HSS2011 Human Anatomy

Overview of Human Anatomy

& Body Movements
Dr Josephine Lau

Department of Health Technology & Informatics

Faculty of Health & Social Sciences
Y956, 34008908
josephine.lau@polyu.edu.hk

The anatomical position

Frontal/Coronal plane
Anterior vs posterior

Mid-sagittal / median plane

Left vs right

Transverse / horizontal plane

Superior vs inferior

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Body cavities

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Directional
references

Right

Left

Anterior view
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Directional
references

Superior

Inferior
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Tissues of the body

e.g. skin
e.g. inner lining of blood vessel
endothelium

e.g. sweat gland

e.g. fat (visceral fat)

e.g. bone, cartilage
e.g. fat (subcutaneous fat)

e.g. skeletal, smooth & cardiac

muscles

e.g. neuron & neuroglia

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Cardiovascular & Lymphatic

Respiratory

Thorax

Module 1

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Digestive

Genitourinary

Abdomen & Pelvis

Module 2

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Nervous System, Special Senses & Neuroanatomy

Module 3

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Musculoskeletal, Head & Neck , Upper & Lower Limbs

Module 4

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Skeleton
Axial skeleton

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Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton
Upper limbs
Lower limbs

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Cervical vertebrae

Vertebral column

(C1-C7)

Thoracic vertebrae
(T1-T12)

Lumbar vertebrae
(L1-L5)

Sacrum

(S1-S5 fused)
Coccyx (Co1 Co4 fused)

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Curvatures
Cervical curvature
(secondary curve)

Primary curvature
- concave anteriorly
- developed during embryonic stage

Thoracic curvature
(primary curve)

Lumbar curvature
(secondary curve)

Secondary curvature
- concave posteriorly
- developed after birth

Pelvic curvature
(primary curve)

Adult

Infant

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Abnormal spinal curvatures

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Joints
Bony joint
Fibrous joint
e.g. Cranial suture

Cartilaginous joint
e.g. intervertebral disc

Synovial joint
Ball-and-socket joint
Condylar joint
Saddle joint
Plane joint
Hinge joint
Pivot

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Temporomandibular joints (TMJ)

Mandibular
condyles

Mandible

Temporal
bone

Mandibular fossa
Bilaterally, the mandible articulates with the temporal
bones to form the temporomandibular joints (TMJ).
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Movements of the mandible

Depression

Elevation

Lateral excursion

Retraction

Medial excursion

Protraction

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General structures of a vertebra

Spinous process

Articular
processes

Transverse process

Lamina
Pedicle

Vertebral arch

Vertebral foramen
(a hole; forms the vertebral
canal for the passage of the
spinal cord)

Posterior

Vertebral body

Anterior
Superior
view

(serves as the primary

weight-bearing
components of the spine)
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Typical cervical vertebrae

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Typical thoracic vertebrae

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Typical lumbar vertebrae

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Typical cervical, thoracic & lumbar vertebrae

Superior View

Cervical

Table 7-1, p 257

Thoracic

Lumbar

Lateral View
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Posterior longitudinal ligament

Intervertebral disc
=shock absorber
Nucleus pulposus
(consists of gelatinous material ~ 80-90% water)

Annulus fibrosus
Vertebra

Anterior longitudinal ligament

(consists of concentric bands

made up of fibrocartilage)

age nucleus pulposus (dehydrate)

shock absorbance + height
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Prolapse of intervertebral disc (PID)

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Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

C1

Atlanto-axial
joint

C2
C3

Apophyseal
joints

First
intervertebral
Disc
(between C2 & C3)

C7

Anterior view

Bifid spinous
process
Posterior view

The vertebral arteries pass through the transverse foramina

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C1 & C2 altano-axial joint

Occipital condyles

Occipital bone
Flexion

Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)

Lateral rotation

The atlanto-occipital joint allows flexion and extension. (YES!!!)

The median atlanto-axial joint allows rotation of the head. (NO!!!)

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Movement of the neck

Lateral flexion
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Summary of neck movement

Extension (as in the anatomical position)
Hyperextension (tilting the head up & back)
Anterior Flexion (tilting the head down)

Lateral rotation (turning the head sideways)

Lateral flexion (tilting the neck sideways)
Whiplash injuries

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Lumbar vertebrae

Apophyseal joint

Intervertebral
foramen

L3

Intervertebral
disc

L5

Extension (hyperextension), flexion, lateral flexion, lateral rotation

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Movement of the trunk

Rotation

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A typical rib

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Articulations between ribs and thoracic

vertebrae
Superior view

T5

Superior view

T6

6th rib

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Movements of the scapula

4. protraction

1. Elevation
2. Depression
3. Retraction
4. Protraction

3. retraction

5. Lateral rotation
6. Medial rotation

1. elevation

5. Lateral rotation

6. Medial rotation
2. depression
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Elevation & depression of shoulder

Elevation

Depression

Retraction and protraction of shoulder

Retraction

Protraction

Right shoulder joint (anterior view)

Glenoid fossa

Head of
humerus

Head of humerus articulates with glenoid fossa of scapula

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Movement of the arm

Flexion

Extension
Hyperextension
Abduction

Adduction

take place at shoulder joint

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Rotation of the arm

Axis of rotation

Medial rotation of humerus at the shoulder joint

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Circumduction is a combination of ...

1.Flexion
2.Abduction
3.Lateral rotation
4.Medial rotation
5.Adduction
6.Extension

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Flexion & extension of the forearm

take place at elbow joint

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Supination & pronation of the forearm

Supination

Pronation

take place at radioulnar joint

Takes place at the superior and

inferior radioulnar joints
Note the radius rotates against
the ulna
Pronation and supination of the
forearm always bring along the
hand
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Right wrist (radiocarpal) joint

Carpal surface
at the distal end of radius
Articular bones:
Radius
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum

Palmar side
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Movement of the wrist

Abduction
= Radial Flexion

Adduction
= Ulnar Flexion

take place at the wrist (radiocarpal) joint

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Joints of the thumb & fingers

Carpo-metacarpal
joint of the thumb

Carpal bones (8 pieces)

I
II

III IV

Metacarpal bones

MetacarpoPhalangeal (MCP) joint

Proximal
phalanx
Middle
phalanx
Distal
phalanx

Proximal
Interphalangeal (PIP) joint
Distal
Interphalangeal (DIP) joint
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Flexion & extension of fingers

take place at the MCP

take place at the PIP
take place at the DIP
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Abduction and adduction of fingers

Digits:
Thumb
Index finger
Middle finger
Ring finger
Little finger

towards middle finger

away from middle finger

The middle finger is chosen as the fixed reference plane.

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Extension & flexion of thumb

The palm of hand is the fixed
plane of reference.

take place at the carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb

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Abduction & adduction of thumb

Adduction : thumb pressing against palm of hand

Abduction: thumb moving away from palm of hand

take place at the carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb

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Opposition of thumb
Tip-to-tip attachment of the thumb
with any one of the fingers

Opposite: Reposition
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Circumduction of thumb
A combination of the 5
characteristic movements of the
thumb at the carpo-metacarpal

joint

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Movement at
the hip joint

Flexion and Hyperextension

Abduction and Adduction

Abduction

Lateral and Medial rotation

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Adduction HSS2011L1
p51

Movement at the hip joint

Lateral
rotation
Medial
rotation

very slight rotation at the knee

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Right knee joint

Patella
(posterior surface)

Patellar surface
Lateral femoral condyle

Femur

Medial femoral condyle

Lateral tibial condyle
Superior
tibio-fibular joint

Medial tibial condyle

Tibia
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Flexion & extension of the knee

Flexion
Flexion

Extension
Extension

HEAD
& NECK

take place at the knee joint

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Bones of the right foot

Talus

1st metatarsal
Distal
Middle
Proximal

2 3
4

Phalanges

Calcaneus
Metatarsals

Medial view

Calcaneal
tuberosity

Talus
Tarsals
Talus

(7 pieces)

Calcaneus

Superior view

Calcaneus

5th metatarsal

Lateral view
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

L1 p55

Dorsiflexion & planar flexion of the ankle

Tibia
Zero
position
Talus

take place at the ankle (talocrural) joint

L1 p56

Inversion & eversion of the ankle

take place at the intertarsal joint

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Reference list
Martini, Nath & Bartholomew (2015) Fundamentals of
anatomy & physiology, 10th edition. Boston: Pearson

Chapters 1 & 10
Saladin (2011) Human anatomy, 3rd edition. New York, N.Y:
McGraw-Hill
Chapters 7, 8 & 9

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