Circuits Sol CH 03

Sept 2013
Chapter 3
Simple Resistive
Circuits

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Sept 2013
3.1 Resistors in Series:

Series-connected circuit elements carry the same current.
Thus we can redraw Fig. 3.1 as shown in Fig. 3.2.
Figure 3.1 Resistors connected in series.
Figure 3.2 Series resistors with a single unknown

current .
To find , we apply Kirchhoffs voltage law around the loop:
The seven resistors can be replaced by a single resistor.
Thus we can redraw Fig. 3.2 as shown in Fig. 3.3.
Figure 3.3 A simplified version of the

circuit shown in Fig. 3.2.
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3.2 Resistors in Parallel:

The circuit shown in Fig. 3.5 illustrates resistors connected in parallel.
Don't make the mistake of assuming that two elements are parallel
connected merely because they are lined up in parallel in a circuit diagram.
The defining characteristic of parallel-connected elements is that they
have the same voltage across their terminals. In Fig. 3.6, you can see
that R1 and R3, are not parallel connected because, between their respective
terminals, another resistor dissipates
some of the voltage.
Resistors in parallel can be
reduced to a single equivalent resistor
using Kirchhoff's current law and
Figure 3.5 Resistors in parallel.
Ohm's law. In the circuit shown in Fig.

3.5, we let the currents i1, i2, i3, and i4
be the currents in the resistors R1
through R4, respectively.
Figure 3.6 Nonparallel resistors.
From Kirchhoff's current law,
The voltage across each resistor must be the same. Hence, from Ohm's law,
(3.8)
Therefore,
(3.9)

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Substituting Eq. 3.9 into Eq. 3.7 yields
Note that the resistance of the equivalent resistor is always smaller than the
resistance of the smallest resistor in the parallel connection.
Many times only two resistors are connected in parallel. Figure 3.8
illustrates this special case.
Or

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Example 3.1: Applying Series-Parallel Simplification

Find
in the circuit shown shown in Fig. 3.9.
Fig.3.9
Solution:
The 3 resistor is in series with the 6
resistor. We therefore replace this
series combination as in Fig. (a).
We
now
replace
the
parallel
combination of the 9 and 18

with
single
resistance
of
in Fig. (b).
Figure 3.10 A simplification the circuit shown in Fig. 3.9
We added the voltage v1 to help

clarify the subsequent discussion.
Using Ohm's law we compute the
value of
:
Figure 3.11 The circuit of Fig. 3.10 (b) showing the
numerical value of
is the voltage drop from node x to

node y, so in Fig. (a)

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Another Solution(for example 3.1):

Applying KCL:
)(1
Applying KVL for the left loop:
Applying KVL for the outer loop:

)(3
Solving,

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Assessment 3.1: Be able to recognize resistors connected in series and in parallel

For the circuit shown, find (a) the voltage ,
(b) the power delivered to the circuit by the
current source, and (c) the power dissipated in
the 10 resistor.
Solution:
a)
) +(
b)
c) Applying KVL for the left loop:
Applying KCL for node a:

a
Applying KVL for the outer loop:

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3.3 The Voltage-Divider and Current-Divider Circuits:

Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law around
the closed loop yields:
Or
Figure 3.12 (a) A voltage-divider circuit and (b) the
voltage-divider circuit with current i indicated.
Now we can use Ohm's law to calculate
and
The Current-Divider Circuits:

The current-divider circuit shown in
Fig. 3.15 consists of two resistors
connected in parallel across a current
source.
Figure 3.15 The current-divider circuit.
The current divider is designed to divide the current

find the relationship between the current
between
and
. We
and the current in each resistor by
directly applying Ohm's law and Kirchhoffs current law. The voltage across
the parallel resistors is

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Example 3.2: Analyzing the Voltage-Divider Circuit

The resistors used in the voltage-divider circuit shown in Fig. 3.14 have a tolerance of
. Find the maximum and minimum value of .
Fig.3.44
Solution:
) (R2 )(R1
) (R2 )(R1

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Example 3.3: Analyzing a Current-Divider Circuit

Find the power dissipated in the
resistor shown in Fig. 3.16.
Fig.3.46
Solution:
The circuit shown in Fig. 3.16 reduces
to the one shown in Fig. 3.17. We find
the current i0 by using the formula for
current division:
Figure 3.17 A simplification of the
circuit shown in Fig. 3.16
Note that i0 is the current in the 1.6

resistor in Fig. 3.16. We now can
further divide i0 between the 6 and 4
resistors. The current in the 6
resistor is:
the power dissipated in the 6 resistor

is:

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Assessment problem 3.2:
Know how to design simple voltage-divider and current-divider
circuits
a) Find the no-load value of
in the circuit
shown.
b) Find
when
is 150 k .
c) How much power is dissipated in the 25 k

resistor if the load terminals are accidentally
-
short-circuited?
d) What is the maximum power dissipated in
the 75 k resistor?
Solution:
c) Load terminals are short circuited means only 25 k is dissipating power
d) To get
in the 75 k resistor,
should be maximum,
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Assessment problem 3.3: Know how to design simple voltage-divider and currentdivider circuits
a) Find the value of R that will cause 4 A of

current to flow through the 80 resistor
in the circuit shown.
b) How much power will the resistor R from
part (a) need to dissipate?
c) How much power will the current source
generate for the value of R from part (a)?
Solution:
b) When
in the 80 resistor is 4 A,
in the R resistor is 16 A
c)
Thus the current source generates

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3.4 Voltage Division and Current Division:

We can generalize the results from analyzing the
voltage-divider and current-divider circuit.
The generalizations will yield two additional and
very useful circuit analysis techniques known as
voltage division and current division.
Consider the circuit shown in Fig. 3.18.
The box on the left contains a single voltage to the right of the box are n
resistors connected in series. We are interested in finding the voltage drop
across an arbitrary resistor
in terms of the voltage . We start by using Ohm's
law to calculate i through all of the resistors in series:
We apply Ohm's law a second time to calculate the voltage drop

resistor , using the current calculated:
across the
Now consider the circuit shown in

Fig. 3.19. The box on the left contains a
single current source to the right of the
box are n resistors connected in parallel.
We are interested in finding the current
through an arbitrary resistor
in Figure 3.19 Circuit used to illustrate current division.
terms of the current . We start by using Ohm's law to calculate across each of
the resistors in parallel:
Note that the constant of proportionality in the current division equation is the
inverse of the constant of proportionality in the voltage division equation!

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Example 3.4: Using Voltage Division and Current Division to Solve a Circuit
Use current division to find the current and use voltage division to find the voltage
for the circuit in Fig. 3.20.
Fig.3.20
Solution:
24
We can use Ohm's law to find the voltage drop across the 24 resistor:
This is also the voltage drop across the branch containing the 40 , 10 ,
and 30 resistors in series. We can then use voltage division to
determine the voltage drop
across the 30 resistor:

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Another Solution for (Example 3.4):
24

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Assessment problem 3.4: Be able to use voltage and current division to solve simple
circuits
a) Use voltage division to determine the

voltage
across the 40 resistor in the
circuit shown.
b) Use
from part (a) to determine the
current through the 40 resistor, and
use this current and current division to
calculate the current in the 30 resistor.
c) How much power is absorbed by the 50
resistor?
Solution
a) We can
: get equivalent resistance of 20 , 30 , 50 and 10 as follows:
b)
We can get equivalent resistance of 20 , 50 and 10
c) To get current in 50
g t qu

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3.5 Measuring Voltage and Current:

When working with actual circuits, you will often need to measure voltages and
currents. We will spend some time discussing several measuring devices here and
in the next section, because they are relatively simple to analyze and offer
practical examples of the current- and voltage-divider configurations we have just
studied.
An ammeter is an instrument designed to measure current; it is placed in series
with the circuit element whose current is being measured.
A voltmeter is an instrument designed to measure voltage; it is placed in
parallel with the element whose voltage is being measured.
There are two broad categories of meters used to measure continuous voltages
and currents: digital meters and analog meters.
Digital meters measure the continuous voltage or current
signal at discrete points in time, called the sampling times.
Analog meters are based on the d'Arsonval meter
movement which implements the readout mechanism. For
example, one commercially available meter movement is
rated at 50 mV and 1 mA. This means that when the coil is
carrying 1 mA, the voltage drop across the coil is 50 mV
and the pointer is deflected to its full scale position. A
schematic illustration of a d'Arsonval meter movement is
shown in Fig. 3.23
An analog ammeter consists of a d'Arsonval movement in
parallel with a resistor, as shown in Fig. 3.24. The purpose
of the parallel resistor is to limit the amount of current in the
movement's coil by shunting some of it through . An
analog voltmeter consists of a d'Arsonval movement in
series with a resistor, as shown in Fig. 3.25. Here, the
resistor is used to limit the voltage drop across the meter's
coil. In both meters, the added resistor determines the fullscale reading of the meter movement.

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Example 3.5: Using a d'Arsonval Ammeter

a) A 50 mV, 1 mA d'Arsonval movement is to be used in an ammeter with
a full -scale reading of 10 mA. Determine
b) Repeat (a) for a full-scale reading of 1 A.
c) How much resistance is added to the circuit when the 10 mA ammeter is
inserted to measure current?
d) Repeat (c) for the 1 A ammeter.
Solution:
a) When the current at the terminals of the ammeter is 10 mA, 1 mA is
flowing through the meter coil, which means that 9 mA must be
diverted through , We also know that when the movement carries
1 mA, the drop across its terminals is 50 mV. Ohm's law requires
that
Or
b) when the full-scale deflection of the ammeter is 1 A, must carry
999 mA when the movenment carries 1 mA. In the case,then,
Or
c) Let
represent the equivalent resistance of the ammeter. For the 10

mA ammeter,
Or
d) For the 1 A ammeter

Or

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Example 3.6: Using a d'Arsonval Voltmeter

a) A 50 mV, 1 mA d'Arsonval movement is to be used in an voltmeter in which the
full -scale reading of 150 V. Determine
b) Repeat (a) for a full-scale reading of 5 V.
c) How much resistance does the 150 V meter insert into the circuit?
d) Repeat (c) for the 5 V meter.
Solution:
a) Full-scale deflection requires 50 mV across the meter movement,
and the movement has are resistance of 50 .
Therefore,
and
Solving,
b) For the full-scale reading of 5 V,
c) If we Let
represent the equivalent resistance of the meter.
Or
d) Then,
Or

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Assessment problem 3.5: Be able to determine the reading of ammeters and voltmeters
a) Find the current in the circuit shown.

b) If the ammeter in Example 3.5(a) is
used to measure the current, what will
it read?
Solution:
a)
We can find the current using Ohm's law:
b)
We can use the meter resistance to find the current using Ohm's law:

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Assessment problem 3.6: Be able to determine the reading of ammeters and voltmeters
across the 75 k
resistor in the circuit shown.
d) If the 150 V voltmeter in Example
3.6(a) is used to measure the voltage,
what will be the reading?
c) Find the voltage
Solution:
a)
Use voltage division to find the votage
b)
The meter resistance is a series combination of resistances:

The equivalent resistance of the parallel combination of
the 75 resistor and the voltmeter:
Thus,

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3.6 Measuring Resistance-the Wheatstone Bridge:

The Wheatstone bridge circuit is used to precisely
measure resistances of medium values, that is, in the range
of 1 to 1 M. In commercial models of the Wheatstone
bridge, accuracies on the order of 0.1% are possible. The
bridge circuit consists of four resistors, a dc voltage source,
and a detector. The resistance of one of the four resistors
can be varied, which is indicated in Fig. 3.26 by the arrow
through . The dc voltage source is usually a battery,
which is indicated by the battery symbol for the voltage
source
in Fig. 3.26. The detector is generally a
d'Arsonval movement in the micro amp range and is called
a galvanometer. Figure 3.26 shows the circuit arrangement
of the resistances, battery, and detector where
and
are known resistors and
is the unknown resistor.
To find the value of , we adjust the available resistor untill there is no
current in the galvanometer. We then calculate the unknown resistor from the
simple expression
When is zero, that is, when the bridge is balanced, Kirchhoff's current law
requires that
Now because
is zero, there is no voltage drop across the detector, and
therefore points a and b are at the same potential. Thus when the voltage is
balanced, Kirchhoff's voltage law requires that
Solving,
From which,

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Assessment problem 3.7:

The bridge circuit shown is balanced when
,
The bridge is energized from a 5 V dc source.
a) What is the value of ?
b) Suppose each bridge resistor is capable of
dissipating 250 mW. Can the bridge be left
in the balanced state without exceeding the
power-dissipating capacity of the resistors,
there by damaging the bridge?
and
Solution:
a) Using the condition for a balanced bridge, the products of the opposite
resistors must be equal. Therefore,
So
b) When the bridge is balanced, there is no current flowing through the

meter, so the meter acts like an open circuit. This places the following
branches in parallel: The branch with the voltage source, the branch
with the series combination
and
and the branch with the series
combination of
and . We can find the current in the latter two
branches using Ohms law:
Since none of the power dissipation values exceeds 250 mW, the bridge
can be left in the balanced state without exceeding the power-dissipating
capacity of the resistors.

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Solution:
)For circuit (a
)For circuit (b
)For circuit (c

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Solution:
a) For circuit (a):
For circuit (b):
For circuit (c):
)b

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Solution:
)a
)b

.
)c
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Solution:
Using voltage division:

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Solution:

)a
g cu
)b
)c

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Another Solution for (problem 3.11):

a)
b)
c)
Thus the power developed by the current source is

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Solution:
)a
)b
)c
So
This is aresistor from Appendix H.
)d
So if

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Solution:
a)
b)
c)
d)
This is aresistor from Appendix H. So put three

12 k resistors in parallel to get 4 k
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Solution:
Use voltage divider:
When
connect:
Solving,
) (
. ()
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Solution:
a) Use voltage divider:
)b
)c

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Solution:
a)
Let
Then,
Thus,
and
b) The resistor that must dissipate the most power is , as

(
The power dissipated in
will be maximum when the voltage across
is maximum. This
will occur when the voltage divider has a resistive load. Thus,
Thus the minimum power rating for all

resistors should be 1 W.
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Solution:
a)
Refer to the solution to Problem 3.16. The voltage divider will
reach the maximum power it can safely dissipate when the power
dissipated in
equals 1 W. Thus,

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Solution:
KCL node
R4
i4
R3
6 i4
5 i4
R2
46 i4
R1 40 i4
206 i4
160 i4
5 mA

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Solution:
)a

!
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Continued Solution (problem 3.19):
b)
c)
It removes loading effect of second voltage divider on the first voltage
divider. Observe that the open circuit voltage of the first divider is
Now note this is the input voltage to the second voltage divider
when the current controlled voltage source is used.

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Solution:
)a
)b

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Solution:
a) Let be the voltage across the parallel branches, positive at the
upper terminal, then
It follows that
cu
Thus,
b)
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Solution:
Getting equivalent resistance for 30 and 60 :
Using current divider, we can get current in 30 :
Applying KVL for the left loop :

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Solution:
No current in
and
, so we can neglect them.
Using current divider, we can get currents in
and
Applying KVL for the lower loop:

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Solution:
a) Using voltage divider concept knowing that the volt different in either
loop is 18V:
( (
:
b) Repeating above calculation, but with 18 V replaced by
( (

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Solution:
Getting
for 20 and 5 which are in parallel:
125 v
Getting
+
-
for (6 + 4) with (15 + 12 + 13) which are in parallel:
Applying ohms law for the circuit:
Using current divider:
125 v +-

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Solution:
a) Getting equivalent resistance for 80 and 20 which are in parallel:
Getting equivalent resistance for 30 and (4 + 16 ) which are in

parallel:
Getting equivalent resistance for 60 with (8 + 12 ) which are in

parallel:
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Solution:
()02 , 5
circuit
KVL KCL
:
4.5 A
3A
1A
1A
2A
1A
5A
0.5A
0.5A
4A
5A
Applying KVL for left loop:

( ) .
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Solution:
a) For all full-scale readings the total resistance is
u
We can calculate the resistance of the movement as follows:
Therefore,
a)
b)
c)
d)

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Solution:
)a
)b

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Solution:
)a
The measured value is
The true value is

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Solution:
)a
)b
)c
)d
No, because of the loading effect

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Solution:
a)
b) Let
ctu cu
g cu
t
t
t
t
t
t
Then,
For the 100 V scale:
For the 10 V scale:
For the 1 V scale:

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Solution:
From the problem statement we have
a) From Eq (1)
Substituting into Eq (2) yields
b) From Eq (1)
So

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Solution:
We can change the above to as shown:
R1
R3
R2
18
for all resistances:
Now we can get

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Solution:
a)
The condition for a balanced bridge is that the product of

the opposite resistors must be equal:
So
b)

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c) We can use Ohms law to find the current in each branch:
Thus, the 750 resistor absorbs the most power; it absorbs

276.48 mW of power.
d) The 1000 resistor absorbs the least power; it absorbs 92.16 mW
of power.

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Solution:
As along as the voltage on the detector careless can be considered as ashort circuit
Using current divider @ a, b:
Appling KCL at middle node:

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3.7 Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) Equivalent Circuits:

The resistors
, and
in the
circuit shown in Fig. 3.28 are referred to as a

delta () interconnection because the
interconnection looks like the Greek letter .
It also is referred to as a pi interconnection
Figure 3.29 A
configuration
configuration viewed as a
because the can be shaped into a without disturbing the electrical equivalence
of the two configurations.
The resistors
, and
in the
circuit shown in Fig. 3.30 are referred to

as a wye (Y) interconnection because the
interconnection can be shaped to look like
the letter Y. The Y configuration also is
Figure 3.30 A Y structure viewed as a T structure.
referred to as a tee (T) interconnection because the Y structure can be shaped

into a T structure without disturbing the electrical equivalence of the two
structures.
Figure 3.31 illustrates the -to-Y (or
-to-T) equivalent circuit transformation.
Note that we cannot transform the
interconnection into the Y interconnection
simply by changing the shape of the
Figure 3.31 A -to-Y transformation.
interconnections.

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Saying the -connected circuit is equivalent to the Y-connected circuit

means that the configuration can be replaced with a Y configuration to make
the terminal behavior of the two configurations identical.
The Y-connected resistors in terms of the -connected resistors:
The three -connected resistors as functions of the three Y connected resistors

are:

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Example 3.7: Applying a Delta-to-Wye Transform
Fig.3.32
Find the current and power supplied

by the
source in the circuit
shown in Fig. 3.32.
Solution:
We find equivalent resistance after replacing
either the upper (100, 125, 25 ) or the
lower (40, 25, 37.5 ) with its equivalent
Y.
We choose to replace the upper .
we can calculate the resistance across the terminals of the 40 V source

by Series-parallel simplifications:
The final step is to note that the circuit

reduces to an 80 resistor across a 40 V
source, as shown in Fig. 3.35.
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Assessment problem 3.8: Know when and how to use delta-to-wye equivalent circuits
Use a Y-to- transformation to find

the voltage in the circuit shown.
Solution:
Convert the three Y-connected resistors, 20 , 10 , and 5 to three connected resistors ,
and .
We can get the
for the new shape :
.
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Solution:
02 02
Using current divider :

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Solution:
We can -to- transformation to reach the following shape:
We can get the equivalent of each two parallel resistance:
:
.
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Continued (Solution problem 3.54):
Applying KCL at the right in original circuit:
Applying KVL for the right loop:
We can get the equivalent resistance for the whole circuit:
We can get the power delivered:
Thus the current source delivers 72.96 W.
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Solution:
The top of the pyramid can be replaced by a resistor equal to
The lower left and right deltas can be replaced by wyes.

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Solution:

.
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Continued Solution(problem 3.56):
c) Convert the delta connection
Convert the wye connection

.

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Solution:
Changing upper and lower -to-Y equivalent circuits:
The resulting circuit is shown below:

We can get the equivalent resistance for the whole circuit:

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Solution:
:
( a) Transforming upper (50, 50,100) to Y
( Transforming lower (60, 80, 60) to Y

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)b

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Solution:

.
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Solution:
Converting the left (30, 10, 60) to Y (
+
-
c) Using current divider:
d)
a) Applying KVL for upper right loop:
b)
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Solution:

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.
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Solution:
a) After making the Y-to- transformation, the circuit reduces to
Combining the parallel resistors reduces the circuit to
:
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Now note:
Therefore,
Therefore,
the circuit reduces to
b) When
Therefore,

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Solution:
)a
)b

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The 180 resistor carrying

c)
d) Two resistors dissipate minimum power the 4500 resistor
and the 180 resistor carrying .
e) They both dissipate 0.2 W.

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Circuits Sol CH 03

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Circuits Sol CH 03

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Sept 2013

3.1 Resistors in Series:

Thus we can redraw Fig. 3.1 as shown in Fig. 3.2.

Figure 3.1 Resistors connected in series.

Figure 3.2 Series resistors with a single unknown

To find , we apply Kirchhoffs voltage law around the loop:

The seven resistors can be replaced by a single resistor.

Thus we can redraw Fig. 3.2 as shown in Fig. 3.3.

Figure 3.3 A simplified version of the

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

3.2 Resistors in Parallel:

Figure 3.5 Resistors in parallel.

Ohm's law. In the circuit shown in Fig.

Figure 3.6 Nonparallel resistors.

From Kirchhoff's current law,

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

Substituting Eq. 3.9 into Eq. 3.7 yields

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

Example 3.1: Applying Series-Parallel Simplification

combination of the 9 and 18

Figure 3.10 A simplification the circuit shown in Fig. 3.9

We added the voltage v1 to help

is the voltage drop from node x to

info@eng-hs.com 9 4444 260 .

Another Solution(for example 3.1):

Applying KVL for the outer loop:

Assessment 3.1: Be able to recognize resistors connected in series and in parallel

Applying KCL for node a:

Applying KVL for the outer loop:

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3.3 The Voltage-Divider and Current-Divider Circuits:

Now we can use Ohm's law to calculate

The Current-Divider Circuits:

Figure 3.15 The current-divider circuit.

The current divider is designed to divide the current

and the current in each resistor by

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Example 3.2: Analyzing the Voltage-Divider Circuit

. Find the maximum and minimum value of .

Example 3.3: Analyzing a Current-Divider Circuit

Note that i0 is the current in the 1.6

the power dissipated in the 6 resistor

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Assessment problem 3.2:

Know how to design simple voltage-divider and current-divider

a) Find the no-load value of

c) How much power is dissipated in the 25 k

c) Load terminals are short circuited means only 25 k is dissipating power

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a) Find the value of R that will cause 4 A of

Thus the current source generates

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3.4 Voltage Division and Current Division:

We apply Ohm's law a second time to calculate the voltage drop

Now consider the circuit shown in

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across the 30 resistor:

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Another Solution for (Example 3.4):

a) Use voltage division to determine the

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3.5 Measuring Voltage and Current:

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Example 3.5: Using a d'Arsonval Ammeter