Circuits Sol CH 01

Sept 2013
Circuits
Chapter (1):
Circuit Variables
Chapter (2):
Circuit Elements
Chapter (3):
Simple Resistive Circuits

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Sept 2013
Chapter 1
Circuit Variables

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1.1 Electrical Engineering: An Overview

Electrical engineering is the profession concerned with systems that
produce, transmit, and measure electric signals.

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The five major classifications of electrical systems:

1. Communication systems: Such as cameras, transmitters, receivers.
2. Computer systems: Such as personal computers.
3. Control systems: Such as control of temperatures, pressures, and flow
rates in an oil refinery.
4. Power systems: Such as generators.
5. Signal-processing systems: Such as image-processing systems.
An electric circuit:
Is a mathematical model that approximates the behavior of an actual
electrical system.
Note that: the term electric circuit is commonly used to refer to an actual
electrical system as well as to the model that represents it.
In this text, when we talk about an electric circuit, we always mean a
model.

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info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .
Sept 2013
1.2 The International System of Units:

The SI units are based on seven defined quantities:
TABLE 1.1 The international System of Units (SI)
Quantity
Basic Unit
Symbol
Meter
Mass
Kilogram
kg
Time
Second
Electric current
Ampere
degree Kelvin
Mole
mol
Candela
cd
Length
Thermodynamic temperature
Amount of substance
Luminous intensity
In addition, defined quantities are combined to form derived units.

TABLE 1.2 Derived Units in SI
Quantity
Unit Name (Symbol)
Formula
Frequency
Hertz (Hz)
s-1
Force
Newton (N)
Kg. m / s2
Energy or work
Joule (J)
N. m
Power
Watt (W)
J / s
Coulomb (C)
A. s
Electric potential (voltage)
Volt (V)
J/C
Electric resistance
Ohm ()
V/A
Electric conductance
Siemens (S)
A/V
Electric capacitance
Farad (F)
C/V
Weber (Wb)
V. s
Henry (H)
Wb / A
Electric charge
Magnetic flux
Inductance

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In many cases, the SI unit is either too small or too large to use
conveniently. Standard prefixes corresponding to powers of 10, are applied
to the basic unit.
All of these prefixes are correct, but engineers often use only the ones for
powers divisible by 3, thus centi, deci, deka, and hecto are used rarely.
TABLE 1.3 Standardized Prefixes to Signify Powers of 10

Prefix
Symbol
Power
atto
10-18
femto
10-15
pico
10-12
nano
10-9
micro
10-6
milli
10-3
centi
10-2
deci
10-1
deka
da
10
hecto
102
kilo
103
mega
106
giga
109
tera
1012

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Example 1.1: using SI units and Prefixes for Powers of 10

If a signal can travel in a cable at 80 of the speed of light, what length of cable, in
inches, represents 1 ns?
Solution:
s.
of the speed of the light is
The result is the distance in inches traveled in 1 ns.

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1.4 Voltage and Current:

some important characteristics of electric charge:

The charge is bipolar, meaning that electrical effects are described in
terms of positive and negative charges.
The electric charge exists in discrete quantities, which are integral
multiples of the electronic charge, 1.6022 * 10-19 C.
Electrical effects are attributed to both the separation of charge and
charges in motion.
Electric current is the rate of charge flow:
Where:
.
.
.
Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by the separation:
Where:

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Solution:

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Solution:
Cross-sectional area of wire
Therefore,
Thus, average velocity

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Solution:
is maximum
Current is maximum when

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1.5 The Ideal Basic Circuit Element:

An ideal basic circuit element has three attributes:
1. it has only two terminals, which are points of connection to other circuit
components.
2. it is described mathematically in terms of current and/or voltage.
3. it cannot be subdivided into other elements.
passive sign convention:

Whenever the direction of current is same as the direction of voltage drop
across the element (as in Fig.l.5), use a positive sign in any expression
relateing voltage with current. Otherwise, use a negative sign.
.) +(

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Example 1.2: Relating current and charge

No charge exists at the upper terminals of the element in fig. 1.5 for
. At
a 5 A current begins to flow into the upper terminals.

a) Derive the expression for the charge accumulating at the upper terminals of the
element for t > 0.
b) If the current is stopped after 10 seconds, how much charge has accumulated at the
upper terminal?
Solution:
a) The expression for the charge accumulating due to current flow is:
Therfore,
for
b) The total charge that accumulates at the upper terminals in 10

seconds due to a 5 A current is

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Assessment problem 1.3:

The current at the terminals of the element in
Fig. 1.5 is
Calculate the total charge (in microcoulombs)

entering the element at its upper terminal.
Solution:
.

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1.6 Power and Energy
where:
= the power in watts,
= the energy in joules,
= the time in seconds.
Thus 1W is equivalent to 1 J/s.

The power can be related with voltage and current as follows:
So
where:
= the power in watts,
= the voltage in volts,
= the current in amperes.

Algebraic sign of power:
If the power is positive (p > 0), power is being delivered to the circuit
inside the box. If the power is negative (p < 0), power is being extracted
from the circuit inside the box.

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Example 1.3:
Assume that the voltage at the terminals of the element in Fig. 1.5, whose current
was defined in Assessment Problem 1.3 is
Assessment problems 1.3:

The current at the terminals of the clement in Fig. 1.5 is
a) calculate the power supplied to the element at 1 ms.

b) calculate the total energy (in joules) delivered to the circuit element.
Solution:

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Assessment problem 1.5:

Assume that a 20 V voltage drop occurs across an element from terminal
2 to terminal 1 and that a current of 4 A enters terminal 2.
a) Specify the values of v and i for the polarity references shown in Fig.
1.6(a)-(d).
b) State whether the circuit inside the box is absorbing or delivering
power.
c) How much power is the circuit absorbing?
Solution:
Start by drawing a picture of the circuit
described in the problem statement:
Fig 1.6
a) Now we have to match the voltage and current shown in the left figure
with the polarities shown in Fig. 1.6.
b) Using the reference system in fig. 1.6(a) and the passive sigh convention,

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Solution:
a) Current
, flows from
volt to
volt in car A, So car A is
absorbing power. Car A has the dead battery.
:
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Solution:

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Solution:

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Solution:
Since the current
equation
the power is
flows into
terminal of voltage , we can use the
without . if the power is
, so it flows from A to B. if
, so it flows from B to A.

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Sept 2013
Solution:
Power is being delivered by the box.

b) Entering
c) Gaining

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Solution:
)a
)b

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Solution:
)a

()
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Continued soluation (Problem 1.19):
b) Calculate the area under the curve from zero up to the desired time:

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Solution:
)a
)b

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i
+
_
Solution:
)a

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Continued soluation( Problem 1.21):

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i
+
_
Solution:
)a
)b
:

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Continued soluation ( Problem 1.22):

)c

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Solution:
is maximum when

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Solution:
)a

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Continue soluation ( Problem 1.24):

)b

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Solution:
Maximum power is being delivered at t = 8.453 s.

Maximum power is being extracted at t = 31.547 s.

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Solution:
If the power is positive, the circuit element is absorbing, otherwise

developing.
The power balances
(Ok)
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Solution:

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Continued (Solution problem1.27):

Therefore,
Thus, the interconnection does not satisfy the power check.

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Solution:
Therefore,
Thus, the interconnection satisfies the power check.
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Solution:
a) The revised circuit model is shown below:
b) The expression for the total power in this circuit is:
Thus, if the power in the modified circuit is balanced the current in

component g is 3 A.

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Sept 2013

1.1 Electrical Engineering: An Overview

The five major classifications of electrical systems:

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

1.2 The International System of Units:

In addition, defined quantities are combined to form derived units.

Unit Name (Symbol)

Electric potential (voltage)

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

TABLE 1.3 Standardized Prefixes to Signify Powers of 10

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

Example 1.1: using SI units and Prefixes for Powers of 10

The result is the distance in inches traveled in 1 ns.

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

1.4 Voltage and Current:

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

Cross-sectional area of wire

Thus, average velocity

Current is maximum when

1.5 The Ideal Basic Circuit Element:

passive sign convention:

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

Example 1.2: Relating current and charge

a 5 A current begins to flow into the upper terminals.

b) The total charge that accumulates at the upper terminals in 10

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

Assessment problem 1.3:

Calculate the total charge (in microcoulombs)

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

1.6 Power and Energy

= the energy in joules,

= the time in seconds.

Thus 1W is equivalent to 1 J/s.

= the voltage in volts,

= the current in amperes.

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

Assessment problems 1.3:

a) calculate the power supplied to the element at 1 ms.

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

Assessment problem 1.5:

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

volt in car A, So car A is

absorbing power. Car A has the dead battery.

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

terminal of voltage , we can use the

without . if the power is

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

Power is being delivered by the box.

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

Continued soluation (Problem 1.19):

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Continued soluation( Problem 1.21):

Continued soluation ( Problem 1.22):

Continue soluation ( Problem 1.24):

Maximum power is being delivered at t = 8.453 s.

If the power is positive, the circuit element is absorbing, otherwise

The power balances

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

Continued (Solution problem1.27):