TNG CC MI TRNG

TRUNG TM QUAN TRC MI TRNG

NG DNG CH TH SINH HC TRONG

QUAN TRC MI TRNG NC

B L Hong Anh
PG. Trung tm Quan trc Mi trng

Hi Phng, 6/2014

TNG QUAN
Quan trc mi trng gm 3 thnh phn c bn: l, ha hc v
sinh hc;
Ch th sinh hc l s dng mt cch c h thng cc p ng
sinh hc ca cc sinh vt ch th nh gi s bin i cht
lng mi trng;
Quan trc da vo sinh vt ch th (Biomonitors) l cng c
qun l mi trng nc hiu qu, h tr ng k cho cc chng
trnh quan trc l ha hc v khng i hi thit b t tin, chi
ph khng cao khi thu mu v phn tch, khng yu cu trnh
chuyn mn cao thc hin khu thu mu v nh loi loi;
ng dng ch th sinh hc trong quan trc mi trng nc ang
tr nn rt ph bin vi nhiu loi cng ngh a dng (ty mc
ch v yu cu quan trc).

Hi tho Quan trc mi trng Ln th 5, Hi Phng 19 - 20/6/2014

VAI TR CA SINH VT CH TH
TRONG QUAN TRC MI TRNG NC
u th dng cc nhm sinh vt lm ch th cht lng nc:
Rt a dng v thnh phn v s lng loi trong t
nhin, thun tin ng dng trong cc chng trnh quan
trc;
C phn b n nh theo lu vc; c kh nng phn nh
vn nhim ti cc im khi vic x thi kt
thc/khng quan st thy;
Nhiu loi nhy cm vi nhim, cho php pht hin
c nhiu vn nhim, c bit l nhim mt s
hp cht dng vt kh pht hin qua phn tch mu l
ha hc hoc vic phn tch qu tn km;
Nhiu nhm sinh vt c vng i di, phn nh c
din bin cht lng mi trng thi gian di v khng
i hi tn sut quan trc lin tc;
Mt s loi c bit ph hp cho cc phn tch trong
phng thHi
nghim.
tho Quan trc mi trng Ln th 5, Hi Phng 19 - 20/6/2014

CC NG DNG
TRONG QUAN TRC MI TRNG NC
Mt s hng ng dng ph bin hin nay:
1- Phn tch c hc mi trng;
2- nh gi nhanh cht lng nc (phc v mc ch
khai thc nc ung, nc sinh hot, qun l mi trng);
3- nh gi, quan trc din bin cht lng nc cc lu
vc sng, sui, h theo ma v theo nm;
4- Bo tn, phn tch a dng thnh phn loi ca khu vc;
5- Nghin cu khoa hc (V d: nh gi nh hng ca
bin i kh hu, xm nhp mn...).

Hi tho Quan trc mi trng Ln th 5, Hi Phng 19 - 20/6/2014

CC NG DNG PH BIN VIT NAM

i vi cc chng trnh quan trc dng sinh vt ch th
trong nc:
o Ch yu da vo cc ch th sinh hc nh gi cht lng mi
trng nc;
o Nguyn l: Kt qu thu mu thc a v phn tch mt/mt s sinh
vt ch th c quy i ra cc ch s, ch th o lng, hay m
hnh m t v mt h sinh thi /trng thi ca sinh vt, qua
nh gi hin trng v din bin mi trng c tr ca cc sinh
vt ch th.

Hi tho Quan trc mi trng Ln th 5, Hi Phng 19 - 20/6/2014

MT S LOI CH TH SINH HC
TRONG QUAN TRC MI TRNG NC
Theo loi ch th: Ph bin hin nay:
o Thc vt ni: mt s loi thuc ngnh to lc, to lam, to vng,
to silic, to gip;
o ng vt ni: mt s loi gip xc sng tri ni tng nc mt;
o ng vt khng xng sng y c ln: ph bin nh cc loi
ngnh thn mm, giun t, cc u trng cn trng
o Mt s loi c nc ngt, nc l, nc mt...
Theo tnh ch th:
o Sinh vt nhy cm (Biosensor):
C s nhy cm cao vi nhng
bin i ca mi trng.
o Sinh
vt
tch
t
(Bioaccumulator): c kh nng
tch ly cc kim loi nng trong
c th nng cao hn mi
trng xung quanh. V d: c,
trai, hn, rong
Hi tho Quan trc mi trng Ln th 5, Hi Phng 19 - 20/6/2014

MT S LOI CH TH SINH HC
TRONG QUAN TRC MI TRNG NC
Theo cp ch th: 4 cp chnh:
o Ch th di loi: phn tch t bo, m hoc b phn ca sinh vt
ch th;
o Ch th loi:
Thng qua nh tnh v nh lng cc sinh vt ch th;
Ph bin nh cc nhm c, giun, trai c, cc loi cn trng
o Ch th qun x : da trn php o ca mt nhm sinh vt c th
trong qun x. V d:
Ch s a dng (Margalef, Shannon-Wiener);
Ch s nhim (BMWP, ASPT, ASTPT);
Ch s sinh hc tng hp (ch s tng hp c IBI, ch s tng
hp da vo ng vt KSXCL MMIF);
Ch s v tnh ton vn,...
o Ch th h sinh thi: o c nng sut s cp hoc qu trnh h
hp ca cc qun x.
Hi tho Quan trc mi trng Ln th 5, Hi Phng 19 - 20/6/2014

CHNG TRNH QUAN TRC MI TRNG NC

DNG SINH VT CH TH
Cc nhm sinh vt thng dng:
Thc vt ni: cc loi to gip, to mt, to silic, to lam, to
lc;
ng vt ni: v d gip xc chn cho, trng bnh xe
ng vt khng xng sng c ln.
T.Gip
1%

T.Mt
15%

Cc ch th sinh hc nh gi cht lng mi trng:

Ch s n l:
Ch s a dng: Margalef, Shannon-Wiener, Simpson;
Ch s nhim: BMWP-Viet, ASPT;

Hi tho Quan trc mi trng Ln th 5, Hi Phng 19 - 20/6/2014

T.Silic
27%

T.Lam
13%

T.Lc
44%
Ton lu vc

CHNG TRNH QUAN TRC MI TRNG NC

DNG SINH VT CH TH
o a ch s: L vic kt hp nhiu ch s, cho php tch hp nhiu
ngun thng tin (v a dng loi, tnh nhy cm, ch th nhim)
vo 1 ch s duy nht;
=> L hng ang c quan tm thi gian gn y trong v ngoi
nc.
1
0,9
0,8

MMI

0,7

Lp 1

0,6

Lp 2

0,5

Lp 3

0,4

Lp 4

0,3

Lp 5

0,2
0,1

Sng Cu

Sng Cng

SNT

SPH

SCC

SDU

SCO-5

SCO-4

SCO-3

SCO-2

SCO-1

SCA-6

SCA-5

SCA-4

SCA-3

SCA-2

SCA-1

Cc sng khc

V d ch s tng hp BBI (B) v

MMI (Vit Nam)

MT S NG DNG KHC
Ngoi phng php s dng cc ch th sinh hc nh gi cht
lng mi trng nc, mt s phng php da vo cng ngh,
thit b hin i ang c ph bin Vit Nam. in hnh nh:
o
o
o

Phn tch nhim da vo sinh vt tch t;

Phn tch c hc mi trng;
nh gi nhanh cht lng nc.

Hi tho Quan trc mi trng Ln th 5, Hi Phng 19 - 20/6/2014

PHN TCH NHIM DA VO SINH VT TCH T

L phng php phn tch ho sinh hu c m c th ca mt s
loi sinh vt c kh nng tch t, qua pht hin cc cht nhim
d dng hn so vi phng php phn tch l - ha hc;
C th nh gi nhim cc kim loi nng (Cu, Zn, Pb, Asen)
trong mi trng (t, nc, trm tch);
Cc loi ch th ph bin:
ng vt hai mnh (trai, hn, trng trc, c): u im chnh
c nh loi r, d nhn dng, d tch t cht nhim, vng
i di;
Cc loi khc: C (t ph bin hn do thng c ngng cht
vi gii hn nng nhim nht nh v c phn b khng tnh
ti), giun t, rong,

Hi tho Quan trc mi trng Ln th 5, Hi Phng 19 - 20/6/2014

PHN TCH C HC MI TRNG

ng dng cho ch th loi v
di loi;
Da vo phn ng gy cht
(sub-lethal) hoc quan st s
thay i bt thng v di
chuyn, sinh sn, lm t, hnh
thica cc loi i vi mi
trng c c cht;

Nng (log)

Mt s sinh vt ch th ph bin: rn nc (daphnia), to, con

traithng ph bin da vo nhm c (v d c nga vn);
C th ng dng cho quan trc hin trng v/hoc phn tch,
theo di trong phng th nghim;

Hi tho Quan trc mi trng Ln th 5, Hi Phng 19 - 20/6/2014

PHN TCH C HC MI TRNG

Thit b quan trc c cht dng rn nc:
Nguyn l: h thng
gm 1 hoc 2 bung
mu o; gim st 24/24
gi v pht hin, a tn
hiu cnh bo t ng;
Phn tch, pht hin
nhim qua gim st
hnh vi bi ca nhm
rn nc (thng s quy
lut di chuyn, tc
trung bnh, s phn b
v v tr bi trong tng
nc,)
B nui gn lin my
Hi tho Quan trc mi trng Ln th 5, Hi Phng 19 - 20/6/2014
chnh.

PHN TCH C HC MI TRNG

Thit b quan trc c cht dng to:

Nguyn l: o s c ch quang
hp ca to trong mi trng c
c t;
Phng php o bng hunh
quang trc tip xc nh nng
chlorophyll trong mi trng
v xc nh cc nhm to;
B nui to gn lin my chnh.

Phn mm quan trc To

Hi tho Quan trc mi trng Ln th 5, Hi Phng 19 - 20/6/2014
Ngun: Cng ty REECO

NH GI NHANH CHT LNG NC

ng dng nh gi cht lng: Nc cp sinh hot, nc
mt, nc sng, ao, h cha
Phng php dng c cho phng th nghim, trm quan trc v i
hin trng;
nhy phng php t trung bnh n cao (ppm-ppb) i vi cc
dng hp cht: c t h hp, c t thn kinh, thuc dit loi gy hi;
V d: H thng video gim st, phn tch hnh vi bi ca c pht
hin nhanh chng nc cha c cht; cnh bo nhanh v dng c
cho nhiu loi c;

Hi tho Quan trc mi trng Ln th 5, Hi Phng 19 - 20/6/2014

NH GI NHANH CHT LNG NC

Dng thit b o nhanh hin trng (v d o to):

o hm lng chlorophyll (in situ);
su quan trc ti a: 0 - 100 m; 0 - 300 m; 0 - 1000 m;
Bng m t d liu thi gian thc theo su quan trc.

Hi tho Quan trc mi trng Ln th 5, Hi Phng 19 - 20/6/2014

DNG CC M HNH SINH THI

Phng php dng cc m hnh, thut ton d bo: Da vo cc
nguyn l, quy lut tng tc gia cc yu t l - ha hc v sinh hc.

1
low

high

Genetic algorithms

cond

width

Fuzzy logic

DO

Baetis

Bayesian
Belief Networks

ANN
DO %sat

Decision trees

48.6%

> 48.6%

depth
0.4m
0

> 0.4m
1

17

NH HNG DNG SINH VT CH TH

I VI HOT NG QUAN TRC

Quan trc da vo sinh vt ch th l cng c hiu qu, h tr

c lc cho chng trnh quan trc l - ha hc;

Cn ph bin, m rng hng s dng sinh vt ch th trong cc

chng trnh quan trc mi trng nh k;

Cn u t pht trin ngun lc v c s vt cht ng dng

cc cng ngh ph bin trong quan trc dng sinh vt ch th;

Cn m rng hng cc hng khai thc, s dng sinh vt ch

th trong lnh vc mi trng (v d: nh gi bin i kh hu,
ngng chu ti cc sng sui).
Hi tho Quan trc mi trng Ln th 5, Hi Phng 19 - 20/6/2014

XIN CHN THNH CM N!

Hi tho Quan trc mi trng Ln th 5, Hi Phng 19 - 20/6/2014