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Asd 360-05 Comparison PDF
Asd 360-05 Comparison PDF
CHAPTER A
GENERAL PROVISIONS
A1.
SCOPE
The scope was expanded to include other structures in addition to structural steel buildings. Alternate
methods of design based on tests and analysis are permitted subject to the approval of the authority having
jurisdiction. Paragraphs pertaining to design of single angle members and structural joints were removed.
Recommendations for design of cold-formed steel structural members were removed and replaced with a
User Note.
A1.1.
A1.2.
A1.3.
A2.
A3.
MATERIAL
A3.1.
A3.1a.
A3.1b.
A3.1c.
A3.1d.
A3.2.
A3.3.
A3.4.
A3.5.
A3.6.
A4.
B1.
B2.
B3.
Required Strength
B3.2.
B3.3.
B3.4.
B3.5.
B3.6.
B3.6a.
B3.6b.
B3.7.
B3.8.
B3.9.
B3.10.
B3.11.
B3.12.
B3.13
B3.13a.
B3.13b.
B4.
This section states that the required strength of members and connections shall be
determined by structural analysis for the appropriate load combinations. Provisions for
elastic, inelastic, and plastic analysis are referenced.
Limit States (was A5.1)
This section was reworded and includes serviceability limit states.
Design For Strength Using Load And Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) (new)
This section states that according to LRFD provisions, the design strength of each
structural component must equal or exceed the required strength determined by LRFD
load combinations. The equation relationship between design strength and required
strength is given.
Design For Strength Using Allowable Strength Design (ASD) (new)
This section states that according to ASD provisions, the allowable strength of each
structural component must equal or exceed the required strength determined by ASD load
combinations. The equation relationship between allowable strength and required
strength is given.
Design For Stability (was B4)
This section refers to Chapter C for determining stability.
Design Of Connections (was J1.1)
This section refers to the provisions in Chapters J and K for connection design.
Simple Connections (was J1.2)
This section was reworded for clarity.
Moment Connections (was J1.3)
This section was revised such that two types of moment connections, Fully-Restrained
(FR) and Partially-Restrained (PR), are permitted.
Design for Serviceability (was A5.4)
Unchanged.
Design for Ponding (was K2)
This section now states that roof systems shall be investigated through structural analysis
to assure strength and stability under ponding conditions, unless the roof surface is
provided with a slope of in. per ft or greater toward points of free drainage or an
adequate system of drainage is provided to prevent accumulation of water. Appendix 2,
Design for Ponding, which provides methods of checking ponding, is referenced.
Design for Fatigue (was K4)
Design for members and their connections subject to repeated loading is referenced to
Appendix 3, Design for Fatigue.
Design for Fire Conditions (new)
This section references Appendix 4, Structural Design for Fire Conditions: Qualification
Testing and Engineering Analysis Compliance, which provides two methods of design
for fire conditions. Compliance with the fire protection requirements in the applicable
building code shall satisfy the requirements in this section and Appendix 4.
Design for Corrosion Effects (was L5)
Unchanged.
Design Wall Thickness For HSS (new)
This section specifies the design wall thickness, t, to be taken equal to 0.93 times the
nominal wall thickness for electric-resistance-welded (ERW) HSS and equal to the
nominal thickness for submerged-arc-welded (SAW) HSS.
Gross and Net Area Determination
Determination of gross and net areas was combined into one section.
Gross Area (was B1)
This section was revised stating that the gross area, of a member, Ag, is the total crosssectional area.
Net Area (was B2)
The net area, An, of a slotted HSS welded to a gusset plate was added.
B4.1.
B4.2.
Table B4.1.
Widththickness
ratio
2005 Specification
1989 Specification
b/t
0.38 E / Fy
1.0 E / Fy
65 / Fy
95 / Fy
b/t
0.38 E / Fy
0.95 k c E / FL
65 / Fy
95 / Fyf / k c
b/t
0.56 E / Fy
95 / Fy
b/t
0.64 k c E / Fy
95 / Fy / k c
b/t
0.45 E / Fy
b/t
0.54 E / Fy
0.91 E / Fy
b/t
0.38 E / Fy
1.0 E / Fy
d/t
0.75 E / Fy
127 / Fy
h/tw
3.76 E / Fy
5.70 E / Fy
760 / Fb
10
h/tw
1.49 E / Fy
hc
hp
E
Fy
5.70 E / Fy
1.12 E / Fy
1.40 E / Fy
190 / Fy
238 / Fy
h/t
2.42 E / Fy
5.70 E / Fy
14
b/t
1.49 E / Fy
253 / Fy
15 Compression
d/t
0.11E / Fy
3300 / Fy
Flexure
d/t
0.07E / Fy
0.31E / F
3300 / Fy
11
hc/tw
12
b/t
13
Mp
0.09
0.54
M
y
B6.
C1.
C1.2.
C1.3.
C1.3a.
C1.3b.
C1.3c.
C1.3d.
This section states that all combined systems shall meet the requirements of their
respective systems.
C2.
C2.1a.
C2.1b.
C2.2.
C2.2a.
C2.2b.
A User Note was added referencing sections that address cases not covered in this chapter. The term prismatic
member was removed.
D1.
D2.
Pn = FyAg
Pn = Fu Ae
(D2-1)
(D2-2)
The clause about block shear strength referring to another section was removed. References to pinconnected members and eyebars were removed. Cases where effective net area is required are explained
and referenced to Equation D2.2 and Section D3.
D3.
AREA DETERMINATION
D3.1.
D3.2.
D3.3.
Table D3.1.
For all members, the gross area, Ag, was redefined as the members total cross-sectional
area.
Net Area (was B2)
Rivet holes were removed from the clause stating the width of bolt holes shall be 6 in.
(2 mm) greater than the nominal dimension of the hole. The net area of a slotted HSS
member welded to a gusset plate is defined. Determination of the critical net area, An, was
removed as well as the term itself. A User Note was added that states Section J4.1(b)
limits An to a maximum of 0.85Ag for splice plates with holes.
Effective Net Area (was B3)
Terminology for U was changed from reduction coefficient to shear lag factor. The
phrase that states that the net area is equal to the gross area when the load is transmitted
by welds was removed. Also, an added provision states that the use of a value of U less
than 0.60 is permitted if the tension members are designed for the effect of eccentricity in
accordance with Section H1.2 or H2.
Shear Lag Factors For Connections To Tension Members (was B3)
For each element, the table displays a description, its corresponding shear lag factor
equation, an example figure, and an assigned case number. Additional elements were
added to include round HSS members with a single concentric gusset plate, rectangular
HSS members, and single angles. The phrase in the direction of stress was replaced
with in the direction of loading. The terminology bolts and rivets was replaced by the
term fasteners. The term rivet was removed entirely. If a calculated U value is less
than the value produced by the equation in Case 2, then the latter shall be used for W, M,
S, or HP shapes or Tees cut from these shapes. The phrase stating that a shear lag factor
of U = 0.75 shall be used for all members having only two fasteners per line in the
direction of stress was removed.
D4.
D5.
Tensile Strength
The allowable stress on the net area of the pin hole for pin-connected members has
changed from 0.45Fy to the lower value obtained according to the limit states of tensile
rupture, shear rupture, bearing, and yielding.
For tensile rupture on the net effective area:
Pn = 2tbeff Fu
(D5-1)
Pn = 0.6 Fu Asf
D5.2.
D6.
For bearing on the projected area of the pin, see Section J7.
For yielding on the gross section, use Equation D2-1.
Dimensional Requirements (was D3.2)
Net area restrictions were removed. Dimensional requirements were removed and plate
width restrictions were included.
(D5-2)
D6.2.
The term allowable stress, which is defined as 0.60Fy on the body area, was redefined
as available tensile strength, which is determined in accordance with Section D2, with
Ag taken as the area of the body.
Dimensional Requirements (was D3.3)
Unchanged.
CHAPTER E
DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION (was Columns and Other Compression Members)
A User Note references members not included in this chapter to other sections.
E1.
E2.
E3.
KL
Cc
r
1989 Specification
2 2E
E
= 4.44
Cc =
Fy
F
y
Fa =
2005 Specification
(KL / r )2
1
Fy
2C c 2
5 3 (KL / r ) (KL / r )
+
3
8C c
8C c 3
4.71
E
Fy
(E2-1)
KL
E
or
4.71
r
Fy
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy
(E3-2)
Fe 0.44Fy
Fa =
KL
> Cc
r
122E
23 (KL / r )
(E2-2)
KL
E
or
> 4.71
r
Fy
Fe < 0.44Fy
Fcr = 0.877Fe
(E3-3)
Fe =
2 E
KL
(E3-4)
in the 2005 Specification. A User Note indicates that when torsional unbraced length is larger than the
lateral unbraced length, Section E4 may control the design of W shapes and similar columns.
E4.
E5.
E6.
E6.2.
E7.
KL
Cc '
r
1989 Specification
2 2E
E
Cc ' =
= 4.44
QFy
QFy
Fa =
(KL / r ) 2
Q 1
Fy
2C c' 2
5 3 (KL / r ) (KL / r )
+
3
8C 'c
8C c' 3
2005 Specification
4.71
E
QFy
(A-B5-11)
KL
E
or
4.71
r
QFy
QFy
Fcr = Q 0.658 Fe Fy
(E7-2)
Fe 0.44QFy
KL
> Cc '
r
Fa =
12 2E
23 (Kl / r )
(A-B5-12)
KL
E
> 4.71
or
r
QFy
Fcr = 0.877Fe
(E7-3)
Fe < 0.44QFy
The elastic critical buckling stress, Fe, and Q are defined. A User Note elaborates on how Q is calculated.
Slender Unstiffened Elements, Qs (was Appendix B5.2a)
The width-thickness limits and reduction factor equations were non-dimensionalized by
factoring out E.
E7.1
b
E
0.56
t
Fy
Qs = 1.0
(E7-4)
Rolled Columns
Rolled Columns
E
b
E
0.56
< < 1.03
Fy
t
Fy
Built-up Columns
Ek c b
Ek c
0.64
< < 1.17
Fy
t
Fy
95.0
195
b
< <
t
Fy
Fy
kc
kc
b Fy
Qs = 1.293 0.00309
t kc
(E7-8)
Built-up Columns
b
Ek c
1.17
t
Fy
Case
0.45
(A-B5-3)
Rolled Columns
b
E
1.03
t
Fy
b
195
>
t
Fy
kc
b Fy
Qs = 1.415 0.74
t E
(E7-5)
Built-up Columns
b Fy
Qs = 1.415 0.65
t Ek c
Qs =
Rolled Columns
0.69E
Qs =
(E7-6)
2
Fy b t
Built-up Columns
0.90Ek c
Qs =
(E7-9)
2
b
Fy
t
26,200k c
( )
Fy b t
( )
(A-B5-4)
Single Angles
1989 Specification
2005 Specification
b
E
0.45
t
Fy
Qs = 1.0
(E7-10)
E
b
E
< 0.91
Fy
t
Fy
b Fy
Qs = 1.34 0.76
t E
(E7-11)
76.0 b 155
< <
t
Fy
Fy
b
E
> 0.91
t
Fy
( )
Qs = 1.340 0.00447 b t
(A-B5-1)
Fy
Qs =
0.53E
( )
Fy b t
(E7-12)
b 155
t
Fy
Qs =
( )
Fy b t
(A-B5-2)
Stems of tees
1989 Specification
Case
0.75
15,500
2005 Specification
d
E
0.75
t
Fy
Qs = 1.0
(E7-13)
E
d
E
< 1.03
Fy
t
Fy
d Fy
Qs = 1.908 1.22
t E
(E7-14)
127 b 176
< <
t
Fy
Fy
( )
Qs = 1.908 0.00715 b t
B5-5)
d
E
> 1.03
t
Fy
Qs =
20, 000
( )
Fy b t
Qs =
b 176
t
Fy
E7.2
Fy (A-
0.69E
( )
Fy d t
(A-B5-6)
(E7-15)
t
f
f
b t
f
(E7-17)
253t
44.3
1
b
f ( b t ) f
(A-B5-8)
Flanges of square and rectangular slender-element sections of uniform thickness
Case
1989 Specification
2005 Specification
b
E
E 0.38 E
1.40
b e = 1.92t
1
b
t
f
f
b t f
b
95
>
t
Fy
be =
(E7-18)
b 238
>
t
Fy
Case
0.11
E D
E
< < 0.45
Fy
t
Fy
253t
50.3
be =
1
f ( b t ) f
(A-B5-7)
2005 Specification
0.038E 2
+
Q = Qa =
Fy (D t ) 3
(E7-19)
662
Fa =
+ 0.40Fy
Dt
(A-B5-9)
A User Note was added that facilitates the calculation of f. The reduction factor, Qa, for
axially-loaded circular sections is also added. Wind and seismic loading were removed
from this section.
CHAPTER F
DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR FLEXURE (was Beams And Other Flexural Members)
Method for distinguishing beams from plate girders was removed. References to other sections pertaining to shear
strength were removed. Applicable members subject to this chapter were generalized to simple bending about one
principal axis. A User Note was added that references other chapters for members not covered in this chapter. The
term hybrid member was removed. The sections were categorized by symmetry, compactness, and/or axis at
which member is bent. Previously in the 1989 Specification, the sections were organized by member shapes and
unbraced length.
F1.
M
M
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 1 + 0.3 1
M2
M2
2005 Specification
Cb =
F2.
(F1-1)
F2.2.
F3.
12.5M max
Rm 3.0
2.5M max + 3M A + 4M B + 3M C
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
The provisions of Section F2.2 apply.
F3.2.
F4.
F4.2.
F4.3.
F4.4.
F5.
F5.2.
F5.3.
F5.4.
I-SHAPED MEMBERS AND CHANNELS BENT ABOUT THEIR MINOR AXIS (was F2)
The nominal flexural strength, Mn, shall be the lowest value obtained according to the limit states of flange
yielding and flange local buckling.
F6.1.
F6.2.
F7.
F6.
Yielding
Equation F6-1 was introduced to calculate the nominal yield strength of members
pertaining to this section.
Flange Local Buckling
The equations for nominal flange local buckling strength are provided for noncompact
flanges and slender flanges. Yielding shall apply to sections with compact flanges. A
User Note lists shapes with slender flanges.
This section applies to members bent about either axis, having compact or noncompact webs and compact,
noncompact, or slender flanges. Depth and flange thickness restrictions for compact box-shaped members
were removed. Lateral bracing provisions were removed from this section.
F7.1.
F7.2.
F7.3.
F8.
F8.2.
F9.
Yielding
Equation F8-1 was introduced to calculate the nominal yield strength of round HSS
members.
Local Buckling
Equations for nominal local buckling strength are provided for noncompact and slender
sections. This limit state does not apply to compact sections. A User Note lists shapes
with slender flanges.
Yielding
F9.2.
Mn = Mp
(F9-1)
where
Mp = FyZx 1.6My (for stems in tension)
(F9-2)
Mp My (for stems in compression)
(F9-3)
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
The equation for nominal lateral-torsional buckling strength is provided. A negative B
value shall be used if the tip of the stem is in compression anywhere along the unbraced
length.
Flange Local Buckling of Tees
The general equation for nominal flange local buckling strength of tees is provided.
F9.3.
F10.
Yielding
Equation F7-1 was introduced to calculate the nominal yield strength of square and
rectangular HSS members.
Flange Local Buckling
For sections with noncompact flanges and slender flanges, the equations for nominal
flange local buckling strength are provided. This limit state does not apply to compact
sections. The effective section modulus, Seff, is introduced.
Web Local Buckling
For sections with noncompact webs, the equation for nominal flange local buckling
strength is provided.
Yielding
Equation F10-1 was introduced to calculate single angle yield strength.
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
A new equation for nominal lateral-torsional buckling strength is provided.
Leg Local Buckling
This limit state applies when the toe of the leg is in compression and the section is
noncompact or slender. New equations for nominal leg local buckling strengths are
introduced.
F11.
F11.2.
F12.
F12.3.
F13.
Yielding
New equations for nominal strengths for major and minor axis bending are introduced. A
restriction on rectangular bars bent about their major axis was added.
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
For various rectangular bar sizes, new equations were introduced to calculate the nominal
lateral-torsional buckling strength. This limit state does not apply to rounds and
rectangular bars bent about their minor axis.
Yielding
Equation F12-2 was introduced to calculate the yield strength of unsymmetrical shapes.
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Equation F12-3 was introduced to calculate the lateral-torsional buckling strength of
unsymmetrical shapes.
Local Buckling
Equation F12-4 was introduced to calculate the local buckling strength of unsymmetrical
shapes.
1989 Specification
For 0.5Fu Afn 0.6Fy Afg
(B10-1)
2005 Specification
Proportioning
No deductions made
Afe =
5 Fu
Afn
6 Fy
(B10-3)
FA
M n = u fn S x
Afg
(F13-1)
F13.2.
No stiffeners or
a
> 1.5
h
a
For
1.5
h
1989 Specification
h
14,000
tw
F F + 16.5
yf
yf
2005 Specification
(G1-1)
2, 000
h
tw
Fyf
h
E
= 11.7
t
Fy
w max
(G1-2)
(F13-3)
For
a
> 1.5
h
No stiffeners
F13.3.
h
0.42E
=
t
Fy
w max
(F13-4)
h
260
tw
F13.4
CHAPTER G
DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR SHEAR (was F4)
Design for members for shear now has a chapter of its own. This chapter addresses webs of singly or doubly
symmetric members subject to shear in the plane of the web, single angles, and HSS sections, and shear in the weak
direction of singly or doubly symmetric shapes. A User Note indicates member sections not covered.
G1.
GENERAL PROVISIONS
The symbol for shear, Vn, was introduced. The safety factor for shear is v = 1.67, except for webs of rolled
I-shaped members with the provisions in G2.1a. This section provides two methods to calculate shear
strength. One utilizes the post buckling strength of a member (tension field action), and the other does not.
The 1989 Specification references Chapter G for utilizing tension field action.
G2.
Case
h 380
For
t
Fy
For
h 380
>
t
Fy
All
1989 Specification
Fv = 0.40Fy
(F4-1)
Fv =
2005 Specification
Fy
Cv 0.40Fy
2.89
(F4-2)
Vn = 0.6Fy Aw Cv
(G2-1)
These ratios were non-dimensionalized. Cv values are calculated based on the h/tw ratio. The web plate
buckling coefficient, kv, is calculated for stiffened and unstiffened webs.
Case
1989 Specification
45, 000k v
Cv =
2
Fy (h / t w )
Cv =
190
h / tw
For h / t w 1.10 k v E / Fy
For
1.10 k v E / Fy h / t w 1.37 k v E / Fy
2005 Specification
kv
Fy
Cv = 1.0 (G2-3)
Cv =
1.10 k v E / Fy
h / tw
(G2-4)
Cv =
1.51Ek v
(h / t w ) Fy
2
(G2-5)
5.34
kv = 4 +
k v = 5.34 +
(h / t w )
(a / h )2
4
(a / h )
kv = 5
kv = 1.2 for stems of tees
kv = 5.0
kv = 5 +
(a / h )2
G3.
2005 Specification
h / t w > 260
h / t w > 2.46 E / Fy
For h / t w 1.10 k v E / Fy
1989 Specification
Fv =
Fy
1 Cv
Cv +
0.40Fy (G3-1)
2
2.89
+
1.15
1
/
a
h
(
)
2005 Specification
Vn = 0.6Fy Aw
(G3-1)
1 Cv
Vn = 0.6Fy Aw Cv +
2
1.15 1 + ( a / h )
(G3-2)
G3.3.
G4.
G5.
This section provides a new equation along with other provisions to calculate the nominal shear strength of
rectangular HSS and box members.
G6.
G7.
G8.
Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and Compression (was H1)
A User Note adds that Section H2 is permitted to be used in lieu of the provisions from
this section.
Case
fa
fa
F
1
F
1
bx
F '
F ' by
ex
ey
All
AND
If
fby
f a f bx
+
+
1.0 (H1-3)
Fa Fbx Fby
fa
0.15
Fa
Case
H1.2.
For
Pr
0.2
Pc
For
Pr
< 0.2
Pc
M
M ry
Pr
+ rx +
1.0 (H1-1b)
2Pc M cx M cy
Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and Tension (was H2)
For doubly symmetric members, Cb may be increased by
1+
H1.3.
fby
fa
f
+ bx +
1.0 (H1-2)
0.60Fy Fbx Fby
Pu
Pey
H2.
H3.
H3.2.
H3.3
Filled and concrete-encased composite columns composed of rolled or built-up structural steel shapes or HSS are
now addressed.
I1.
I1.1a.
I1.1b.
I1.2.
I1.3.
I2.
I2.1a.
I2.1b.
I2.1c.
I2.1d.
I2.1e.
I2.1f.
I2.1g.
I2.2
I2.2b.
I2.2c.
I2.2d.
I2.2e.
I2.2f.
I3.
Limitations (new)
This section defines limitations that must be met in order to qualify as an encased
composite column.
Compressive Strength (new)
Allowable compressive strength shall be determined according to the flexural buckling
limit state.
Tensile Strength (new)
The allowable tensile strength shall be determined according to the yielding limit state. A
new nominal tensile strength equation is introduced.
Shear Strength (new)
The available shear strength shall be calculated based on either the shear strength of the
steel section alone plus the shear strength provided by the tie reinforcement or the shear
strength of the reinforced concrete alone. A User Note adds the equation for the nominal
shear strength of the tie reinforcement and references ACI 318, Chapter 11 for the shear
capacity of reinforced concrete.
Load Transfer (new)
Depending on whether the external force is applied to the steel section, concrete
encasement, or concrete, the shear connectors shall be required to transfer shear force, V.
New equations are introduced to calculate the shear force.
Detailing Requirements (new)
Shear connector spacing requirements are defined in this section.
Strength of Stud Shear Connectors (was I4)
This section provides an equation for the nominal strength of a stud shear connector.
Limitations (new)
Limitations that must be met in order to qualify as a filled composite column are defined
in this section.
Compressive Strength (new)
The allowable compressive strength for axially loaded filled composite columns shall be
determined according to the flexural buckling limit state.
Tensile Strength (new)
The allowable tensile strength shall be determined according to the yielding limit state. A
new equation for nominal tensile strength equation is introduced.
Shear Strength (new)
The available shear strength shall be calculated based on either the shear strength of the
steel section alone plus the shear strength provided by the tie reinforcement or the shear
strength of the reinforced concrete alone. A reference to ACI 318, Chapter 11 on the
topic of shear strength of reinforced concrete is provided in a User Note.
Load Transfer (new)
This section states that the force transfer mechanism providing the largest nominal
strength may be used. A new equation for nominal bearing strength is introduced.
Detailing Requirements (new)
Shear connector spacing is defined.
FLEXURAL MEMBERS
I3.1.
I3.1a.
I3.1b.
I3.1c.
General
Unchanged.
Effective Width (was I1)
Editorial changes were incorporated.
Shear Strength (new)
The available shear strength of composite beams with shear connectors, concreteencased, and filled composite flexural members is stipulated.
Strength During Construction (was I2)
I3.2.
I3.2a.
I3.2b.
I3.2c.
I3.2d.
The clause that states stresses in the steel section shall not exceed 0.90Fy was removed.
When temporary shores are not used during construction, the steel section alone shall
have adequate strength prior to the concrete attaining 75% of its specified strength, fc.
Strength of Composite Beams with Shear Connectors
Unchanged.
Positive Flexural Strength (was I2)
Case
Composite Beam
Steel Beam Alone
1989 Specification
Fb = 0.66Fy
Fb = 0.76Fy
For h / t w 3.76 E / Fy
Positive
Moment
Negative
Moment
I3.3
2005 Specification
Concrete Crushing
1989 Specification
Vh = 0.85f ' c Ac / 2 (I4-1)
2005 Specification
V ' = 0.85f ' c Ac (I3-1a)
Vh = Fy As / 2 (I4-2)
V ' = Fy As (I3-1b)
Strength of connectors
Vh = nq
Strength of connectors
Vh = nq
V' =
(I3-1c)
(I3-2b)
The horizontal shear equations apply to half the span in the 1989 Specification and the
full span in the 2005 Specification. This is why the equation is no longer divided by two.
The equations for the nominal strength of one stud shear connector and one channel shear
connector were added. The effective moment of inertia equation was removed. The
equation for the number of shear connectors required between any concentrated load in
that area and the nearest point of zero moment was removed. Minimum center-to-center
spacing of shear connectors shall be four diameters in any direction when the ribs of the
formed steel decks are oriented perpendicular to the steel beam. Maximum center-tocenter spacing of shear connectors shall not exceed eight times the slab thickness nor 36
in. (the latter was new in the 2005 Specification). The maximum stud diameter limit does
not apply if it is located on the web.
Flexural Strength Of Concrete-Encased And Filled Members (new)
This section stipulates the flexural strength of concrete-encased and filled members.
Three methods are shown.
I4.
I5.
J1.
GENERAL PROVISIONS
J1.1.
J1.2.
J1.3.
J1.4.
J1.5.
J1.6.
J1.7.
J1.8.
J1.9.
Design Basis
The effects of eccentricity shall now be considered where the gravity axes of intersecting
axially loaded members do not intersect at one point.
Simple Connections
The meaning of inelastic deformation is explained by adding, self-limiting deformation
in the connection is permitted to accommodate the end rotation of a simple beam.
Moment Connections
Response criteria for moment connections are now provided in Section B3.6b.
Compression Members With Bearing Joints
The clause, all compression joints shall be proportional to resist any tension developed
by the specified lateral loads acting in conjunction with 75% of the calculated dead-load
stress and no live load, was removed. It is now permissible to use the moment and
shear resulting from a transverse load equal to 2% of the required compressive strength
of the member, when compression members other than columns are finished to bear at
splices.
Splices In Heavy Sections (was J1.7)
A full-penetration groove weld was renamed as a complete-joint-penetration groove
weld. In the 1989 Specification, the clause stating welding preheat requirements as given
in J2.7 in paragraph two and paragraphs three and five were removed. The clause, the
foregoing provision is not applicable to splices of elements of built-up shapes that are
welded prior to assembling the shape, was added to the 2005 Specification. A User Note
was added explaining the detrimental effects of weld shrinkage for CJP groove welded
splices at heavy sections and PJP groove welds on the flanges and fillet-welded web
plates.
Beam Copes And Weld Access Holes (was J1.8)
The access hole height requirement is now defined as 1 times the thickness of the
material with the access hole, tw, but not less than 1 in., nor does it exceed 2 in. Also, no
arc of the weld access hole shall have a radius of less than a in. The reference to Group 4
and 5 shapes was deleted in the last paragraph. Several requirements on the preparation
of weld access holes and beam copes were revised.
Placement Of Welds And Bolts (was J1.9)
Rivets are excluded from the 2005 Specification. The last sentence of the first paragraph
in the 1989 Specification, which refers to the eccentricity of statically loaded members,
was deleted. The note See Sect. J3.10 for placement of fasteners in built-up members
made of weathering steel was also removed.
Bolts In Combination With Welds (was J1.10)
Bolts shall not share the load with welds except for shear connections when bolts are
installed in standard holes or short slots transverse to the direction of the load, if they are
designed to share the load with a longitudinally loaded fillet weld. The available strength
of the bolts in such connections shall not exceed 50% of the available strength of bearingtype bolts in the connection.
High Strength Bolts In Combination With Rivets (was J1.11)
J1.10.
J2.
This section added the clarification that the design provisions for slip-critical connections
are included in Section J3.
Limitations On Bolted And Welded Connections (was J1.12)
This section now lists four different connections that must use pretensioned joints, slipcritical joints, or welds. Column splices in all multi-story structures over a height of 200
ft was changed to over 125 ft. The definition of a tier structure and related terminology
was deleted. Also, the provision that, any other connections stipulated on the design
plans, should use fully-tensioned high-strength bolts or welds was deleted.
WELDS
All provisions from AWS D1.1 still apply to this section with the exception of certain specified sections.
J2.1.
J2.1a.
J2.1b.
J2.2.
J2.2a.
J2.2b.
J2.3.
J2.3a.
J2.3b.
J2.4.
Groove Welds
Effective Area
Table J2.1 was expanded. Different welding positions now correspond to unique groove
types and a unique effective throat dimension. Table J2.2 includes flare bevel and flare V
groove welds and was renamed Effective Weld Sizes of Flare Groove Welds. Also, the
weld sizes listed in the table are now listed by welding process instead of the type of
weld. Table J2.3 is now based on the thinner part of the material being joined not the
thicker.
Limitations
The throat thickness of a partial-joint-penetration groove weld must now be thick enough
to transmit calculated forces.
Fillet Welds
Effective Area
An increase in effective throat is now permitted if consistent penetration beyond the root
of the diagrammatic weld is demonstrated by tests using the production process and
procedure variables. The clause except that for fillet welds made by the submerged arc
process, the effective throat thickness shall be taken equal to the leg size for a in. and
smaller fillet welds, and equal to the theoretical throat plus 0.11 in. for fillet welds larger
than a in. was removed.
Limitations
Minimum fillet weld sizes must not be less than the size required to transmit the
calculated force. The provisions of this section do not apply to fillet weld reinforcement
of partial or complete-joint-penetration groove welds. Table J2.4 was modified. The
minimum fillet weld size is now based on the thinner of the two parts being joined, not
the thicker. Also, if the end-loaded fillet weld exceeds 100 times the weld size, the
effective length shall be determined by multiplying the actual length by the reduction
factor, , which is defined by Equation J2-1. If the weld size exceeds 300 times the leg
size, the value of shall be 0.60. Provisions for fillet weld terminations are revised and
listed.
Plug And Slot Welds
Effective Area
Unchanged.
Limitations
Unchanged.
Strength
The allowable strength of welds shall be the lower value of the base metal and the weld
metal strength based on the limit states of tensile rupture, shear rupture, and yielding.
These values can be calculated using Equations J2-2 and J2-3 and Table J2.5. Table J2.5
now lists and , and nominal strengths instead of allowable stresses. Three loading
conditions for fillet welds were added:
(a) Linear weld group loaded in-plane through the center of gravity. Equations J2-4 and
J2-5 were introduced.
J2.5.
J2.6.
J2.7.
J3.
(b) Weld elements within a weld group that are loaded in plane and analyzed using an
instantaneous center of rotation method. Equations J2-6, J2-7, and J2-8 were
introduced.
(c) Fillet welds concentrically loaded and consisting of elements that are oriented both
longitudinally and transversely to the direction of applied load. Equations J2-9a and
J2-9b were introduced.
Combination Of Welds
Unchanged.
Filler Metal Requirements (new)
Requirements for filler metals shall comply with AWS D1.1 and this section. The
manufactures Certificate of Conformance is sufficient evidence of compliance.
Mixed Weld Metal (was J2.6)
The term notch-toughness was replaced with Charpy V-Notch toughness.
J3.2.
J3.3.
J3.4.
J3.5.
J3.6.
For painted or unpainted members not subject to corrosion, the provision that spacing
shall not exceed 24 times the thickness of the thinner plate or 12 in. (305 mm) is new.
Also, the max edge distance requirement for unpainted built-up members of weathering
steel exposed to atmospheric corrosion was deleted.
Tension And Shear Strength Of Bolts And Threaded Parts (was J3.4)
This section modified the section Allowable Tension and Shear. The allowable tension
or shear strength for a snug-tight or pretensioned bolt or threaded part for limit states of
tensile rupture and shear rupture may now be calculated using Equation J3-1. Tensions
and shear strength values were revised in Table J3.2. The table below compares the
allowable stress values based on the two specifications.
Comparison of Table J3.2 between the 1989 and 2005 Specification
1989 Specification
2005 Specification
1989 Specification
2005 Specification
Description of Fasteners
Allowable Tension,
Ft, ksi
Allowable Shear
Stress in BearingAllowable Tensile
Bearing Type
Stress, Fnt / , ksi Connections, Fv, ksi Type Connections,
Fnv/ , ksi
23
17.5
29
22
A307 bolts
20
22.5
10
12
44
45
21
24
44
45
30
30
54
56.5
28
30
54
56.5
40
37.5
0.33Fu
0.375Fu
0.17Fu
0.20Fu
J3.7.
J3.8.
J3.9.
0.33Fu
0.375Fu
0.22Fu
0.25Fu
fA
Reduction factor = 1 t b
Tb
where
Ab = bolt cross-sectional area at its major thread diameter
Ft = average tensile stress due to a direct load applied to all to
bolts in the connection
Tb = pretension load of the bolt specified in Table J3.7
2005 Specification
1.5Tu
ks =
Du Tb N B
where
Nb = number of bolts carrying the applied tension
Ta = tension force due to ASD load combinations, kips (kN)
Tb = minimum fastener tension given in Table J3.1, kips (kN)
Tu = tension force due to LRFD load combinations, kips (kN)
J3.10.
J3.11.
J3.12.
J4.
J4.2.
J4.3.
J4.4.
J5.
J6.
J7.
J8.
J9.
J10.
J10.2.
J10.3.
J10.4.
J10.5.
J10.6.
J10.7.
J10.8.
J10.9.
This chapter discusses the strength design considerations for HSS members and box sections of uniform wall
thickness that are used to make connections.
CHAPTER L
DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY
L1.
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Serviceability shall now be evaluated based on the appropriate load combinations for the serviceability
limit state identified. The section was reworded for clarity.
L2.
CAMBER
The provisions that trusses spanning 80 ft or more must be cambered based on the dead load and that crane
girders spanning 75 ft or more must be cambered based on the dead load and half the live load were
removed. Also, the provision that beams and trusses without specified camber shall be fabricated so that
after erection the camber due to rolling or shop assembly shall be upward was removed. Camber involving
preload is not required to be noted in the design documents.
L3.
L4.
DRIFT (new)
Drift will be evaluated under service loads to protect the integrity of interior and exterior partitions and
shall not cause collision with an adjacent structure or exceed the drift limits that may be specified in the
applicable building code.
L5.
L6.
L7.
L8.
CONNECTION SLIP
The effects of connection slip should now be included in the design of the connection to avoid
deformations that impair the serviceability of the structure. When appropriate, connections should be
designed to preclude slip.
CHAPTER M
FABRICATION, ERECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL
M1.
SHOP DRAWINGS
This section was reworded for clarity.
M2.
FABRICATION
M2.1.
M2.2.
M2.3.
M2.4.
M2.5.
M2.6.
M2.7.
M2.8.
M2.9.
M2.10.
M2.11.
M3.
SHOP PAINTING
M3.1.
M3.2.
M3.3.
M3.4.
M3.5.
M4.
General Requirements
Steelwork is no longer required to be painted unless noted on the contract documents.
Inaccessible Surfaces
Unchanged.
Contact Surfaces
Unchanged.
Finished Surfaces
Unchanged.
Surfaces Adjacent To Field Welds
Unchanged.
ERECTION
M4.1.
M4.2.
M4.3.
M4.4.
M4.5.
M4.6.
M4.7.
M5.
The provision that all column bases other than rolled steel bearing plates shall be milled
for all bearing surfaces was removed.
Holes For Anchor Rods (new)
This section allows anchor rods to be thermally cut in accordance with Section M2.2.
Drain Holes (new)
This section requires all HSS members to be sealed and provided with a drain hole or
protected by some other means if water can collect inside the member.
Requirements For Galvanized Members (new)
This section requires that any galvanized member be designed, detailed, and fabricated to
prevent pressure build-up in enclosed parts.
QUALITY CONTROL
M5.1.
M5.2.
M5.3.
M5.4.
M5.5.
Cooperation
Unchanged.
Rejections
Unchanged.
Inspection Of Welding
The inspection of welding can now be modified if in accordance with Section J2. If visual
inspection of welds is required, it must now be specified in the design documents.
Inspection Of Slip-Critical High Strength Bolted Connections
Unchanged.
Identification Of Steel
2.2.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
This appendix discusses the design and evaluation of structural steel components, systems, and frames for fire
conditions.
APPENDIX 5 (new)
EVALUATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
This appendix discusses the strength and stiffness of existing structures by structural analysis, load tests, or by a
combination of the two when specified by the engineer of record.
APPENDIX 6 (new)
STABILITY BRACING FOR COLUMNS AND BEAMS
This appendix addresses the minimum brace strength and stiffness necessary to provide member strengths based on
unbraced length with an effective length factor, K, equal to 1.0.
APPENDIX 7 (new)
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD
This appendix addresses the direct analysis method to account for second order effects in structural systems
comprised of moment frames, braced frames, shear walls, or combinations thereof.
CHAPTERS, SECTIONS, TABLES, AND APPENDICES REMOVED FROM 1989 SPECIFICATION
CHAPTERS:
Chapter N - Plastic Design
SECTIONS:
A2.
Limits of Applicability
A3.3. Rivets
B5.2. Slender Compression Elements
B8.
Simple Spans
B9.
End Restraint
B11.
Proportioning of Crane Girders
E5.
Pin-Connected Compression Members
E6.
Column Web Shear
F7.
Web-Tapered Members
I3.
End Shear
J1.5.
Connections of Tension and Compression Members in Trusses
J1.6.
Minimum Connections
J2.4.
Allowable Stresses
J2.7.
Preheat for Heavy Shapes
J3.3.
Effective Bearing Area
J3.11. Long Grips
J4.
Allowable Shear Rupture
L5.
Corrosion
TABLES:
Table I4.1. Allowable Horizontal Shear Load for One Connector
Table I4.2. Coefficients for Use with Concrete made with C330 Aggregates
APPENDICES:
Appendix F - Beams and Other Flexural Members