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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy

Lecture 2

Spermatozoon

Early Craniate
Morphogenesis

Ovum

Fertilization
Zygote

Cleavage formation
Morula

Blastulation
Blastula

Gastrulation
Gastrula

Neurulation
Neurula

Organogenesis

John Donnie A. Ramos, Ph.D.

Dept. of Biological Sciences
College of Science
University of Santo Tomas

Animal types based on how embryo is laid:

Oviparous
Oviposition
Viviparous
Parturition
Ovoviviparous

Embryo

Spermatozoon

Ovum

Gestation development of embryo within

the female womb

Embryo conditions as to mode of

nutrition:
Ovoviviparity
Euviviparity
Histotrophic nutrition

Ovum types as to amount of yolk:

Microlecithal (amphioxus, placental mammals)
Mesolecithal (amphibians, lampreys, ganoid fishes)
Macrolecithal (birds, sharks, reptiles, teleosts)

Egg Membranes
Plasma membrane
Primary egg envelop
Vitelline membrane (birds)
Perivitelline space

Zona pellucida (mammals)

Secondary egg envelop

Ovum types as to yolk distribution:

Isolecithal
Telolecithal
Vegetal Pole
Animal Pole

Follicles cells
Corona radiata

Tertiary egg envelop

shell
shell membranes
albumen

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Fertilization
Internal Fertilization
viviparous organisms

External Fertilization
Oviparous fishes, frogs,
toads
Amplexus
Spermatophore
Spermathecae

Early stages of embryo development

Cleavage Patterns
Cleavage
Pattern

Yolk
Representative
Accumulation animals
Microlecithal

Amphioxus
Placental mammals

Mesolecithal

Lampreys
Bowfin
Gars
Amphibians

Macrolecithal

Elasmobranchs
Teleosts
Reptiles
Birds
Monotremes

Holoblastic

Meroblastic
(Discoidal)

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Blastulation

Blastulation among mammals

Holoblastic Cleavage
Blastocoel

Blastomeres

Meroblastic Cleavage
Blastoderm

Gastrulation
Gut formation
Formation of 3 germ layers
Movement and rearrangement of cells
Epiboly cells spread across an outer
surface as a unit
Involution cells turn inward then spread
over the internal surface
Invagination cells indent or fold inward
Delamination sheet of cells split into 2
parallel layers
Ingression individual surface cells may
migrate to the interior of
embryo

Amphioxus
Gastrulation and Neurulation

Involution
(Gastrocoel formation)

Chick Gastrulation and Neurulation

Blastoderm
Epiboly
Ingression
(chordamesoderm)

Delamination

Involution

Frog
Gastrulation
and
Neurulation

Delamination
(Somatic and Splanchnic
Mesoderm)

(Dorsal Mesoderm)
(Intermediate Mesoderm)

(Lateral Plate Mesoderm)

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Chick Gastrulation and Neurulation

Gastrulation in Mammals
Epiboly
Ingression

Delamination/
Ingression

Delamination/
Ingression

Neurulation
Neural Plate

Neural Fold
/ Neural grove
Neural Keel
(Agnathans/Teleost)

Organogenesis
Organizer Area dorsal lip of the
blastopore
Homeotic Genes (Hox Gene Clusters)
Morphogens induction of organ
differentiation
Example

Chordin induces dorsal mesoderm

formation

Neural crest
Neural Tube
Neurocoel
Anterior Neurospore
Posterior Neurospore

openings

Organogenesis (Ectoderm)

Mesenchyme (Blastemas)
Stem Cells totipotent cells capable of
differentiation

Ectodermal Placodes
ectodermal thickenings
Nasal Placodes - lining of nasal pits (nostrils)
neurosensory cells
olfactory nerves
Otic Placodes otocysts (cells of inner ear)
Optic Placodes lens of the eye
Epibranchial Placodes cranial nerves VII, IX, X
taste buds
Linear Placodes neuromast organs
electroreceptive epithelia

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Organogenesis
(Mesoderm)

Extraembryonic
membranes

Extraembryonic Membranes in Birds

Functions:
Store waste products
Transport nutrients
Exchange respiratory gasses
Protection (shock absorber)

Yolk Sac

Organogenesis
(Endoderm)

Empties into the endoderm

Highly vascularized (vitelline arteries and veins)
Absorbs oxygen from the parent

Amnion

Filled with amniotic fluid

Protection from mechanical injury
Umbilical cord connection between mother and amniotic fluid

Chorion

Surrounds amnion
Entrance of oxygen and nutrients

Allantois

Respiration
Base becomes urinary bladder

Human Extraembryonic
Membranes

Chorioallantoic
membrane

Placenta

Chorionic Sacs in Mammals

(Deciduous Placenta)

Endometrium
(uterine lining)

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