
9.1095 10 31 = me
1.60219 10 19 = e .
. e +
- ) : ( p " "

) (

" " . 1.67261 10 27 = m p .

.
- ) : (n " "
" " ,
1.67492 10 31 = mn ,
.
, .
- : ,
.
) ( ) (
, .

 ,
) c = 2.9979 10 8 (m sec .
- ) : (J
,
.
.
2-1
.
,
.
.
. ,

.
,
Z .
= Z =
. N
= N

A :
A=Z +N

)(1-1

,
.
. H C
,
He Ne
Na . A
:

10

A
A
12 U 92
Z X X Z 6 C

235

3-1

.
,
) (
:
) . (n
) . (l
) . (m
) . (s
,
) .(1-1
....N , M , L , K
....4 , 3 , 2 , 1 = n
, .
= 2n 2
:
K ) 2 = 2(1)2 = (n = 1.
L ) 8 = 2(2 )2 = (n = 2.
M ) 16 = 2(3)2 = (n = 3.
.

11

 ) : (1-1 . 168 O

1-3-1
,

.
2 10 10 .

.


.
.

,
.
, ,

:
3

R = 1.25 10 13 A

R A .
12

)(2-1

 A
.
P = M V 10 14 / 3

.
2-3-1
Z ,
.
, N .
235 U 92 238 U 92
.
16 O8 17 O8 18 O8
,
99.8 : 0.037 .% 0.204
4-1
) ( K g ,


:
me = 9.109 10 31 kg
mp = 1.672 10 27 kg
mn = 1.674 10 27 kg

.
1 12 . 12 C6

)) (atomic . mass . unit (a.m.u :

.

1
M 12 C6 = 1.66 10 27 kg
12

= ) (a . m . u

:
me = 0.00055 a m u
mp = 1.0073 a m u
13

mn = 1.0078 a m u

.
12
C6
Mc = 12 a m u
.

1
Yi M i
100

)(3-1

= MX

M i i Yi i
.
)(mole

.
N A = 0.6023 10 24 ) .(Avogador's Number

. ) (3-1 .
) : (3-1 .

C6

)(

12

12

24

32

0.6023 10 24

27

27

0.6023 10 24

238

238

0.6023 10 24

(16 O8 )2
AL

U 92

0.6023 10

.
NA
) . M (g
A

= N atoms

) (

NA
. . cm 3
A

14

= N atoms

)(4-1
)(5-1

 N A A ) M (g

) (

cm 3 (g cm 3 ) .

:
N A Yi
.
) . M (g
A 100

(Nat )i

)(6-1

(Nat )i i Ai Yi
.
:
.

(Nat )i = N A . Wi

A 100

)(7-1

(Nat )i i Ai Wi
.
X mYn
:
m
) .N . M (g
(mAX + nAY ) A

(Nat ) X

)(8-1

( Nat ) X X ) M ( g X mYn

) (mAX + nAY )(.

)(1-1
:
- .
- ) 5% .( 235U
- .
15

:
- .
10
B5
19.78% B5

11

. 80.22%

:
Y
N
) N (Bi ) = A . i . M ( g
Ai 100

) (
0.6023 10 24 0.8022 3
= ) N (11 B
= 1.318 10 21 atoms
10 100

0.6023 10 24 0.1978 3
= 3.574 10 20 atoms
= N 10 B
10 100

- .
.
AU = 0.05 235 + 0.95 238 = 237.85

.
NA
0.6023 10 24
= ) . M (g
10 3 = 2.532 10 25 atoms
AU
237.85

= NU

235

Y
N
0.6023 10 24 5
= ) N 235U = A . 5 . M ( g
.
10 4 = 1.281 10 24 natoms
A 100
235
100

238

Y
N
0.6023 10 24 95
= ) N 238U = A . 8 . M ( g
.
10 4 = 2.404 10 25 natoms
238
100
A 100

- ) (H 2 O
16

 (H 2 O ) :
A(H 2 O ) = 2 1.008 + 15.9994 = 18.0154

) ) ( ( = 1.0 g / cm 2

olecules

NA
Y
0.6023 10 24 1 100
= . 8 . .V
= 3.343 10 24
A(H 2O ) 100
18.0154

= ) N ( H 2O

) (H 2 O

atoms

N (O ) = 3.343 10 24

) (H 2 O
atoms

N (H ) = 2 N (H 2 O ) = 2 3.343 10 24 = 6.687 10 24

2 H D
0.015%

atoms

N ( 2 H ) = 1.5 10 4 6.687 10 24 = 1.004 1019

5-1

.
mo c 2

= mc 2
2

2
1

c2

= ET

)(9-1

ET mo m
v c .

a . m . u .

17

E ( Joule) = 1.66 10 27 (2.998 10 8 ) = 1.492 10 10

2

1 Joule = 1.602 10 13 Mev

1.492 10 10

= 931.33
1.602 10 13

= ) E (Mev

) (a . m . u 931
) ( Mev -
.

) (a . m . u

E (Mev ) = 931 m

)(10-1

m ) . (a . m . u

)(2-1
U
. (a . m . u ) 235.0439

235

:
.1 .

N
0.6023 10 24
= ) N 235U = A . M ( g
1 = 2.56 10 21 atoms
A
235

.2 .

( )

) M 235U = N 235U 235.0439 = 6.02 10 23 (a . m . u

.3

E = 931 M 235U = 931 6.02 10 23 = 5.605 10 26 Mev

= 5.605 10 26 1.602 10 13 = 9.0 10 13 Joule

18

:
42 10 Joule
2143
.
9

1-5-1
) (10-1
:
mo
2

=m

2
1

c2

)(11-1

v m = mo
v m
.

.
:
)(12-1
ET = mc 2 = EO + E K
mo c 2 = EO E K .
.
E K = ET EO
= mc 2 mo c 2

1
2
= mo c
1
1

2
1 v 2

c2

19

)(13-1


) v << c ( v 0.2 c
:
2
1
)(14-1
= EK
m v
2 o
mo v.
,


.
EO :
v 0.2 c E K 0.02 EO

:
E K (e ) 0.02 mo (e )c 2 = 0.02 0.511 10 Kev
E K (n ) 0.02 mo (n )c 2 = 0.02 938 20 Kev

, 10 Kev .

. 20 Mev


.
.

:
E = h .

)(15-1

h = 4.0136 10 15 ev sec
E ) . (ev
2-5-1
P
:

20

P = mv

)(16-1

m v

:
h
h
=
P mv

)(17-1

P h .


:
P = mo v = 2 mo E K
h
2 mo E K

)(18-1
)(19-1

mo E K .

, :
1
ET2 E02
c

)(20-1

=P

h .c
ET2 E02

)(21-1

EO = mo c 2 ET = mc 2 h
c .

21

E
c

=P

h hc
=
p E

)(22-1
)(23-1

E
c .
c h .
1.240 10 4
) E (ev

= ) (cm

)(24-1

6-1

.
) (Z > 20 .

.

.

.
) (2-1
Z . N

.

22

 ) : (2-1 ) ( N Z .

82, 50, 28, 20, 14, 8, 6, Z 126
.
,
.
7-1

.

.
.
1-7-1

23


.
.
- ) (

.

) . 4 He2 = (2 p + 2n :

X Z A 4YZ 2 + 4 He2

)(25-1

Y
X

- ) (
,
.
.

. :

X Z
AYZ + 1 + 01 e + e

)(26-1

- ) + (

+ )
( .

. :
+

X Z
AYZ 1 + + 01 e + e

24

)(27-1

 - ) E . C (
+
.
1.02 Mev
.
,
,
+ .
:
E .C

X Z + 01 e
AYZ 1 + e

)(28-1

- ) (
,
.
) ( , , E .C
, .
:
.C
Y Z* E
AYZ +

)(29-1

* Y Y
) . ( , , E .C

2-7-1

N 0 ) , (t = O
t :
dN
= dt
N0

dN = No dt

)(30-1

)(31-1
) Nt = N 0 exp ( t

.
. sec 1

25

 -

.
.
Ao = N o
At = N t = N o e t = Ao e t
Ao ) . (t = O

)(32-1
)(33-1

,
, . Bq
) (Curie
.
:
. (1 Curie ) = 3.7 10 10 q

, ).(3-1

26

 ) : (3-1 .

-
T 1
2

. :

Nt
Ln 2
= exp T 1 = 1 T 1
2
2
2
No

(34-1) N t = N o exp T 1
2

:
T1

= o e t dt = 1 = 2
Ln 2

27

)(35-1


. T 1
2

.
-

.
.

. g :

dN
= g N Nt = g 1 e t

dt

)(36-1

At = N t = g 1 e t

)(37-1

As
) = . (ti
As
t s 5 T 1

.
:

A = g 1 e t = g

e t
o
2

)(38-1

t
5 T 1

8-1
,
.
.
,
. ) (4-1 .
28

 ) :(4-1 .

E , ,
:
) E (Mev ) = mc 2 = 931 m (a.m.u

)(39-1

m .
m = Z m p + N m n mA

)(40-1

m p mn mA Z

N .
Zme

.
:
29

) m = Z (m p + me ) + Nmn (mA + Zme

= ZM H + Nmn M A

)(41-1

me M H M A
. A
:
] E (Mev ) = 931 [ZM H + Nmn M A

)(42-1

A
.

).(5-1

30

) : (5-1 .
A

,80-50

8.4 Mev ..

.
) (A=253

7.5 Mev
A 2 117 8.4 Mev

) (8.4 7.5 = 0.9 Mev .

235 0.9 = 211.5 .

.
.
9-1

.
:
a+b
c + d

)(43-1

a (b , c ) d

a b c d a . b
:
: .

31

 : .
: .
: .

.
:
5 + 01n
?+ 4 He2

10

:
Ai = AF10 + 1 = x + 4 x = 7

Zi = Z F
5+0 = y +2 y = 3

Li3

:
10
7
5 (n . ) Li3

. Q

32

 .
a (b , d ) c :

Ei = E F

)(44-1

( mo c 2 + E K )i = ( mo c 2 + E K )F
( E K )i ( E K )F = [( mo )i ( mo )F ] c 2

)(45-1

E K mo i
F .

.
Q :

[( mo )i ( mo )F ] c 2

=Q

)(46-1

:
Q = [(M a + M b ) (M c + M d )] c 2

)(47-1

) Q (Mev ) = 931. m (a .m.u

)(48-1

Q ,
Q ,
.
.
)(3-1

33

) (

D H 12
T H 13 T (D , n )He24

) (
:

Q = [(M D + M T ) (M He + M n )] c 2
) = 931 m (a .m.u

]) = 931 [(2.0141 + 3.0160 ) (4.0026 + 1.0087

= 17.503 Mev

,
.
, Q
.

34

9-1

.
-1
-2
) . (Mev
-3
.
-4 :
- .
- .
-5 235
.
-6 :
- ) ( = 2200 m / gc
- ) (E K = 2 Gev
-7 :
212
208
4
84 Po 82 Pb + 2 He
M Po = 211.9889 amu amu

35

M Pb = 207.9766

 3 .
-8 Ato 137 N
At = 5.75mci
. T 1 2 = 9.96 mn
- t
. t = 3T 12
- t .
-9 U

235

.
-10 :
10
7
-
5 B (n , ) 3 Li
9
8
-
4 Be (n , ) 4 Be

36



1-2
2-2
3-2
4-2

.
.
.

.

.
,
, .
1-2

44



.
) (Li ) (B ) (Be -1930
1932 .
1933

.

) (1.15 a.m.u
.
:
4
1
9
12
6 C +0 n
4 Be + 2 H e
11
4
1
14
5 B+ 2 H e
7 N +0 n

1-1-2


.

.
) (1-2 :

) : (1-2 .
spm
) (a.m.u

1
2 )( 1 + )(
0
1.0078
2
1
2 )( 1 + )(
1
1.0073
2

.

:

11p + 1 e + e

45

1
0n

 T 1 = 12.8 ,
2

, ,
.

2-1-2

) (20 kev
.

. ) (2-2
.
) : (2-2 .

) (ev

0.025

10 1.0
6

10 10
10 10

m sec

) (o k

) (m

2.2 10 3

290

1.81 106

1.4 10 1.4 10
1.3 10 1.4 10
8

10

1.2 10 1.2 10

1.2 10 1.2 10
12

1.2 10

2.9 10

10

11

2.9 10 2.9 10
2.9 10
12

1.1 10

.
-

. ,


) (Maxwell Bolsman :
2

dn
4. 2
=
.e o .d
n
. o

46

2.9 10

)(1-2

 dn + d
n . o
dn


n

= ) f (

) : (1-2 T = 20 o C

o . o k :

) (

En = 1 mn o2 = KT
2
K (K = 1.380651023 joule / K deg re) Bolsman
, T .

)(2-2

:
), (m sec

o = 1.284 10 2 T

)(3-2

T = 20 o C = 293.16 o K
.

o = 2200 m sec

1
mn 02 = 0.025 ev
2

47

= Eo


:
1
2
= . dn
. o = 1.128 o

0
n

2
1
3
E = mn = KT
2
2

)(4-2

-


. 0.5 ev ) (Cd

. 0.5 ev
1.0 Kev .
) (2-2
.
) (
) ( .

48

 ) : (2-2 ) ( ) . ( 0 0

-
) (
) . (En > 0.5 Mev
,
. ) (En > 20 Mev

.
.
2-2
49


. :
,
,
. ,

)( .
1-2-2
) (Po
) (Ra ) (Pu ) ( Am
) (B
) (Be ) (Li ) . ( , n

,
.
, Be
.
) (3-2
.
10 Mev 13
.
241 Am 238 Pu
.

50

 ) : (3-2 ) . (Be

) . ( , n
) (En > 6 Mev Be
B 1.67 Mev 2.23 Mev .
) (Ey < 6 Mev
.
10 4 n sec

) ( , n
. 13 Mev
2-2-2

.
) ( , n
) (En > 6 Mev .

51


) (P , n ) . (d , n

0.8 Mev 4.0 Mev . ) (d , n

.
10 15 n / sec cm 2
.
3-2-2

Th U
Cm Cf . Fm

, .
Cf 252 85.5
2 10 12
.

.
10 12 10 14
. n / sec cm 2

3-2

.


.
.

1-3-2 ) (

.2
.
52



. ).(4-2

) : (4-2 .

I . N A
:
R = .I . NA

)(5-2

= (R I ) N A

cm 2

cm 2 . sec
#

[cm ] = cm #. sec
2

# .

. ) ( 2
) (barn
:

53

 2.10 24 . cm 2

Nucl = R02 = r02 . A

)(6-2

Ro r02 10 24
A .
:
1 barn = 10 24 . cm 2

) . (En , Type , Mat
,
. t ,
:
t = s +a

)(7-2

s a
.



:
s = se + si

)(8-2

se si
.
2-3-2

.
) (0 1.0 ev t , En
. 1 t ,
n

.
t
,
.

54

 ) (En > 1.0 Mev t

. )(5-2
t
.

) : (5-2 t .

t
.

3-3-2 ) (

) (3
.
:

55

 = N

] (cm1 ) = cm#3 [cm2

)(9-2

N atom / cm3 .
cm
) (
.


).(6-2
1 1-

) : (6-2 .

dx
:
) dR = t . I . dN = t . I . dx = dI ( x

)(10-2

t I
N .
dx
:
dI
) = N . t . I (x
dx

56

)(11-2

 I o x = o

:
) I (x ) = I o . exp ( N t x

)(12-2

) = I o . exp ( t x

. N

:
t = N ( s + a ) = s + a

)(13-2

s a
.

:
t = N1 1 + N 2 2 + ..... + N n n

)(14-2

N i
i .

:
1

= (15-2) (cm ) = x . P(x ) dx = t . x . exp( t x ) dx

P(x )dx . dx

57

 ) dI (x ) I (x
P( x )dx =

I (x ) I o
= t . exp t x dx

)(16-2

. t
)(1-2

3
/
:
t (H ) = 38.33 barn
t (O ) = 4.2002 barn

:
) t (H 2 O ) = N H t (H ) + N O t (O
N A P 0.6023 10 24 1.0
=
= 0.03344 10 24 molecule cm3
) (2 1.008 + 16
A

= N H 2O

N H = 2 0.03344 10 24 = 0.06668 10 24 nuelei cm3

N O = 1 0.03344 10 24 = 0.03344 10 24 nuelei cm3

t (H 2O ) = 0.0688 10 24 38.33 10 24 + 0.03344 10 24 4.2002 10 24

= 2.704 cm 1

=
= 0.37 cm
=) ( H 2 O
t (H 2 O ) 2.704

.
4-2

58


.
.

.
).(7-2

) : (7-2 .

) . ( ff

.
.
1-4-2

.
.

59

n + ZA
* A +Z1 X

,
,
.
2-4-2
) (7-2
.
, ,
.

- ) (n , n
:
,
.
.
.

.

.

.


.
.

.
.
:

60

 (n , n ) 4 R02

)(17-2

R02
s
.
s .
) (8-2
.

) : (8-2 ) .( 2 :

61

 - ) '(n , n
,

.
' n .
,
.
C 12 4.8 Mev
44 Kev . 238U

,
si
:

' n . n
2
(E Er )2 +

)( 4

(n , n') = r2.

)(18-2

r Er
n ' n n
' n '. = n + n
si
. se
.
3-4-2

,
.
.

.
:
) . (n , ) . .... (n , 2n ) , (n , ) , (n , p62

) . (n , ff

- ) . (n ,


.

, .
) (9-2 ) (n ,
.

) : (9-2 ) (n , .

) (9-2 ) (n ,

.
) (100ev 0.01ev
1 . 1 E
n

63

 ) (Breit Wigner
:
n . y

(E Er )2 +

(n , ) = 2r .

)(19-2

r Er
n y
.
E n = 1 Kev

.
- ) . (n , Particles

) (n , ) , (n , p ) (n , 3n ) , (n , 2n
.

. ) (3-2
, .

) : (3-2 .

27
27
13 Al (n , p ) 12 Mg
56
56
26 Fe (n , p ) 25 Mn
27
24
13 Al (n , ) 11 Na
31
28
15 P (n , ) 13 Al
3
2
1 H (n , 2 n ) 1 H
12
11
6 C (n , 2 n ) 6 C

) (Mev
1.96
3.0
2.44
0.91
8.33
20.3

64

10 ) (
2.6 ) (
14.9 ) (
2.3 ) (

20.35 ) (

16
15
8 O (n , 2 n ) 8 O

17.3

1.97 ) ( +

24 He (n , p ) 13H 36 Li (n , ) 13H
. 105 B (n , ) 37 Li
1 )(10-2
n

.

. 36 Li (n , ) 13H
.

65

 ) : (10-2 . 105 B (n , ) 37 Li

) (4-2
.
) : (4-2 .

3
3
2 He (n , p ) 1 H
14
14
7 N (n , p ) 6 C
6
3
3 Li (n , ) 1 H
10
7
5 B (n , ) 3 Li

) (barn

0.76

5060

0.63

1.76

4.78

910

2.79

3770

(Mev) Q

- ) (n , ff
,
.
5-2
-1
.
-2
.
-3 t
.
-4
T = 1.5 10 3 0 K :
- .
- .
-5
t = 4.74 barn :
- ) ( 12 C = 2.267 g / cm 2
66

 - .
-6
:

t U 235 = 700 barn

t U 238 = 12.2 barn
U
. 238U

235

0.72%

-7

l = 1.1 g / cm 2 :
t (D ) = 0.00053 barn
t (O ) = 4.2002 barn

-8

. 0 .2 %
-9 8 .
-10
:
4
2 He

) (n ,T

6
3 Li

(n , P ) 1227 Mg

67

27
13 Al

(n ,2n ) 12H

3
1H



1-3
2-3
3-3
4-3
5-3

.
.
.

.
,
,
. ,
.

.
.
74


.

.
1-3

.
233
233 U 235 U . 239 Pu U
239 Pu ,
235 U ) (%0.7
.


. 238 U 232Th
.
239
) (n , 232Th 233 U 238 U Pu
:

233
90Th +
233
91 Pa +

*
232
1
233
90Th+ 0 n
90Th

233
90Th

T 1 = 23 mn

U +

233

233
91Pa

T 1 = 27 .4 days
2

] [

*
238
1
239

239
92U +0 n
92U
92U

239
93 Np +

T 1 = 23 mn

239
92 U

2
239
Np
239 .
+
94 Pu

93 233U 16 10 4
T 1 = 2.3 days
2

75

 Pu

239

2.4 10 4

2-3
.
.

.
.
.

.
A . Z 2

.
.
,
).(1-3

) : (1-3 .

,
76

 ) . (n ,

, .
,
2
Z A 35

E B A .

. ) (1-3
.
) : (1-3 .

Z2

) (Mev

) (Mev

EB

232

34.9

7.5

5.4

238

35.5

7.0

5.5

U
U

Th

235

36.0

6.5

6.8

233

36.4

6.0

7.0

239

37.0

Pu

6.6

5.0

5 . Mev 7.5
.
235
233 U
)U (1-3

239 Pu
) . (En = 0.025 ev
.

Z A .
.

3-3 ) ( f
77

 1-3-3
) (n , ff
, ) . (n ,
) (En < 60 ev
. 1
.

. ) (2-3 ) (3-3 ) (4-3
235
233 U U
239 Pu .

) (

) : (2-3 f ) . 233 U (3:

78

) (

) : (3-3 f ). 235 U (3:

) (

) : (4-3 f ) . 239 Pu (3:

79



.
) (n , y
) (n , ff .


:

)(1-3

) (n , f
.


) (En > 0.1Mev .
) (2-3
.
) : (2-3 ) . (3:

) a = + f (barn

) f (barn

233

578.8

531.1

2.492

0.0899

235

680.8

582.2

2.418

0.169

Pu

239

1011.3

742.5

2.871

0.362

Pu

241

1377

1009

2.927

0.365

* .

2-3-3
)(

.

).(5-3

80

 ) : (5-3 f ) . (3:

f


) . (n ,
4-3

, . )-6-3(
235 U
. A
. )-6-3(
233 U 239 Pu
. A
.
81

233

) : (6-3 U

U -

235

Pu -

239

.

.

82

140
) 58 Ce (stable

40 Hours

140
57 Lu

12.8 days

140
56 Ba

66 sec

140
55 Cs

Th2 = 16 sec

140
54 X

147
. 99
61 Pr 43Te

.
.
.
.

,

t .

) (

sec

Rate FF 3.8 10 6 t 1.2

)(2-3

sec

Rate ( )FF 1.9 10 6 t 1.2

)(3-3

.
3.7 10 10 .
) , unit (Ci

)(4-3

Act ( FF ) = 1.0310 16 t 1.2

:

.
235U
:
-

235

6.023 10 23 10 3
= 2.563 10 24 atomu
235

83

) N A .M ( g
A

= N at

 Ci

Act (FF ) = 1.03 10 16 2 1.2 2.563 10 24 = 1.149 10 8

Ci

Act (FF ) = 1.03 10 16 7 1.2 2.563 10 24 = 2.555 107

.
2-4-3
)
10 14( 55
.
.
) (3-3
.
) : (3-3 .

) (Mev

1.5
14.1

Th

232

__
__
4.64

233

2.48
2.70
3.86

235

2.42
2.57
4.17

238

__
2.65
4.50

Pu

239

2.87
3.08
4.75

,

235 U ) .(7-3
:
f (E ) = 0.453 exp ( 1.036 E n ) sinh . 2.29 E n

En .

84

)(5-3

 ) : (7-3 . 235 U

f (E ) dE = 1.98 Mev

= En

)(6-3

f (E ) dE
E . E + dE
3-4-3

,
. )
( .

85

 ) (8-3 Br
%70
. %30
87

) : (8-3 87 Br .

87 Br
0.2
55 .
. ) (4-3
235U . 239 Pu
:
i . i . . d - .

) : (4-3 ) 239 Pu ,235 U (7:

) (d = 0.01668

) (sec

) ( i

54.51

0.038

235

)(d = 0.00645

) (Mev

) (sec

0.250

53.75

86

Pu

239

) ( i
0.038

21.84

0.213

0.460

6.00

0.188

0.405

2.23

0.407

0.450

0.496

0.128

0.400

0.179

0.026

= 0.0065

22.29
5.19
2.09
0.549
0.216

0.280
0.216
0.328
0103
0.35

= 0.0021

4-4-3

.

10 Mev . 2 Mev

.
5-3

. 200 Mev
.
235U
95
42 139 La .
Mo
235U
95
42 139 La .
Mo
95
42 Mo

fission

2n

235
1
92 U +0 n

139
50 La

M u + mn = 235.044 + 1.009 = 236.053 a .m.u

M M o + M La + 2 mn = 94.906 + 138.906 + 2 1.009 = 235.830 a .m.u

) (87

m = (M u + m n ) M M o + M L a + 2 m n
= 236.053 235.830 = 0.223 a .m.u

Ef = 931 m = 931 0.223 = 207 Mev

Ef
195 Mev 207 Mev U

235

. 239 Pu

. ) (5-3
, .
) : (5-3 235U ) (7:

) (Mev

168
5
7
15
12
207

>
100-10
100-10
100-10

%85

) 1 ( .
.
.

) (12 Mev .
.
1-5-3

88


,
) .(9-3
) , (n ,
.

.

.

.

.

) : (9-3 ) . (3:

2-5-3

.
.
:
89

N f V
C

N fV
C

)(7-3

=P

N f N
f

V n cm 2 sec C = 3.1 10 10
.
:
300
%3
. = 2 1012 n cm 2 sec 235U .
:
- U

235

M U 5 = M U r = 3 10 5 3 10 2 = 9 10 3 kg

235

f = 582.2 barn = 582.2 10 24 cm 2

N a . (ro ) f
M
(U 5 ) . N a . f

=
A
C
A
C

MU 5

9 10 6 0.6023 10 24

582.2 10 24 2 10 12
10
235
3.1 10

=P
=

= 866 10 6 watt 900 MW

90

Ed = P t = 900 24 3600
= 7.776 107 MW .day

N f = Ed C = 7.776 1013 3.1 1010

= 2.4106 10 23

NU 235 = N f = 2.41 10 23 atoms

= 940 g 1kg / day

2.41 10 23 235
6.023 10 23

NU 235 A
Na

= M U 235

6-3
-1 .
-2
.
-3

-4
235U 239 Pu
.
233

91

 -5
233U :
- .
- .
-6
239 Pu :
- .
- .
100 KT U
200 Mev
235

1KT = 2.5 10 25 Mve :

- .
-
.
-8 U

235

139
*
54 Xe

U 01 n

2n

235

95
*
38 Sr

:
............139
) 57 La ( stable

139
*
54 Xe

95
............42
) Mo ( stable

95
*
38 Sr

:
-
- .
-9 U

235

:
92

+ 4 01 n

90
142
36 Kr + 56 Ba

235
1
92 U + 0 n

:
-
- .
-10 100
3.5%
= 2.5 10 13 n / cm sec .

93



1-4 .
2-4 .
3-4 ) . (K
4-4 ) . (Keff

1942

.
:
.

. :
99

 . :
. :

. :
.
.
239 Pu
.

.


.
.
1-4


.
:
. . 1-1-4

.
) f (Thermal
) f ( fast .


%3.5 .

2 Mev .


.

S a.

100

 S
. a

.

.

.

.

%3.5
.
2-1-4


.
. ) ( 235U 238U

) . ( 239 Pu 238U
.

:
) = . f ( f + ) = (1 +

)(1-4

, f
, ,

y
f

= .

) (1-4 .
239 Pu
235U .
101

 ) ( 235U 238U
238
) ( 239 Pu 238U . U
%2
%20
) . f ( 238U

.
S ,
.


.

102

 ) (1-4 .
) .(7 :

3-1-4


.
239
233U Pu
.

.


,
. ) (1-4
103

 ) ( > 2 ,
.

232 Th . 238 U
CR :

= CR

)(2-4

0.6 0.8

, .
CR = BR > 1

)(3-4

) . ( > 2 ) (1-4
) . ( 232 th 233U ) ( 238U 239 Pu
) . (E n > 100 Kev
238 Pu
238U
.
(BR > 1) 239 Pu
) . ( 239 P 238U
.

.
2-4

.

= 2.5 .
235U

104

 ,
.


, .



.
1-2-4


.

.
.
.
.
K
:
)(4-4
K

.

K =.

) (K = 1

K
.


.

.

105

 .
.
.
K

.
2-2-4


.

,
.
, .
.

.
) P(t
) L(t

=K

)(5-4

:
) N (t
) L(t

=l

)(6-4

) N (t
t ) L(t . t

:
dN
) = P(t ) L(t
dt

)(7-4

106

 ) dN P(t
=
) 1 L(t ) = (K 1)L(t
) dt L(t

)(8-4

K l )
( :
K 1
t
N (t ) = N o exp
.t = N o exp
T
l

)(9-4

N t = o
l
= T .

K 1

.
K
).(2-4

107

 ) : (2-4 .

l
= T

K 1

.

, T
10 4 .
) (l

.
3-4

. :
. :

108

 .
:
) 12(
.
,

.
K
.
nP
nA

= K

)(10-4

n P n A
.

:
= pf

np
nA

)(11-4

p
f .

1-3-4

.
f
nP
=
a
n AF

109

)(12-4

 = n P n AF .
= 2.42
235U 2.87 . 239 Pu
= f .
= a .

.
2.07 235U )
( %100

2-3-4

:
n
+ n PF
= PT
n PT

)(13-4

:
= nPT
.
= n PF .
238U
1.02 1.08
.
.
.

3-3-4 p
110

 p
.

.
n FF
nT

=p

)(14-4

:
= n FF
= nT .

238U
. p
0.6 0.9 .

p 0.8 . 0.9



.

4-3-4
f

.

f
.
. F
. R

) ( a
) ( a

n AF
=
n AR

111

= f

)(15-4

 :
= n AF .
= n AR .
= a .

) (
) = ( a .

= F .
= R .

, f
:

) ( a
( a ) + ( a ) N
F

N F

NF

NF

) ( a
) ( a ) + ( a
F

NF

= (16-4) f

:
= a .

) (
) = ( a .

NF

= N NF N
F

N NF . N F
f
,
.

.
p f

.

112

 ) ( . p 1
K :
= . . p. f . f

)(17-4

)(1-4
K
%3
1000 : ) ( . p 1
:

) (
) (
(U ) = 2.73 b. ; (C ) = 0.0034 b.
(U ) = 2.42 b.

f U 235 = 587 barn ; a U 235 = 687 b.

12

238

235

:
-

(U ) .N
235

235

(U 235 ) .N 235 + (U 238 ) .N 238

a

( fuel ) =

) (U
235

N 238
N 235

(U 235 ) + (U 238 ) .
a

M 235
N 235

M 235 M 238 N 235 N 238

= r = 0.03

N 238 1
1 r
= = 1
N 235 r
r

113

f U 235

1 r
238
. a U
r

587
= 2.42
= 1.8323
1

0.03
687 +
2.73
0.03

a U 235 +

f
f =

( a )
( a ) + ( a )
F

NF

a (U )
a (U ) + (C ) .

a (U ) = r a U

Nc
Nu

235

) (1 r ) a (U )
238

= 0 . 03 687 + 0 . 97 2 . 73
= 23 . 2581

a (C ) = 0 .0034

barn
barn

Nc
= 1000
Nu

f =

23.2581
= 0.8724
23.2581 + 0.0034 1000
K
K

= . . p . f . f
= 1.8323 0.8724
= 1.5985

114

 4-4 K eff

.
.

.

:
nP
nP
=
n L n A + n LK

)(18-4

= K eff

:
= n P .
= n L .
= n A .
= n LK .
K eff = 1
,
.
K eff > 1
.
K eff < 1
.
).(2-4


.
= + ) (nL = n A + nLK
- =

nA
nL

115

= ) P( A

)(19-4

 - =

n LK
nL

)(20-4

= ) P( LK

) = 1 P(LK ) = P( A
n

LK

A
+n

)(21-4

K eff K
:
n
n
P
= K eff = P
n
n +n
L
A
LK
n
n
A
= P .
n
n +n
LK
A A
=
K
.
K .

)(22-4

K eff

1-4-4


.
:

= F Th

)(23-4

:
= F .
= Th .
F
Th
116

 ) (
.
.
F Th
.
Keff
:
Keff = . . p. f . F . Th

)(24-4

2-4-4

Keff .

).(3-4

) : (3-4 .

117

 ) (3-4

).(2-4

)(2-4

> 1

=1
< 1

)(25-4

K eff = K

K eff ) (1-4

F = 0.7527
0.8312 .

= Th

:
) " ("1-4= 1.5985

= F Th

= 0.7527 0.8312
= 0.6256

= 1.5985 0.6256
= 1.0000

K eff = K

K eff = 1.0000

,
118

 .
,
.
, .

P f
.

.
.

5-4
-1
.
-2
.

119

 -3
.
-4
l = 10 4 sec :
- .
-
.
-5 U

235

, 1 100

10

= 2.42

:
- .
-
= 1.85
- f
.
-6
1.5 10 3 235U :
- . 3.5%
- . 100%
-7
1000
235U ) ( P 0.9
-8 ) ) (8
( = 1.0 :
-
-
.
- .

-9 ) (r = 100%
. .P 0.72

120

 K
Nc

Nu

.
=
Th

.
-10
) (r = 10.5% 100
. 235U = 1.06 P = 0.82
Th = 0.95 F = 0.98 :
- .
- .
-
.

121



1-5
2-5
3-5
4-5
5-5
6-5

.
.
.
.

.

. 2 Mev

.

Eth = 0.025 ev
.

128

 .
.


.
.

.
1-5

, .
.
) (1-5 .

) : (1-5 .

1-1-5 C
) (1-5 :
.m
M +m

mVL = (m + M )VC VC = VL

129

)(1-5

 m M VL
1 m
.
=
A M

:
VL
A+1

= VC

)(2-5

) (1-5 :
A . VL
A+1
VL
A+1

= V ' C = VL VC

V ' Mc = 0 VC =

)(3-5
)(4-5

2-1-5 L

).(2-5

) : (2-5 .

V ' L = VC + V 'C

) (COS :

130

)(5-5

= VC 2 + (V ' C )2 + 2 VC V ' C COS

+ 2 A COS + 1

(A

VL 2

( A + 1)2

(V ' L )2
)(6-5

:
2

A 2 + 2 A COS + 1
=
( A + 1)2

E'L V 'L
=
E L VL

)(7-5

A 1
=

A + 1

:
E' L 1
] [(1 + ) + (1 ) COS
=
2
EL

)(8-5

=
= EL

(E' L )max

=
(E' L )min = 1 2 [2 ] E L = E L

)(9-5

)(10-5

.
2 = 90 o
E' L min = 0 .
A = 1
A1

= 0
=
A+1

131

E' L = E L = 0

)(11-5

3-1-5

.
EL = EL E'L

)(12-5

' E
= E L 1 L
EL

E' L
=
EL
'E
= = L :
EL

= 1 ) E L (1

) 0 E L E L (1

)(13-5

E' L

EL

=< Ln E L Ln E' L >= Ln

' E

EL Ln E LL . P(E' L ) d E' L
EL P(E' L ) d E' L
EL

d E' L
) E L (1

132

)(14-5

EL

= P(E' L ) d E' L

)(15-5

 P (E' L ) d E' L
E L E L + d E L ) E L (1
.

. d E' L

' E
EL
1
Ln L

E L (1 ) E L E L

' E
E' L
x = L . d E' L
EL
EL

1
Ln ( x ) dx

1 1

) Ln ( x
1

)(16-5

= . dx

)(17-5

= 1+

A :

( A 1) 2 . Ln A 1 2

A + 1

4A

= 1+

)(18-5

A 10 :
2
3

A+ 2

)(19-5

A :
n

(m S ) i
i =1

( S ) i
i =1

133

= C

)(20-5

 S i m
. C
4-1-5


.
EO , E n
.

+ ...... = n

E
= Ln 0
E1

1
=n

E
+ Ln 1

E2
E
Ln 0

En

E
L n 0
En

)(21-5
)(22-5

n
E0 . E n
)(1-5
E0 = 2 Mev
E n = 0.025 ev C

12

)(.

:
2
2
=
= 0.158
A+ 2
12 + 2
3
3

E
Ln 0

ETh

=n

2.10 6
1
= 115
Ln
0.158 0.025

=n

134

 2-5

:
1

= S

)(23-5

tr
. L


:
S

1 cos

= tr

)(24-5

cos . L
) (2-5 VC
V ' C :
V ' L cos = V ' C cos + VC

)(25-5

) (V ' cos + VC
cos = 1
V' L C

)(26-5

A :

()

1 + A cos

+ 2 A cos + 1

135

(A

= cos

)(27-5


2 sin d
.

1
. (cos ) 2 sin d
4 0

1 + cos

sin d
2

= cos

+ 2 A cos + 1

(A

=1

)(28-5

x = cos dx = sin d
:
dx

1 + Ax
2

1 A + 2 Ax + 1

cos = 1

)(29-5
2
3A

.
) (cos .

:
S

1 cos
S

2
3A

= tr
=

)(30-5

3-6


136

 .
S a .
SDP
mr :
SDP = S

S
a

)(31-5

mr =

)(32-5

.
) (1-5
E0 = 2 Mev . E n = 0.025 ev
) : (1-5 ) . (2 :

) mr S SDP ( S

A
a
H
H2O
D2O
Be
C
Na
Fe
U

1
18
20
9
12
22
56
238

1.00
0.956
0.509
0.207
0.158
0.088
0.035
0.008

18
19
36
88
115
206
516
2172

0.002
3.298
0.229
0.182
0.061
0.009
0.033
0.003

118
150
6925
146
190
0.659
0.147
0.009

mr
.
.
)(2-5
) (1-5
:

137

( S )H

= 0.002 cm 1

( S )H O
2

( S )C

= 3.45 cm 1

= 0.385 cm 1

( S )O

( a )H O

( a )C

= 2.1 10 4 cm 1

= 0.022 cm 1

= 0.32 10 3 cm 1

:
-
= 1+

( A 1) 2 . Ln A 1

A + 1

2A

H = 1 ; O =

H 2O =

2
16 + 2

2
A+ 2

= 0.12
3

2 ( S )H + ( S )O
2( S )H + ( S )O

2 1 0.002 + 0.12 2.1 10 4

2 0.002 + 2.1 10 4

= 0.9561
n( H 2 O ) =

2 106
E
1
Ln 0 =
Ln
H 2O
En 0.9561 0.025
1

= 19

SDP (H 2O )= ( S )H O = 0.9561 3.45

2
= 3.298

3.45
mr (H 2O )= S
= 0.9561
0.022
a H 2O
= 150

tr =

2
1
3A

(1 3.45 )
2
1
3 16

= 0.307 cm

138

 -
2

= 0.158
3

= 115

12 + 2

2 10 6
Ln
0.025
C

= C

= nC

SDPC = ( S )C = 0.158 0.385 = 0.061

0.385

mrC = S = 0.158
= 190
0.32 10 3
a C

(1 0.385 ) = 2.75 cm
2
3A

2
3A

= tr

4-5

.

.
.
.

.



.
1-4-5

139


.
E0
E = E0 E
.
. 0 < E < E
) q(E
E . ).(3-5

) : (3-5 .

' dE ' E
' E ' . E
E:
'E E
'E' E

140

)(33-5

 ' dE
) ' (E ) ' S (E
'n(E' ) = (E' )dE' S (E' ) = F (E' )dE

)(34-5

) ' F (E
.
C
'E

= ) 'F (E

)(35-5

C .
E 'dE

:
'E E
'dE
) E' (1

= ) 'n(E ) = F (E

)(36-5

E
' dE q(E )
) ' F (E :
'E E
C
dE
.
(1 ) E' 2

= ) q (E

= C 1 +
Ln( ) = C
1

)(37-5

) Qo = q(E
C :
Qo

= q (E ) = Qo = C C

141

)(38-5

 E
:
Qo
E S
Qo
E

= ) (E

= ) F (E

)(39-5

)(40-5

.

. = 1
2-4-5


.
.
) ( .


dE :
QodE
E

= (E ) = S (E )dE

)(41-5

:
q(E )dE
= (E )[ S + a ] dE
E

)(42-5

:
dq (E ) = (E ) a dE

142

)(43-5


:
a
) dq(E
dE
=
.
q ( E ) S + a E

)(44-5

a


+

S a

dE

E

. dE

.
) q (E

dE

Eo

S + a . E = Ln Qo

) dq (E
= ) q (E
q

Qo

) q (E ) = Qo exp( Pa

)(45-5

) P(a E . Eo
dE

Eo

S + a . E

= ) P(a

)(46-5

3-4-5

:
q ( E ) = q ( E o ) = Qo

)(47-5

143

q (E ) = Qo exp( Pa ) = Qo . p

)(48-5

) q (E
.
Qo

.
P
:
Eo
dE
a
P = exp
.

+ a E
ETh S

N Eo
a
dE
o

= exp
.
S ETh 1 + N o a E

= exp o . I
S

dE

E

No a

Eo

1+

)(49-5

= I .

ETh

)(3-5
P
Nc
= 500
Nu

( S )C = 4.8 barn

. I = 98.59 barn
:

144

 Nu
Nu

I
P = exp
. I = exp
.

S
Nc ( S )c
= 0.158

2
2
3

12 +

= c

P = exp

1
98.59
.
= 0.771
500 4.8 0.158

5-5


.
)
( .

.
115 ,
.
,

) .(4-5 .

145

 ) : (4-5 .

1-5-5
dt dt
dt
S

:
dt
dE
=
S
E

)(50-5

2E
= 2

:
2

.
. dt
S m

dE

)(51-5

.
1

.
.t
S m

=
2

)(52-5

) (
) ( a = 0 . dE

) n(E
dE = t 2 (E ) dE
3
t

)(53-5

(E ) = n(E )
q0
) q(E
E S

= ) (E

146

1 q = t 2 q
t
3

)(54-5

:
dE
dt
dE s
.
=
=
E
s
E dt

)(55-5

q
.E .
t s
E
.

2q =

)(56-5

.
.
s . t dE
E

d =

)(57-5

:
q
)(r ,

= ) 2 q (r ,

)(58-5

s t
:
s . t dE t s
E
=
. . Ln o
3 E
3
E

Eo

)(59-5

147

 ,
s
E
. Ln o

:
dt = Do .t

= Do

t .
3

t .
3

)(60-5

2-5-5
.
- .
s

:
2 q q
=
r r

2q
2

)(61-5

:
r2
4

.e
2

)(4

= )q (r ,

)(62-5

) (5-5 r
.

148

 ) : (5-5 .

q e . 2
) (
.
-
S

:
)q( x ,

) 2 q (x ,
2

)(63-5

:
x2
4

.e
2

)(4

= )q ( x ,

)(64-5

3-5-5

. a = 0
) ( a 0
:

149

n (E ) t 2
=
(E )dE a (E )dE
3
t

)(65-5

:
q (r , ) 0 = P () .q (r , ) = 0
a
a

)(66-5

) P (
. E
6-5

.

.

r :
nTh = qTh .4 r 2 d r

)(67-5

. qTh . d r

. qTh . d r

2
nTh . r d r
0

= r
2

)(68-5

nTh . d r
0

qTh
:
.d r

= 6
.d r

r
4
r .e

.e

150

= r
2

)(69-5


.
.
L f
.
:
)(70-5

Lf =

)(4-5
Be
s t Eo = 2 Mev .
:
t (Be ) = 1.43 cm
t (C ) = 2.75 cm

:
s t :

t s Eo
.
Ln
3
ETh

2
A+ 2

( A 1) 2 Ln A 1

A + 1

4A

= 1+

2
= 0.207
9+2
3
2
= C
= 0.158
12 + 2
3

= Be

151

s = t 1

3A

S
2
1
3A

= t

= 1.32 cm
39
2

s (C ) = 2.75 1
= 2.60 cm
3 12

s (Be ) = 1.43 1

t s Eo

.
Ln
3
ETh

= Th

2 10 6
1.43 1.32
= 55.32 cm 2
.
Ln
3 0.207 0.025
2 10 6
2.75 2.6
= 274.54 cm 2
= ) Th (C
.
Ln
3 0.158 0.025

= ) Th (Be

L f = Th
L f (Be ) = 55.32 = 7.44 cm
L f (C ) = 274.54 = 16.57 cm

:
,
s t .
L f (C ) = 9.86 cm : . L f (C ) = 19.0 cm

152

 7-5
-1
.
-2
.
-3
-4
Eo = 2 Mev En = 0.025 Mev :
- .
-.
-5 :
-.
-.
N Be
- = 30%
Nc

-6 P
= 100 ; 500 ; 1000

N H 2O
Na

I :
0.415

s
I = 3.9

Nu

-7 ) ( 6 .
.
-8 s
q
) = 2 q :

153

 -9
Eo = 2 Mev En = 0.025 Mev :
-
-

-10 Eo = 2 Mev

154



1-6
2-6
3-6
4-6
5-6

.
.
.
.
.

, .




.
160



.

.

) ( a<< s
.
.
.
,

.
.
1-6

dv ds XOY
r ).(1-6

161

 ) (1-6 .

s ) (r
r dv:
C (n ) = (r ) s dv

)(1-6

ds
dv:
S .COS
4 r 2

= ) P(n

)(2-6

r . Z
ds
:
Att = e r .

)(3-6

. s s + a =

dv ds :
dn = C (n ) . P (n ) . Att

S .COS r .
.e
dv
4r 2

= (r ) . s .

)(4-6

dv:
dv = 2 r sin . r d d r

)(5-6

:
. sin . cos d e r . s dr

(r ) . s . S

162

= dn

)(6-6

 1-1-6
Z

.

J

. J + Z
ds :
dn
ds
. sin . cos d e r . s d r

( , r ) . s

= = 2 r

= J

)(7-6
=

) ( , r

) ( e r . s 0
:



+ y + z
z 0
x 0
y 0

= 0 + x

)(8-6

:
x = r sin . cos
y = r sin . sin

)(9-6

z = r cos

0 2
0 z = r cos
z :

163

d dr

r . s

sin . cos d e

0 s
2

0 s

r . s
2
d dr
sin . cos r e
z 0

= J

)(10-6
+

.
1

6 s z 0

0
4

= J

)(11-6

J +
J :
1

6 s z 0

0
4

= J+

)(12-6

z
J + J
z :


z 0

s

=
3
z 0

= s

1
3 s

J z = (J + ) (J ) =

)(13-6

2-1-6 ) (Fick

, t s
:
s
2
3A

1 cos

164

= t

)(14-6

 A .

z :
t

= D
3 z 0
z 0

= D

t
3

Jz =

)(15-6

:

J x = D
x 0

)(16-6

J y = D
y 0

)(17-6

:

J = D +
+
x y z 0
) = D (r

)(18-6

) (r )) . (grad (r
2-6
1-2-6
dv
x y z
).(2-6
165

 ) : (2-6 . dv

dy dz
x = 0:
J ( x ) = dy dz

)(19-6

x = x + dx

:
J (x + dx ) = dy dz

)(20-6

x
dv = dx dy dz :

[J (x + dx ) J (x )]dy dz = J . dx dy dz
x

t 2

dv

3 x 2 0

)(21-6

166


y z
dv :
t 2

2 2
2 + 2 + 2 dv = J . dv
3 x
y
z

)(22-6

= D 20 dv

) (Divergence J ) ( Laplacien .
2-2-6
) (cm n
dv :
3

n
] dv - -[ = dv
t

)(23-6

)
( S
:
:S dv
a dv
:2
D dv
: :
n
= S + D 2 a
t

3-2-6

167

)(24-6



.

:
- .
- A B
:
J B = J A J B + = J A+

)(25-6

J B = J A
:
A = B

)(26-6

-

).(3-6

) : (3-6 .

168


.
) ( = 0 .


d .
M
) .(3-6 :
0 =

x = x0 + d

= M
d
x M

)(27-6

M

) (3-6 :
t

=0

6 x M

M
4

= J

)(28-6

:
t

2
.
3

=d

)(29-6

.
:
)(30-6
d = 0.71 t

t.
169

 3-6

.
1-3-6

.

) ( Laplacien :
2
r r

= 2

)(31-6

) (S = 0
:
=0

a
D

)(32-6

:
2 d
k 2 = 0
r dr
3

a .t

3 a

2
2

)(33-6

= k2

= u r :
k 2u = 0

170

d 2u
2

dr

)(34-6

u = A1e kr + A2 e + kr

)(35-6

:
e + kr
e kr
+ A2
r
r

= A1

)(36-6

A1 A2 .
-

r r

) . ( A2 = 0
- S

Lim 4 r 2 . J = S
r
0

d
k + 1 kr
.e
= A1 t r
J = t
3 dr
3 r 2

)(37-6

)(38-6

A1

3 .S
4 . t

= A1

)(39-6

:
3 . S e kr
.
4 . t r

3
:
a . t

=k

2-3-6
171

)(40-6


y z
x + . x
Laplacien :
2 2 2 2
2 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 2
y
z x
x
2
k 2 = 0
2
x

A
D

)(41-6

)(42-6

:
= A1e kr + A2 e + kr

)(43-6

A1 A2 .
-

x + x

) . ( A2 = 0

- x +
. S 2

) (

S
=
Lim (J ) = Lim t
2
3 x
x 0 x0

k e kx = S

t
3

J = A1
x 0

A1:

172

)(44-6

)(45-6

3 S
.
2 k . t

= A1

)(46-6

:
3 S
.e kx
2 k . t

= .

)(47-6

2-3-6


x = x0 ).(4-6

) : (4-6

:
d 2
k 2 = 0
2
dx

)(48-6

= A1e kx + A2 e + kx

)(49-6

173


,
.
-

) ( = 0 a = xo + d

d .
(a ) = A1e ka + A2 e + ka = 0

)(50-6

A2
A2 = A1 . e 2 ka

)(51-6

) = A1 e kx e k (2 a x

)(52-6

-
x + x
.S 2

Lim t . = t . A1 . k 1 + e 2 ka = S
2
3 x 3
x0

)(53-6

S
1
.
A1 = 3 .
2 k .
1 + e ka
t

)(54-6

:
) 3 S e kx e k (2 a x
.
2 k . t
1 + e 2 ka

= .

174

)(55-6


ka :
]) 3 S sinh [k (a x
.
2 k . t
) cosh (ka

= .

)(56-6

4-6

.
:
.
:

)(cm
)(cm

a
1

= a

)(57-6

= s

)(58-6

1-4-6

.
.

) exp ( kr ) exp ( kx
.
e = 2.1783 . 1 k
: , k

t :

)(cm

= t . a
3

1
L= = a
k D

175

)(59-6

) (cm

1 t
=
. a
3
k2

= L2

)(60-6

2-4-6


) .(5-6
.
a b

) : (5-6 .

, a , b
) (5-6 r .
r 2 :

dn

1 2
r dn
n
0

r2 = 0

d n

176

)(61-6

 dn
dr ) .(5-6
:
3 . n e kr
.
. a . 4 r 2 dr
4 . t r

= dn = a dv

)(62-6

dn

:

3 kr
2
3 kr
r e dr = k r e dr

3
t . a

= 6 L2

6
2

= r2

)(63-6
=

r2
6

r2 =6

)(64-6

= Lf =

)(65-6

r 2 = 6 L2

)(66-6

=L

)(67-6

r2
6

177



.
3-4-6

.

.
.
. a

t
3

= L2

)(68-6

) , ( t m t mix

) . (mix
1
) a (m ) + a ( f

]) 3 .[ a (m ) + a ( f

= ) a (mix

)(69-6

= ) L2 (mix

)(70-6

) a (m , ) a ( f
t .
:
t

= ) L2 (mix

) ( f
3 . a (m ) 1 + a

) a (m
) . (m
= t a
) . (1 f ) = L2m (1 f
3

178

)(71-6

 L2m , f
:
) a(f
) a ( f ) + a (m

)(72-6

= f

4-4-6

) (ETh = 0.025 ev :
.
.

.
)(73-6

M 2 = L2f + L2 = Th + L2

) (1-6
.
) : (1-6 .

) (H 2 O
) (D2 O
) (Be
) (BeO
) (C

g cm 3
1.00

)(cm

) (cm

D
) (cm

) (cm

50.76

0.48

0.16

~ 5.20

1.10

3.44 10
9.6 10 2

1.38

2.96

1.67 10

1.41

1.60

1.85

Lf

4.17 10

L
) (cm

M
)(cm

2.85

5.93

2.52

0.87

11.44

170

170.38

0.50

10.10

21

23.30

2.50

0.47
0.84

__
19.18

28
59

__
62.04

,

, 10 4 10 3 .
L L f
179

 s , a

.
5-6

. J +
J
.
.

.
J
.

t
.

.
x

J 4 6
=
J+ t

4 6

)(74-6

1-5-6

:
= A1e kx
1
= k
L

)(75-6

, L .

:
3 2 . t . k
3 + 2 . t . k

.k
.k

180

t
6

t
6

1 4.
1+ 4.

)(76-6

 ) (1-6 ,
:
80% 98%, 80%

.
2-5-6

.
:
]) = C sinh [k (a x

)(77-6

]) = C . k . sinh [k (a x
x

)(78-6

sinh k (a x ) t

) . k . cosh k (a x
4
6
=
sinh k (a x ) t
+
) . k . cosh k (a x
4
6

)(79-6

x = 0
:
) 3 2 k . t . A tanh (ka

) 3 2 k . t . A tanh (ka

)(80-6

) A tanh (ka
.

181

a

L
3 ka
A tanh (3 ) = 1.01
= ka

) (2-6
a = 40 cm .
) : (2-6 .
) (a = 40 cm
) (

) (H 2 O
0.80
0.80
) (D2 O
0.98
0.92
) (Be
0.92
0.91
) (BeO
0.93
0.94
) (C
0.95
0.91

6-6
-1 .
-2
.
-3
.
-4 d

)(.
-5 10 6 /
.
-6 ) (5
.

182

 -7
.
-8
) (r = 3.5%
1.5 10 3 :
-9 :
- .
- .
-10 Be BeO

:
- .
- 10 20.
) (.

183



1-7 .
2-7
3-7 .
4-7 .

.
D
L .


.

Ei ).(1-7

189

 ) : (1-7

] [Ei , Ei 1

.
.

.

. ,
.

.
1-7


.
.
.
:
- .
190

 - ) ,(
a D
.M
-
.

:
D 2 a = S

)(1-7

:
.
a .
S
3 n cm 3 sec .
=D

t
3

1-1-7
) (k eff
) (1 ,

.
:
n
=0
t

)(2-7

:
D 2 + S a = 0

191

)(3-7

 : S
:
S = K a

)(4-7

K
.

p .
:
f a
= . f
a

)(5-7

= K

aF
= f
a
aF a

.
) (3-7 :
D 2 + K a a = 0

)(6-7

D
:
K 1
= 0
2 +
M2

)(7-7

M
t

3 a

192

. M

 K 1

M2

.
: ) (Buckling :
K 1
B m2 = 2
M

)(8-7

)(7-7
:
2 + B 2m = 0

)(9-7

.
2-7
) (9-7

. d
) ( (x ) = A cos Bn x
) . (B1 , B2 , B3 ..... Bn
B g = B1 ) (Buckling
.
" " Bm B g
:
2 + B g2 = 0 ; Bm = B g

193

)(10-7

 B g > Bm K
) B g( .
.
B g < Bm K
.
.
B g = B1
, .
:
B 2g

K 1
2

= B 2m

)(11-7

K
1 + M 2 B 2g

3-7

,
.
keff = K . = 1

)(12-7

.
) (11-7 ) (12-7

.
1
1 + M 2 B 2g

K = K

)(13-7
194

1
1 + M 2 B 2g

4-7
) (2-7
. x0 d
. a = x0 + 2d
:
+ B g2 = 0

d 2
2

)(14-7

dx

:
= A1 cos B g x + A2 sin B g x

) (2-7 .

) (15-7 :

195

)(15-7

 x = 0
) (0 + ) = (0
d
= 0
dx
a
x =
2
A2 = 0

.
a
2

a
2

= A1 cos B g . = 0

)(16-7

) A1 = 0
(
a
2

cos B g . = 0 :
n
a

= Bg

)(17-7

) (n = 1
:

= Bg

)(18-7

) (14-7

x
a

(x ) = A1 cos .

)(19-7

:
B g B g
.

196

 B g = Bm
a K
:

( a )2

K 1
2

Bm = B g

)(20-7

A1 ) (19-7
.
A1 :
3 x
) . f (x
200 Mev E R = 3.2 10 11
:
2

P = E R f ( x ) dx

)(21-7

a 2

) (19-7
:
watt / cm 2

.A1

2aE R f

=P

)(22-7

A1
:

x
.P. cos

2aER f
a

2-7

197

= ) (x

)(23-7


.

.
,
:
- :
:
a L t Th
. STh
- :

F :
: F . : F .

.
S Th = p F F

)(24-7

p .
: tF , t .
-

= L2F : :
tF DF
=
3 F F

= L2F

DF .

198

)(25-7

: S F ,
K
' = K
p
, p f = K

.
.

Th

K
a
p

= SF

)(26-7

1-2-7


:
Dt 2 Th + STh a Th = 0

DF 2 F + S F F F = 0

)(27-7

S Th S F .

.
) (Buckling :
2 Th + Bm2 Th = 0
2
2
F + Bm F = 0

)(28-7

2-2-7
) (27-7
.
, 2 ) (28-7 :
199

 2 = Bm2

)(29-7

S Th S F 2

) (27-7
:

)
(

Dt Bm2 + a Th p F F = 0

K
Th + DF Bm2 + F F = 0

)(30-7

Th F . ) (Cramer
) (30-7 .
.
:

(Dt Bm2 + a )(DF Bm2 + F ) K a F = 0

)(31-7

:
K
=1
1 + B 2 L2 1 + B 2 L2
m
m F

)(32-7

B g

Bm ) . (B g Bm
:
K
1
1 + B 2 L2 1 + B 2 L2
g
g F

200

)(33-7

 3-2-7
) (11-7 ) (33-7
.

F Th :

keff = K . = K F . Th
1
1
= K .
.
1 + B g2 L2
1 + B g2 L2F

( )

)(34-7

1
1
.
2 2
1 + B g L F 1 + B g2 L2

()

= = F . Th

)(35-7

,
L2F , L2Th
) (1-6
. ) (35-7 )(13-7
.
1
1 + M 2 B g2

= F . Th

)(36-7

L2 + L2F = M 2 .
4-2-7
.

Bg2 Bm2 ,
.

.

201

 - B 2

) (30-7
:
2 1
K a
2 = 0
.
B + 2 1 +
2
L

p.LF F

p . F + B 2 + 1 = 0
1
2

L2F a
L2F

)(37-7

1 2
L2F L2
.
1 2
).(32-7

(B 2 )2 + L12 + L12 B 2 KL2 L21 = 0

F

)(38-7

) (

2 2

+ bx 2 + c = 0 B 2
a x

. x = 1 2 b b 2 4 ac

2
1
)4 (K 1
1

+
+

L2 L2
L2 L2F
F

2
1
)4 (K 1
1

+
+

L2 L2
L2 L2F
F

1
1
1
+
= 2 +
L2 L2
F

)(39-7

)(40-7

1
1
1
=

2 L2 L2
F

202

 B 2 = 2 B 2 = 2
).(38-7

B 2 = 2
.
-

x
) (28-7
:
2 1 + B 2 2 = 0
2
2 + B 2 1 = 0

)(41-7

B 2 )B 2 = 2 (38-7

B 2 = 2 X
Y
1 = AX CY
2 = A' X C' Y

)(42-7

X ) (41-7 B 2 = 2
Y . B 2 = 2 C ' C
x = 0
d
=0
dx

, C = C' = 0

.
1
)
2

( .

) (41-7 :

203

1 = AX = A cos x
2 = A' X = A' cos x

)(43-7

X

X = cos x

sin r
r

)(44-7

= X

A ' A
'A

A

= S 1

) (37-7
:

. A' X = 0

1
. AX + 2 + 2

LF

p. F
a

P F
2 +
L
a
F

'A
=
A 1 + 2 L2F

)(45-7

= S1

:
1 = A. cos x
2 = A'.S1 . cos x
A' 2
=
= S 1
A 1

)(46-7

.
3-7 .

204

 ,
.

.

.
.

.
) (1-7
n
.
g 1 g n
.
Eg

(E ) dE

= g

)(47-7

E g 1

Eg

D (E ) (E ) dE

= Dg

)(48-7

E g 1

Eg

a (E ) (E ) dE

E g 1

= ag

)(49-7

Eg

s (E ) (E ) dE

E g 1

205

= sg

)(50-7

 Eg

f (E ) (E ) dE

E g 1

= fg

)(51-7

g :-

g
.
g 1

PS = s (m g ) m

)(52-7

m =1

- g

.
n

Pf = g m fm m

)(53-7

m =1

g g

. g
.
Eg

. (E ) (E ) dE
E g 1

= g

)(54-7

1-3-7

n ,
. m

n . m n

2 n .

206

 ) (
.

n , .

D1 21 a1 1 s1 1 + 1 m . fm . m = 0
m =1

g 1

m =1

m =1

)(55-7

D g 2 g ag g sg g + s (m g ) g + g g . fg . g = 0

g n11

m =1

m =m1=1

2
an n
n
. fn . n = 0
n
Dn

+ snPs n=+ s (sm(mg )n)gn

n

,
.
2-3-7


B g2 Bm2 .
.
.
,
2 i .
} ) ( i = 0 {
.
).(32-7
=1

1 + B g2 .L2i

207

i =1

)(56-7

 L2i i

Li
) (
.
4-7
.

.

. ) (3-7

dr . dE

) : (3-7 .

:
) ) - ( dE ( dE) + 0 = ( dE
D 2 (r ) dE a (r ) dE + S dE = 0

)(57-7

= S
P ) q (Th , r
:
208

D 2 (r ) a (r ) + P .q (Th ,r ) = 0

)(58-7

1-4-7
) q (Th , r
.

) q (, r

= ) 2 q (, r

)(59-7

E

= s t .Ln 0
3
ETh

)(60-7

) q (Th , r
:
) q (, r ) = T () . R(r

)(61-7

) (59-7 :
)1 dT (
) 2 R(r
.
=
= 2
) R(r
)T () d (

)(62-7

2
)dT (
2T = 0 T () = Ae .
)d (

)(63-7

) T (

) (59-7 :

209

q (, r ) = A . R(r ) .e

)(64-7

A ) E = E0
) ( .
) ( a (r ). f :

( = 0

K
q (0 , r ) = a (r ) . f . . = a (r ) .
P
) = A.R(r

)(65-7

2 = B g2 ) R(r
) (r .
2 R (r ) + 2 R(r ) = 0
2 (r ) + B g2 (r ) = 0

)(66-7

A :
a .K
p

)(67-7

=A

) (59-7 :
a . K
B2 .
. (r ) . e g
p

= ) q (, r

)(68-7

2-4-7
) q (Th , r ) (58-7
:
. (r ) = 0

B g2 . Th

K .e

L2

210

(r ) +
2

)(68-7



B g2 Bm2 ) . (B g Bm
:

B g2

B g2 . Th
2

)(69-7

K .e

B 2 .
.e g Th

. B g2

1+ L

)(70-7

3-4-7
) (33-7
) (70-7 .

.
keff = K . = K F . Th
1
1
= K . 2
.
2 2
B .
e g Th 1 + L B g

)(71-7

:
B2 .

e g Th
= K .
1 + L2 . B g2

211

= F . Th

)(72-7

 B g

:
1
1 + L2f B g2

1
Th B g2
.

1+

1
Bg2 . Th

= f

)(73-7

:
1
1 + L2 B g2

= th

)(74-7

)
(
.

5-7
-1
.

212

 -2
.
-3
.
-4
239 Pu 10 3 .
:
2
- . Bm
- .
- .
-5 239 Pu ) (4
235U .
-6 )(5
:
2
- . Bm
- .
-7
a
) (r = 4% 100
.
-8
500
:
- . Bm2
-
-
-9 ) (8 .
.

213

 -10 :
- .
- .
- .

214




1-8 .
2-8 .
3-8 .
4-8 .
5-8 .
6-8 .
7-8 .

.

.
.
.

.
220

 1-8 .

R . d

:
) 2 d 1 d 2 (r .
=
r dr r d 2 r

d 2
dr 2

= 2

)(1-8

2
) (10-7 :

+ B g2 (r . ) = 0

) d 2 (r .
2

)(2-8

d r

sin B g . r
cos B g . r
+C.
r
r

= A.

)(3-8

:
: 0 r . C = 0
A = 0 B g :

sin B g . r
= A . Bg
Bg .r

0 = A . B g .

r 0

: R = r .

221

)(4-8

A
. sin B g . R = 0 B g R = n .
R

)(5-8

n = 1
:
R

Bg =

)(6-8

) sin( .u
.u

( R) =

sin

0.

= A.

)(7-8

u = r R . [1,0 ]

Bm2 ,
) , (Bm = B g
:
4 4 130
Vc = 4 . . R 3 = . 3 3
3
3 Bm
Bm

)(8-8

2-8 .

c ,b , a c0 ,b0 , a0
) d ( .
:
2 2 2
+
+
x 2 y 2 z 2

222

= 2

)(9-8

 ) (10-7
:
+ B g2 = 0

2
2

2
2

2
2

)(10-8

:
) = X ( x ) .Y ( y ) . Z (z

)(11-8

) (10-8 :
1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y 1 d 2 Z
+
+
+ Bg2 = 0
2
2
2
X dx
Y dy
Z dz

)(12-8

,

.
:
1 d2X
= 2 = + 2
2
X dx

)(13-8

.
) (13-8 :
) X = A . cos( . x ) + C . sin( . x

)(14-8

C :
: 0 = x . C = 0-

a
: X = 0
2
= a ) n = 1 (.

223

x =

 Y Z
) (12-8 :
2

B g2 = + +
a
b
c

)(15-8

:
.x
.x
.x
.cos
. cos

c
a
b

= 0 cos

)(16-8

Bm2 ,
) , (Bm = B g
:
3 3 3 161
= 3
Bm3
Bm

)(17-8

= Vc

3-8 .

R H R0
) (R = R0 + d
) . (H = H 0 + 2d
) (10-7 :
1 2 2
+ B g2 . = 0
+
r y2 z2

2
x2

224

)(18-8

) = (r ) . Z (r

)(19-8

) (18-8 :
1 d 2
+
+ B g2 = 0
Z d z2

1 d 2 1 d
+
dr r dr

)(20-8

Z .
) (20-8 :
2 2 + Bg2 = 0

)(21-8

:1 d
+ 2 = 0
r dr

d 2
2

)(22-8

dr

:
1
d
+ = 0
) . r d ( . r

d 2
) d ( . r

)(23-8

) (Bessal
:

y = 0

n
1 dy
+ 1 2
x dx
x2

d2y
2

)(24-8

dx

n .
) (23-8
) (n = 0
:
225

) = A . J 0 ( . r ) + CN 0 ( . r

)(25-8

J 0 N 0 .
r = 0 C = 0
.
-

Z
1 d 2Z
= =
Z dz 2

)(26-8

) (13-8
.
:
Z = A' cos x

)(27-8

) (20-8
:
) = (r ) . Z (r ) = 0 J0 ( . r ) cos( z

)(28-8

.
-

= 0 Z = H 2 = H

:
H
cos( z ) = cos . = 0
2

226

)(29-8

2.405
= 0 r = R
R

:
J 0 ( . r ) = J 0 ( . R ) = 0

)(30-8

J 0 J 0 (2.405 ) = 0
2.405

R

= .

B g2
) (21-8 :
2

2.405
H
= B g2 = 2 + 2
+
R

)(31-8

,
Bm2 ,
) . (Bm = B g
:
Vc = R 2 . H

)(32-8

R 2 ) (31-8
).(32-8

(2.405 )2 H 2
2
Bm
.H 2 2

= R2

)(33-8

.
.(2.405 )2 . H 3
2
Bm
.H 2 2

227

= Vc

)(34-8

 ) (34-8
H Bm2 . H 2 = 3 2 :
dVc
d .(2.405 )2 . H 3
=

=0
2
dH
dH Bm
. H 2 2

)(35-8

Bm2 . H 2 ) (33-8
) (34-8 ,
.

(2.405 ) 0.54
R
=
H
2
148
Bm3

= Vc

)(36-8

)(37-8

4-8 .

.
.

.
.
.
r
:
) sin( . r R
r

=A

)(38-8

A , R .

:

228

) sin( . r R

= A. R
r

r 0

0 = A . Lim

)(39-8

:
) A sin( . r R
dV
V
r

dV

dV

V = 4 R 3 dV = 4 r 2 dr
3
) sin( . r R
. 4 r 2 dr
r

3.A
3

4 R

)(40-8

3.A
=
R

) (
:
0 A . R 2
=
=
= 3.29
3.A
3
R

)(41-8

. :
0
= 3.88

)(42-8

0
= 3.64

229

)(43-8

 5-8 .

.

. ) (1-8
.

) : (1-8 .

) (1-8
.

. Bm
.
max

.

.

230

 ) : (1-8 .

B 2

a0

( a )2

0 . cos

( a )2 + ( b )2
2
) + (
c

c
a
b

x
x

cos
b
a
x
cos

0 .cos

) ( R

2.405
+

H
R

sin .r

) ( .r R

0 .

z
2.405
.J 0

R
H

0 .cos

1.57

161
B3

130
3

148
3

3.88

3.29

3.64

:
; c = c0 + 2 d

; b = b0 + 2 d

a = a0 + 2 d
R = R0 + d

)(44-8

H = H 0 + 2d

6-8 .

.

.
.

.
231

 1-6-8 .
,
).(2-8

) : (2-8 .

. ,
.

.

. .
K 1
M2

= 2 c + B 2 c = 0 ; B 2

1
3
=
2
Lb (t . a )b

= 2 b 2 b = 0 ; 2

)(45-8

)(46-8

c b .
) (45-8
:

232

 c = A.cos Bx + C sin Bx ; c = 0
= A. cos Bx

)(47-8

) (46-8 :
) b = A' . cosh ( , x ) + C ' . sinh ( , x

)(48-8
a
2

b = 0 x = + b
' A :
a

sinh + b

2
b = 0 A' = C .
a

cosh + b

)(49-8

) (48-8
sinh cosh.
) sinh ( x y ) = sinh ( x ) cosh ( y ) cosh (x )sinh ( y

)(50-8

a
2

b = A sinh x

)(51-8

A .
A A B
.
-

a

2

233

= x

a
2

a
2

c = b
a
) = A sinh ( .b
2

a

2

)(52-8

A cos B

= x

:
dc a
d a
= Db b
dx 2
dx 2

Dc

a
) A . tc B . sin B = A . tb . cosh (B.b
2

)(53-8

)(54-8

) (53-8 ) (54-8
A A :
a
)B . tan B . = tb . coth( .b
2 tc

)(55-8

) ( B
) (55-8 b . a
2-6-8
B a0
. :
2

a0 =

)(56-8

. a :
= a0 a

234

)(57-8

 a
) (55-8 :
b
tb
.coth
tc
Lb

) B cot an ( . B

)(58-8

b
Lb

, coth

) (58-8 :
tb B tc
= .
. B . Lb
tc tb

) tan ( . B

)(59-8

B Lb
.
.
B
:
tan( .B ) .B

tb
.Lb
tc

)(60-8
)(61-8

, = Lb
.

,
.
)(1-8
:
- a0 = 100 cm :

235

 : 10% = 2.065 am = 0.66 barn ; au = 70.51barn

= 27.cm 2

L2m = 8.1cm 2

:
- .
-
) (b = 3 Lm .
- ...
:
-

:
B g2 = = 9.88 10 4
a0
K 1 K 1
Bm2 = 2 = 2
M
L +
K = p f . f
aF

=
aF + am 1 +

= f

a u Nu au
=
.
a m Nm am

.
1+
L2m
1+

= K

= ) L2 = L2m (1 f

) (B g = Bm
K 1
L2 +

236

2
B g2 = Bm
=

) (1 +

) L2m + (1 +

= B2

1 + B 2 L2m +
Nu au
.
=
2
Nm am
1 B .

2.7
Nu
= . am = 0.9964
= 3.82%
70.51
Nm
au

-
tc
b
. . coth

tb
Lm

= ) B cot an ( .B

1
a0 a = =
Lm
b = 3 . Lm:

b
3Lm
coth
= coth
= 1.005 1
Lm
Lm

tc tb

:
B cot an( .B ) tan ( .B ) = B . Lm
)a tan (B . Lm ) a tan(9.88 10 4. 8.1
=
Lm = 2.85
B
9.88 10 4
a = a 0 = 97.15 cm

a = 97.15 cm

- .

:
237

M b .Vb a 97.15
=
=
=
= 97.15%
.V a 0
M
100

M b M
.
7-8 .

.

.


.
1-7-8 .

:
21 + B 21 = 0
2 2 + B 2 2 = 0

)(62-8

,
:
1 = AX + CY
2 = A' X + C' Y = S 1 AX + S 2 CY

)(63-8

X Y :
2
) sin ( .r
; 2 = B2 =
R
r

) (

) sin h ( .r
; 2 = B 2
r

238

= X

)(64-8

=Y

)(65-8


) (C = 0
C ' C ) C 0
.( C' 0
S 1 S 2 :
A' p . 1 2
=
A 1 + 2 L2

= S1

)(66-8

C' p . 1 2
=
C
1 2 L2

= S2

)(67-8

A . C
2-7-8
:
21b 121b = 0

1b
2
2
2b + D .1b 2 2 b = 0
2b

)(68-8

:
1
1
1
1 = 2
2
L1b
L2 b

= 22

) (68-8
:
e r L2b
e r L2b
'+ F
r
r

239

1b = F

)(69-8

 r
, ' F ,
) (69-8 :
e r L2b
= F .Z1
r

1b = F

)(70-8

, :
1

) (R + b r
L1b

1
r

1b = sin h

)(71-8

b .


.
.
) (69-8
:
2b = S 3 1b + GZ 2 = S 3 FZ 1 + GZ 2

)(72-8

F G
S 3 . Z 1
Z 2 :
1r

= Z1

= Z2

r
2 r

240

)(73-8

)(74-8

 S 3 )(68-8
1 2
:
Z2
= 22 . Z 2
L2b

FZ 1 = 0

1b
D2 b

= 2Z2

G 22 Z 2 + S 3 F 12 Z 1 22 (GZ 2 + S 3 FZ 1 ) +

)(75-8

)(76-8

S 3 :
1b

2 2
1
2

D2 b

= S3

)(77-8

:
1 = AX + CY
2 = S1 AX + S2CY

)(78-8

1b = FZ 1
2b = S 3 FZ 1 + GZ 2

)(79-8

A C F G
.

:

241

) sin ( .r
) sin h ( J .r
= ;Y
r
r
2 r

1r

= ; Z2

= X

= Z1

)(80-8

)(81-8

3-7-8

S 3 , S 2 , S 1

) (r = R
:
AX + CY = F . Z 1
AX& + CY& = F . D11 Z& 1
AS 1 X + CS 2Y = FS 3 Z 1 + GZ 2
AS1 X& + CS 2Y& = F . D22 S 3 Z& 1 + G D22 Z& 2

)(82-8

D11 = D1b D : S 3 , S 2 , S 1 D22 = D2b D

1

.
.
) (82-8 ,
) .( 4 4
, A C
(
F G . )
C F G . A ,
.
:

242

 Ax

& AX

AX

C


F

G

Z1

D11 Z& 1 0

S3
Z2

Z1
S1
S 1

& Y

S2 Y
S 1

)(83-8

C F G ""
. :
Z& 1

& X
D11
X
& X& Y

X Y

Z& 1

A X
.
W Y

=C

A X
.
W Z1

=F

A X
&X
&Y
.
(S 2 S 3 ) + (S 3 S 1 ) + (S 1 S 2 ) D11
W Z2
X
Y

& Z
&Y
W = 1 D11
Y
Z1

)(84-8

)(85-8

= (86-8) C

)(87-8

,
.
A
, .
,
.
P = f . 2 f 2 (r ) dV

)(88-8

f ) 2 f . (E f 200 Mev

V . ) 2 (r
.
243


:
) sin ( .r
) sin h ( .r
+ S2C.
r
r
) sin h ( .r
) sin ( .r
= A. S 1
+ S 2 Q.

r
r

2 (r ) = S 1 A.

)(89-8

C

A
A P :

= Q ) (84-8 .

(90-8) P = A . f . 2 f . 4 S1 r . sin (.r ) dr + S 2 Q r . sin h (.r ) dr

0
] P = A . f . 2 f . 4[S1 I 1 + S 2 QI 2

:
R cos( .R

)sinh( .R

)sin( .R
2

) R cosh(.R

= I 1 = r. sin( .r )dr
0

)(91-8

= I 2 = r. sinh( .r )dr
0

A
.
) (3-8
.

244

 ) : (3-8 .

8-8
-1
.
-2

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.
-4
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) (r = 2% :
- . B g
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245

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:

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H 2O

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-

- .
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:
- .
-
.
- .
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R = 50 cm )(.
-9
: a0 = 80 cm ) (
5% :
- .
-
.
- .

246

 -10
Bm2 = 2 10 5 cm 2
:
- .
- .
-
.

247


):(1
):(2
):(3
):(4
):(5

253

 )(1

me

kg

m, s

19

Coulomb

kg

2.997924 10

1.602176 10

27

Mev / c 2

mp

kg

mn

(931.494

9.109382 10 27
5.486 10 4 u

= 0.511Mev / c 2

1.660539 10

1.672622 10 27
4

1.007276 10 u = 938.272Mev / c

1.674927 10 27 kg
1.008665 10 4 u = 939.565Mev / c 2

Na

mol 1

6.022142 10 23

J .s

6.626069 10 34

ev.s
J .k 1
1

ev.k

F .m 1

http//physics.nist.gov :

254

15

4.135667 10

1.380650 10 23
5

8.617342 10

8.854188 10 12

 )(2

1 ev

1 Mev

19

1.602189 10

ev

1u

10 6

931.494 Mev

1w

1J .S 1

1 day

86400 S

1 year

3.156 10 7 S

1 Ci

3.7 10 10 Bp

1k

8.617065 10 5 ev

255

 )(3
] [1:

256

 ) : 3(.

257

 )(4
] ) . (n, p ) (n, ) (n, - S f
[ t ) (En = 0.0253ev ):(The National Nuclear Data Center Online Service. ENDF/B-VI

258

 )(5
) 2200/ . (En = 0.0253ev -
] [Reactor Physics Constants, ANL-5800; (3) :

259

 )) (5(

260

 )) (5(

261

 )) (5(

262

 )) (5(

263

)(

)(

) (



)(
)(

Probability of decay
Non leakage probability
Excitation
Nuclear stability
Electron capture
Ionizing radiations
Rays
Gamma rays
X-rays
Decay
Recombination
Neutron absorption
Neutron production
Nuclear fusion
Fission

Barn
Proton
Plutonium
Positron
Becquerel

267

Activation analysis
Internal conversion
Leakage
Scattering
Inelastic scattering
Elastic scattering
Irradiation
Type of neutron
Neutron multiplication
Nuclear reactions
Chain reaction
Radioactive contamination
Neutron thermalisation
Radioactive equilibrium
Thermalisation without absorption
Thermalisation with absorption
Energy distribution
Gain of critical mass
Neutron Current

( )

()

Decay constant
Uranium trioxide
Enriched (fuel)

Molecules
Alpha particles

268

Beta particles
Charged particles

Critical state
Barrier
Beam
Radiation protection
Radioactive accidents

( )

Radiation hazard
Background
Background radiation

( )

Neutron cycle
Fuel cycle
Deuterium (H2)

Frequencies
Atom
Peak

Radium

269

One group
Two neutron group
Ion pair

Natural radioactive series

Thorium series
Uranium series

Negative charge
Intensity
Beam intensity
Source strength
Conditions limit

Energy
Binding energy
Disintegration energy
Fission
Nuclear energy
Kinetic energy
Diffusion length
Moderation length
Migration length

270

Reflector

Infinite multiplication factor

Effective multiplication factor
Mass number
Half-life
Element
Sample

Gas

( )

Positron annihilation
Neutron flux
Absorption law
Attenuation lay
Stopping power
Resolution
Slowing down power
Centrifugal force
Power of nuclear reactor

Detector
Semiconductor detector
Neutron detector
Mass

271

Critical mass
Atomic mass
Rest mass
Density
Neutron density
Momentum
Curie

Lithium

( )

Radioactive material
Mean-life
Laboratory reference
Center mass reference
Orbit
Square of the diffusion length
Radioactive
Radioactive sources
Punctual neutron source
Diffusion equation
Resonance escape probability factor
Thermal utilization factor
Fast fission factor
Mean transport length
Calibration

272

( )

Cylindrical reactor
Spherical reactor
Parallelepiped reactor
Thermal reactor
Fast breeder reactor
Breeder reactor

Nuclear reactor

Macroscopic cross section

Microscopic cross section
Amplifier
Mev
Moderator

Radioactivity
Isotopes
Unstable isotopes
Stable isotope

Fermi diffusion theory

Age Fermi theory

Radioactive waste

Mass defect
Nucleus
Daughter nucleus
Fission fragments
Nucleon

273

Neutron
Thermal neutron
Fast neutron
Neutrino

Hydrogen
Helium

Atomic Weight
Containment
Reactor Pressure Vessel
Enriched Fuel
Spent fuel

( )

Enriched uranium

274

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
)(.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.

275

.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.

277

264

:
::
.1 . . . . " "
. )2004(.
.2 . " " )2001(.
.3 . . . " "
)2000(
.4 . " " - )1993(.
.5 . " "
)1991(.

: :
1. J. K. Shultis and R. E. Faw " Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and
)Engineering " Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, USA (2002
2. J. R. Lamarch, "Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory" American
Nuclear Society, Inc. USA (2002).
3. W. M. Stacey . " Nuclear Reactor physics '' J. Wiley & Sons, Inc . USA
)(2001
)4. S. Glasston and A. Sesonske. " Nuclear Reactor Engineering '' (3. edition
)CBS publishers & Distributors. Delhi India (1086
265

5. J. Weisman." Elements of Nuclear Reactor Design " Robert E.krieger

publishing Company. USA (1983)
6. J.D. Ladonchamps & J.J. verdeau. '' Reacteur Nucleaire a Eau Pressurisee
'' Masson of cie , Paris France (1978)
7. J. g. Duderstadt & L. J. Hamilton '' Nuclear Reactor Analysis '' John
wiley & sons , New York, USA (1976)

266