H THNG X L NC THI CHI PH THP

TS. Lu Th Bch
Vin Khoa Hc v K Thut Mi Trng
i Hc Xy Dng
1
Khi nim
1.1 nh ngha h thng x l nc thi chi ph thp
H thng XLNT thng thng bao gm cc cng trnh ti nc thi c x l bng
cc phng php c hc, ha hc, sinh hc, loi b cc cht rn, cc cht hu c v
i khi c cc cht dinh dng c trong nc thi. Nc thi c tin hnh lm sch
theo trnh t tng mc x l t x l s b, x l s cp (bc mt), th cp (bc hai),
trit (bc ba) v c th c thm cc cng on x l c bit khc. Ti mt s nc,
cng on kh trng cc vi khun, mm bnh thng l bc x l cui cng.
H thng XLNT chi ph thp l cc h thng x l sinh hc t nhin ti lng thp, c
th x l cc loi nc thi hu c nh nc thi sinh hot. Cc h thng ny c cu
to n gin, c chi ph u t thp ng k, chi ph vn hnh v bo dng thp. Mc
d cc h thng XLNT chi ph thp i hi din tch t s dng nhiu hn so vi cc
h thng x l sinh hc nhn to ti lng cao, nhng chng c hiu qu hn v ng
tin cy trong vic x l cc vi khun, mm bnh, nu c thit k mt cch hp l v
khng b qu ti.
Tt c cc qu trnh qun l v XLNT ph thuc vo nhiu yu t v iu kin t
nhin nh ti lng thy lc i vi b lng v c hoc khng c cc yu t t nhin
nh vi sinh vt. Tuy nhin trong cc cng trnh XLNT in hnh, cc qu trnh t
nhin ny c h tr bng mt lot cc thit b my mc c kh phc tp tiu th
in nng cao (cc my bm, my sc kh v.v...).
Trong ni dung ging dy ny cc h thng XLNT chi ph thp c m t bng cc
qu trnh v cc cng trnh x l nc thi c vn hnh trong cc iu kin gn t
nhin hoc ph thuc c bn vo cc yu t t nhin. H thng XLNT chi ph thp c
th c trang b cc my bm v ng ng phn phi, thu nc thi, nhng khng
ph thuc hon ton vo ngun in nng bn ngoi duy tr kh nng x l [Reed
v cc cng s, 1995].
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c coi l cng ngh x l t nhin, gn t nhin hay trn
c s t nhin do thc t l bn cht ca cc qu trnh x l cc cht nhim din ra
trong cc h thng ny u da trn c s cc qu trnh v chu trnh chuyn ha t nhin
(nh cc yu t sinh hc, c hc hay nng lng mt tri v cc yu t t nhin khc).
H thng x l chi ph thp cng c th c xem l h thng c cc c tnh:
t c mc x l c th chp nhn;
Vn u t thp;
Chi ph vn hnh v bo dng thp;
Yu cu k nng vn hnh khng cao so vi cc cng ngh thng thng khc;
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 Tui th di hn so vi tui th cc cng ngh x l c s dng cc thit b in - c

kh;
t ph thuc vo cc yu t nh cng tc xy dng, cc thit b in, c kh;
Cng ngh/qu trnh x l n gin hiu qu x l n nh v lu di;
Nhu cu bo dng v vn hnh t;
C kh nng vn hnh c lp;
C kh nng tun hon, ti s dng ti a nc sau x l v cc sn phm c ch
t cc cht gy nhim;
p ng c nhu cu phc v i vi ngi dn c thu nhp thp v trung bnh
vng ngoi thnh;
C thit k n gin, ph bin vi bt c quy m no t nh n ln.
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c thm nhng u im l gim thiu cc tc ng n
mi trng v t nh hng n cc h sinh thi, c kh nng ng dng tt trong cc
iu kin mi trng nc, t v t ngp nc.
X l trong mi trng nc
H sinh hc ty tin l dng cng trnh x l trong nc c ng dng ph bin
nht. iu kin hiu kh c hnh thnh ti cc tng nc gn b mt, trong khi ti
khu vc y vi s c mt ca lp bn lng tch t to nn vng k kh. Ti cc tng
nc gia tn ti hn hp cc vng hiu kh phn pha trn v k kh phn pha y.
Cc h hiu kh thng nh v nng hn cc h ty tin. H hiu kh thng c b
tr sau cc h k kh hoc h ty tin nhm tng cng lm thong v thot kh hoc
mi pht sinh t qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c.
X l trong mi trng t
Bao gm cc h thng dng chy chm trn b mt t, dng thm chm v thm
nhanh ngm di mt t. Ngoi kh nng XLNT vi chi ph bo dng thp, cc h
thng ny cn c thm cc kh nng u vit khc nh cung cp nc b sung cho
ngun nc ngm, cho ti trng rng, cho nng nghip v hoc cho ng c nui sc
vt. Hiu qu x l ca cc h thng ny ph thuc vo cc phn ng sinh hc, ha
hc, l hc din ra trn v trong lng t. H thng dng chy b mt cn c cy
trng thc vt hp th cht dinh dng cng nh cc cht nhim ng thi lm
tng thi gian lu nc trong h thng v kh nng tip xc gia cc nhim vi t/
h thc vt. Cc h thng thm chm v thm nhanh ngm di mt t l cc h
thng "khng x" cc dng chy ra rt him khi x trc tip ra sui hoc cc thy vc
nc mt khc. Mi h thng c kh nng lu gi nc/dng chy khc nhau ph
thuc c tnh thm ca t.
X l trong mi trng t ngp nc
Cc vng t hoc bi t nhn to m ti t c duy tr thng xuyn trong
trng thi bo ha nc v c cy trng cc loi thc vt c kh nng hp th cc cht
dinh dng v cht nhim l mi trng tt c ng dng XLNT. C hai dng
bi lc ngp nc c ng dng trong XLNT: H thng bi lc dng chy b mt v
h thng bi lc dng chy ngm. C hai h thng u s dng r cy trng lm ni
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lu gi v pht trin ca cc loi vi sinh vt, ng thi lun chuyn xi t khng kh

cung cp cho vi sinh vt s dng trong qu trnh phn hy cc cht nhim c trong
nc thi. Vi khun ng vai tr ln trong c ch x l nc thi ca cc h thng
ny, mc d mt phn cc cht dinh dng nh nit, pht pho v natri cng c cy
ci hp th. H thng bi lc dng chy b mt v c bn gn ging nh cc m ly
t nhin. Cu trc in hnh ca loi h thng ny thng c thit k vi b rng
hp, chiu di ln v c su nh hn 1m, c cy trng cc loi thc vt nc. Cc
h thng bi lc dng chy ngm thng s dng si hoc ct d thm lm vt liu c
nh r thc vt nc v lc dng nc thi chy qua.
1.2 u im v nhc im ca h thng XLNT chi ph thp
u im
Cc h thng XLNT chi ph thp c xy dng mt cch hp l, c thit k ph hp
vi cc c im a hnh khu vc s c nhng u im sau:
m bo hiu sut x l cao v n nh
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c thit k, xy dng, bo dng, v qun l mt cch
hp l c th m bo duy tr hiu sut x l nc thi cao v n nh. Cc kt qu
thc nghim cho thy phtpho, nitrat, nitrit, amonia, BOD 5, v cc cht rn l lng c
th c x l t ti mc c th chp nhn. Nhn chung, hiu sut x l cc thnh
phn BOD, TSS, COD, cc kim loi, v cht hu c bn vng trong nc thi sinh
hot c th t mc cao vi thi gian lu nc hp l. Vi thi gian lu nc lu hn
ng k, nit v pht pho cng c th c x l trit . Cc h thng XLNT t
nhin chi ph thp p dng cho x l bc hai c th c vn hnh quanh nm ngoi
tr khi thi tit lnh nht. i vi x l bc ba hoc x l c bit c th vn hnh
quanh nm i vi cc khu vc c iu kin thi tit m.
Chi ph u t xy dng thp
i vi nhng khu vc c qu t vi gi t c th chp nhn c, vic u t xy
dng h thng XLNT chi ph thp s kinh t hn so vi cc h thng XLNT thng
thng c s dng cc thit b c kh. Khng s dng cc thit b x l phc tp gp
phn lm gim ng k gi thnh u t. Khi thit k h thng XLNT chi ph thp cn
quan tm ti cc c im ti v tr xy dng nh a hnh, a cht, ngun cp nc,
loi t, loi nc thi c x l v.v... La chn v tr vi cc c im thch hp s
lm gim c gi thnh xy dng.
Chi ph vn hnh thp
H thng XLNT chi ph thp thng c chi ph vn hnh thp, gim thiu cc chi ph
s dng in nng v cc thit b, khng cn s dng ha cht. Cc bi lc thng
c thit k m bo kh nng t chy ca nc trong h thng. Nu a hnh khng
thun li, khng m bo kh nng t chy ca nc trong h thng th s cn n
bm v lm tng gi thnh vn hnh. H thng XLNT t nhin nu c thit k v
xy dng hp l c kh nng t duy tr v bo dng trong thi gian lu di. Nhn
chung, mc d h thng x l nc thi t nhin thng ch duy tr c hiu sut x
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l mt cch th ng nhng gim thiu c cc nhu cu v thit b c kh, in nng,

v cc yu cu cao v k nng ca ngi vn hnh.
Gim v hn ch ti thiu mi kh chu
Pht sinh mi kh chu l mt trong nhng vn cn quan tm khi lu gi v x l
nc thi, c bit nu v tr ca trm XLNT c t gn nh dn. Cc bi lc
thng t hoc khng pht sinh mi kh chu.
Duy tr c kh nng XLNT vi ti lng nhim khng n nh
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c thit k mt cch hp l c kh nng t iu tit v
duy tr hiu sut x l i vi cc loi ti lng nhim khc nhau ca nc thi.
y l u im ni bt ca h thng XLNT chi ph thp v cc thnh phn nhim
trong nc thi rt a dng v ch thi nc khng u, cc iu kin thi tit thay
i, s pht trin ca dn c trong lu vc hay s thay i qun l cc hot ng
thng mi trong lu vc lm thay i ng k ti lng nhim.
Gim din tch t cn thit khi ti s dng nc thi
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c kh nng x l trit cc cht nhim. V vy, din
tch t cn thit cho vic ti s dng nc sau x l t cc bi lc nhn to t hn
din tch t cn thit khi trc tip s dng nc thi.
Gim khi lng cht pht sinh trong qu trnh x l
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c th gim ti thiu khi lng cc cht b loi v pht
sinh trong qu trnh x l. Lng bn/sinh khi d pht sinh t hn nhiu so vi cc
qu trnh x l th cp khc. Rt nhiu h thng XLNT chi ph thp khng lm pht
sinh bn d i hi phi x l tip theo hay tiu hy.
To cnh quan
Ty thuc vo thit k, v tr, v chng loi thc vt, cc h thng XLNT chi ph thp c
bit l cc bi lc ngp nc nhn to c th lm ni bt phong cnh vi mu sc, b cc
v s a dng ca cc loi cy. H thng XLNT chi ph thp c th tng cng khng
gian, din tch cy xanh trong th v kt hp c cc chc nng gii tr cng cng.
Tng cng a dng sinh hc
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c kh nng kin to mi trng tt thu ht mt s loi
ng vt hoang d n sinh sng v pht trin v lm tng thm li ch, s hp dn v
du lch cho khu vc.
Nhc im
Ngay c khi c thit k ti u nht, h thng XLNT chi ph thp vn tn ti nhng
hn ch:
Hn ch trong vic loi b cc vi khun gy bnh
H thng XLNT chi ph thp c th loi b phn ln cc vi khun gy bnh t nc
thi sinh hot. Tuy nhin, kh nng x l ny cng c th cha p ng c cc tiu
chun x cho php v cn thit phi thc hin thm cng on kh trng. Nguyn
nhn c bn l do cc loi chim v cc loi th hoang d khc sinh sng trong v ti
khu vc h thng x l c th l ngun pht sinh v lan truyn cc vi khun gy bnh.
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Yu cu v sinh nh k lp bn lng
Bn lng v cc cht tr cn phi nh k c ly i. H thng XLNT chi ph thp c
th b lp y bi bn v cc cht rn lm tc dng chy trong h thng nu khi thit k
khng tnh n vic loi b rc v cc cht rn trc khi nc thi vo h thng. Tng
lng bn pht sinh s cao hn ti cc giai on vn hnh trong iu kin thi tit lnh
do nhit thp gy c ch cc hot ng ca vi sinh vt (VSV). V vy cn nh k
hng nm lm sch lng bn tch t v cc cht hu c trn b mt ca h thng.
Gi thnh xy dng
Vi iu kin a hnh thun li v cc c im t nhin khc nh loi t ph hp
s gim c chi ph u t xy dng ca h thng XLNT chi ph thp. Chi ph xy
dng s tng trong trng hp xy dng h thng ti cc khu vc c iu kin khng
thun li. Thc t cho thy i vi cc bi lc ngp nc nhn to c xy dng ti
cc khu vc c iu kin mt bng, a hnh thay i, cn b sung hoc thay th t,
b tr cc vt liu lt chng thm, cn hot ng kt hp vi my bm, v.v... c th
lm cho gi thnh xy dng tng ng k.
nh hng bi cc iu kin thi tit
S thay i thi tit theo ma nh lnh, hn hn lm gim hiu sut x l ca h
thng. Cc s liu v s bin i ca thi tit trong nm rt quan trng cn c
cp ti trong thit k v vn hnh h thng. Kh nng x l BOC, COD, v nit ca
h thng v bn cht l da trn cc qu trnh sinh hc nn v c bn c th c
phc hi lin tc. Phtpho, cc kim loi, v mt s hp cht hu c bn vng c x
l trong h thng bi cc qu trnh lng ng, tch t theo thi gian. iu kin kh hu
lnh, nhit thp vo ma ng lm gim tc x l BOD v cc phn ng sinh
hc nitrat ha v kh nitrat. Tng thi gian lu nc trong h thng c th nng c
hiu sut x l, nhng ng thi s lm tng din tch cng tc cn thit ca cc bi
lc dn ti lm gim hiu qu kinh t hoc tnh kh thi v mt k thut ca h thng.
Cc vn v mi
H thng XLNT chi ph thp thng s dng cc cng on x l k kh c pht sinh
mi kh chu, lm tng nh hng ti cc khu dn c ln cn c bit trong iu kin
thi tit nng. V vy khi thit k cn cp ti khong cch li an ton ti cc khu dn
c.
C th mt kh nng x l do s qu ti v cht rn hoc amonia
Trong h thng XLNT chi ph thp, amonia l thnh phn kh kim sot v d on
trc c trong nc u ra. Tnh trng nng amonia cao tn ti trong thi gian
di cng c th gy c ch s pht trin ca thc vt trong h thng XLNT chi ph
thp.
Hn ch ti s dng cht dinh dng i vi cy trng
Mt vi cht dinh dng c x l bng h thng x l nc thi chi ph thp
khng ti s dng c i vi t v cc sn phm cy trng.
S c mt ca cc ng vt v cn trng khng mong mun
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Mui v cc sinh vt, cn trng ly nhim c th l mt tr ngi nu khng kim sot

c s pht trin ca cc loi thc vt. Cc ng vt o bi cng c th l mt tr
ngi. S gia tng v s lng ca cc loi chim trong h thng XLNT chi ph thp c
th c tc ng bt li nu c sn bay gn .
Din tch t yu cu tnh theo dn s tng ng c th ln
Din tch t cn thit cho h thng XLNT chi ph thp c th ln, c bit nu phi
x l nit hay phtpho. Cc h thng x l c kh thng thng (v d bn hot tnh,
cc h thng lc nh git hay tip xc sinh hc quay) thng c u th v kh thi hn
h thng XLNT chi ph thp trong iu kin gii hn v din tch t s dng [0,5 1m2/ngi (dn s tng ng), so snh vi cc h thng x l t nhin 5 10m2/ngi]. Mt khc, kh nng ng dng cc h thng XLNT thng thng cn ty
thuc vo tim nng kinh t.

2 Cc h thng x l nc thi chi ph thp

2.1 H sinh hc n nh nc thi
H thng h sinh hc n nh nc thi (thng gi l h sinh hc) l cc h ln,
khng su, thng l hnh ch nht do ngi o, cho dng nc thi vo v ra.
Cc h ny c s dng rng ri chu u v Nam M, l loi cng trnh x l
nc thi ph hp vi cc nc ang pht trin vng kh hu nng. Cc yu t t
nhin nh nhit cao v giu nh sng mt tri thc y s pht trin nhanh ca
cc loi vi sinh vt (ch yu l vi khun v vi to) x l cc cht hu c trong nc
thi, c trng bng BOD, theo c hai cch hiu kh v k kh. Cc qu trnh din ra
trong h sinh hc l mt chu trnh t nhin, lin tc v l hin tng sng.
Qu trnh x l nc thi thng c din ra trong hai hoc nhiu h. S sp xp
thay th v kch thc v su h c th thc y qu trnh hiu kh h ny hoc
k kh h kia. Trong qu trnh x l k tip, tng h c chc nng ring v chng
c thit k ph hp vi mc ch hoc phn t nhim cn c tch ra khi nc
thi. Dng nc thi ra khi h s giu dinh dng do nng to ln nhng s
lng cc vi sinh vt gy bnh v cc sinh vt ngun gc t cht thi sinh hot khc
gim ng k [Mara v cng s, 1992; Mara v Pearson, 1987; U.S. EPA, 1977a].
H thng h sinh hc n nh nc thi d xy dng, gi thnh thp, tnh m ln v
hiu qu x l cao.
D xy dng: o t l cng vic ch yu (cc hot ng xy dng khc rt hn
ch). Sau khi o, cc cng vic xy dng h tip theo l hon thin h o, xy
dng cng nc thi vo v ra khi h, k b bo v h v nu cn thit, lt chng
thm h. Ngoi ra cng c th tn dng cc ao h t nhin ph hp lm h sinh
hc.
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 Chi ph thp: Do cu to n gin, h n nh nc thi l loi cng trnh r nht so

vi cc cng trnh x l nc thi khc. H khng cn c cc thit b c in t
tin v khng s dng nhiu in nng. Cc cng nhn trnh thp, nu c
gim st cht ch, cng c th vn hnh v duy tu cc h n nh nc thi. Gi t
v yu cu s dng t c th l yu t tr ngi chnh i vi k thut h sinh hc
n nh nc thi.
Tnh m: H sinh hc n nh nc thi c th chu c hm lng kim loi nng
cao (n khong 30 mg L-1). H cn c th hp ph c hin tng sc hu c
hoc ti thy lc trong dng nc thi vo [Mara & Pearson, 1986].
Hiu qu cao: Cc h thng h c thit k ng c th c hiu sut x l theo
BOD trn 90%, theo nit t 70-90% v theo phtpho l 30-50%.
c bit, h sinh hc n nh nc thi c kh nng x l cc loi sinh vt bi tit
gy bnh cao. Ngc li, cc bin php x l bc ba khc nh clo ha, ozon ha,
UV, tiu dit c cc loi vi khun ngun gc t cht thi sinh hot (nh feacal
coliform). Thc t, cc h sinh hc c thit k ng c th dit c 10 5 s vi
khun gy bnh v c th t ti ngng quy nh ca T chc Y t Th gii
(WHO) i vi nc ti cy [Mara v cng s, 1992; WHO, 2006; WHO, 1992].
Tuy nhin, hiu qu x l cht l lng ca h sinh hc thp hn cc cng trnh x
l nc thi khc do s xut hin to trong dng nc thi ra khi h. Mc d
khng n mc bo ng, nhng hm lng cc cht l lng trong nc thi ra
khi h cao hn so vi cc cng trnh x l th cp truyn thng. Thi gian lu
thy lc lu i i vi th tch h ln x l nc thi c th l yu t hn ch
i vi qu trnh ny do yu cu din tch v chi ph t s dng cao.
Cc loi h sinh hc v c ch x l.
C ba loi h sinh hc:

H k kh;

H ty tin;

H x l trit / h hiu kh.

Bn cht ca h k kh v h ty tin l x l BOD v h x l trit l tiu dit cc
loi vi khun gy bnh (ch tiu faecal coliform thng c s dng ch th cho
qu trnh x l). Tt nhin, qu trnh x l BOD vn tip tc din ra trong h x l
trit v qu trnh x l vi khun gy bnh v cc cht dinh dng vn c trong cc
h k kh v h ty tin.
H sinh hc k kh c u im chnh l x l c nc thi nhim hu c cao c
hm lng cht l lng ln. Trong h khng c xy ha tan v khng cha hoc cha
mt lng rt nh vi to.
H sinh hc ty tin v h sinh hc x l trit c qun th to ln. To ng vai tr
ch yu trong qu trnh n nh nc thi. Cc h ny i khi cn c gi l h sinh
hc quang hp hay l h sinh hc lm thong t nhin. C mt s phng n b tr
cc dng h. V d, h ty tin c th chia thnh h ty tin s cp v h ty tin th
cp, trong chng tip nhn nc thi mi v lng, tch bit (thng l dng ra
7

t cc h k kh). H x l trit i khi c s dng tng cng hiu qu x l

bng vi sinh vt i vi dng ra t cc h thng x l nc thi truyn thng. Cng v
vy cc loi h ny cn c gi l h x l bc cui.
Ba loi h sinh hc chnh thng c b tr thnh cc chui h ni tip hoc song
song theo cch c mt h ty tin s cp s k tip mt hoc mt s h x l trit ;
mt h k kh theo sau l mt hoc mt s h x l trit ; hoc mt h k kh tip
theo l h ty tin th cp v mt hay nhiu h x l trit (Hnh 2.1)). Mi loi
chui h u c tnh mt u vit khc nhau, ph thuc vo chc nng cng nh yu
cu cht lng nc thi u ra [Mara & Pearson, 1987].

Cc c ch x l nc thi chnh ca h sinh hc nh sau [Arthur, 1983]:

1. Sc cha ca h cho php h hp ph c c sc ti lng hu c ln ti
lng thy lc ca nc thi u vo;
2. Lng s b nc thi, theo cc cht l lng s trm tch xung y h;
3. X l cc cht hu c trong nc thi bng cc vi khun xy ha hiu kh
(trong iu kin c xy t do) v ln men k kh (trong iu kin khng c xy).
Cc qu trnh ln men k kh v xy ha hiu kh nh sau:
Ln men k kh gm hai giai on:
Giai on th nht l s thi ra cht hu c, ti y vi khun s ln men to
thnh sinh khi mi v hnh thnh cc sn phm trung gian khc l axit hu c.
Cht hu c
vi khun
t bo vi khun mi + hn hp
axit hu c
Giai on th hai l phn hy cc cht hu c hnh thnh t giai on mt nh
cc loi vi khun to mtan thnh kh mtan v cc sn phm n gin khc.
Hn hp axit hu vi khun
t bo vi khun mi + CH 4 +
c
CO2 + H2O + NH3, v.v...
xy ha hiu kh c th biu din bng cc qu trnh n gin nh sau:
Cht hu c + O2
vi khun
CO2 + PO43- + NH3, v.v,
Mt lng ln xy c cung cp nh qu trnh quang hp ca to:
H2O + CO2
to+nh sng t bo to mi + H2O + O2
H sinh hc k kh
H sinh hc k kh thng su t 2 n 5 m. H tip nhn nc thi mi c ti lng
hu c cao (>100g BOD5/m trong ngy), trong khng c xy ha tan [Mara v
8

cng s, 1992]. H c ngha ging nh mt b t hoi h v c s dng x l

s cp i vi nc thi nhim hu c nng. Cc loi cn trong nc thi lng
xung y h to thnh lp bn cn. V ti y qu trnh ln men k kh nh cc loi
vi khun to axit, vi khun to aceton v vi khun to mtan thc hin trong iu kin
nhit trn 15C (xem hnh 2.2). H sinh hc k kh hot ng rt tt i vi cc
vng kh hu m. BOD tng c x l cao, t khong 40% 10C hoc thp hn
cho n trn 60% 20C v trn . Cc lp vng thng c hnh thnh trn b
mt; n khng cn phi ly i, tuy nhin cc loi rui mui c th pht trin trn b
mt trong ma h. V vy cn c cc bin php x l thch hp nh phun nc sch,
nc sau x l hoc trong mt s trng hp c bit c th phun ha cht dit mui
ph hp v d phn hy sinh hc [Mara v Pearson, 1986; 1987].

Hnh 2.2. Phn hy cc cht hu c trong h sinh hc k kh

Ngun: theo Ruihong, 2001.
S xut hin mi (phn ln l hydr sunfua) l mt trong nhng nhc im chnh
ca h sinh hc k kh. V vy, trc y cc nh t vn thit k thng t thin cm
khi chn h sinh hc k kh x l nc thi [Mara v cng s, 1992]. Trong h
sinh hc k kh, cc loi vi khun kh sunfat nh Desulfovibrio kh sunfat thnh
hydro sunfua c mi kh chu nh mi trng thi. Mt phn hydr sunfua ha tan
trong nc s tham gia vo mt lot cc phn ng ha hc. l cc phn ng phn
ly phn t H2S thnh ion bisunfua (HS-) v phn ly ion bisunfua thnh ion sunfua
(S2-). S phn b hm lng H2S, HS- v S2- trong nc ph thuc vo pH. pH 7,5,
trong gi tr bnh thng i vi h sinh hc k kh, 75% sunfua di dng bisunfua
khng mi. Do , i vi cc trng thi ca sunfua, pH trong h sinh hc k kh cao
s lm gim mc bc mi hi thi.
Mi sinh ra khng phi l vn ln nu nh thng s thit k theo ti lng BOD
cho php c chn ng v nng SO 42- trong nc thi u vo khng vt qu
500 mg/L [Mara v cng s, 1992]. i khi trong h sinh hc k kh xut hin cc
vn bn mu sm hoc ta. y l cc dng vi khun quang hp xy ha sunfua
k kh. S xut hin ca chng c li v c th phng nga c s to mi hydr
sunfua [Mara & Pearson, 1987].
H sinh hc ty tin
9

C hai dng h sinh hc ty tin: h sinh hc ty tin s cp thu nhn trc tip nc
thi t mng li thot nc v h sinh hc ty tin th cp thu nhn nc thi sau
khi c x l mt phn (thng l sau h sinh hc k kh, b t hoi, h sinh hc ty
tin s cp v h thng knh mng thot nc). Cc h sinh hc ty tin thng c
su 1,5 m, tuy nhin h su t 1 n 2 m cng c s dng. Cc vc nc
su nh hn 0,9 m khng nn s dng v r thc vt pht trin mnh hn ch dung tch
cha nc ca h cng nh bng ti do l cy to iu kin cho mui pht trin. H
sinh hc ty tin hot ng vi ti lng hu c thp hn so vi h sinh hc k kh.
i vi h sinh hc ty tin s cp (tip nhn nc thi cha x l) c hai c ch x
l BOD nh sau [Mara v Pearson, 1987]:
Lng cn v tip theo l ln men k kh bn cn lng; n 30% lng BOD
trong nc thi u vo c th chuyn thnh kh mtan.
Vi khun hiu kh xy ha cc hp phn hu c khng lng c trong nc
thi cng nh sn phm ca qu trnh ln men k kh. Lng xy cn thit cho
qu trnh ny mt phn c cp t qu trnh khuch tn t nhin b mt. Tuy
nhin phn chnh l lng xy c to thnh t qu trnh quang hp ca vi to.
Chng pht trin mnh v lm cho h c mu xanh thm. To nhn c phn
ln cacbon dixit l sn phm trao i cht cui cng ca vi khun (Hnh 2.3).
Trong h sinh hc ty tin th cp (tip nhn nc thi sau khi x l mt phn trong
h sinh hc k kh), c ch x l BOD th nht din ra khng r rng. Cc hp phn
hu c theo BOD cn li khng lng c xy ha bi cc loi vi khun di dng
(Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Archromobacter and Alcaligenes spp). Lng xy
cn thit cho qu trnh x l BOD do hot ng quang hp ca vi to trong h sinh
hc ty tin cung cp.
Gi c tc ng quan trng trong hot ng ca h sinh hc ty tin v n lm tng s
khuch tn xy khng kh vo nc v xo trn cc tng nc trong h. S xo trn
ny to iu kin phn b ng nht BOD, xy ha tan, vi khun v to v lm tng
cng n nh cht thi.
H sinh hc ty tin c thit k x l BOD theo ti lng b mt tng i nh
(100 400 kg BOD/ha.ngy) cho to c pht trin mnh. Lng xy ha tan
cung cp cho cc loi vi khun trong h x l BOD do cc hot ng quang hp
ca to cung cp. Nh vy hot ng ca h sinh hc ty tin da vo s pht trin t
nhin ca to. H sinh hc ty tin thng c mu lam thm do mt m c ca
to. Trong h sinh hc ty tin, cc loi to lam (Chlamydomonas v Euglena) chim
u th hn so vi to lc (Chlorella).

10

Hnh 2.3 Cc qu trnh x l BOD trong h sinh hc ty tin

Ngun: theo Ruihong, 2001.
Do qu trnh hot ng quang hp ca to trong h, trong mt ngy lun lun c s
dao ng hm lng xy ha tan. Sau khi mt tri mc, hm lng xy ha tan trong
h tng ln v t gi tr ln nht vo u gi bui chiu v sau gim xung mc
thp nht vo na m, khi qu trnh quang hp ngng v qu trnh h hp tiu th
nhiu xy. Khi to hot ng mc nh im, cc ion carbonat v bicarbonat thc
hin cc phn ng cung cp nhiu dioxit carbon cho to, do nhiu ion hydrxyl
c gii phng ra. Kt qu l pH ca nc c th tng ln n gn 9,4 [Mara, 2005].
Vi khun faecal khng b dit do tng pH nhng thc t s lng ca chng li gim
r rt trong h n nh nc thi [Curtis v cng s, 1992]. Thc ra qu trnh quang
hp lm pH tng i i vi cng bc x trong h ln. y chnh l yu t km
hm pht trin ca vi khun gy bnh [Mara, 2005]. Nc xo trn tt, thng do gi
thi trn tng mt to nn s phn b ng nht BOD, xy ha tan, vi khun v to.
l cc yu t chnh lm tng mc n nh cht thi trong h [Mara v Pearson,
1987].
H sinh hc x l trit
H sinh hc x l trit thng su t 1-1,5 m. H tip nhn nc thi t h sinh
hc ty tin. Chc nng u tin ca h l dit cc loi vi khun gy bnh. Mc d x
l BOD mc thp nhng h c th tch c mt lng ng k cc cht dinh
dng ra khi nc. Hin tng phn tng sinh hc v phn tng ha l h sinh hc
x l trit thng mc thp v xy lun c khuch tn vo nc sut ngy
m. Qun th to trong h sinh hc x l trit phong ph hn nhiu so vi h sinh
hc ty tin, trong cc loi to ph du chim a s. S a dng ca to ni chung
tng dn t h ny n h kia theo th t trong chui. Ni mt cch khc, s a dng
loi tng ln khi ti lng hu c trong cc h gim xung [Mara v Pearson, 1986].
Mc d mt phn vi khun faecal c x l trong h sinh hc ty tin nhng kch
thc v s lng h sinh hc x l trit vn c tnh ton xc nh theo s lng
ca chng u ra khi chui h. Khi thit k h sinh hc theo ch tiu feacal
11

coliform cng phi tnh n mt s vi khun lng ng cng bn cn trong h sinh

hc k kh. C ch chnh ca qu trnh kh khun feacal coliform trong h sinh hc
ty tin v h sinh hc x l trit nh sau:
Thi gian v nhit ;
pH cao (> 9) cng vi nh sng mt tri;
Cng bc x nh sng ln kt hp vi nng xy ha tan cao.
Gi tr pH cao (khong 9) trong nc h do qu trnh quang hp ca to din ra mnh,
l s tiu th CO 2 nhanh hn so vi s hnh thnh t qu trnh h hp ca vi
khun. Kt qu l cc ion carbonat v bicarrbonat c phn ly theo cc phn ng
sau y:
2 HCO3- CO32- + H2O + CO2
(2.1)
2CO3 + H2O 2 OH + CO2
(2.2)
S c nh CO2 ca to v tch ly ion hydrxyl trong nc thng lm cho gi tr
pH tng ln n 9. Trong h sinh hc n nh nc thi, vi khun faecal (vi trng
hp c bit l vi khun t Vibrio cholerae) cht rt nhanh khi pH ln hn 9 [Pearson
v cng s, 1987].
Dit vi khun gy bnh
Cc yu t chnh tc ng n qu trnh dit khun gy bnh trong h l cng nh
sng, nhit , pH v thi gian lu nc. Mc dit khun feacal tng ln trong iu
kin nhit cao, pH ln (phn ln vi khun b cht rt nhanh khi pH >9), thi gian
lu nc lu v cng bc x nh sng mnh [Mara v cng s, 1992].
Mt tri ng vai tr quan trng trong vic x l cc loi vi khun feacal gy bnh. N
gi m cho h v cung cp y nng lng thc y qu trnh quang hp ca to,
to iu kin tng pH v hnh thnh xy vi nng ln cn thit thc y tng cng
b p cho s xy ha quang ha. Qu trnh lng ng bn cn ko theo cc loi ng
vt nguyn sinh v trng giun sn xung y. Vi thi gian nc lu li trong chui h
trn 11 ngy hu nh khng c cc loi ng vt ph du gy bnh v trng giun sn trong
nc thi u ra.
X l cc cht dinh dng
Cc hp cht nit hu c u tin c khong ha thnh amni trong h sinh hc k kh
hoc trong bn cn ca h sinh hc ty tin. Do qu trnh amn ha ( khong ha) cc
hp cht nit hu c, nng amni trong nc h sinh hc k kh thng cao hn
trong nc cng. Qu trnh x l amni ch yu din ra trong h sinh hc x l trit .
Vic x l amni lin quan cht ch vi pH v nhit b mt. Qu trnh ny din ra
ma h mnh hn ma ng.
C ba c ch x l amni trong h l: bay hi amniac, nitrat ha do cc loi vi khun
nitrosomonas v nitrobacter, sau l qu trnh kh nitrat, v tng hp nit trong sinh
khi to. C ch chnh x l amoni l s bay hi. Qu trnh khong ha tt trong h sinh
hc k kh chuyn nit hu c thnh amni. V sau trong h sinh hc ty tin khi
pH cao, amniac hnh thnh v bay khi nc. X l amni nh nitrat ha xy ra chm.
Tuy th, hiu qu x l nit trong cc h n nh nc thi c th t ti 80% [Mara v
12

cng s 1992]. Trn hnh 2.4 m t chu trnh nit v s bin i ca n trong h sinh hc
n nh nc thi.
Phtpho c loi b khi nc trong h n nh bng cch hp th vo sinh khi ca
to, h hp v lng ng [Mara v Pearson, 1986]. Houng v Glovna (1984) gi thit:
con ng tt nht loi b phtpho trong nc thi h n nh l vic gia tng s h
sinh hc x l trit s lm cho cc loi phtpho hot tnh hn trn lp mt bn cn y
h c xy ha. Tuy nhin, c nit ln phtpho phi c loi b khi nc chng
hin tng ph dng ngun tip nhn nc thi sau x l. Thc t cho thy h sinh hc
n nh x l nc thi c thit k da trn s loi b BOD v faecal coliform m
khng tnh n qu trnh x l cht dinh dng.

Hnh 2.4. Qu trnh chuyn ha v loi b nit trong h sinh hc

ng m nt ch mi quan h nh lng chnh ca qu trnh chuyn ha
nit, ng t nt ch c ch loi b khi lng cn li ca nit ra khi
nc thi. Ngun: Mara v Pearson, 1986,
H lm thong nhn to
Trong iu kin t ai hn ch v yu cu kim sot mi nghim ngt th c th cp
xy cho h sinh hc bng my khuy b mt hoc bng h thng phn phi kh nn.
Lng xy cp vo phi ph hp ti thiu mc mt bc cao hn cng xy do
h vi to cung cp. H sinh hc lm thong nhn to c th l xo trn hiu kh hon
ton, xo trn mt phn c cc vng lng hoc cc vng phn hy k kh, ph
thuc vo kch thc, chng loi v s b tr cc thit b cp kh.
Qu trnh khuy trn bng sc kh s lm tng c v n s cn tr s xm nhp
nh sng vo nc, hn ch cc hot ng ca to. Do thi gian lu nc ngn, qun
x sinh vt trong h lm thong nhn to khng th phong ph c nh trong h sinh
hc ty tin. Vi khun l thnh phn ch yu trong s cc loi vi sinh vt trong h.
Vn hnh v bo dng h
Lm y nc h

13

Khi ng cng trnh, hay ni cch khc, lm y h, cn c thc hin cng sm

cng tt. Nu nc c dn vo h qu mun, cc loi thc vt ven h s pht trin
nhanh chng, lm mt tnh n nh ca vng b h cng nh lm gim kh nng thm
nc ca loi t quanh h.
Lu lng nc thi u vo thng khng lm y h ngay. Bn cnh ,
dng nc sch lm y h sinh hc ty tin v h sinh hc x l trit rt thch hp
thit lp s tn ti cng sinh gia to v qun th vi sinh vt [BCEOM, 1990]. H
sinh hc k kh v h sinh hc ty tin s cp thng c lm y vi mt na th
tch l nc sch v tng dn dn lng nc thi th vo h (nc thi ny c th
c b sung thm bn t cc cng trnh x l khc). Tuy nhin, bin php ny tn
km v thi gian v chi ph, thng t c s dng.
Bo dng hng ngy

Bo dng cc thit b x l s cp: y l cng vic bt buc phi tin hnh

thng nht. Cc tp cht st li cc cng trnh x l s cp phi c vt b
hng ngy. Cng vic ny thng ch cn dng c co gt n gin. Cc mnh
vn v s c thu gom v chuyn n bi rc cng cng hoc chn lp sn
phi.

Lm quang b: vi nguyn tc c bn l kim sot cht ch cc loi thc vt

ven b. Xung quanh h khng c c cc loi cy bi [U.S. EPA, 1977a]. C
phi c di chuyn i ngay sau khi ct gt trnh ri xung h. Cc b phn
ngp di nc ca thc vt l ni n nu l tng cho b gy. Phn thc vt ni
trn nc l ng bng ct cnh cho mui trng thnh [BCEOM, 1990].
Lm quang b c th c tin hnh th cng hoc c gii ha nhng trnh
dng thuc dit c (v loi ha cht ny s tc ng xu hoc tiu dit qun th
to cng nh ph hoi c ch x l sinh hc trong nc h).

Lm sch ng dn nc vo v ra khi h: vng, cc cht ni v cc tp

cht khc phi c lm sch khi ng dn nc vo v ra khi h.

Thu gom cc hp cht ni v thc vt ni c kch thc ln: Cn thu gom v

loi b cc cht ni, thc vt ni dng ln (hoc bt k vt th no to ra bng
rm trn mt h v gy xo trn qu trnh quang hp ca to) ra khi h sinh hc
ty tin v h sinh hc x l trit . Tuy nhin, cn gi li cc cht trn trong
h sinh hc k kh v chng gip duy tr mi trng yn kh ca h v gim n
mc ti thiu mi hi [U.S. EPA, august 1977a].

Sa cha cc h hi b h, hng ro, ca

T chc i ng cn b cng nhn vin
thc hin cng tc vn hnh v bo dng thng nht, chui h sinh hc cn c
mt i ng cn b cng nhn vin phc v. Trnh nhn vin ph thuc vo loi
cng vic v thit b lp t u vo (v d, vi song chn v thit b gt cn c gii,
cn c k s c kh, nhng khng cn vi song chn v thit b gt cn th cng),
cng nh mc hin i ca phng th nghim t trong khu vc trm x l v cch
ct xn c (th cng hay dng my xn). Trong bng 2.1 xut t chc cn b cng
14

nhn vin cho h thng chui h sinh hc phc v s dn tnh ton n 250000 ngi.
Vi h thng ln hn, s lng cn b cng nhn vin c th tng theo t l.
Ht bn
Sau mt n ba nm, bn cn c ht ra khi h sinh hc k kh m bo dung
tch thit k ca h. Khi lng bn chim 1/3 dung tch h, ta cn tin hnh ht bn.
Trong ti liu [Mara et al., 1992] a ra cng thc tnh ton chu k ht bn (ht bn
sau khong thi gian n nm) nh sau:
V
n=
3Ps

(2.3)

Trong :
V th tch h sinh hc k kh [m];

P dn s tnh ton;

s lng bn tch t bnh qun [thng bng 0.04m/ngi.nm].

Khi ht bn, khng nn ht tt c bn trong h. Mt lng nh bn cn c gi li
trong h cung cp s lng vi sinh vt cn thit cho qua trnh ln men k kh sau
. Chiu dy lp bn trong h sinh hc k kh v h sinh hc ty tin c th c ly
theo phng php chic gy c khn trng. Mt chic gy c khn trng c buc
bm vo cy so v dng theo phng thng ng xung h cho n khi chm y ri
c rt ln t t. Da vo v tr ca nhng bng bn bm trn gy, ta c th d dng
xc nh c chiu dy lp bn trong h.
Ta c th tin hnh ht bn thng xuyn t pha ra ca h nh bm. Nu khng
c ht u n, bn s tch t dn v nn li di y h. Lp bn c b nn cht
ny rt kh bm ht ln v phi dng xng xc ln. Vic ny c th lm mt kh nng
gi nc ca h. Nu bn khng c ht b i, th tch hu ch cng nh hiu qu
x l s b gim v dn ti nhng hu qu nghim trng.
Quan trc v nh gi hiu qu hot ng ca h
Ngay sau khi xy dng chui h x l sinh hc, cn lp t h thng quan trc cng
nh tin hnh cc bin php tng ng kim sot quy trnh x l (u vo, chui h,
u ra).Vic kim tra nh k hng thng (nu c th, kim tra hng tun) quy trnh x
l l cn thit nh gi c hiu qu x l ca h cng nh p ng cc tiu
chun quy nh ca a phng.
Mu nc thi phi i din c cho cht lng nc thi trong cng trnh. Do cht
lng nc u vo thay i theo thi gian trong ngy nn cn thit phi ly nc thi
ti nhiu thi im khc nhau. Bi vy, cn phi thit lp mt quy trnh ly mu thng
nht. Cht lng nc trong h thng chui h sinh hc phi c nh gi ti thiu
da vo cc ch tiu theo yu cu ca chnh quyn a phng. Nu c iu kin, cn
phn tch c ti lng thy lc v ch tiu ny c trng cho nng lc hot ng ca
h thng x l nc thi. Cc thng s ch yu thng dng l nhit , lu lng,
pH, xy ha tan, BOD5, hm lng cht l lng, ch s Coliform, Nit v mu nc.

15

Bng 2.1. xut t chc cn b cng nhn vin cho h thng h x l sinh hc
Dn s tnh ton
10 000 25 000 50 000 100 000 250 000
Ngi qun l/gim
1
1
1
st
K s c kha
1
1
Nhn
vin
th
1
1
1
2
nghimb
Tr l qun l
1
2
2
2
S cng nhn
1
2
4
6
10
c
Li xe
1
1
1
2
d
Ngi lau ra
1
1
3
5
5
Tng cng
2
6
10
15
23
a
Ph thuc s thit b s dng.
b
Ph thuc mc hin i ca phng th nghim.
c
Ph thuc loi my xn c c s dng.
d
Ph thuc v tr v s lng thit b c s dng.
Ngun: Arthur, 1983.

16

Bng 2.2 Mu bng ghi chp bo dng v kim tra

17

BNG GHI CHP BO DNG V KIM TRA CNG TRNH

THI GIAN (gi, ngy, thng, nm):

NHIT :

IU KIN THI TIT:

Trm bm (nu c):

Thi gian hot ng: Bm s 1:.. Bm s 2:..

Ch s in tiu th: ..
Cc vn khc: (qu ti, ) .
...

ng i li: tnh trng (thc vt, s c, ); cc hot ng bo dng v vn

hnh c thc hin .

Khu vc xung quanh h: tnh trng; cc hot ng bo dng v vn hnh c

thc hin ..

Cng trnh x l s b: tnh trng; cc hot ng bo dng v vn hnh c

thc hin
Song chn rc: ..
H thng tch du m:
TNH TRNG H

H s

Ghi ch

Mu nc
Xanh
Nu-xm
- hng
c/trong
Mi
Vt ni, bt, vng
Thc vt ni
Trng thi b
(xi l, hang chut, c)
Tnh trng cng dn v cng x
(tc cng)
Mc nc
(bnh thng, qu cao, qu thp)
CC HIN TNG KHC: cc hot ng bo dng v vn hnh c thc hin ..

..

18

2.2 Bi lc ngp nc
Khi nim
Bi lc ngp nc (Wetlands) l h sinh thi ngm nc vi mc nc nng hoc xp
x b mt t, v c cy trng cc loi thc vt trong iu kin t m. Thc vt s
dng nng lng mt tri hp th cacbon t kh quyn v chuyn ha thnh cc
cht hu c l ngun nng lng cung cp cho cc hot ng sng v pht trin ca
cc vi khun d dng (ng vt, vi khun v nm).
Bi lc ngp nc c kh nng phn hy, chuyn ha cc cht hu c v cc cht
khc. Vi kh nng , bi lc ngp nc nhn to c s dng lm sch nc
(x l nc thi th, nng nghip, cng nghip v nc ma). Bi lc ngp nc
c coi nh qu thn ca to ha (kidneys of the landscape) vi nhng c tnh
v thy hc v cc chu trnh ha hc, l ni cha cc cht thi t cc ngun t nhin
v nhn to [Mitsch v Gosselink, 1993].
Ngoi mc ch dng x l nc, bi lc ngp nc cn c nhng li ch khc nh
to cnh quan v mi trng sng cho con ngi v cc loi th. C th coi bi lc ngp
nc nh cc siu th sinh hc bi tnh a dng sinh hc ca n. Nhiu loi mung
th (chim, b st, cc ng vt lng c, c v.v...) sng v pht trin trong mi trng
bi lc ngp nc hoc s dng cnh ng ngp nc lm ni c tr nh k vi mt
khong thi gian nht nh trong chu trnh sng v pht trin [Hammer, 1992]. Bi
lc ngp nc cn c cc gi tr cao v thm m.
Cc dng bi lc ngp nc nhn to
Bi lc ngp nc nhn to c th c phn loi theo hnh thc nui trng in hnh
ca cc loi thc vt nh: h thng thc vt ni, h thng r chm ni v h thng
thc vt chm [Brix v Schierup, 1989]. Hu ht cc h thng u s dng cc loi
cy r chm, tuy nhin c th phn loi theo dng vt liu s dng v ch dng
chy trong h thng (Hnh 2.5).
H thng dng chy b mt
H thng dng chy b mt l h thng c thit k c lp nc b mt tip xc vi
khng kh. Trong h thng dng chy ngm, mc nc c c nh thp hn so vi
b mt vt liu. i vi h thng dng chy ngm ngang, lp vt liu lun c gi
trong trng thi bo ho nc; i vi h thng dng chy ng, lp vt liu khng
trng thi bo ho v nc c cp khng lin tc m theo cc khong thi gian nht
nh v c thm qua lp vt liu (tng t nh trong h thng lc ct gin on).
Tt c cc dng bi lc ngp nc u c cy trng t nht l mt loi thc vt c r
trong mt loi vt liu no (thng l t, si hoc ct). Cc cht nhim c
kh nh s phi hp ca cc qu trnh ha hc, l hc, sinh hc, lng, kt ta v hp
th vo t, qu trnh ng ha bi thc vt v cc s chuyn ha bi cc vi khun
[Brix, 1993; Vymazal v cc cng s, 1998].
Bi lc ngp nc t nhin c din tch t nh hn 1 ha cho ti hn 1000 ha; khong
50% c din tch trong khong 10 n 100 ha. Bi lc ngp nc nhn to dng chy b
19

mt thng c din tch nh hn: khong 60 % c din tch nh hn 10 ha. Thng

thng, ti lng thy lc trong cc bi lc t nhin thng nh hn so vi cc bi lc
nhn to do khng c thit k cho mc ch x l nc thi [Kadlec and Knight,
1996]. Cc h thng c thit k cho mc ch x l nc thi c nng nit v
phtpho thp (hoc lu gi hon ton) thng c ti lng b mt rt thp, ngc li i
vi cc h thng c thit k x l cc cht hu c (BOD) v cht l lng thng
c ti lng b mt cao hn. Chiu su mc nc trong h thng khong 5 n 90 cm,
thng thng l 30 n 40 cm. H thng dng chy b mt thng c s dng x
l b sung v c b tr sau cc loi h sinh hc tu tin hoc h hiu kh trong dy
chuyn x l nc thi.
a)

b)

c)

Hnh 2.5. H thng XLNT s dng thc vt ni.

a) H thng dng chy b mt, dng h; b) h thng dng chy ngm ngang, dng
bi lc chng thm; c) H thng dng chy ngm ng, dng bi lc chng thm
[Brix, 1993].
H thng dng chy ngm
20

 chu u, cc h thng bi lc dng chy ngm qua t v si c ng dng v

xy dng rt ph bin. Sy (Phragmites australis) l loi thc vt c cy trng ph
bin nht trong hu ht cc h thng, mt s h thng c trng thm cc loi thc vt
khc. t hoc si thng c dng lm vt liu trong cc bi lc v chng c kh
nng duy tr dng chy ngm. Cc h thng s dng t thng gp cc vn v dng
chy trn b mt, i vi cc h thng s dng si thng gp cc hin tng tc dng.
H thng dng chy ngm thng c din tch b mt nh (<0,5 ha) v ti lng thy
lc ln hn so vi h thng dng chy b mt.
chu u, cc h thng dng chy ngm thng c s dng x l bc hai i vi
nc thi sinh hot t cc khu vc nng thn c dn s khong 4400 dn. Bc M, h
thng ny c s dng x l bc ba i vi nc thi sinh hot t cc khu vc c
dn s ln hn.
C ch x l trong bi lc ngp nc nhn to
C ch x l chnh i vi cc thnh phn nit trong bi lc ngp nc nhn to l
cc qu trnh nitrat ha v kh nitrat [Gersberg v Goldman, 1983; Reddy v cc cng
s, 1989]. Ti cc vng hiu kh, cc vi khun nitrat ha xy ha amni thnh nitrat,
ti cc vng thiu kh cc vi khun kh nitrat chuyn ha nitrat thnh kh nit (N 2).
xy cn thit cho qu trnh nitrat ha c cung cp t khng kh v t h r thc vt.
Trong h thng dng chy ngm ng vi hnh thc ti gin on, kh nng xy ha
cao hn nn hiu qu nitrat ha t cao hn nhiu so vi h thng t bo ho nc.
Cy trng hp th nit v tng hp thnh sinh khi. Tuy nhin s hp th nit bi cy
trng thng c tc thp hn so vi qu trnh kh nitrat.
Ngoi ra, s phn hy cc cht nhim cng c thc hin bi cc qu trnh khc.
Cc vng k kh cng thng c hnh thnh trong bi lc ngp nc nhn to, v
cc cht nhim cng c kh trong iu kin k kh ti cc vng ny. Cc vi khun
k kh c th phn hy cc hp cht hu c v kh nitrat. Qu trnh kh nitrat ch c
th xy ra trong iu kin khng c xy v giu cacbon hu c (ngun dinh dng
cho cc vi khun kh nitrat).
Qu trnh kh phtpho trong bi lc ngp nc xy ra ch yu bi cc phn ng hp
th v kt ta cng cc nguyn t khang cht nh nhm (Al), st (Fe), canxi (Ca), v
mn st trong t trm tch [Richardson, 1985]. Cc trng thi t m v kh trong
cc giai on lun phin lm tng kh nng c nh phtpho trong lp trm tch
[Bayley et al., 1985; Sah and Mikkelsen, 1986]. S hp th phtpho bi thc vt ng
vai tr quan trng trong h thng c ti lng b mt thp [Reddy v De Busk, 1985;
Breen, 1990].
Cc virus, mm bnh c kh trong bi lc ngp nc bng cc qu trnh lng, lc
v tiu hy t nhin trong mi trng khng thun li [Lance v cng s, 1976;
Gersberg v cng s, 1987; Watson v cng s, 1989]. Ngoi ra, cc vi khun cng b
nh hng bi cc cht khng sinh tit ra t h thng r thc vt [Seidel v cng s,
1978]. Bc x t ngoi cng ng vai tr ln trong qu trnh kh trng i vi h
thng c lp nc b mt.
21

Mt phn nh cc nguyn t kim loi cng c hp th v kt hp cng cc khang

cht hu c v c tch t trong bi lc ngp nc di dng trm tch. S hp th
bi thc vt v chuyn ha bi cc vi khun cng c th ng vai tr quan trng trong
x l kim loi [Watson v cng s, 1989].
Kh nng x l
Tt c cc dng bi lc ngp nc u c kh nng kh cht l lng vi hiu qu cao.
Nng cht l lng trong nc sau x l trung bnh nh hn 20 mg/l v thng di
10 mg/l. i vi h thng dng chy b mt c din tch mt nc tip xc vi khng
kh ln, hiu qu x l cht l lng thng thp hn do kh nng pht trin ca cc loi
rong, to. Cc bi lc loi ny cn c thit k c su mc nc thp, cy trng cc
loi thc vt ni vi mt ln ti khu vc thu nc loi b to trc khi x nc ra
ngun tip nhn. Thc vt ni trng trn b mt nc s hn ch kh nng pht trin to
do ngn cn qu trnh quang hp ca cc loi thc vt sng trong nc.
Bi lc ngp nc c kh nng x l BOD cao, nng BOD trong nc sau x l
thng nh hn 20 mg/l. Trong tt c cc dng bi lc u c chu trnh tun hon
cacbon ring sn sinh lng BOD thp (13 mg/l), v vy BOD trong nc sau x l
thng trong mc gii hn thp [Kadlec v Knight, 1996]. Thm ch i vi nhng khu
vc c iu kin kh hu thp hoc c kh nng ng bng vo ma ng, BOD trong
nc sau x l vn t mc thp [Brix, 1998].
Kh nng kh nit v phtpho ca bi lc ngp nc nhn to c th khng n nh v
ph thuc vo cc c tnh thit k v ti lng cht bn. S gia tng lng sinh khi d
v cc khang cht l c s bn vng cho qu trnh kh phtpho trong bi lc ngp
nc. t c hiu qu x l phtpho thng phi mt mt thi gian lu. Bi lc
dng trong mc ch x l phtpho thng ln v tip nhn nc thi long hoc nc
thi c x l s b. Bi lc ngp nc c kh nng x l nit d hn so vi
phtpho. Cc hp cht nit c cc vi khun chuyn ha thnh kh nit v that vo
kh quyn. Qu trnh xy ha thng gii hn kh nng kh nit, v vy cu to ca bi
lc v thnh phn cc cht nhim trong nc thi c nh hng ln ti kh nng kh
nit. Cc h thng dng chy ngm thng t hiu qu kh nit mc 3040%; i
vi h dng chy b mt c ti trng b mt thp hn v thng c hiu qu kh nit t
cao hn 50%.
Bi lc ngp nc c kh nng lu gi tt mt s kim loi nng. Tuy nhin kh nng lu
gi kim loi ca bi lc thng c gii hn nht nh, trong trng hp qu ti, nng
kim loi c th t ngng gy c cho h thc vt trong h thng. V vy khng nn s
dng bi lc ngp nc x l cc loi nc thi c nng kim loi nng cao.
Bi lc ngp nc nhn to c kh nng kh vi trng thng qua cc qu trnh tiu hy t
nhin, nhit thp, bc x t ngoi, thc n ca cc loi ng vt trong h thng, lng
ng. Thng thng thi gian lu gi nc trong bi lc lu nn kh nng kh khun
cao c bit l i vi h thng bi lc ngp nc trng cy.
Cc loi thc vt trng trong bi lc thng c nng sut pht trin cao v th nhu cu
hp th cc cht dinh dng cng ng k. Kh nng hp th ca thc vt c th kh
22

cc cht dinh dng trong nc thi, chuyn ha thnh sinh khi v c nh k thu
hoch ra khi h thng. Tuy nhin, bi lc ngp nc nhn to c s dng vi mc
ch x l nc thi, lng cht dinh dng c kh do thu hoch cy trng thng
khng ng k so vi ti lng dinh dng cn loi b t nc thi (xem c th ti
phn chc nng ca thc vt).
Li ch ca bi lc ngp nc nhn to
Tt c cc dng bi lc t nhin hay nhn to u gp phn pht trin a dng sinh
hc ca cc loi ng vt v thc vt v c gi tr thm m i vi cng ng.
S pht trin ca h sinh vt v chui dinh dng trong bi lc ngp nc
Cc dng thc vt pht trin v chui dinh dng ca chng ph thuc vo mi
trng vt l trong bi lc. Cc bi lc ngp nc t nhin l nhng h sinh thi c
nng sut pht trin cao do s phong ph v nc v cc cht dinh dng c trong
tng t b mt ca tri t [Mitsch v Gosselink, 1993]. V d, trong h thng bi
lc ngp nc b mt c mc nc nng, cc thc vt ni s hn ch s pht trin ca
to trong nc do kh nng to bng ngn cn qu trnh quang hp ca cc loi thc
vt trong nc nh rong, to. Nu s pht trin ca to l cn thit nhm tng cng
chui thc n cho cc loi thy sinh (nh c, tm, cua), th h thng cn c thit
k vi mc nc su v c khng gian mt nc. Ngc li, phc v cho mc
ch x l cht l lng v to, bi lc ngp nc cn c mc nc b mt nng v cy
trng cc loi thc vt ni c bit l ti khu vc thu nc ra khi h thng nhm
ngn cn s pht trin ca to. Trong mt s trng hp, ngoi mc ch lm sch v
nng cao cht lng nc, bi lc ngp nc nhn to cn c cng dng nui trng
cc sn phm a phng nh nui trai nc sch hoc to iu kin gii tr nh cu
c Tuy nhin cn c s quan tm cht ch ti cc cng tc qun l v vn hnh i
vi cc loi bi lc ngp nc dng cho mc ch nui tm hoc cc dng thy sn
khc c bit l nh hng ca vi khun v mm bnh.
Mi trng sng ca cc loi chim v ng vt hoang d
Mt trong nhng li ch ca bi lc ngp nc nhn to l kh nng to mi trng
sng v lm phong ph cc loi chim. Tng cng s a dng ca cc yu t vt l
trong bi lc ngp nc s lm tng tnh a dng sinh hc trong h thng. V d, s
lng cc loi chim nc s tng nu mt bng bi lc c thit k xen k cc phn
khng gian mt thang nc mt ph thc vt ni v to cc khu vc t ni. Cc loi
chim li nh c, su a sng ti cc khu vc c mc nc nng, c cc loi thc vt
tha, cc vng m ven bin v cc khu vc tip gip gia cc vng nc su v t
kh c mi trng thun li cho vic sinh sn ca cc loi c l ngun thc n ca cc
loi chim ln v li. Cc bi lc ngp nc rng c kh nng cung cp ngun thc n
v mi trng sng tt cho cc loi chim n tht nh chim ng, diu hu. Nu cng
tn ti cc loi cy sng v cht trong bi lc s to iu kin cho cc loi chim xy t
v sinh sng lu di. Cc loi ng vt c v nh cc loi chut, cng c th sng v
tn ti trong cc bi lc nhn to. c c cc li ch nh thu ht s pht trin ca

23

cc loi chim, cc bi lc nhn to cn c u t, c chi ph vn hnh v s chp

nhn, ng h ca cng ng.
Li ch i vi con ngi
Con ngi c th s dng bi lc nhn to cho cc mc ch to cnh quan v gii tr.
Cc bi lc ngp nc ln c th s dng cho mc ch cu c hoc sn bn v gieo
trng cc loi cy n qu nh u ht ...
Cc bi lc ngp nc nhn to cn c thit k kt hp s dng cho cc mc ch
gii tr nh tp th dc bui sng, i b, chy, i xe p v ngm cc loi th hoang
d. Mt s bi lc nhn to ln c th c thit k kt hp thnh cc cng vin sinh
thi phc v cho cc mc ch gii tr ca cng ng. Vic do chi trn cc ng
mn v ngm phong cnh gip cho cng chng c c thi gian th gin ng thi
cm nhn c s a dng ca cuc sng t nhin trong cc bi lc. Mc ch phc
v gii tr s gip cho cng ng ha nhp vi t nhin v chp nhn s c mt ca
cc bi lc nhn to bn cnh cc th. y l yu t quan trng nhm li cun s
ng h ca cng chng trong cc cng tc xy dng, bo v v duy tr hot ng ca
cc bi lc.
Cu trc bi lc ngp nc nhn to
Cc bi lc ngp nc nhn to phc v mc ch x l nc thi c th c phn
loi theo hnh thc phn phi nc v hng ca dng chy. Cc c tnh thy lc ca
dng chy trong h thng c ngha quan trng ti cng tc thit k, vn hnh v bo
dng. V vy cc loi h thng dng chy ngang v dng chy ng s c nhng c
im khc nhau c bn v cu trc.
Bi lc ngp nc nhn to dng chy ngang
Phn n nguyn
Bi lc ngp nc nhn to cn c thit k c s n nguyn t nht l 2, cc n
nguyn c vn hnh song song. S n nguyn c th nhiu hn 2, tuy nhin cn
xem xt ti cc yu t kinh t, a l, yu cu v cht lng nc sau x l. Tng s
n nguyn s lm tng din tch, s lng h thng phn phi v thu nc v lm
tng chi ph u t ca h thng.
Hnh dng ca cc n nguyn v b p phn cch cng l cc yu t quan trng.
To ra cc vng su trong cc n nguyn s c ch cho qu trnh x l. Thit k bi
lc vi hnh dng bt quy tc s lm tng kh nng qun l v thy lc v phn phi
nc, lm gim kh nng xut hin dng chy tt trong h thng v lm tng cht
lng nc sau x l.
T l gia cc kch thc (chiu di/ chiu rng) ca bi lc c xc nh da trn
cc c tnh thy lc ca h thng v cn xem xt ti cc yu t nh a hnh khu vc,
din tch xy dng c th v cc tc ng ca h thng ti mi trng xung quanh.
Thng thng, t l gia chiu di v chiu rng ca bi lc thng c ly ln hn
hoc ti thiu bng 4.

24

b) H thng thu nc bi lc nhn

to dng chy ngang-ngm
a) Dng chy b mt

c) H thng phn phi nc bi lc nhn to dng chy ngm

Hnh 2.6. Cc phng n phn phi v thu nc.
Cu trc h thng phn phi nc v thu nc
H thng phn phi v thu nc l cc thnh phn chnh ca bi lc. Cu trc ca h thng
phn phi nc c nh hng ln ti hiu qu x l ca bi lc ngp nc. H thng phn
phi v thu nc cn c thit k m bo phng chng c cc s c, c kh nng iu
chnh lu lng dng chy, n gin, thun tin trong vn hnh v bo dng. H thng
phn phi v thu nc thng c trang b cc thnh phn nh ng, van kha, h van,
ging phn dng, rnh, mng. i vi cc khu vc c kh hu lnh, bng tuyt vo ma
ng, h thng phn phi nc cn c b tr ngm v c cc bin php ngn nga ng
bng nc trong ng ng nh bc cch nhit hoc trang b cc thit b nhit.
H thng thu nc cn c thit k m bo kh nng thu hi, iu chnh c mc
nc trong bi lc ng thi c th that ton b nc khi h thng khi cn thit. Trn
hnh 2.6 m t cc phng n cu to h thng phn phi v thu nc.
Bi lc nhn to c dng chy ng
Trong bi lc nhn to dng chy ngang thng c nhng vng t bo ho nc, ti
hm lng xy thp, kh nng nitrat ha ti nhng vng ny b hn ch nn bi lc
thng i hi c din tch ln. tng kh nng truyn dn xy n cc tng t, mt
25

dng bi lc khc c p dng vi thit k dng chy ng v s dng cc vt liu

khng bo ha nc nh ct hoc si. V nhng vt liu ny khng bo ho nc nn
nhng h thng dng chy ng c kh nng truyn dn xy cao hn. Nhng bi lc
nhn to dng chy ng i hi din tch nh hn, c kh nng nitrat ha cao hn v v
vy c p dng ph bin hn nhng ni c cc quy nh cht ch v cht thi. Mt
vi cc nc chu u nh o, an Mch, Php, v c ban hnh cc ti liu hng
dn chnh thc v thit k v xy dng bi lc nhn to dng chy ng.
Thnh phn c bn ca bi lc nhn to dng chy ng bao gm phn x l s b; h
thng bm; lp ct lc; mt h thng phn phi nc trn b mt v h thng ng thu
nc di y thu nc sau x l.
Nc thi bt buc phi c x l s b trc khi phn phi ln b mt bi lc dng
chy ng gim thiu nguy c tc trong h thng ng v lp vt liu lc ng. Tuy
nhin cng c nhng h thng hot ng vi cng on x l s b nc thi ch hn ch
loi b nhng vt ln c kch thc hn 2mm, nhng nhng h thng ny i hi phi c
din tch bi lc ln hn v hot ng cng khc cc h thng truyn thng.
Nc thi x l s b c phn phi trn b mt ca bi lc c cy trng thc vt
(hnh 2.7). Cc cht nhim c x l bi cc VSV pht trin trong lp ct lc v cc
chm r cy. iu quan trng l lp vt liu lc khng c bo ho hoc ngp nc
m bo kh nng duy tr mc xy cao trong lp vt liu lc [Brix and Schierup,
1990].

Hnh 2.7. S cu to bi lc nhn to dng chy ng.

Lau sy (Phragmites australis) l thc vt thng c dng gieo trng, tuy nhin
cc loi thc vt khc c kh nng chu c mi trng nc thi cng c th c
s dng. Chc nng chnh ca thc vt l khng lm h thng bi lc b tc. Nu nh
h thng bi lc c xy dng cc vng n i th s c mt ca thc vt cng
gip cho h thng khng b ng bng vo ma ng [Brix, 1994; Brix, 1997]. Sau
khi thm qua h thng lc, nc thi x l c thu bi h thng ng thot c
thng kh b tr di y lp vt liu lc. tng cng kh nng x l nit, nc
sau x l c th c tun hon li cng on x l ban u hoc v ging bm
tng cng kh nng kh nitrat v n nh hot ng ca h thng.

26

Hnh 2.8. Mt ct ng bi lc dng chy ng

su thng thng ca h thng lc ti thiu l 1,4m bao gm tng thu nc ti
thiu 0,2 m gia c bng cui, si th; lp vi a k thut; 1,0m ct lc, v trn
cng l mt lp ph b mt 0,2 m. Thm vo , phn b bao xung quanh cao 0,2 m
ngn nc trn t khu vc xung quanh vo bi lc. Ti y bi lc phi c lt
bng mng chng thm dy t nht 0,5mm. Mng chng thm c bo v bi hai lp
vi a k thut trn v di. Tng thu nc c b tr h thng ng thu nc c gia
c pha trn bng si th (d 8 16 mm). Cc ng thu nc c ni mt u vi ng
thot nc chnh thot nc t y bi lc ra ging thu bn ngoi. Cc ng ng
thng hi cho h thng thu nc c b tr cao hn b mt bi lc khong 0,3 m
(hnh 2.8) thng kh cho h thng thu nc v lp vt liu lc.
Vt liu lc c th l ct vi c ht t 0,25 n 4 mm, v h s ng nht. T l tp
cht trong vt liu lc nh cc thnh phn t st v ph sa (c ht nh hn 0,125mm)
phi thp hn 0,5%. Trong thc t, ch s dng ct c ra. Chiu su cng tc ti
thiu l 1,0m, v b mt bi lc cn san phng. ct lc khng tri xung tng thu
nc, cn b tr lt ngn cch gia hai tng bng mt lp vi a k thut m hoc
bng mt lp cui si ngn khng cho ct lt qua v lm tc tng thot nc. Ch
khng nn nn cht ct trong qu trnh thi cng v v vy khng nn dng my mc
hng nng trn nn bi lc trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng.
Nc thi c phn phi u trn b mt bi lc bi h thng ng phn phi c p.
Cc ng ny nn c ng knh thch hp c th dn nc v khng b tc v cn
c l t y ng vi khong cch l l 0,4 0,7m. iu quan trng l ton b h
thng hot ng di p lc trong mt khong thi gian di m bo s phn
phi u nc trn ton b b mt bi lc. Trong thc t, lu lng bm t nht phi ln
gp 3 ln lu lng ca h thng phn phi m bo cho nc lun bao ph b mt.
Tn sut thng thng vo khong 8 12 ln mt ngy v khi nc c tun hon li
trong h thng th tn sut c th tng n 16 24 ln mt ngy.
Tc ng mi trng
27

Trong bng 2.3 trnh by tm tt nhng iu cn ch gim thiu cc tc ng ca bi

lc.
Bng 2.3. Cc lu nhm gim thiu nh hng ca bi lc ti mi trng
Lu v cht lng nc:
X l s b cc cht hu c v kim Trnh nh hng c hi ln h sinh
loi c hi;
vt;
X l s b nc thi c nng
Trnh tnh trng thiu ht xy ln
BOD cao;
trong h thng;
Duy tr xy ho tan (ln hn
Cung cp iu kin sng tt cho h
khng).
sinh vt.
Lu v mi trng sng:
To ra s a dng v cc yu t vt Tng cng s a dng v mi
l;
trng;
Kt hp b tr cc vng nc su; Tng cng xo trn, tng thi gian
lu nc v cung cp mi trng
sng lu di cho c;
Kim sot mc nc;
B tr cc vng t ni trn din tch Kim sot s tng trng ca thc
vt;
mt nc;
Cung cp ni n nu cho cc loi
To ra cc khu vc c th lm t;
chim v b st;
Cn trng cc loi thc vt da dng;
Tng s lng ni c th lm t;
Kt hp cc kt cu ng (nh c, To kh nng thch nghi ti u hn
cho cc loi ng vt;
bi cy v cy cao);
To s da dng v mi trng sng,
Kt hp s a dng theo chiu
tr ng v lm t;
ngang nh cc vng t kh, nc
To s a dng v mi trng sng;
nng v su;
Kin to cc di b p a dng,
Cung cp s che ph v chiu di
khng nh hnh.
dc theo b di hn.
Lu v cng chng:
B tr ni xe v cc ch dn cch Thu ht cng chng;
tip cn an ton n khu vc bI lc;
To nhng on ng i b v
To cho cng chng tip cn vi mi
nhng im quan st;
trng m ly, bI lc;
Kt hp vi nhng khu trng by; Gii thiu cho cng chng bit v
mi trng bi lc cng nh cng
dng ca n;
Cng b cc khu vc bI lc;
Khuyn khch v lp danh sc tuyn To s chp nhn v ng h ca
cngng;
dng cc hot ng tnh nguyn;
Nng cao s lm ch to s ng
B tr cc im monitoring c th
28

tip cn c;
To nhng im nghin cu i
sng hoang d;
Duy tr cc ti liu kim sot.

h ca cng chng;
Cng b cc s liu v cht lng
nc chc nng ca vng m ly;
Quan st hot ng sng ca cc loi
th hoang d m khng nh hng
n chng;
Cho cng chng bit v hot ng
ca h thng.

Ngun: Knight, 1997.

Cc vn c th ny sinh
Cht lng nc v mi trng sng bi lc nn ph hp vi mt s sinh vt c th
kim sot trng mui mt cch t nhin nh c v cc cn trng khc. Ngn nga kh
nng tip cn n nhng vng c cc loi b st c nh rn c v c su. Cc s c
ngoi mong mun (cht ui) cng l mt vn c th xy ra nhng vng nc su.
Chnh v vy m cc li i trn vng nc su nn c lan can bo v. Khng nn tiu th
c v ng vt hoang d t cc bi lc.
Thc vt trong bi lc
Phn ln thc vt thy sinh cc bi lc l cc loi thc vt v m (macrophytes) bao
gm cc loi cy sng di nc nh thc vt ht kn, bo, ru nc v mt s loi to
ln. Thc vt s dng nng lng mt tri ng ho cc bon v c t khng kh v
sn sinh vt cht hu c, nhng cht ny cung cp nng lng cho ng vt, vi khun v
nm. Chng cng c kh nng phn hy v chuyn i cc cht hu c v cc cht khc.
Thc vt cng c vai tr nht nh trong x l nc thi. C ba loi thc vt in hnh
thng c dng trong cc bi lc (hnh 2.9), c phn loi theo hnh thc sng v
pht trin [Brix and Schierup, 1989; Cronk and Fennessy, 2001; Wetzel, 2001]:

29

Thc vt ni trn mt nc: l loi ph bin vng m ly, mc vo

khong 50 cm di mt t v ti su ca nc khong 150 cm hoc ln
hn. Ni chung, chng c thn v l mc trn mt nc v c b thn r di.
Loi ny c th sng nhng vng ngp nc v thng l cc loi thc vt
thn rng hoc c nhng l ln bn trong lm tng kh nng vn chuyn xy
xung h r.
2. Thc vt sng tri ni trn mt nc: bao gm cc loi c r mc tng y
nng v nhng loi sng tri ni trn mt nc.
3. Thc vt sng chm di nc: c cc m quang hp hon ton chm di
nc nhng thng c hoa ni trn mt nc.
Vai tr ca thc vt trong bi lc
Vai tr quan trng nht ca thc vt trong chc nng XLNT ca bi lc l da trn cc
c tnh vt l ca cc m thc vt nh kim sot si mn, lc nc, to ni sng v
hot ng cho cc VSV. S trao i cht ca thc vt (s hp thu, thi kh xy,v.v)
nh hng n vic x l nc theo nhng cp khc nhau tu theo thit k. Thc
vt cn c vai tr ng qu khc nh to cnh quan, mi trng sng cho cc loi th
hoang d. Bng 2.4 tm tt cc vai tr c bn ca thc vt trong bi lc nhn to.
1.

Bng 2.4. Cc vai tr c bn ca thc vt trong bi lc nhn to

30

Cc b
Vai tr trong x l
phn ca
thc vt
Nhng m Gim nh sng gim s pht trin ca cc phiu sinh
ni trn mt
vt;
nc
nh hng n kh hu ti khu vc cch nhit v ma
ng;
Gim sc gi gim nguy c xo trn;
To cnh quan p;
Tch t cht dinh dng.
Nhng m C tc dng lc lc cc vt th trong dng nc thi;
chm di Gim tc dng chy tng tc lng ng, gim
nc
nguy c xo trn;
Cung cp b mt dnh bm cho cc mng sinh hc;
Nh kh xy thng qua qu trnh quang hp tng cng
qu trnh phn hy hiu kh;
Tiu th cht dinh dng.
R v thn Gia c b mt lp bn lng ng t si mn;
r trong lp Chng tc nghn trong h thng dng chy ng;
bn
Nh kh xy lm tng cng qu trnh phn hy hiu kh v
nitrat ho;
Tiu th cht dinh dng;
Lm pht sinh cc cht khng sinh.
Ngun: Brix, 1997
c tnh vt l
S c mt ca thc vt trong cc bi lc lm gim tc dng chy [Pettecrew and
Kalff, 1992; Somes v cng s, 1996], to ra iu kin tt hn cho qu trnh lng
ng cc cht rn, gim nguy c si mn v xo trn, tng thi gian tip xc gia
nc v thc vt. Trong cc h thng dng chy ng, thc vt vi cc chc nng
hot ng ca h r lm gim nguy c tc nghn dng chy trong lp vt liu lc
[Bahlo and Wach, 1990].
Thc vt bao ph bi lc ging nh tm mng sinh hc ngn gia khng kh v t
m hoc b mt nc to ra s khc bit c ngha ca nhiu thng s mi trng.
Gim tc gi gn mt t hoc mt nc lm gim s xo trn ca cc cht lng, v
vy c th loi b cc cht rn khi nc thi bi qu trnh lng ng. Tuy nhin
nhc im ca vic gim tc gi gn b mt nc l gim kh nng lm thong
trong nc.

31

Cc tn l thc vt ngn kh nng truyn nh sng mt tri, lm cho qu trnh sinh si

ca to dui tn cy b chm li. i vi cc vng kh hu n i, cy c c th gi
cho t khi b ng bng khi c tuyt bao ph vo ma ng.
Cc tc ng n kh nng truyn dn thy lc trong t
Khi tnh ton cc thng s thy lc trong bi lc dng chy ngm khng nn gi thit
rng kh nng truyn dn thy lc tng l do s pht trin ca r cy v thn r. Tuy
nhin, s c mt ca thc vt c th ngn nga hin tng tc dng chy trong bi lc
dng chy ng v nhng bi n nh bn cn. S pht trin ca r cy v s chuyn
ng ca thn cy di tc dng ca gi lm tng kh nng thm nc ca t.
To b mt cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin
Thn v l cy cng nh r v thn r ca thc vt ng vai tr nh vt liu lu gi
to b mt dnh bm cho s pht trin ca mng sinh hc (MSH) cu thnh t cc loi
to quang hp v cc VSV. Nhng MSH ny v cc MSH bm trn b mt cc vt liu
khc trong bi lc bao gm c cc m thc vt cht, l ni din ra hu ht cc qu
trnh x l sinh hc trong bi lc.
S hp th cht dinh dng
Thc vt trong bi lc cn c cht dinh dng sng v pht trin v chng hp thu
cht dinh dng ch yu qua b r. Mt vi loi hp th qua thn cy mc di nc
v l t mi trng nc xung quanh. V cc thc vt trong bi lc thng pht trin
rt tt nn c mt lng ng k cc cht dinh dng trong phn sinh khi mi to
thnh. Kh nng hp thu cht dinh dng ca thc vt ln v v vy lng cht dinh
dng c th thu c (nu nh thu hoch lng sinh khi mi ) vo khong 30
n 150 kg P ha-1 nm-1 v 200 n 2500 kg N ha-1 nm-1 [Brix and Schierup, 1989;
Gumbricht, 1993a; Gumbricht, 1993b; Brix, 1994]. Nu nh khng c thu hoch
th lng dinh dng trong thc vt s phn hy v tr v vi nc.
Cung cp xy qua r cy
Thc vt trong bi lc thi xy qua b r.
Cc loi thc vt thn rng vi h thng kh i lu bn trong c nng xy tch t
bn trong thn v r cy cao hn cc loi ch da v s trao i xy khuch tn
[Armstrong and Armstrong, 1990]. Dng kh i lu lm tng ng k di c kh
nng lm thong ca r so vi di lm thong theo c ch khuch tn [Brix, 1994].
V vy thc vt thn rng vi c ch dng kh i lu c tim nng gii phng ra
nhiu xy t r hn l cc loi khng c c ch ny. xy c gii phng ra t u r
c tc dng xy ho v kh c cc cht c hi c trong h thn r. Ngoi xy ra, r
cy cng thi ra cc cht khc nh cc cht khng sinh, cc hp cht lm nh hng
n s sinh trng ca cc loi khc, cc hp cht hu c nh cacbon hu c).
Cc vai tr khc
Thc vt trong nhng h thng bi lc ln lm phong ph v a dng ha cc loi
ng vt hoang d nh l chim hoc b st. Thc vt cng c vai tr quan trng i
vi mi trng v c gi tr kinh t nh l hoa qu, thc vt nng lng sinh hc, thc
n gia sc v thm m. V cc bi lc nhn to s dng cho mc ch lm sch v tng
32

cng cht lng nc thng yu cu s dng din tch mt bng ln, nn mt s

vng c th dng h thng ny nui trng cc loi cy c gi v tr kinh t, nng
lng hoc thc phm. Vic la chn nui trng loi cy no c th mang li gi tr
li nhun cn ph thuc vo cc yu t nh cht lng nc, iu kin sc kho, kh
hu v gi tr kinh t.
Vn hnh v bo dng
Khi ng h thng
Cng ging cc h thng sinh hc khc, cc thnh phn trong bi lc cn phi thch
nghi trc khi c th XLNT t hiu sut cao v n nh. Khi h thng c xy
dng xong, vic u tin l phi kim tra cc b phn iu phi nc nh l bm (nu
c), h thng phn phi v cc van. Bc tip theo l bt u np ti tng bc cho h
thng; cng nn p dng quy trnh tng t cho vic np ti cc cht nhim cho
cc sinh vt sng quen dn vi s thay i iu kin ho hc khc nghit trong h
thng do nc thI gy nn. iu ny c th nh hng n thc vt v s pht trin
ca mng sinh vt.
Lm c
Trong nhng nm u trng cy, c c th mc rt nhiu c bit l trn nhng lung
t. Phng php lm c hiu qu nht l ti ngp nc. Tuy nhin lau sy khng
chu c qu nhiu nc c bit trong giai on u [Weisner et al., 1993]. V vy,
cc lung cy nn phng hoc gn phng, sao cho khi cao nc dng khong
30cm th c th trn lung. Vn v c di c th c hn ch trong giai on ban
u nu trng cy trn si.
Bo dng thng xuyn
Kim sot mc nc: nh gii thch ti phn trn, khng nn cc cy non b
ngp nc qu su [Weisner et al., 1993]. Tuy nhin nu cho t kh th s km
hm s pht trin v c th lm cht cy. Nu nh r v thn cy c thng kh qua
nhng thn ng th vic nc ngp va phi c th to ra lp bn, lm cho cy c
th pht trin sm hn l nhng lung khng ngp nc. Lp bn ny cn c tc
dng cch nhit.
Chi ph
Bi lc nhn to thng c chi ph thp v cng ngh n gin d lm v c th s
dng cc ngun ti nguyn a phng. Tng chi ph xy dng v vn hnh ch
yu ph thuc vo kinh t a phng v yu cu thit k. Chi ph xy dng ch yu
bao gm:
t.
o t.
Be b v chng thm.
Trng cy.
Vt liu v t trng.
H thng kim sot thy lc (phn phi v thu).
Cc chi ph khc (lm hng ro, lm ng vo, bin bo ).
33

Chi ph u t
Chi ph u t bao gm cc chi ph thit k, xy dng v mua tt c cc nguyn liu
phc v cho vic xy dng bi lc nhn to. Nn dng gi ti a phng.
Chi ph vn hnh v bo dng
Ging nh chi ph u t, chi ph vn hnh v bo dng ph thuc vo iu kin
kinh t a phng. Chi ph vn hnh bao gm chi ph kim sot cht lng v dng
chy. Bo dng bao gm bo dng bm, v h thng thy lc, lm c, chng dch
bnh, ct ta cy, to thm m, bin bo, lm hng ro.
ng dng
Bi lc nhn to c th x l mt s loi nc thi, bao gm:
Nc thi sinh hot;
Nc thi nng nghip;
Nc t m axit;
Nc thi cng nghip;
Nc ma v;
Nc t m.
Thng dng nht l dng x l nc thi sinh hot t cc h gia nh v nc thi
th. Vi cc loi nc thi khc bi lc nhn to ch yu c thit k x l theo
thnh phn cht nhim v tiu chun thi c th. Chnh v vy m vic thit k h
thng thng ph thuc vo cc iu kin c th ca khu vc v i tng cn x l.
2.3 H thng lc ct gin on
M t chung
Theo tc lc c th phn thnh hai loi h thng lc ct gin on (LCG) chnh l
h thng lc chm v lc nhanh. Loi LCG dng lc chm c ng dng u tin
ti Anh vo nhng nm u ca th k XIX v c s dng rng ri trn th gii.
Sau mt thi gian, loi LCG dng lc nhanh c pht trin x l nc sng
c c cao ca cc con sng chnh M [McGhee, 1991]. Loi LCG dng lc
nhanh (vi ti lng thy lc b mt t 5 n 15 m/h.m) c cng sut lc cao gp 50
ln so vi loi LCG dng lc chm (0,1 n 0,4 m/h.m). H thng LCG dng lc
nhanh thng thng bao gm cc cng on: lm keo t; kt bng; lng; lc v kh
trng [Thonart, 2006; McGhee, 1991]. Vt liu lc trong h thng lc dng chm
(kch thc ht trung bnh t 0,15 n 0,3 mm) thng nh v mn hn so vi dng
lc nhanh (kch thc ht trung bnh t 0,6 n 2 mm). Phng php ra lc i vi
hai h thng ny c thc hin khc nhau. H thng lc nhanh yu cu phi ra lc
thng xuyn, thng thng chu k ra lc l 2 ngy/ln. Bin php ra lc l s
dng dng chy ngc qua lp vt liu lc (ra lc ngc). H thng lc chm gim
c ti a tn sut lm sch (thng thng sau t hai n ba thng) bng cch loi
b mt phn (vi cm) lp vt liu lc pha trn [Thonart, 2006]. Trong phn ny ch
cp ti h thng LCG dng lc chm l cng trnh c kh nng ng dng thch hp
trong XLNT.
34

C ch x l trong h thng lc chm l da trn cc qu trnh: phn hy sinh hc

hiu kh din ra trong lp ct lc; lc vt l cc cht rn v hp th; dnh bm cc cht
hu c lm hnh thnh lp mng gelatin gi l mng sinh hc (MSH) ph trn b mt
ca lp vt liu lc [McGhee, 1991]. Theo cc nghin cu c cng b bi ACTE,
1981, lp MSH ny c hnh thnh do s pht trin ca cc VSV dnh bm trn b
mt ca lp ct lc trong cc h thng lc chm hoc lc nh git. Lp MSH ny
c cu thnh bi tp hp cc loi vi khun, to si, to ct, ng vt nguyn sinh,
giun nh v cc sinh vt khc. MSH c kh nng gi v xy ha cc cht hu c, vi
khun v kh xc cc loi to cht c trong nc thi.
MSH cng c hnh thnh v bao ph trn b mt ca tng ht ct lc. Lp MSH
ny phn hy cc cht c hp ph trn b mt v trong MSH cng din ra qu
trnh cnh tranh sinh tn gia cc loi VSV [Thonart, 2006]. Kt qu l lng thc n
sn c cho VSV b gim i v s cnh tranh ca cc vi sinh vt tng ln theo chiu su
ca lp vt liu lc. Trong nc sau lc ch cha cc loi mui v c thng thng
khng gy hi, nng xy ha tan thng thp v trong nc tn ti mt lng nh
CO2. Tuy nhin, bng cc qu trnh lm thong tip theo (v d bng p trn khi x ra
ngun) s gii quyt c cc vn ny.
S tch t cc cht bn c loi b t nc thi trong vt liu lc s lm gim kh
nng thm lc ban u ca h thng. Kh nng thm lc c th c phc hi bng
cch sc kh lm thong cho h thng trong thi gian gia cc thi im kt thc chu
k lc (khi khng tip nhn nc thi) v trc khi din ra chu k lc tip theo.
Trong trng hp h thng LCG c thit k cho mc ch s dng nc sau x l
b sung cho ngun nc ngm th phn y ca bi lc s c lt bng lp t c
kh nng thm to iu cho nc thm xung tng cha nc ngm. Cc bi lc
i khi c gi l bi lc ct khng y. Tuy nhin trong hu ht cc trng hp th
y ca h thng lc ct c b tr chng thm (lt chng thm hoc b tng ha) v
nc thi sau khi thm qua lp ct lc c thu bng h thng ng thu nc dn ti
u ra ca bi lc.

35

Hnh 2.10 Mt ct h thng lc ct thng thng loi lc chm

Cc h thng c trng
Trn hnh 2.10 gii thiu mt ct h thng lc ct loi lc chm thng thng.
Trn hnh 2.11 gii thiu h thng LCG ci tin c b sung thm h thng ng sc
kh. Cc ng sc kh c b tr trong lp ct lc ti tng y ca h thng vi mc
ch lm thong v ti to kh nng thm ca vt liu ct lc.

36

Hnh 2.11. H thng lc ct c sc kh.

a) Mt bng; b) mt ct dc.
Phm vi ng dng v vn hnh
Phm vi ng dng
H thng LCG thng c s dng cho cc th nh c s dn di 10.000
ngi [Xanthoulis, 1998]. Tuy nhin, LCG cng c th ng dng cho cc th ln,
v d, ti Agadir, Marc, xy dng mt bi LCG phc v cho 400.000 ngi.
Bi lc ct thng thng c s dng x l nc thi sau b t hoi trc khi a
ti trm XLNT tp trung. Ngoi ra n c th c s dng x l b sung v nitrat
ha nc thi sau x l bc hai, v XLNT sau cc h sinh hc [Crites v
Tchobanoglous, 1998].
Vn hnh
vn hnh tt h thng LCG cn tun th theo cc hng dn di y:
H thng LCG cn c vn hnh gin on theo chu k.
Giai on lm ngp nc trong bi lc cn phi tin hnh trong thi gian ngn
nht c th to c thi gian lm kh di to iu kin cho qu trnh khi
phc lng xy cn thit trong lp vt liu lc.
37

 Nc x l cn phi c ti u trn b mt bi thm v nhanh chng lm

ngp u trn ton b din tch b mt ca bi lc.
Cn thay i quy trnh vn hnh ty theo iu kin thi tit c th ti khu vc
Tn sut cp nc thi
Thay v lng nc thi cn x l c cp u v lin tc ln b mt bi lc ct, ta
cn ti nc thi vo bi lc theo tng t. Theo Crites v Tchobanoglous (1998),
i vi nc thi sau b t hoi thng thng th nn cp theo tn sut ti thiu l 18
ln/ng, v 24 ln/ng i vi nc thi c hm lng BOD ln. Tn sut cp nc
thch hp cn c xc nh c th trong qu trnh vn hnh. Hai giai on hot ng
ca bi lc c phn cch bng giai on b sung xy hay giai on lm kh, giai
on hot ng thng ko di t 2 n 3 ngy.
H thng thu gom nc sau x l
b sung xy trong lp vt liu lc (nhm duy tr iu kin hiu kh), iu quan
trng l phi lm thot nc sau x l ra khi bi lc cng nhanh cng tt. H thng
ng thu gom v thot nc sau x l ra khi bi lc cn c lp t y bi lc v
mi ng thu phi c ni vi mt ng thng kh. Cc ng thu gom nc phi c
t trn lp si khng ln vi vi chiu dy t 10 n 25 cm v c ph bi mt
lp si khng ln vi khc dy 25 cm. ng thot chnh phi c b tr trung
tm ca bi lc [Xanthoulis, 1998].
H thng phn phi v nh lng
H thng phn phi nc c yu cu phi phn phi u nc thi trn ton b
din tch bi lc. Phng php ph bin l s dng h thng ng ti c c l pha
trn.
Vn hnh v bo dng
Nhim v chnh khi vn hnh v bo dng bi lc l quan trc cht lng nc thi
sau x l (BOD, COD, SS, NH4.N, NO3-N v FC/100ml), kim tra thit b phn phi
nc thi (u vo v u ra bi lc, h thng ng phn phi c l, cc bm v.v)
v bo dng b mt ca bi lc [EPA,1999]. Vic bo dng b mt bi lc bao gm
lm kh b mt sau loi b lp ct lc pha trn (thng c ly i khong 2 n
5 cm [Thonart, 2006; Xanthoulis, 1998]) ti thiu l 4 thng mt ln. Thit b phc v
cho cng tc bo dng ny rt n gin v d nh: co c li mng v rng, bng
xng v vn chuyn bng xe y. Cng nhn vn hnh bo dng cn c trang b
ng v gng tay.
Chi ph u t
Bi lc ct c xy dng v lp t n gin. Ct lc c th d dng la chn v s
dng ngay loi sn c ti a phng vi gi thnh hp l. V vy chi ph u t xy
dng LCG thng thp. Tuy nhin, ty theo iu kin c th ca tng a phng v
gi thnh vt liu v nhn cng s c nhng tc ng ti tng chi ph u t xy dng
bi lc. Gi thnh ca mt bi lc ct phc v cho mt h gia nh M vo khong
10.000USD [EPA, 1999]. chu u, chi ph xy dng mt bi lc ct phc v cho
hn 100 ngi vo khong 1.000 /ngi.
38

Nhn cng
Vic xy dng bi lc khng i hi ngi cng nhn c trnh cao, thi gian vn
hnh v bo dng bi lc ch khong 2 gi mi ngy v c th c tin hnh bng
lao ng ph thng [EPA, 1999].

39

2.4 Cc phng php x l k kh nc thi

Tng quan
Cc qu trnh k kh c th x l nc thi c nng cc cht hu c cao. Trong
iu kin khng c xy, cc vi khun k kh s phn hy v chuyn ha cc hp cht
hu c thnh cacbon ixyt v mtan (kh sinh hc). Trc y, qu trnh k kh c
p dng x l bn cn, cc cht thi hu c, v nc thi c nng cht hu c
cao; Trong cc trm x l nc thi th thng c cc cng trnh phn hy (b
mtan) x k k kh bn cn. Vn thiu nng lng trong nhng nm 70 thc
y vic pht trin v p dng rng ri cng ngh x l k kh pht sinh nng lng.
Sau , c nhiu nghin cu thc nghim v nghin cu ng dng c tin hnh,
cc k thut x l k kh nc thi ngy cng c ci tin v kt qu l lm gim
ng k thi gian lu bn trong cc cng trnh x l k kh. Ngy nay, x l sinh hc
k kh cn c p dng x l nc thi c nng cht hu c trung bnh v thp
nh nc thi sinh hot.
Vo nm 1896 vic ng dng qu trnh phn hy k kh c thc hin u tin ti
nc Anh sn xut ra kh mtan thp sng ng ph. Sau chin tranh th gii th
hai, cng ngh x l k kh pht trin rt nhanh, gia nm 1950, b phn ng tip
xc k kh xut hin. Pht minh quan trng ny trong x l k kh cho php ko di
thi gian lu bn (SRT) hn thi gian lu nc (HRT) trong b phn ng. Cui nhng
nm 1960, Yong v McMarty pht minh ra b lc k kh (AF). Vo cui nhng
nm 1970, Lettinga v cc ng nghip ca ng ti trng i hc nng nghip H
Lan pht minh ra b x l sinh hc dng chy ngc qua tng bn k kh (Upflow
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket - UASB), cng ngh x l k kh nc thi ny ang c
ng dng rng ri nht hin nay. Cng ngh x l bng AF v UASB thc y s
pht trin ca cc k thut x l k kh tc cao, xy dng l thuyt v pht trin
lm giu vi sinh vt trong bn nhm mc ch tng cng hiu qu ha trn v tip
xc gia nc thi v bn. B phn ng k kh tun hon v tng bn ht gin n
(EGSB) l nhng v d in hnh nht.
C ch ln men k kh
S chuyn ha cc hp cht cao phn t thnh kh sinh hc i hi s tc ng ca
mt vi nhm vi sinh vt. Qu trnh phn hy k kh c tin hnh qua cc bc
khc nhau nh phn hy ky kh cc cht m, hydrat cacbon, cht bo. Qu trnh
chuyn ha ton phn bao gm bn giai on chnh:
Thy phn
Qu trnh ny chuyn ha cc cht rn phc tp thnh cc hp cht ha tan vi trng
lng phn t nh hn. Qu trnh ny i hi s tc ng ca cc enzim ngoi bo tit
ra t cc vi khun gy men. Cc cht m c phn hy thng qua cc chui thnh
cc axit amin, hydrat cacbon c chuyn ha thnh cc cht ng c th ha tan
(n - v cc isacarit), v cc cht bo c chuyn thnh chui cc axt bo v
glycerin. Trn thc t, tc thy phn c th gy c ch tc phn hy k kh. c

40

bit, tc chuyn chuyn ha cc cht bo s xy ra rt chm trong iu kin di

20C.
Axit ha
Trong qu trnh axit ha, cc cht ha tan c to thnh t qu trnh thy phn di
tc dng ca cc vi khun ln men c chuyn ha thnh cc hp cht hu c n
gin (axt bo d bay hi, cn, axt lactic) v cc cht khong (carbon dioxit, hydro,
amnia v kh hyro sulfat). Qu trnh ln men axit c thc hin bi nhiu loi vi
khun khc nhau, nhng phn ln chng l vi khun k kh bt buc. Tuy nhin, cng
c th c mt s loi vi khun lng tnh c th chuyn ha cc cht hu c qua con
ng xy ha. iu ny rt quan trng trong x l nc thi k kh, v xy ha tan
c th gy nh hng xu cho cc vi khun k kh v cc vi khun mtan ha.
Acetat ha
Cc hp cht to thnh t qu trnh axit ha c chuyn ha thnh cc sn phm
cui sinh kh mtan: axetat, hydr, v cacbon dioxit. Nh m t trn hnh 4.39,
khong 70% COD trong nc thi u vo c chuyn thnh axt acetic v phn cn
li c tp trung lm ngun cp in t trong phn ng to kh hydr. Ty thuc vo
th nng xy ha ca cc cht hu c ban u, qu trnh acetat ha c th din ra cng
vi s to thnh cacbon dioxit hoc hydr.
M tan ha
Mtan ha thng l giai on chim t l hn ch trong ton b qu trnh phn hy,
mc d ti nhit thp n c th thy phn. Mtan c to thnh t qu trnh phn
hy axetat hoc t phn ng kh dioxit cacbon bng hydr, tng ng, bi cc vi
khun ln men gim v vi khun hydr.
Tng hp mtan t vi khun ln men gim
CH3COOH CH4 + CO2
Tng hp mtan t vi khun hydro
4H2 + CO2 CH4 + 2H2O
Cc vi khun tng hp mtan t hydro v dioxit cacbon pht trin nhanh hn cc vi
khun s dng acetat [Henzen and Harremoes 1983], v vy qu trnh tng hp mtan
bi cc vi khun ln men gim thng chim t l gii hn trong sut qu trnh chuyn
ha cc hp cht hu c cao phn t c trong nc thi thnh kh sinh hc.
Cc nhm vi khun khc nhau tham gia trong qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht hu c
u c kh nng ng ha v d ha. V vy, song song vi qu trnh gii phng ra cc
sn phm ln men khc nhau, lng sinh khi mi cng c to thnh trong bn giai
on chuyn ha c m t trn. thun tin, ba qu trnh u tin i khi c
gp li vi nhau v c gi l qu trnh ln men axit, v qu trnh th t c gi l
qu trnh mtan ha.
Qu trnh ln men axit c khuynh hng lm gim pH do lm pht sinh cc axit bo
d bay hi v cc cht trung gian d phn ly. V qu trnh mtan ha ch tin trin tt
trong iu kin pH trung tnh, nn v l do no , phn ng c th tr nn khng n
nh do tc kh axit trong qu trnh mtan ha gim so vi tc pht sinh axit,
41

tng lng axit cn li s lm gim pH, v v vy gy c ch kh nng pht trin hot

ng ca cc vi khun mtan ha. Trn thc t, hin tng ny, c gi l chua
trong cc b phn ng k kh, v cng l s c rt thng gp trong vn hnh cc h
thng x l k kh. trnh hin tng chua, cn duy tr cn bng gia cc qu
trnh ln men axit v mtan ha.
Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh phn hy k kh
Cc yu t mi trng nh hng n qu trnh phn hy k kh nc thi gm nhit
, pH, cc thnh phn dinh dng chnh v cc hp cht c hi trong nc u vo.
i vi nc thi sinh hot, thng thng ba yu t cui khng cn phi cn nhc.
iu kin pH thch hp v n nh trong nc thi sinh hot thng c to nn nh
s c mt ca cc hp cht axit cacbonic v khng cn s dng ha cht no hiu
chnh pH. Cc cht dinh dng (c cc cht dinh dng v m, nit v pht pho v
dinh dng vi m) c rt nhiu trong nc thi. Cc hp cht c tnh c r rt i
vi cc vi khun nhn chung khng c trong nc thi sinh hot. nh hng c hi
ca sunfua khng nghim trng v nh hng ca xy ha tan ch c th xut hin khi
h thng x l k kh c thit k khng hp l.
nh hng ca nhit ti qu trnh phn hy k kh
i vi cc loi nc thi c nng cht nhim cao, nhit vn hnh i vi
mt quy m cng sut no c th c xem nh mt qu trnh c th iu chnh h
thng x l k kh, v trong gii hn cho php, n c th c kim sot bng vic s
dng mtan sinh ra lm m nc thi. Hnh thc ny khng p dng c cho
trng hp cc loi nc thi nng thp nh nc thi sinh hot v nng lng thu
c t mtan sinh ra khng lm tng nhit ca h thng. Nhit lng ln
nht c sinh ra t s t chy mtan thu c t qu trnh phn hy 500 mg/L COD
(gi tr in hnh cho nc thi th) l 1,5 kcal/L. V l thuyt vic lm tng nhit
ln 1,5oC l c th thc hin c, nhng gi tr ti a ny ch c th t c khi cc
cht nhim c chuyn ha hon ton thnh mtan-COD v nhit lng cha trong
mtan c khai thc ton b. V th, nc thi sinh hot cn phi c x l ti nhit
n t c khi vo h thng, nhit ny lun thp hn nhit ti u cho qu
trnh phn hy k kh.
Cng nh cc qu trnh sinh hc khc, hiu sut phn hy k kh ph thuc nhiu vo
nhit . Tc chuyn ha ca cc qu trnh phn hy k kh din ra nhanh nht vi
cc iu kin mesophilic trong khong t 35 n 40 oC v thermophilic khong
55oC.
nh hng ca nhit ti qu trnh phn hy k kh khng b hn ch khi thay i tc
ca qu trnh. Vi tt c cc quy m cng sut, kh nng p dng qu trnh phn hy
k kh ti cc khu vc c iu kin kh hu nhit i (nhit nc thi trn 20 oC) v
cn nhit i (nhit nc thi trn 15oC) thng kh thi hn so vi cc vng kh hu
n i v lnh (nhit trn 10oC).
nh hng ca pH

42

Gi tr v n nh ca pH trong b phn ng k kh l yu t quan trng v qu trnh

mtan ha ch t hiu sut cao trong iu kin pH c duy tr mc trung tnh. Khi
gi tr pH thp hn 6,3 hoc cao hn 7,8, hiu sut ca qu trnh mtan ha gim. Cc
vi khun ln men axit t nhy cm vi cc gi tr pH cao hay thp, v vy qu trnh ln
men axit s chim u th hn mtan ha, iu c th gy nn hin tng lm chua
cc thnh phn trong b phn ng.
Gi tr pH trong b phn ng c thit lp sau khi t c mc cn bng ion trong
cc thnh phn gc axit khc nhau c mt trong h thng. Cc thnh phn gc axit yu
c nh hng ln v c bit l cc hp cht ca axit cacbonic thng l yu t quyt
nh, v nng ca chng nhn chung thng vt qu mc c bn so vi cc hp
cht khc nh phtphat, amonia, hoc sunphat.
nh hng ca cc cht c hi
Ngoi nng ion hydr, mt s cc thnh phn khc cng nh hng n hiu sut
phn hy k kh, thm ch vi nng rt thp, nh cc kim loi nng v cc hp cht
hu c axit. Tuy nhin, s c mt ca cc hp cht ny vi nng gy hi thng
him xy ra trong nc thi. Cc hp cht c th gy nh hng xu thng l xy v
sunpht. Kh nng xm nhp ca xy c th xy ra thng qua h thng phn phi nc
thi, nhng s c tiu th cho s chuyn ha xy ha trong qu trnh ln men axit. V
vy thng khng c xy ha tan trong b phn ng k kh, mc d khng kh c th
xm nhp vo cng nc thi u vo, v vy s xm nhp ca n s khng gy nh
hng i vi hot ng ca b phn ng. Sunpht c th c to thnh trong qu
trnh t phn ng kh sunpht. Tuy nhin, theo cng b ca Rinzema (1989) nng
sunpht c trong h thng x l k kh nc thi th (ti 50mg/l) thp hn nhiu so
vi gi tr nng ti thiu c th gy tc hi i vi h thng. V vy, tc hi ca cc
c t thng khng phi l vn cn lu tm i vi cc h thng x l nc thi
sinh hot.
u im ca qu trnh k kh
Cc qu trnh k kh yu cu t nng lng, pht sinh t bn d, yu cu cht dinh
dng t, v c th chu c ti lng th tch ln:
Pht sinh nng lng mi; qu trnh x l k kh lm pht sinh nng lng mi
tng ng 10.4106 kJ/ng, trong khi cc qu trnh hiu kh li yu cu s dng
nng lng - 1.9106 kJ/ng (xem bng 4.16).
Sn lng sinh khi thp hn; qu trnh k kh lm gim lng sinh khi d vi
h s 6 n 8, v iu ny s lm gim chi ph cho cng on x l bn cn.
Nhu cu cc cht dinh dng thp hn; i vi cc qu trnh x l hiu kh
bng bn hot tnh, t l thch hp gia BOD v cc cht dinh dng c trong
nc thi l BOD: N: P = 100: 5: 1. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh x l k kh, nhu
cu s dng cc cht dinh dng t hn theo t l BOD: N: P = 350500: 5: 1.
Nc thi c nit v phtpho v cc thnh phn vi lng khc nhau p ng
nhu cu v dinh dng trong x l k kh. Ngc li, i vi cc qu trnh x l
hiu kh thng cn b sung thm cc cht dinh dng.
43

Ti lng th tch cao hn; qu trnh k kh thng t c ti lng hu c

cao hn so vi qu trnh hiu kh (ti lng hu c l 3,232 kg COD/m3.ng i
vi qu trnh k kh cao hn nhiu so vi mc 0,53,2 COD/m3.ng i vi qu
trnh hiu kh) [Speece, 1996]. Lng cht hu c c loi b nhiu hn trn
n v th tch cng trnh.
Nhc im ca qu trnh k kh
Tri li, x l k kh i hi thi gian khi ng lu hn, b sung thm cc cht kim,
x l nc thi v vi khun k kh thng rt nhy cm vi cc cht c.
Thi gian khi ng lu hn; tc pht trin ca cc vi khun k kh thng
chm hn v vy i hi thi gian khi ng h thng lu hn, thng t 8 n 12
tun.
Yu cu b sung kim; cn m bo nng kim mc t 2.000 n 3.000
mg/L (theo CaCO3) trung ha lng kh CO2 v cc axit hu c d bay hi pht
sinh t qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht hu c v duy tr pH thch hp vi
s pht trin ca cc vi khun. Nu lng kim ny khng c sn trong nc thi
hoc khng c to ra bi qu trnh phn hy cc cht m hay axit amin, nhu
cu b sung thm cc cht kim s lm tng chi ph ha cht ng k.
Yu cu x l b sung; kh nng chu ti lng hu c cao hn, lng cht hu c
c x l nhiu hn, v thng thng nng hu c trong nc thi u vo
cao hn nn nc thi sau qu trnh x l k kh thng cn d nhiu cht hu c
hn so vi nc sau x k hiu kh v cn c x l b sung nhm p ng yu
cu cht lng x. Mt chui cc b phn ng kt hp cc qu trnh k kh v hiu
kh c th c ng dng trong x l nc thi th nhng vng c kh hu
m, nhm lm gim bt nhu cu s dng nng lng v gim lng bn thi pht
sinh [Goncalves and Avaujo, 1999; Garuti et al., 1992].
Cc qu trnh x l k kh nc thi
H thng x l k kh c in
Nhng ng dng u tin
ng dng u tin ca qu trnh phn hy k kh x l nc thi c tin hnh
trong b kn kh c Mouras trin khai ti Php vo cui th k trc. Vo khong u
th k XX, mt s h thng x l k kh mi c trin khai v d nh b t hoi
ca Cameron Anh, b lng hai v ca Imhoff c. Trong c hai h thng ny, nc
thi chy qua phn trn ca h thng, bn cn lng xung to ra vng k kh y b.
Cc thnh phn cht rn lng c c trong nc thi s lng xung vng y v c
phn hy trong iu kin k kh. Trong b t hoi, hiu sut lu gi cc cht rn lng
c c th b nh hng bi cc cht tri ni dng ln t y, hoc do s kt dnh cc
cht rn bi cc bt kh sinh hc to thnh hn hp vng. iu ny khng xy ra trong
b lng hai v do cc cht rn c lng xung khoang phn hy ring v bt kh pht
sinh dng ln t y khng vo c khoang lng. Trong thi gian sau, xut hin cc b
lng hai v ci tin. Ti cc b ny, cc cht rn tch t trong khoang phn hy c gia
nhit, v vy lm tng tc phn hy k kh. Thi gian lu nc trong b t hoi v
44

b lng hai v l mt n hai ngy, loi b cc cht rn lng c. Do vy, cc h

thng ny trn thc t l cc h thng x l s cp kt hp x l sinh hc cc cht rn
lng c.
Trong cc h thng x l k kh thi u, vic x l c tin hnh trn c s qu trnh
lng cc cht hu c l lng. Do ch mt phn cc cht hu c chy vo l c th lng
c (mt phn ba ti mt na), nn hiu sut x l ti a ca cc h thng ny ch t
3050% tnh theo cht hu c d phn hy sinh hc v ph thuc nhiu vo tnh cht
ca nc thi v kh nng lng cn.
Hiu qu x l thp ca cc h thng s cp c th c cho l do thit k cha hp l.
Do kh nng tip xc km gia cc VSV k kh trong h thng v cc thnh phn cht
hu c khng lng c trong nc thi u vo, phn ln cht hu c ho tan hoc
c thy phn khng c chuyn ho b cun tri theo dng thi ra khi h thng.
Ti thi im , cc khi nim v ngha ca vic to kh nng tip xc tt gia cht
hu c v qun th vi khun cha c nhn thc y . Kh nng hot ng km ca
h thng k kh lm xut hin cc thnh kin cho rng kh nng x l ca cc h
thng ny km hn so vi cc h thng hiu kh, cc thnh kin ny vn cn tn ti n
ngy nay. Tuy nhin, trong cng khong thi gian , t cc kt qu nghin cu c
trin khai trong thc t cho thy rng h thng x l k kh hin i c thit k
hp l c th t hiu sut x l cao i vi cc cht hu c th phn hy sinh hc,
thm ch vi thi gian lu nc rt ngn.
H sinh hc k kh
H sinh hc k kh v c bn khng khc bit vi cc h thng x l k kh thi u
c m t trong phn trn. Chng cng l cc h thng lu chuyn vi cn lng k kh
c tch t phn y. Cc h k kh c khi tch ln hn cc h thng x l bc
u rt nhiu, v thng khng c che y. Vic khuy trn nc trong h thng (
su 25 m) c th xy ra nh chuyn ng dng ln ca cc bt kh sinh hc, v cng
do tc ng ca gi v nh nng mt tri (khuy trn c hc v khuy trn nhit). H
k kh thng ch dng ring cho x l nc thi, c bit l c s dng nh bc
tin x l trong mt chui cc h lm n nh nc thi. Thi gian lu nc thi trong
cc h k kh (thng thng t hai n nm ngy) thng lu hn trong cc h thng
x l bc u v do hiu sut x l cht hu c cng cao hn. Vi thi gian lu
nc t mt n nm ngy, h k kh c th x l BOD trong nc thi sinh hot t
hiu sut 5070% [Mara, 1976].
Trn hnh 2.12 biu th kt qu mt s nghin cu v quan h hm s gia hiu sut x
l BOD v thi gian lu nc.
T cc kt qu th nghim c th xy dng cng thc thc nghim xc nh quan h
gia hiu sut x l v thi gian lu (hydraulic retention time - HRT). Quan h tuyn
tnh ca th logarit trn hnh 2.12 s l:
E =1-

2,4
HRT 0,50

Trong : E - Hiu sut x l cht hu c (%).

45

 t hiu sut x l BOD trn 80%, cn thi gian lu nc lu xp x su ngy. Vi

ti lng hu c di 1.000 kg BOD/ha.ngy hay 0,1 kg BOD/m2.ngy, chc nng x
l ca h s c xu hng ty tin (tc l c iu kin hiu kh ti lp nc b mt) hn
l k kh. Vi cc gi tr in hnh v su (23 m) v BOD u vo (250 mg/L hay
0,25 kg/m3), h c th t c mc ti 0,1 kg-BOD/m 2.ngy vi thi gian lu bng
0,25(23) / 0,1= = (5 7) ngy. V vy, cn c thi gian lu hn su ngy nhm m
bo iu kin k kh trong h.
Cc h thng x l k kh tc cao
Trn hnh 2.13 m t s nguyn l hot ng ca cc h thng x l k kh hin i.
V c bn, c hai c ch lu bn c s dng:
(1) C nh bn: s dng vt liu lu gi bn. Loi ny bao gm b lc k kh dng
chy xui hoc dng chy ngc (hnh 2.13a v 2.13b) v cc b phn ng c tng
bn y hot ng theo c ch dng tun hon (hnh 2.13c) hoc c ch to lp
bn l lng (hnh 2.13d).
(2) Tch lng - rn v tun hon cht rn c tch. Loi ny bao gm qu trnh
tip xc, qu trnh k kh ging nh qu trnh bn hot tnh (hnh 2.13e) c dng
thm b lng ring bit v b UASB (hnh 2.13g).
Cc loi h thng x l k kh khc nhau c p dng rng ri x l nc thi ca
nhiu loi hnh cng nghip, nhng cho n nay qu trnh x l k kh him khi c s
dng trong x l nc thi sinh hot, v vy cc thng tin thc nghim cn rt hn ch.
Trn thc t, kinh nghim vn hnh cc h thng x l k kh tc cao mi ch hn ch
vic s dng cc cng trnh: b lc k kh, b k kh vi lp bn chuyn ng v gin
n, b UASB c hoc khng c thit b tch pha lng - rn. Do vy, trong phn ny ch
tp trung tho lun v nhng qu trnh ny.
B lc k kh
B lc k kh (LKK) ch yu c s dng x l nc thi cng nghip, mc d cn
mc tng i hn ch. B LKK c th hot ng tt vi ti lng hu c 10 20
kg COD/m3.ng khi c nng v tnh cht ca cc thnh phn hu c trong nc thi
46

khng c tnh c hi. Nhc im ln ca h thng LKK l gi thnh ca cc loi vt

liu lc cao, thm tr c th ngang bng vi gi thnh xy dng cng trnh. Cc h thng
LKK thng c dng x l nc thi t cc loi ngnh cng nghip khc nhau,
nhng i vi nc thi sinh hot, h thng ny cn t c p dng vi quy m cng
sut ln.
Cc s liu biu th kh nng hot ng ca mt s h thng LKK (dng chy ngc c
vt liu lc dng ri v dng c nh theo m-un) vn hnh trong iu kin phng th
nghim v trong thc t c tng kt bng biu lgarit th hin mi quan h gia
hiu sut x l COD v thi gian lu nc (hnh 4.46a). Quan h gia cc thng s ny
c th c biu th bng phng trnh:
Sr
=-c1logHRT +c2
Sv
S
-c
E =1- r =1- c2 HRT 1
Sv

log

hay

(*)

Trong :
S - nng cht nn (mg COD/L), v v r tng ng vi trc v sau x l;
E - hiu sut x l cht nn (%);
c1, c2 - hng s thc nghim;
HRT - thi gian lu nc (ngy).
T biu nu trn hnh 2.14a, ta thy: c1= 0,5 v c2 = 0,87, do cng thc (*) c
vit thnh:
E = 1 0,87 (HRT)-0,5
Cc h thng c lp bn y chuyn ng v gin n
Trong h thng c lp bn y chuyn ng (hnh 2.13c), vt liu lu gi bn c dng
ht c gi trng thi lun chuyn ng do lc cn ma st ca dng chy ngc gy
nn. Vt liu lu gi bn s dng trong h thng BC cn c t trng thp nh cht do
hoc antraxt nhm gim vn tc cn thit ca dng cht lng chy ngc, do gim
chi ph vn hnh my bm. Qu trnh BC i hi ng knh ca ht vt liu nh hn
3 mm v vn tc dng chy ngc khong 20 m/h. Nc thi sau x l c tun hon
m bo duy tr n nh ca vn tc dng chy ngc. su ca b dao ng t 4
n 6 m. Vi din tch tip xc b mt ln ca cc ht vt liu trong tng bn chuyn
ng s m bo kh nng lu gi c lng sinh khi ln trong h thng. Qu trnh
BC rt kh thi trong XLNT hu c vi cc mc nng a dng; nhit di 35C,
ti lng hu c 1040 kg COD/m3.ng, h thng BC c th t hiu sut x l COD
trn 90%. B BC c th duy tr c nng sinh khi cao, chu c ti lng hu c
ln. Do c vn hnh theo ch tun hon nc sau x l nn b BC c kh nng t
iu chnh (pha long nng hu c u vo bng dng tun hon), trnh c cc hin
tng gy sc t ngt c th xy ra do cc dao ng ln v nng cht hu c trong
nc thi u vo. Cc b ny cng khng i hi nhiu din tch xy dng. Qu trnh
BC ph hp nht vi nc thi cha cc thnh phn nhim dng ho tan v h
thng khng c kh nng gi li cc cht rn. Cc ca vo v ra ca b cn c thit k
47

m bo s phn b dng chy tt. Nhc im ca h thng BC bao gm nhu cu

in nng vn hnh bm nhm duy tr trng thi chuyn ng ca vt liu v bn trong
h thng, chi ph vt liu lu gi bn cao, cn kim sot v duy tr s n nh ca chiu
cao tng bn chuyn ng trong h thng, kim sot x bn d, thi gian khi ng lu.

48

Qu trnh x l k kh vi tng bn y gin n (BGN) (hnh 2.13d) khc vi khi

nim BC bi vn tc dng chy ngc c p dng thp hn nhiu. gi cho lp
vt liu m c th gin n, mt phn nc sau x l c tun hon bng bm nhm
tng vn tc dng chy ngc. T l gin n tng bn y nn dao ng trong khong
10%20%, chiu cao sau gin n khong 50% chiu cao hiu dng ca b, v vn tc
dng chy ngc khong 2 m/h. Nhng iu kin ny s to s va chm gia cc
phn t ht v lm bong lp mng sinh hc bm trn b mt ht nhanh hn. Vt liu
m thng s dng l ct thch anh c ng knh 0,20,5 mm. Than hot tnh dng
ht, gm, zeolit cng c th l vt liu ph hp.

49

Trn hnh 2.14b th hin cc kt qu quan trc hiu sut x l v thi gian lu nc
trong qu trnh vn hnh mt s h thng BC v BGN. Mi quan h gia cc thng
s ny c th c th hin theo cng thc sau:
E = 1 0,56 (HRT) -0,6
B x l sinh hc dng chy ngc qua tng bn k kh
B x l sinh hc dng chy ngc qua tng bn k kh (UASB) (xem hnh 2.13f) c
Lettinga v cc ng nghip trin khai vo nhng nm 1970 ti i hc Wageningen, H
Lan. B UASB l h thng k kh tc cao c s dng rng ri nht trong x l cht
thi k kh. S cu to b USAB c m t trn hnh 2.15. Thit b c th nht ca
b USAB l b phn tch pha rn-lng-kh. Thit b ny c b tr phn trn ca b v
chia b thnh hai phn: phn di l vng phn hy, v phn trn l vng lng. Nc thi
c phn phi u vo ti vng y, chy ngc qua lp bn v vo vng lng thng
qua cc k h gia cc b tch pha.
Do b tch pha c cu to thnh nghing dc, din tch phn nc trong vng lng tng
dn theo chiu dng ca dng chy, nn vn tc dng chy ngc gim dn khi cht lng
chy v pha im x. Do vn tc cht lng gim dn, phn bn b cun theo dng chy
vo vng lng c th kt t v lng xung. Ti mt thi im no , khi trng lng ca
lp bn kt t trn b tch pha s vt qu lc ma st c th gi n trn b mt nghing
dc, bn s trt xung khoang phn hy pha di v li tham gia vo sinh khi bn c
vai tr phn hy cht hu c trong nc thi u vo. Nh vy, vng lng pha trn
gip cho h thng c th gi c khi lng bn ln trong b USAB ng thi hn ch
c ti thiu nng cht cht l lng trong nc sau x l.
Cc bt kh sinh hc pht sinh t qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht hu c trong lp bn
y ni ln theo chiu dng chy ti b mt phn gii cc pha lng - kh bn trong thit
b tch pha. Cao trnh b mt phn gii ny c th ngang bng vi cao trnh mt phn
gii nc - kh trong vng lng, hoc c th mc thp hn nu s dng van thy lc
tng p sut ca kh sinh hc (xem hnh 2.15). Cc bng bn dnh trn hoc b cun theo
bt kh c th ni ln mt phn gii pha trong thit b tch kh, nhng sau s lng
xung khi cc bt kh thot vo pha kh t mt phn gii. Cc vch ngn c b tr bn
di cc khe h gia cc thit b gom kh c tc dng hng dng, ngn khng cho bt
kh lt vo vng lng pha trn nhm hn ch kh nng to dng chy ri lm cn tr qu
trnh lng ca cc ht bn.

50

Biogas Kh sinh
outlet
hc
Effluent
outlet
h
h

Hydraulic Thit b
seal
tch kh

Deflector

Mng thu
nc

Transition
zone
Effluent
Phase separator Thit discharge
b tch pha
element
rn Transition
- lng - kh
zone
Tm hng dng

Transition
Anaerobic sludge blanket
Lp bn y k kh zone

Vng lng
v x nc
sau x l
Vng
chuyn tip
Vng
phn hy

InfluentNc thi

Hnh 2.15. S cu to b x l sinh hc dng chy ngc qua lp bn k

kh (UASB)
Mt c tnh quan trng ca qu trnh UASB l kh nng to bn dng ht (ng
knh 15 mm) trong h thng. Cc ht bn hnh thnh trong b UASB c bn c
hc v t trng cao, kh nng lng tt v hot tnh to mtan cao. Bn dng ht
c hnh thnh ch yu trong qu trnh x l cc loi nc thi cha cc cht ho
tan. Kh nng to bn ht lin quan n cc iu kin vn hnh b USAB v c tnh
ca nc thi cn x l. Cho ti nay, cha thy c hin tng to ht no trong cc
loi b UASB x l nc thi th. Trong tt c cc trng hp, ch c cc bng bn
c hnh thnh trong cc b UASB x l nc thi th. Tuy nhin, hiu sut x l
BOD v TSS t c vn mc cao, iu ny chng t vic to bn ht khng phi
l iu kin nht thit cho vic x l thnh cng nc thi trong b USAB.
gim chi ph xy dng, b x l k kh dng chy ngc (hnh 2.13g), mt dng
UASB n gin ho cng thng c p dng. H thng ny khng c thit b
tch pha, nhng c b tr khoang lng nh gn lin bn trong. B tch pha l thit b
thit yu ca b UASB, do vy h thng ny s c xem xt ring; tng t nh h
k kh dng chy ngc.
Trn hnh 2.14c v 2.14d m phng kt qu vn hnh cc m hnh b k kh dng
chy ngc v b UASB. T cc biu ny c th xy dng c cc cng thc
kinh nghim sau:
i vi b k kh dng chy ngc:
E = 1 1.53 (HRT)-0.64
i vi b UASB:
E = 1 0.68 (HRT)-0.68
B x l k kh vi tng bn ht gin n
B x l k kh vi tng bn ht gin n (BHGN) (hnh 2.13h) do Van der Last (1991)
pht trin, c c im l lp bn dng ht hot ng theo phng thc gin n nh
tc dng chy ngc cao hn, tc l t 612 m/gi (vn tc ny ch mc 12
m/gi trong b USAB). B BHGN c hiu sut x l cht hu c ho tan tng i
51

cao thm ch trong iu kin nhit thp, do to c iu kin tip xc tt gia

cht hu c v cc ht bn. H thng BHGN c bit hu ch trong iu kin nhit
thp, nc c nng hu c thp, kh nng sinh kh, v, do , mc xo trn trn
do bt kh to ra thp. Trong cc iu kin ny, mc ng nng cao hn ca dng
chy vo v chiu cao tng hn ca lp bn ht gin n s gip h thng hot ng
tt hn so vi b UASB thng thng.
B phn ng BHGN khng x l c cc cht hu c khng ha tan do vn tc dng
chy ngc cao. Cht rn l lng chy vo c y qua tng bn ht v theo dng
thi ri khi h thng. Mt khc, cc cht dng keo c th c x l mt phn do
c hp th vo cc bng bn.

Nhit >20 oC

CODremoval ef
ciency(%)

Hiu sut x l COD (%)

90

Temperature >20oC

80

70

50
30
0

10

20

50

100

Retention time (h)

Hnh 2.16. Quan h gia hiu sut x l cht hu c v thi gian lu nc.
So snh hot ng ca phng php x l nc thi k kh
Quan h tuyn tnh gia lgart ca hiu sut x l v thi gian lu trong tt c cc h
thng x l k kh c th c biu th bng phng trnh sau:
E =1- c1(HRT)-c2 .
Trong hng s c1 v c2 th hin c tnh ca cc qu trnh x l k kh khc nhau c
Thi gian lu (h)
gi tr c lit k trong bng 4.18.
C th thy rng trong bt k h thng no, hiu
sut thc cng chnh lch ng k so vi gi tr d on. Mc d vy, s liu cho
thy:
i vi nhit trn 20oC, hiu sut x l ca cc qu trnh xem xt c th
t trn 80%, nhng thi gian lu cn thit dao ng ng k tu theo loi h
thng;
Kh nng x l ca cc loi b UASB v b BC hoc BGN c xu hng ging
nhau khi c thi gian lu ging nhau;
52

 Kh nng x l ca h thng UASB (vi thit k chun) thng cao hn so vi

b x l k kh dng chy ngc khng c thit b tch pha, v b lc k kh khi
hot ng vi cng mt thi gian lu nc nh nhau.
so snh thi gian lu nc hay khi tch cn thit ca cc h thng x l khc
nhau, cng thc trn c chuyn i v dng ph hp hn nh sau:
1- E
HRT =

c1

c2

Gi tr thi gian lu cn thit t c hiu sut x l hu c 80% trong cc h

thng khc nhau c nu trong bng 2.5.
Bng 2.5 Gi tr ca cc hng s thc nghim v thi gian lu nc cn thit nhm
m bo hiu sut x l COD trn 80% i vi cc h thng k kh khc nhau (nhit
> 20oC)
H thng
UASB
BC hoc BGN
B lc k kh
K kh dng chy ngc
H k kh *
* Hiu sut x l theo BOD

c1
0,68
0,56
0,87
1,53
2,4

c2
0,68
0,60
0,50
0,64
0,5

HRT (h)
5,5
5,5
20
24
144 (= 6 ngy)

Trn thc t, tnh kh thi ca mt h thng khng ch c xc nh da trn khi tch

cn thit ca cng trnh. Cc u im v nhc im ca mi h thng x l cng cn
c xem xt. B t hoi v b lng hai v thng t hp dn v hiu sut x l thp
v thi gian lu cn thit tng i lu. H k kh c hiu sut x l hu c cao hn
v c u im l xy dng n gin hn. Tuy nhin, din tch cn thit cho h li
tng i ln v do vy vic ng dng s khng c tnh thc t trong cc khu vc
ng dn v c gi thnh t cao. B lc k kh c nhc im l chi ph xy dng
cao, v c bit l nhng kh khn c th xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng do b tc.
T bng 2.5 c th kt lun l: c hiu sut x l nh nhau, b x l k kh dng
chy ngc cn c thi gian lu nc ln hn b UASB t bn n nm ln. Do ,
vic b tr thit b tch pha trong cc h thng c lp bn y l cn thit. Chi ph cho
thit b tch pha s c b li do nh c cc thit b ny s lm gim c khi tch
cn thit ca cng trnh. Khi so snh b UASB vi b BC hoc BGN, c th thy r
rng hai h thng sau c nhc im ln l cn s dng h thng bm tun hon.
Ngc li, nu c iu kin a hnh thch hp, b UASB c th khng cn s dng
bm. Hn na, b BC thng c nhiu hn ch trong x l nc thi sinh hot nh
hiu sut kh cc cht rn l lng thp, kh nng lu gi v duy tr sinh khi trong b
rt hn ch. V vy, h thng UASB c th c coi l la chn ph hp nht trong s
cc h thng k kh s dng cho vic x l nc thi sinh hot.
53

http://doc.edu.vn/tai-lieu/chuyen-de-xu-ly-nito-trong-nuoc-thai-52578/

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