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Chemical Mo Iy

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The beginning of a
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Brkert

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Type 8905 FLOWave

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E-mail: info.rc@burke.com

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CONTENTS
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Welcome to contact with us by the above address

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hemical

Process Simulation

:
;

J [1]

54

hemical

Process Simulation

:
;

J [1]

54

http://www.nist. gov/srd/thermo.

cfm NIST

()

[2]

We bB ook(http://we b book. ni s t. gov /

chemistry/)

DECHEMA(Society

[3]

Engineering and Biotechnology)

TRC( Thermodynamics

Research Center)Thermodynamic Tables

Aspen

Aspen

Joule- Thompson

(DETHERM

for Chemical

Tech.

' http ://

Gibbs

dechema.de/en/detherm.html)

41500 135000

TRC

(National

Institute of

Standards and Technology, NIST)

56

Chemistry

;//

;/

// j

57

http://www.nist. gov/srd/thermo.

cfm NIST

()

[2]

We bB ook(http://we b book. ni s t. gov /

chemistry/)

DECHEMA(Society

[3]

Engineering and Biotechnology)

TRC( Thermodynamics

Research Center)Thermodynamic Tables

Aspen

Aspen

Joule- Thompson

(DETHERM

for Chemical

Tech.

' http ://

Gibbs

dechema.de/en/detherm.html)

41500 135000

TRC

(National

Institute of

Standards and Technology, NIST)

56

Chemistry

;//

;/

// j

57

(vapor-liquid equilibrium , VLE)

(thermodynamic consistency tests)

(optimization)

VLE (point test) (area test) (infinite dilution

(data correlation) (objective

test)17] ; VLEHerington [8] ;

function)

van Ness

(uncertainty)

(maximum likelihood principle)

[1 .-. (T-P)

am k:

p T xl yl
(standard deviations)

(predictive models)

(group contribution)

'

k J(:

58

VL

IBI--rll1J

(binary interaction parameter)

V J

) KI

KTr=0.7 (Tr E 0.7

puz-

(T)={ 1+[Ko+K (I+ (0.7 )J} . ...... .. ...................................... . . . ...... . ... . .....................(1)

-J

Vera[IO] PRPRSVKKI:

and

?
H
"

models) Stryjek

rllld 111

(correlati ve

():

Joback[1

Wilson (11) (J )lR (\i -JR'NRTL[l2]UNIQUACl I3)

()/R (AUJYR O

NRTL 0.2 ;

UNIFAC(universal quasi-chemical functional group activity coefficient)

0.3 ;0 .4

UNIQUAC (16)

59

(vapor-liquid equilibrium , VLE)

(thermodynamic consistency tests)

(optimization)

VLE (point test) (area test) (infinite dilution

(data correlation) (objective

test)17] ; VLEHerington [8] ;

function)

van Ness

(uncertainty)

(maximum likelihood principle)

[1 .-. (T-P)

am k:

p T xl yl
(standard deviations)

(predictive models)

(group contribution)

'

k J(:

58

VL

IBI--rll1J

(binary interaction parameter)

V J

) KI

KTr=0.7 (Tr E 0.7

puz-

(T)={ 1+[Ko+K (I+ (0.7 )J} . ...... .. ...................................... . . . ...... . ... . .....................(1)

-J

Vera[IO] PRPRSVKKI:

and

?
H
"

models) Stryjek

rllld 111

(correlati ve

():

Joback[1

Wilson (11) (J )lR (\i -JR'NRTL[l2]UNIQUACl I3)

()/R (AUJYR O

NRTL 0.2 ;

UNIFAC(universal quasi-chemical functional group activity coefficient)

0.3 ;0 .4

UNIQUAC (16)

59

K-

UNIFAC-VLE;

4 (4

% vs.

16 %)l 241

UNIFAC-LLE

[25J

Part of collection

No. of data
point

Margu[es

Van Laar

Wilson

NRTL

UNIQUAC

0.143"

0.071

0.240

0.403

0.143

aqueous organlcs

504

2A

a[cohols

574

0.166

0.085

0.395

0.223

0.131

2B a[coho[s & pheno[s

480

0.213

0.119

0.342

0.225

0.102

3/4

a[coho[s , ketones ,
& ethers

490

0.280

0.167

0.243

0.155

0.155

6A

C.-C6
hydrocarbons

587

0.172

0.133

0.365

0.232

0.099

6B

C7-C ,e
hydrocarbons

435

0.225

0.170

0.260

0.209

0.316

aromatics

493

0.260

0.187

0.225

0.160

0.172

2563

0.206

0.131

0.300

0.230

0.133

UNIFACDortmund[ 17 1 UNIFAC-Lyngby [l 8 1

UNIFAC

-COSMO(Conductor-like

Screening Model)

NRTL;

(C -C )

(-profile)

Wilson;

(C 7 -C 1S ) UNIQUAC

: COSMO-Segment

Activity Coefficient(COSMO-SAC)[19 1

Margules

COSMO-for Real Solvents(COSMO-RS)

Wilson

2 DECHEMA

Total grand average

a ()

oa
N.

N
O.

.F

ho

NO.

O-F

ON.O

(DECHEMA)
OU-

-(
0
)

02oo

oo

(0
)
o

O
<
HL-ZD

(
K)
AH
K-zU
3OE

()

Hh-z
E
2

2-z3

-h
t

(
0
)

02OO

oo

(0
)

02oo

(Lyngby) > UNIFAC- VLE-ASOG >

(
K)
AH
L-22.u02

0
ZD

UNIFAC (Dortmund) > UNIFAC

{00
)Hh-2
2
02

30-z2

Patel Teja

)W

Loo
0
(
02

oo

(0
)

02oo

02

<
L-ZD

.
(
h)
H
K-z
2

UNIQUAC

(0)
Z2

: SRK[ 211 , PR[2Patel-Teja[23 1 )

P [kPaJ

T[

yabs [%J

D-z2

60

.?

COSMOtherm

Aspen

VLE 1358
25254 [26J

61

K-

UNIFAC-VLE;

4 (4

% vs.

16 %)l 241

UNIFAC-LLE

[25J

Part of collection

No. of data
point

Margu[es

Van Laar

Wilson

NRTL

UNIQUAC

0.143"

0.071

0.240

0.403

0.143

aqueous organlcs

504

2A

a[cohols

574

0.166

0.085

0.395

0.223

0.131

2B a[coho[s & pheno[s

480

0.213

0.119

0.342

0.225

0.102

3/4

a[coho[s , ketones ,
& ethers

490

0.280

0.167

0.243

0.155

0.155

6A

C.-C6
hydrocarbons

587

0.172

0.133

0.365

0.232

0.099

6B

C7-C ,e
hydrocarbons

435

0.225

0.170

0.260

0.209

0.316

aromatics

493

0.260

0.187

0.225

0.160

0.172

2563

0.206

0.131

0.300

0.230

0.133

UNIFACDortmund[ 17 1 UNIFAC-Lyngby [l 8 1

UNIFAC

-COSMO(Conductor-like

Screening Model)

NRTL;

(C -C )

(-profile)

Wilson;

(C 7 -C 1S ) UNIQUAC

: COSMO-Segment

Activity Coefficient(COSMO-SAC)[19 1

Margules

COSMO-for Real Solvents(COSMO-RS)

Wilson

2 DECHEMA

Total grand average

a ()

oa
N.

N
O.

.F

ho

NO.

O-F

ON.O

(DECHEMA)
OU-

-(
0
)

02oo

oo

(0
)
o

O
<
HL-ZD

(
K)
AH
K-zU
3OE

()

Hh-z
E
2

2-z3

-h
t

(
0
)

02OO

oo

(0
)

02oo

(Lyngby) > UNIFAC- VLE-ASOG >

(
K)
AH
L-22.u02

0
ZD

UNIFAC (Dortmund) > UNIFAC

{00
)Hh-2
2
02

30-z2

Patel Teja

)W

Loo
0
(
02

oo

(0
)

02oo

02

<
L-ZD

.
(
h)
H
K-z
2

UNIQUAC

(0)
Z2

: SRK[ 211 , PR[2Patel-Teja[23 1 )

P [kPaJ

T[

yabs [%J

D-z2

60

.?

COSMOtherm

Aspen

VLE 1358
25254 [26J

61

COSMO-RS > Ideal 0

NRTL (NRTL prediction)

COSMO

; UNIFAC

UNIQUAC(UNIQUAC correlation)

VLE

3IFAC

1.0

expt.

UNIFAC-LLE
UNIFAC-Lyngby
0.8 - UNIFAC-Dortmund

0.2

nu b
<

qt

water
0.6

nvr nunvgunHo

0 .4

++) LLE

(LLE)
2(++) LLEpe

UNIFAC-Lyngby UNIFAC-LLE

I()

UNIFAC- Dortmund

4 LLEpe II()

NRTL

UNIQUAC (UNIQUAC prediction)

0.2

1.0 1'

0.0
0.2
0.4
isopropyl acetate

0.6

"

0.8

1.0

UNIFAC (water + 2-propanol + isopropyl acetate at

323.15 K)!271

2-propanol
0.0 1.0
0.1

o experimental
experimental tie lines
UNIQUAC correlation
NRTL prediction
- UNIQUAC prediction

water

0.9

0.2

0.8

0.3

0.2

0.7

0.4

0.6

0.5

0.7

O'

\ 0.3

........

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0.0

1.0
0.0
butyl propionate

isopropyl acetate

LLE- type I(water + 2-propanol + isopropyl acetate at

283.15

62

0.3

0.2

0.2

vapor phase

0.4

0 .4

0 \

0.2

0.4

water

organic phase
aqueous phaes

0.5

0.6

1.0 J ! } - - - r 0.0 0.1

..

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.0
1.0
n-butanol

LLEpe 11; (water + n-butanol + butyl propionate at

343.15 K)!281

K)!2

63

COSMO-RS > Ideal 0

NRTL (NRTL prediction)

COSMO

; UNIFAC

UNIQUAC(UNIQUAC correlation)

VLE

3IFAC

1.0

expt.

UNIFAC-LLE
UNIFAC-Lyngby
0.8 - UNIFAC-Dortmund

0.2

nu b
<

qt

water
0.6

nvr nunvgunHo

0 .4

++) LLE

(LLE)
2(++) LLEpe

UNIFAC-Lyngby UNIFAC-LLE

I()

UNIFAC- Dortmund

4 LLEpe II()

NRTL

UNIQUAC (UNIQUAC prediction)

0.2

1.0 1'

0.0
0.2
0.4
isopropyl acetate

0.6

"

0.8

1.0

UNIFAC (water + 2-propanol + isopropyl acetate at

323.15 K)!271

2-propanol
0.0 1.0
0.1

o experimental
experimental tie lines
UNIQUAC correlation
NRTL prediction
- UNIQUAC prediction

water

0.9

0.2

0.8

0.3

0.2

0.7

0.4

0.6

0.5

0.7

O'

\ 0.3

........

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0.0

1.0
0.0
butyl propionate

isopropyl acetate

LLE- type I(water + 2-propanol + isopropyl acetate at

283.15

62

0.3

0.2

0.2

vapor phase

0.4

0 .4

0 \

0.2

0.4

water

organic phase
aqueous phaes

0.5

0.6

1.0 J ! } - - - r 0.0 0.1

..

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.0
1.0
n-butanol

LLEpe 11; (water + n-butanol + butyl propionate at

343.15 K)!281

K)!2

63

(VLLE)

(k

LLEpe 1

(MR-1)

type 11

aI2 kbl2 ) (MR-2)

(:)

(cubic equations of

state) SRK PR , PT

(:

LLEpe 1

) y-

'PR

(fugacity)

5 CO 2

(two-term virial equation)

(:

HF )

Tsonopoulos[30]Lee and Chen[31]

(:

Hayden-O' Connell (HOC) [32]

15-20 bar)

10-15 bar

(virial coefficients)

0 (:

RK' SRK PR) ;

Wilson ' NRTL 'QUAC;

SAC ' COSMO-RS

1-octanol

PR

20

16

12

64

Y()

0 .4

0.2

XC0 2 '

PR CO (1)

0.6
Yco 2

0.8

1-octanol(2)[29[

UNIFAC ' COSMO-

65

(VLLE)

(k

LLEpe 1

(MR-1)

type 11

aI2 kbl2 ) (MR-2)

(:)

(cubic equations of

state) SRK PR , PT

(:

LLEpe 1

) y-

'PR

(fugacity)

5 CO 2

(two-term virial equation)

(:

HF )

Tsonopoulos[30]Lee and Chen[31]

(:

Hayden-O' Connell (HOC) [32]

15-20 bar)

10-15 bar

(virial coefficients)

0 (:

RK' SRK PR) ;

Wilson ' NRTL 'QUAC;

SAC ' COSMO-RS

1-octanol

PR

20

16

12

64

Y()

0 .4

0.2

XC0 2 '

PR CO (1)

0.6
Yco 2

0.8

1-octanol(2)[29[

UNIFAC ' COSMO-

65

UNIQUAC NRTL

LLE

VLE

2.

UNIFAC

CPU(

1.

4. LLE

3.

: UNIFAC-Dortmund

COSMO

UNIFAC-Lyngby

van der Waals one-fluid

5. COSMO

()

k (MR 1)

(asymeteric)

()

a b
m

(kaij~ij) (MR

2)

VLE LLE

(cubic equations of state)

6 7 '

:SRK PR

: Wong-Sandler

m~

(acentric ctor)

y-y()

Antoine

(fluid-specific parameters)

: PRSV

y-y

0.0 1. 0 )

1.

BWR Perturbed Hard Chain

Theory(PHCT) SAFT

66

3. LLEpe 1 LLE

Wilson
2 . LLEpe 11

1.

r J

'

377 38-43

(2004)

2.

Dohe"

M. F.; Malone, M. ..Conceptual

Design ofDistillation Systems" , McGraw-

Hi11, New York (2001).

67

UNIQUAC NRTL

LLE

VLE

2.

UNIFAC

CPU(

1.

4. LLE

3.

: UNIFAC-Dortmund

COSMO

UNIFAC-Lyngby

van der Waals one-fluid

5. COSMO

()

k (MR 1)

(asymeteric)

()

a b
m

(kaij~ij) (MR

2)

VLE LLE

(cubic equations of state)

6 7 '

:SRK PR

: Wong-Sandler

m~

(acentric ctor)

y-y()

Antoine

(fluid-specific parameters)

: PRSV

y-y

0.0 1. 0 )

1.

BWR Perturbed Hard Chain

Theory(PHCT) SAFT

66

3. LLEpe 1 LLE

Wilson
2 . LLEpe 11

1.

r J

'

377 38-43

(2004)

2.

Dohe"

M. F.; Malone, M. ..Conceptual

Design ofDistillation Systems" , McGraw-

Hi11, New York (2001).

67

UNIQUAC/NRTL
LLE

Type I

UNIQUAC/NRTL
LLENLE

UNIFAC
C

"Jd23

LLENLE

UNIQUAC

Type 11

UNIFAC/ASOG

m
ele

N
EDE

M
W

M
w

A
m

FtOF

FtOFvt

mAFMa

68

COSMO

Mme-H

MW

M
m

02OO

hh-ZD

M
K V

H
m
m

O=
3-z33
NLZE

w
m

m
m MW

OHX

3. Lee , M. J.; Lien , P. J. , Phase behavior

6. TRC Thermodynamics Tables , Non-

of separating m-cresollp-cresol mixtures

Hydrocarbons , Thermodynamics

with ethylenediamine" , Separ. Sci.

Research Center, The Texas A & M

Techno l., 30, 3697-3713(1995).

University System, College Station, TX ,

4. Tang , Y. T.; Chen , Y.

w.;

Hung , S. B.;

1993.

Huang , H. P.; Lee , M. J.; Yu , C. C. ,

7. Kojima , K.; Moon , H. M.; Ochi , K. ,

Design of reactive distillations for

Thermodynamic consistency test of

acetic acid esterification with different

vapor-liquid equilibrium data-methanol-

alcohols" , AIChE J., 51 , 1683-

water, benzene-cyclohexane and ethyl

1699(2005).

methyl ketone-water" , Fluid Phase

5. TRC Thermodynamics Tables ,

Hydrocarbons , Thermodynamics Research
Center, The Texas A

&-1

University

System, College Station, TX , 1986.

Equilibria, 56 , 269-284(1990).
8. Herington , E. F. G. , Tests for the
consistency of experimental isobaric
vapor-liquid equilibrium data" , J. Ins t.

69

UNIQUAC/NRTL
LLE

Type I

UNIQUAC/NRTL
LLENLE

UNIFAC
C

"Jd23

LLENLE

UNIQUAC

Type 11

UNIFAC/ASOG

m
ele

N
EDE

M
W

M
w

A
m

FtOF

FtOFvt

mAFMa

68

COSMO

Mme-H

MW

M
m

02OO

hh-ZD

M
K V

H
m
m

O=
3-z33
NLZE

w
m

m
m MW

OHX

3. Lee , M. J.; Lien , P. J. , Phase behavior

6. TRC Thermodynamics Tables , Non-

of separating m-cresollp-cresol mixtures

Hydrocarbons , Thermodynamics

with ethylenediamine" , Separ. Sci.

Research Center, The Texas A & M

Techno l., 30, 3697-3713(1995).

University System, College Station, TX ,

4. Tang , Y. T.; Chen , Y.

w.;

Hung , S. B.;

1993.

Huang , H. P.; Lee , M. J.; Yu , C. C. ,

7. Kojima , K.; Moon , H. M.; Ochi , K. ,

Design of reactive distillations for

Thermodynamic consistency test of

acetic acid esterification with different

vapor-liquid equilibrium data-methanol-

alcohols" , AIChE J., 51 , 1683-

water, benzene-cyclohexane and ethyl

1699(2005).

methyl ketone-water" , Fluid Phase

5. TRC Thermodynamics Tables ,

Hydrocarbons , Thermodynamics Research
Center, The Texas A

&-1

University

System, College Station, TX , 1986.

Equilibria, 56 , 269-284(1990).
8. Herington , E. F. G. , Tests for the
consistency of experimental isobaric
vapor-liquid equilibrium data" , J. Ins t.

69

Pet., 37 , 457~470(1951).

22. Peng, D. Y.; Robinson , D. B., Anew

9. Byer, S. M.; Gibbs , R. E.; Van Ness ,

B. E. , The properties of gases and

two-constant equation of state" , Ind.

29. Chiu , H. Y.; Jung , R. F.; Lee , M.

H. C. , Vapor-.liquid equilibrium:

liquids" , fourth ed. , McGraw-Hill ,

Eng. Chem. Fundam. , 15 , 59~64(1 976).

J.; Lin H. M. , Vapor-liquid phase

Part I. An appraisal of data

New York, 1987.

23. Patel, N. C.; Teja, A.A new cubic

equilibrium behavior of mixtures

16.Fredenslund , A.; Gmehling , J.;

equation of state for fluids and fluid

containing supercritical carbon dioxide

Rasmussen, P. , Vapor-liquid equilibria

mixtures" . Chem. Eng. Sci. 37 , 463-

near critical region" , J. Supercrit.

using UNIFAC: a group-contribution

473 (1 982).

Fluids , 44 , 273-278(2008).

reduction methods" , AIChE J. , 19 ,

238~244 (1 973).

10. St1")k R.; Vera , J. H. , " PRSV: An

24. Lee, M. J.; Sun, H. C. lermodynan

30. Tsonopoulos , C. , An empirical

17.Larsen , B. L.; Rasumssen , P.;

property predictions for refrigerant

correlation of second virial

mixtures" , Can. J. Chem. Eng. , 64 ,

Fredenslund , A. , A modified

mixtures" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 31 ,

coefficients" , AIChE J. 20 ,

323~333(1986).

UNIFAC group-contribution model for

1212-1216(1992).

263~272(1974).

improved Peng-Robinson equation

method" , Elsevier, New York, 1977.

of state for pure compounds and

3 1. Lee , M. J.; Chen, J. T. , An improved

11. Wilson, G. M. ,Vapor-liquid equilibria.

prediction of phase equilibria and heats

25. Walas , S. M. Phase equilibria in

XI. A new expression for the excess ee

of mixing" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 26 ,

chemical engineering" , Butterworth:

model of second virial

energy of mixing" ,J. Am. Chem. Soc. ,

2274~

Boston, MA, 1985.

polar fluids and fluid mixtures" , J.

2286 (1 987)

coecients

for

Chem. Eng. Jpn. , 31 , 518-526(1998).

18. Weidlich , U.; Gmehling , J., A

26.Grenseman , H.; Gmehling , J.,

12. Renon , H.; Prausnitz , J. M, Local

modified UNIFAC mode l. 1. Prediction

Performance of a conductor like

32. Hayden , J. G.; 0' Connell , J. P. , A

compositions in thermodynamic excess

of VLE , hE , and g " , Ind. Eng.

screening model for real solvents

generalized method for predicting

functions for liquid mixtures" , AIChE

Chem. Res. , 26 ,

model in comparison to classical group

second virial coefficients" , Ind.

contribution methods" ,Ind. Eng.Chem.

Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. , 14 ,

Res. , 44 , 16 1O-1624(2005).

209~216(1975).

86, 127~130(1964).

J. , 14,

135~ 144(1968).

1372~1381 (1 987).

19. Lin , S. T.; Sandler, S. I., A priori

13. Abrams , D. S.; Prausnitz , J. M. ,

phase equilibrium prediction from

Statistical thermodynamics of liquid

a segment contribution solvation

27. Hong , G. B.; Lee , M. J.; Lin , H. M. ,

33. Wong , D. S. H.; Sandler S. I., A

mixtures: A new expression for the

model" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 41 ,

Liquid-liquid equilibria of ternary

theoretically correct mixing rule for

excess Gibbs free energy of partly or

899~913(2002).

mixtures of water + 2-propanol with

cubic equations of state" , AIChE J. ,

Brger, T.;

ethyl acetate , isopropyl acetate , or ethyl

38 , 671~680(1992).

Refinement and

caproate" , Fluid Phase Equilib. , 202 ,

completely miscible systems" , AIChE

J., 21 , 116~ (1975).

20. Klamt , A.; Jonas ,

Lohrenz , J. C.

'"

v.;

14. Prausnitz , J. M.; Anderson , T. F.;

parametrization of COSMO-RS" , J.

Grems , E. A.; Eckert , C. A.; Shieh ,

Phys. Chem. A, 102 , 5074~5085(1998).

R.; 0' Connell , J. P. , Computer

70

Equilib. , 216 , 219-228(2004).

15. Reid , R. C.; Prausnitz, J. M.; Poling ,

2 1. SoaveEquilibrium constants om

239~252(2002).

28. Lee , M. J.; Tsai , L. H.; Hong , G. B.;

Lin, H. M. ,Multiphase equilibria for
terna mixtures

calculations for multicomponent vapor-

a modified Redlich-Kwong equation

binary and

liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria" ,

of state" , Chem. Eng. Sci. , 27 , 1197-

propionic acid , n-butanol , butyl

Prentice-Hi1l, New York, NY, 1980.

1203 (1 972).

propionate , and water" , Fluid Phase

containing

71

Pet., 37 , 457~470(1951).

22. Peng, D. Y.; Robinson , D. B., Anew

9. Byer, S. M.; Gibbs , R. E.; Van Ness ,

B. E. , The properties of gases and

two-constant equation of state" , Ind.

29. Chiu , H. Y.; Jung , R. F.; Lee , M.

H. C. , Vapor-.liquid equilibrium:

liquids" , fourth ed. , McGraw-Hill ,

Eng. Chem. Fundam. , 15 , 59~64(1 976).

J.; Lin H. M. , Vapor-liquid phase

Part I. An appraisal of data

New York, 1987.

23. Patel, N. C.; Teja, A.A new cubic

equilibrium behavior of mixtures

16.Fredenslund , A.; Gmehling , J.;

equation of state for fluids and fluid

containing supercritical carbon dioxide

Rasmussen, P. , Vapor-liquid equilibria

mixtures" . Chem. Eng. Sci. 37 , 463-

near critical region" , J. Supercrit.

using UNIFAC: a group-contribution

473 (1 982).

Fluids , 44 , 273-278(2008).

reduction methods" , AIChE J. , 19 ,

238~244 (1 973).

10. St1")k R.; Vera , J. H. , " PRSV: An

24. Lee, M. J.; Sun, H. C. lermodynan

30. Tsonopoulos , C. , An empirical

17.Larsen , B. L.; Rasumssen , P.;

property predictions for refrigerant

correlation of second virial

mixtures" , Can. J. Chem. Eng. , 64 ,

Fredenslund , A. , A modified

mixtures" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 31 ,

coefficients" , AIChE J. 20 ,

323~333(1986).

UNIFAC group-contribution model for

1212-1216(1992).

263~272(1974).

improved Peng-Robinson equation

method" , Elsevier, New York, 1977.

of state for pure compounds and

3 1. Lee , M. J.; Chen, J. T. , An improved

11. Wilson, G. M. ,Vapor-liquid equilibria.

prediction of phase equilibria and heats

25. Walas , S. M. Phase equilibria in

XI. A new expression for the excess ee

of mixing" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 26 ,

chemical engineering" , Butterworth:

model of second virial

energy of mixing" ,J. Am. Chem. Soc. ,

2274~

Boston, MA, 1985.

polar fluids and fluid mixtures" , J.

2286 (1 987)

coecients

for

Chem. Eng. Jpn. , 31 , 518-526(1998).

18. Weidlich , U.; Gmehling , J., A

26.Grenseman , H.; Gmehling , J.,

12. Renon , H.; Prausnitz , J. M, Local

modified UNIFAC mode l. 1. Prediction

Performance of a conductor like

32. Hayden , J. G.; 0' Connell , J. P. , A

compositions in thermodynamic excess

of VLE , hE , and g " , Ind. Eng.

screening model for real solvents

generalized method for predicting

functions for liquid mixtures" , AIChE

Chem. Res. , 26 ,

model in comparison to classical group

second virial coefficients" , Ind.

contribution methods" ,Ind. Eng.Chem.

Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. , 14 ,

Res. , 44 , 16 1O-1624(2005).

209~216(1975).

86, 127~130(1964).

J. , 14,

135~ 144(1968).

1372~1381 (1 987).

19. Lin , S. T.; Sandler, S. I., A priori

13. Abrams , D. S.; Prausnitz , J. M. ,

phase equilibrium prediction from

Statistical thermodynamics of liquid

a segment contribution solvation

27. Hong , G. B.; Lee , M. J.; Lin , H. M. ,

33. Wong , D. S. H.; Sandler S. I., A

mixtures: A new expression for the

model" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 41 ,

Liquid-liquid equilibria of ternary

theoretically correct mixing rule for

excess Gibbs free energy of partly or

899~913(2002).

mixtures of water + 2-propanol with

cubic equations of state" , AIChE J. ,

Brger, T.;

ethyl acetate , isopropyl acetate , or ethyl

38 , 671~680(1992).

Refinement and

caproate" , Fluid Phase Equilib. , 202 ,

completely miscible systems" , AIChE

J., 21 , 116~ (1975).

20. Klamt , A.; Jonas ,

Lohrenz , J. C.

'"

v.;

14. Prausnitz , J. M.; Anderson , T. F.;

parametrization of COSMO-RS" , J.

Grems , E. A.; Eckert , C. A.; Shieh ,

Phys. Chem. A, 102 , 5074~5085(1998).

R.; 0' Connell , J. P. , Computer

70

Equilib. , 216 , 219-228(2004).

15. Reid , R. C.; Prausnitz, J. M.; Poling ,

2 1. SoaveEquilibrium constants om

239~252(2002).

28. Lee , M. J.; Tsai , L. H.; Hong , G. B.;

Lin, H. M. ,Multiphase equilibria for
terna mixtures

calculations for multicomponent vapor-

a modified Redlich-Kwong equation

binary and

liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria" ,

of state" , Chem. Eng. Sci. , 27 , 1197-

propionic acid , n-butanol , butyl

Prentice-Hi1l, New York, NY, 1980.

1203 (1 972).

propionate , and water" , Fluid Phase

containing

71

Chemical Process Simulation

//

ASPEN Plus

:;

;
t;

72

Chemical Process Simulation

//

ASPEN Plus

:;

;
t;

72

Plate, HETP)

HETP ; (Z)

(N ) HETP

HETP

HETP

( 2 )

. (mass transfer rate-

based model) (nonequilibrium)

(gas

film

2 (Xjl-Xj ) (Y}-Yj ) Aspen

(stage)

[2] 0

resistance)

Rate-based model

(liquid film resistance);

bulk(

1 j

HETP

) Mixed f1 0w

ASPEN TECH ASPEN Plus

Countercurrent VPlug

RateFrac ASPEN Plus

flow Mixed flowbulk

[1]

()

Xi, j

ftow

VPlug-Pavg

VJ

I
I

Ylj

..,... FI'

' j
V
H Ers'

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E)

C q

Zij

Q;

Qf

74

H~j
1

YM

(Height of Equivalent Theoretical

JJH

Lj

75

Plate, HETP)

HETP ; (Z)

(N ) HETP

HETP

HETP

( 2 )

. (mass transfer rate-

based model) (nonequilibrium)

(gas

film

2 (Xjl-Xj ) (Y}-Yj ) Aspen

(stage)

[2] 0

resistance)

Rate-based model

(liquid film resistance);

bulk(

1 j

HETP

) Mixed f1 0w

ASPEN TECH ASPEN Plus

Countercurrent VPlug

RateFrac ASPEN Plus

flow Mixed flowbulk

[1]

()

Xi, j

ftow

VPlug-Pavg

VJ

I
I

Ylj

..,... FI'

' j
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H Ers'

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E)

C q

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JJH

Lj

75

( 3(a)) ; Countercurrent

(flow model)

20

bulk(

1. 32

)(

Chen&Chuang

3(b)) ; VPlug bulk(

1993 Mixed flow model '

ASPEN Plus

99.5%

bulk ()

[3J( 1)

35 ()

( 3(c)) ; VPlug-Pavg

55%(18/33)

( 3(d))

(user model)

Sulzer Mellapak

50wt% ' 99.5%

25

VPlug model

Countercurrent>VPlug
VPlug-Pavg>Mixed flow

Aspen Plus

: Mixed flow

model; Countercurrent model

.j

YLj

X i.a\" 8

Y.a\");

T;

TJ

TJ;s

TJS

LJ
bulk
Li quid

x"'

JggFJ

T'

T;

Liquid
fi[ m

Vapor
fi[ m

P,\'g
Lp\.g

GJ
bulk
vapor

bulk
Li quid

Tj'

T;

Liquid
film

bulk
vapor

Vapor
fi[ m

X i.j

Yi 'g

T;

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T;

av

Lj

Lj
bulk
Liquid

Liquid
fi[ m

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TJF

Vapor
fi[ m

Mass
Transfer

P".

YI.Il\ "

x~
TJI

Bubb[e-Cap
Trays

x j

Pj

bulk
vapor

,lI\

xqt

T;

bulk
Li quid

Liquid
fi[ m

y;
Tjf

AIChE
(1958)
Gerster et a l.
(1958)
Hughmark
et al. (1971)
Generalized

Heat
Transfer

Sieve
Trays

AIChE
(1958)
Gerster et a l.
(1958)
Generalized

Va[ve
Trays
AIChE
(1958)
Gerster et al.
(1958)
Scheffe and
Weiland
(1987)
Generalized

Vapor
fi[ m

Interfacial

Zuiderweg

Area

(1982)

Liquid
Holdup

Stichlmair
(1978)

Stichlmair
(1978)
Bennetl et al
(1983)
Zuiderweg

(19821

Structured
Packing
Bravo et al.
(1985)
Bravo et al.

(1992)
Billet and Schultes Billet and Schultes
(1993)
(1993)
Hanley and Chen Hanley and Chen
(2010)
(2010)
Generalized
Generalized

Onda et al.

Schee

and

Weiland
(1987)

11 \8

bulk
vapor

Random
Packing
Onda et a l.
(1968)
Bravo and Fair
(1982)

Chilton and Colburn(Taylor and Krishna 1993)

PO\'g

(d)VPlug-Pavg f[ ow model

(c)VPlug f[ ow model

76

y;

Aspen plus()//

(b)Countercurrent Model

(a)Mixed Flow Model

xu'

Slichlmair
(1978)

Bravo et al.

(1985)
(1968)
Bravo et al
Bravo and Fair
(1992)
(1982)
Billet and Schultes Billet and Schultes
(1993)
(1993)
Hanley and Chen Hanley and Chen
(2010)
(2010)
Billet and Schultes
(1993)
Stichlmair
et al.
(1989)

Bravo et al
(1992)
Billet and Schultes
(1993)

( 3(a)) ; Countercurrent

(flow model)

20

bulk(

1. 32

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Chen&Chuang

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1993 Mixed flow model '

ASPEN Plus

99.5%

bulk ()

[3J( 1)

35 ()

( 3(c)) ; VPlug-Pavg

55%(18/33)

( 3(d))

(user model)

Sulzer Mellapak

50wt% ' 99.5%

25

VPlug model

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Aspen Plus

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model; Countercurrent model

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YLj

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Transfer

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Trays

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Pj

bulk
vapor

,lI\

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fi[ m

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Tjf

AIChE
(1958)
Gerster et a l.
(1958)
Hughmark
et al. (1971)
Generalized

Heat
Transfer

Sieve
Trays

AIChE
(1958)
Gerster et a l.
(1958)
Generalized

Va[ve
Trays
AIChE
(1958)
Gerster et al.
(1958)
Scheffe and
Weiland
(1987)
Generalized

Vapor
fi[ m

Interfacial

Zuiderweg

Area

(1982)

Liquid
Holdup

Stichlmair
(1978)

Stichlmair
(1978)
Bennetl et al
(1983)
Zuiderweg

(19821

Structured
Packing
Bravo et al.
(1985)
Bravo et al.

(1992)
Billet and Schultes Billet and Schultes
(1993)
(1993)
Hanley and Chen Hanley and Chen
(2010)
(2010)
Generalized
Generalized

Onda et al.

Schee

and

Weiland
(1987)

11 \8

bulk
vapor

Random
Packing
Onda et a l.
(1968)
Bravo and Fair
(1982)

Chilton and Colburn(Taylor and Krishna 1993)

PO\'g

(d)VPlug-Pavg f[ ow model

(c)VPlug f[ ow model

76

y;

Aspen plus()//

(b)Countercurrent Model

(a)Mixed Flow Model

xu'

Slichlmair
(1978)

Bravo et al.

(1985)
(1968)
Bravo et al
Bravo and Fair
(1992)
(1982)
Billet and Schultes Billet and Schultes
(1993)
(1993)
Hanley and Chen Hanley and Chen
(2010)
(2010)
Billet and Schultes
(1993)
Stichlmair
et al.
(1989)

Bravo et al
(1992)
Billet and Schultes
(1993)

Bravo et

al. l992

(10.5 )
4(a)

(FRI)

Mix f10w Countercurrent

model

AIChE(1958) Scheffe

Gerster et al.(1 958)

Gerster et al. (1958)

NuUer MVG [5]

Scheffe

and Weiland(1987)

Countercurrent model

(I)Nutter MVG [ (2)

5(a) 0.34b

(Flooding

600

Mellapak 252.Y[

Mixed f1 0w (L film) ,

factor 1 )

AIC(1958) Scheffe

4(b) 10.5

Gerster et al. (1958)

99.5wt%

AIChE(1 958) Scheffe and Weiland(1987)

HETP= 10.5/18=0.583

HETP

al. (1958) Flooding factor 0.5-0.8

and Weiland(1987)

Gerster et

6(a) 1.65bar '

(Flooding

(8tages)

AICHE 1958
42

Chan&Fair 1984
30

Chen&Chuang 1993
35

45%

62%

55%

factor 1 )

Mixed f1 0w (L film) ,

AIChE(1958) Scheffe

5(b) 0.34bar ' Mixed

Weiland( 1987)

f1 0w (V+L film) ,

Scheffe

aE
E

cozE
U O

5 1.00
O

c.

Countercurrent
Mixed

8 0.98

f1 0w

o
c

0.94

E 0.96

0.92

Q)

0.90

3
>

3 0.89

100 200 300 400 500 600

Number of 8tages

(a)

0.7

and Weiland(1987)
Gerster et al. (1958)
_~ FRI exp.

- 8che'e

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
Flooding Factor
(a)Lfilm
-A-

10 11

Packing height(m)
(b)

and

0.8
0.7

Lfilm
~ 0.6 -._
AIChE(1958)
0.5

o 0.94

0.88

et a l. (1958)

1.1
1.0

1.1
1.0

Gerster

and

0.34bar: Nutler MVG , C6/C7 system

0.34bar : Nutler MVG , C6/C7 system

78

AIChE(1958) Scheffe and Weiland(1987)

'

and Weiland(1 987)

0.6

0.5
0.4
Gerster et al. (1958)
0.3
- FRI exp.
0.2
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
Flooding Factor
(b)V+L film
_A_

C6/C7(O.34bar) Nutter MVG

79

Bravo et

al. l992

(10.5 )
4(a)

(FRI)

Mix f10w Countercurrent

model

AIChE(1958) Scheffe

Gerster et al.(1 958)

Gerster et al. (1958)

NuUer MVG [5]

Scheffe

and Weiland(1987)

Countercurrent model

(I)Nutter MVG [ (2)

5(a) 0.34b

(Flooding

600

Mellapak 252.Y[

Mixed f1 0w (L film) ,

factor 1 )

AIC(1958) Scheffe

4(b) 10.5

Gerster et al. (1958)

99.5wt%

AIChE(1 958) Scheffe and Weiland(1987)

HETP= 10.5/18=0.583

HETP

al. (1958) Flooding factor 0.5-0.8

and Weiland(1987)

Gerster et

6(a) 1.65bar '

(Flooding

(8tages)

AICHE 1958
42

Chan&Fair 1984
30

Chen&Chuang 1993
35

45%

62%

55%

factor 1 )

Mixed f1 0w (L film) ,

AIChE(1958) Scheffe

5(b) 0.34bar ' Mixed

Weiland( 1987)

f1 0w (V+L film) ,

Scheffe

aE
E

cozE
U O

5 1.00
O

c.

Countercurrent
Mixed

8 0.98

f1 0w

o
c

0.94

E 0.96

0.92

Q)

0.90

3
>

3 0.89

100 200 300 400 500 600

Number of 8tages

(a)

0.7

and Weiland(1987)
Gerster et al. (1958)
_~ FRI exp.

- 8che'e

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
Flooding Factor
(a)Lfilm
-A-

10 11

Packing height(m)
(b)

and

0.8
0.7

Lfilm
~ 0.6 -._
AIChE(1958)
0.5

o 0.94

0.88

et a l. (1958)

1.1
1.0

1.1
1.0

Gerster

and

0.34bar: Nutler MVG , C6/C7 system

0.34bar : Nutler MVG , C6/C7 system

78

AIChE(1958) Scheffe and Weiland(1987)

'

and Weiland(1 987)

0.6

0.5
0.4
Gerster et al. (1958)
0.3
- FRI exp.
0.2
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
Flooding Factor
(b)V+L film
_A_

C6/C7(O.34bar) Nutter MVG

79

 Mellapak

Weiland (1 987)

252.y161

6(b) 1. 65b

Mellapak Plus

Countercurrent flow (L

HETP 8(b) .34

film) , Bravo et (1985) Bravo et a l.(1 992)

bar' Countercurrent flow

(V+L film) , Bravo et al.(1 985)

Mixed flow (V+L

252.Y0.34barC6/C7(Low

film) AIChE (1 958) Scheffe and

Medium High concentration)0.027bar

Weiland( 1987) Gerster et al.(1 958)

/p Xylene 7(a) 0.34bar ' C6/

Cuntercurrent f1 0w 0.34bar : Mellapak Plus 252Y

Cuntercurrent f1 0w 0.34bar : Mellapak Plus 252Y

AIChE(1958) Scheffe

C7(Low concentration) Countercurrent

0.8

0.8

and Weiland(1987) Gerster et a l. (1958)

flow (L film) , Bravo et

0.7

al.(1 985) Bravo et al. (1992)

Scheffe and Weiland(1 987)

HETP

7(b) 0.34bar '

6
;

Countercurrent flow

(V+L film) , Bravo et

al.(1 992)

(Flooding factor 1 )

HETP 8(a) 0.34

C6/C7 Low con. L film

0.6

-.- Bravo et a l. (1985)

-.- Bravo et a l. (1992)

~ 0.5

-)(-FRI Exp.
.... ...FRI Ca l.

0 .4

.~. .. . .

503
(.)

0.1

al.(1 985) Bravo et

0.0
0.08

0.6

0.5

~.

Eu

0.10

-.-

0.3

.-)1(-)1(

0.1

0.11

0.12

0.0
0.08

0.13

Capacity Factor,Cs(m/s)
(a)L film
7

1--.

.............................................

0.2

0.09

Lo con. V+L film

Bravo et a l. (1985)
Bravo et a l. (1992)
-)(- FRI Exp
.... FRI Ca l.

C6/C7

EGJ 0.4
2
tJ

----

0.2

0.7

. . . ..........................

0.09

0.10

0.11

0.12

0.13

Capacity Factor,Cs(m/s)
(b)V+L film

C6/C7(0.34bar)Mellapak

Plus 252.Y

bar ' C6/C7(Medium concentration)

1.65bar : Nutler MVG , C6/C7 system

CIl

Eo8

0.7

0.6

(.)

0.1 ~

.-.

_.-III

-.- Bravo et a l. (1992)

-,,- FRI Exp.

..... FRI Ca l.

0.1 i

_-

C6/C7 (0.34bar)Mellapak

0.oc 0.

-0

0..4M

-4

0.ouy

0.

Capacity Factor,Cs(m/s)
(a)Lfilm

0.oh 0.om

0.O

040 044 0.4UN

0.

._.

nunu
0.oh 0.om

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Flooding Factor
(b)V+L film

C6/C7 (1.67bar)NuerMVG

C6/C7 Mid con

o-

0.0

_-

0.3 ~

-4

AIChE(1958)
Scheffe and Weiland(1987)
- ...- Gerster et a l. (1958)
- FRI exp.
-

i -,,- FRI Exp.

j .FRI Cal
I

LL \

1 V+L film
~ 0.2 ~ (19

0.

0.9

0.2

0.O

0.5
0.4
0.3
l
0.2 .j
0.1

0.OU

0.3

_.---~:! -f

'2 0 .4 ~

2;:--lt.i

0.6

C6/C7 Mid con. L film

- Bravo et a l. (1985)
- Bravo et a l. (1992)

o-

."

0 .4

0.5

80

1.1
1.0
0.9

1 - Scheffe and Weiland(1987)

0.4 -1
j - ...- Gerster et a l. (1958)
0.3 x-1
FRI exp.
0.2
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Flooding Factor
(a)L film

Cuntercurrent f1 0w 0.34bar: Mellapak Plus 252Y

0.5

1.65bar: Nutler MVG , C6/C7 system

1.1
1.0
>. 0.9
(.)
ijj 0.8
0.7
0

Cuntercurrent f1 0w 0.34bar: Mellapak Plus 252Y

0.5

Capacity Factor,Cs (m/s)

(b)V+L film
Plus 252.Y

81

 Mellapak

Weiland (1 987)

252.y161

6(b) 1. 65b

Mellapak Plus

Countercurrent flow (L

HETP 8(b) .34

film) , Bravo et (1985) Bravo et a l.(1 992)

bar' Countercurrent flow

(V+L film) , Bravo et al.(1 985)

Mixed flow (V+L

252.Y0.34barC6/C7(Low

film) AIChE (1 958) Scheffe and

Medium High concentration)0.027bar

Weiland( 1987) Gerster et al.(1 958)

/p Xylene 7(a) 0.34bar ' C6/

Cuntercurrent f1 0w 0.34bar : Mellapak Plus 252Y

Cuntercurrent f1 0w 0.34bar : Mellapak Plus 252Y

AIChE(1958) Scheffe

C7(Low concentration) Countercurrent

0.8

0.8

and Weiland(1987) Gerster et a l. (1958)

flow (L film) , Bravo et

0.7

al.(1 985) Bravo et al. (1992)

Scheffe and Weiland(1 987)

HETP

7(b) 0.34bar '

6
;

Countercurrent flow

(V+L film) , Bravo et

al.(1 992)

(Flooding factor 1 )

HETP 8(a) 0.34

C6/C7 Low con. L film

0.6

-.- Bravo et a l. (1985)

-.- Bravo et a l. (1992)

~ 0.5

-)(-FRI Exp.
.... ...FRI Ca l.

0 .4

.~. .. . .

503
(.)

0.1

al.(1 985) Bravo et

0.0
0.08

0.6

0.5

~.

Eu

0.10

-.-

0.3

.-)1(-)1(

0.1

0.11

0.12

0.0
0.08

0.13

Capacity Factor,Cs(m/s)
(a)L film
7

1--.

.............................................

0.2

0.09

Lo con. V+L film

Bravo et a l. (1985)
Bravo et a l. (1992)
-)(- FRI Exp
.... FRI Ca l.

C6/C7

EGJ 0.4
2
tJ

----

0.2

0.7

. . . ..........................

0.09

0.10

0.11

0.12

0.13

Capacity Factor,Cs(m/s)
(b)V+L film

C6/C7(0.34bar)Mellapak

Plus 252.Y

bar ' C6/C7(Medium concentration)

1.65bar : Nutler MVG , C6/C7 system

CIl

Eo8

0.7

0.6

(.)

0.1 ~

.-.

_.-III

-.- Bravo et a l. (1992)

-,,- FRI Exp.

..... FRI Ca l.

0.1 i

_-

C6/C7 (0.34bar)Mellapak

0.oc 0.

-0

0..4M

-4

0.ouy

0.

Capacity Factor,Cs(m/s)
(a)Lfilm

0.oh 0.om

0.O

040 044 0.4UN

0.

._.

nunu
0.oh 0.om

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Flooding Factor
(b)V+L film

C6/C7 (1.67bar)NuerMVG

C6/C7 Mid con

o-

0.0

_-

0.3 ~

-4

AIChE(1958)
Scheffe and Weiland(1987)
- ...- Gerster et a l. (1958)
- FRI exp.
-

i -,,- FRI Exp.

j .FRI Cal
I

LL \

1 V+L film
~ 0.2 ~ (19

0.

0.9

0.2

0.O

0.5
0.4
0.3
l
0.2 .j
0.1

0.OU

0.3

_.---~:! -f

'2 0 .4 ~

2;:--lt.i

0.6

C6/C7 Mid con. L film

- Bravo et a l. (1985)
- Bravo et a l. (1992)

o-

."

0 .4

0.5

80

1.1
1.0
0.9

1 - Scheffe and Weiland(1987)

0.4 -1
j - ...- Gerster et a l. (1958)
0.3 x-1
FRI exp.
0.2
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Flooding Factor
(a)L film

Cuntercurrent f1 0w 0.34bar: Mellapak Plus 252Y

0.5

1.65bar: Nutler MVG , C6/C7 system

1.1
1.0
>. 0.9
(.)
ijj 0.8
0.7
0

Cuntercurrent f1 0w 0.34bar: Mellapak Plus 252Y

0.5

Capacity Factor,Cs (m/s)

(b)V+L film
Plus 252.Y

81

Bravo et al.(1992)

HETP

9(a) 0.34bar ' C6/

Technology, Inc.: Cambridge , M A.

4. Hanley B. and Chen C.C. , New Mass-

Transfer Correlations for Packed

Towers ' AIChE J. , 58 (1) , 2012.

C7gh concentration) Countercurrent

5. KingD

, Bravo et

a1. (1985) Bravo et a1.(1 992)

10%

Fractionation Research Inc. Topic Report

HETP

No130 , 1998.

9(b) 0.34b

6. Fitz , C.W. and King D. Test of

Countercurrent flow

Sulzer Chemtech Mellapackplus 252.Y,

et

Fractionation Research Inc. Topic Report

a1. (1992) Bravo et a 1.

(1985); Bravo et a1.(1 992)

flow (L film)

(V+L film) , Bravo et

a1. (1985) Bravo

Cs Cs

HETP'

HETP

ASPENPlus

Cuntercurrent f1 0w 0.34bar: Mellapak Plus 252Y

0.8
C6/C7 High con. Lfilm
0.7 ~
- Bravo et a l. (1985)
- Bravo et a l. (1992)

0.6

0.5

FRIExp
..FRI

Ca l.

:-;-;;;......ll'

0.0

0.03

0.7
0.6

0.5

C6/C7 High con. Lfilm

- Bravo et a l. (1985)
- Bravo et a l. (1992)
FRI Exp.
e ..FRI Ca l.

..

..

.
-

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.08

0.09

;::::=---2

Capacity Factor,Cs(m/s)
(a)Lfilm
9

C6/C7 (O.34bar)Mellapak

1. Lockett 1. J., Distillation Tray

Press , Cambridge , England, 1986.

0.1
0.06

Fundamentals , Cambridge University

0.05

0.07

0.08

ro

0.04

o 0.2

0.03

D354DM1100

0.0

0.07

5 0.3

5 0.3
0.1

0.8

0.2

Cuntercurrent f1 0w 0.34bar: Mellapak Plus 252Y

2 0.4

0 .4

Device Test,

Cyc1 ohexane/n - heptane

Ca
.te

gor
y1P
ro

pn

etar

FRIMVGTM valve y

Tray

No .1 41 , 200 1.

3 J (3/3)

82

3. Aspen Plus Users Guide; Aspen

0.09

Capacity Factor,Cs(m/s)
(b)V+L film
Plus 252.Y

2. Taylor R. , Krishna R. and Kooijman

Real World Modeling of Dist il1 ation ,
Chemical Engineering Progress , July

2003 , 28-39.

83

Bravo et al.(1992)

HETP

9(a) 0.34bar ' C6/

Technology, Inc.: Cambridge , M A.

4. Hanley B. and Chen C.C. , New Mass-

Transfer Correlations for Packed

Towers ' AIChE J. , 58 (1) , 2012.

C7gh concentration) Countercurrent

5. KingD

, Bravo et

a1. (1985) Bravo et a1.(1 992)

10%

Fractionation Research Inc. Topic Report

HETP

No130 , 1998.

9(b) 0.34b

6. Fitz , C.W. and King D. Test of

Countercurrent flow

Sulzer Chemtech Mellapackplus 252.Y,

et

Fractionation Research Inc. Topic Report

a1. (1992) Bravo et a 1.

(1985); Bravo et a1.(1 992)

flow (L film)

(V+L film) , Bravo et

a1. (1985) Bravo

Cs Cs

HETP'

HETP

ASPENPlus

Cuntercurrent f1 0w 0.34bar: Mellapak Plus 252Y

0.8
C6/C7 High con. Lfilm
0.7 ~
- Bravo et a l. (1985)
- Bravo et a l. (1992)

0.6

0.5

FRIExp
..FRI

Ca l.

:-;-;;;......ll'

0.0

0.03

0.7
0.6

0.5

C6/C7 High con. Lfilm

- Bravo et a l. (1985)
- Bravo et a l. (1992)
FRI Exp.
e ..FRI Ca l.

..

..

.
-

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.08

0.09

;::::=---2

Capacity Factor,Cs(m/s)
(a)Lfilm
9

C6/C7 (O.34bar)Mellapak

1. Lockett 1. J., Distillation Tray

Press , Cambridge , England, 1986.

0.1
0.06

Fundamentals , Cambridge University

0.05

0.07

0.08

ro

0.04

o 0.2

0.03

D354DM1100

0.0

0.07

5 0.3

5 0.3
0.1

0.8

0.2

Cuntercurrent f1 0w 0.34bar: Mellapak Plus 252Y

2 0.4

0 .4

Device Test,

Cyc1 ohexane/n - heptane

Ca
.te

gor
y1P
ro

pn

etar

FRIMVGTM valve y

Tray

No .1 41 , 200 1.

3 J (3/3)

82

3. Aspen Plus Users Guide; Aspen

0.09

Capacity Factor,Cs(m/s)
(b)V+L film
Plus 252.Y

2. Taylor R. , Krishna R. and Kooijman

Real World Modeling of Dist il1 ation ,
Chemical Engineering Progress , July

2003 , 28-39.

83

Chemical Process Simulation

(Adsorption)

(Physical adstion)

(Chemical adsorption)

(Van der waals' force)

( Pressure

swing adsotion' PSA)

84

Chemical Process Simulation

(Adsorption)

(Physical adstion)

(Chemical adsorption)

(Van der waals' force)

( Pressure

swing adsotion' PSA)

84

qi

(Activated

qis1+ZL1biR1/mi

carbon) (Silica gel) (Zeolite)

q~i qis

(Activated alumina) 1l9

i b1i Langmuir

[IJ

mt LRCPi

(1)

Extended Langml

; (2) :

(3)j(4) [2J

13X

[34J

(Equilibrium isotherm

equation)

[56J

ASPEN gPROMS PROSIM

Langmuir Langmuir

Freundlich BET

[2J :

Extended LangmuirLRC(Loading

ratio correlation)[2J

qi
t

= ... ......... ............. .. ............ . .(3)

t

ki(qi _ qi)..............................(4)
4i- D-2p

',
.. qJ

diffusion model)

EJ

1 + Lf=l biPi

LRC

driving force , LDF) (Pore

LV-

qis

equilibrium

model , LEQ) (Linear

.........(2)

L=biPi~." ............".........(l)

bi~l/mi

86

(Local

k DC
d
p

87

qi

(Activated

qis1+ZL1biR1/mi

carbon) (Silica gel) (Zeolite)

q~i qis

(Activated alumina) 1l9

i b1i Langmuir

[IJ

mt LRCPi

(1)

Extended Langml

; (2) :

(3)j(4) [2J

13X

[34J

(Equilibrium isotherm

equation)

[56J

ASPEN gPROMS PROSIM

Langmuir Langmuir

Freundlich BET

[2J :

Extended LangmuirLRC(Loading

ratio correlation)[2J

qi
t

= ... ......... ............. .. ............ . .(3)

t

ki(qi _ qi)..............................(4)
4i- D-2p

',
.. qJ

diffusion model)

EJ

1 + Lf=l biPi

LRC

driving force , LDF) (Pore

LV-

qis

equilibrium

model , LEQ) (Linear

.........(2)

L=biPi~." ............".........(l)

bi~l/mi

86

(Local

k DC
d
p

87

p Pelect Reynolds
Schmidtl:

..........(8)

(Intraparaticle diffusion resistance) (Extemal fluid

pe

film resistance)

0.008 < Re < 4000.28 < Sc < 2.2

[7]

Schmidt Chapman-Enskog[9]

Resc+1+3.8/(Resc)

(Micropore diffusion)

_qi == Dr (~ _qi + ~....................................................................................................(6)

t - ~C \ r r ' r 2 I

i= VLL15................

(Macropore diffusion)

D~.iPT o i

+ (1- =;+)............................... ... ....................................(7)

p DCDP(Intracrystalline diffusivity)
(Macropore diffusivity) , c j qji r

D~.i

\p) /

..........

Ergun [9]
:

P 150(1 - )ZH 175(1 - )E!.. u2........................................ ..............................(10)

-dFMT

dpE3"

(Differential heat of adsorption)

(Isosteric heat of adsotion) Causius

Pelect (Pe= 2R p l-l/Da) Dax

88

Claperon:

89

p Pelect Reynolds
Schmidtl:

..........(8)

(Intraparaticle diffusion resistance) (Extemal fluid

pe

film resistance)

0.008 < Re < 4000.28 < Sc < 2.2

[7]

Schmidt Chapman-Enskog[9]

Resc+1+3.8/(Resc)

(Micropore diffusion)

_qi == Dr (~ _qi + ~....................................................................................................(6)

t - ~C \ r r ' r 2 I

i= VLL15................

(Macropore diffusion)

D~.iPT o i

+ (1- =;+)............................... ... ....................................(7)

p DCDP(Intracrystalline diffusivity)
(Macropore diffusivity) , c j qji r

D~.i

\p) /

..........

Ergun [9]
:

P 150(1 - )ZH 175(1 - )E!.. u2........................................ ..............................(10)

-dFMT

dpE3"

(Differential heat of adsorption)

(Isosteric heat of adsotion) Causius

Pelect (Pe= 2R p l-l/Da) Dax

88

Claperon:

89

'

'

-
aJ

h-WH
P-T

-2U

'

R-M

-rk

AU

H 'R

'M

[1:

h=

(~i iQ) - ( + (1- E)A

t
R at \ T )
z \ RT az)
az

(Ak) () - rrDh(T

1Do +xw Do + 1 . ( 1 2 )
m :T ho

; T k

xw

km

Dt

D L

=-=-

01361Cv [(2

AUTZJ
l
. l

''

J
r3.

rP.2 P_f ll/2

Q'=0.1605Cv1-L-4|
l SG x T J .................... .... .....................................................................(22)

hl

C v 'SG 'T P P2

rs'

1.

hw= 1. 94kg Re~.5 Pro.3/dp ..................(17)

Nu Nusselt Gr Grashof

kc (effective

themal conductivity) kg

3.

T=T
y=Yin

4.

5.

T-z

--

nu

2U

Pr Prandtl r

2.

RepII Reynolds

90

0.53P

h bcd=4kg (5+0.1 Re p Pr)/rj ..............(16)

P 2 > 0.53P

SE

N1

r1

-k-E

--J-

nu
n7 FUT PA
1
.
v'
u-d
=7n
=+

["]

(13)

L-1=

= (

(thermal conductivity) , D

.............................(19)

VLZ

--

AU

EA a(p jT)

--::;-=-;::-~+(1

or

?
L...J

.......(1 8)
i :

(Orthogonal

91

'

'

-
aJ

h-WH
P-T

-2U

'

R-M

-rk

AU

H 'R

'M

[1:

h=

(~i iQ) - ( + (1- E)A

t
R at \ T )
z \ RT az)
az

(Ak) () - rrDh(T

1Do +xw Do + 1 . ( 1 2 )
m :T ho

; T k

xw

km

Dt

D L

=-=-

01361Cv [(2

AUTZJ
l
. l

''

J
r3.

rP.2 P_f ll/2

Q'=0.1605Cv1-L-4|
l SG x T J .................... .... .....................................................................(22)

hl

C v 'SG 'T P P2

rs'

1.

hw= 1. 94kg Re~.5 Pro.3/dp ..................(17)

Nu Nusselt Gr Grashof

kc (effective

themal conductivity) kg

3.

T=T
y=Yin

4.

5.

T-z

--

nu

2U

Pr Prandtl r

2.

RepII Reynolds

90

0.53P

h bcd=4kg (5+0.1 Re p Pr)/rj ..............(16)

P 2 > 0.53P

SE

N1

r1

-k-E

--J-

nu
n7 FUT PA
1
.
v'
u-d
=7n
=+

["]

(13)

L-1=

= (

(thermal conductivity) , D

.............................(19)

VLZ

--

AU

EA a(p jT)

--::;-=-;::-~+(1

or

?
L...J

.......(1 8)
i :

(Orthogonal

91

collocation) (Method of

characteristics)

(Light

Method of

Skarstrom 1

product)

lines '

Skarstrom

Skarstrom

(1)

Cubic

spline ODEPACK

LSODE

Cubic spline

Upwind dinceCentral difference

92

[12]

99.999+ mol% '

CO 10ppm 0
x

(Concentration wave ont) ,

(
-5

o MMSCFD

[14)

2%

I
3]

93

collocation) (Method of

characteristics)

(Light

Method of

Skarstrom 1

product)

lines '

Skarstrom

Skarstrom

(1)

Cubic

spline ODEPACK

LSODE

Cubic spline

Upwind dinceCentral difference

92

[12]

99.999+ mol% '

CO 10ppm 0
x

(Concentration wave ont) ,

(
-5

o MMSCFD

[14)

2%

I
3]

93

2 3

2L(STP)/min

6atm

23.47%

43.88% 543.7K

7.5atm

0 .4 1% 1.33%

(JF)

.&-. ...
-

100

95

:;:::

1-A

S85

a:::

80

UJ

75

~I

20 10 10 20

latm' O.latm

200cm

99.13%

87.6% '

LRC

82.85% 99.14% '

30030L(STP)/min

2L(STP)/min

105

100

94

Kim et aU15]

200cm' 70cm'

(Effluent

AC5-KS;

gas)

0 .4 1% H20

1.3 3% CO 4 1.1 6% CO 2 57.10%

1500

Time (s)

--A

1200

900

600

300

10 10 7.5atm '

70

AC5-KS

6atm (Kim et al.)

11atm (Kim et al.)
16atm (Kim et al.)
- 6atm (This study)
11atm (This study)
16atm (This study)

4 1.1 6% 57.10%

l. 02% 3 l. 63%

105

2L(STP)/min(Kim et al.)
3L(STP)/min(Kim et al.)
.t.
4L(STP)/min(Kim et al.)
_ 2L(STP)/min(This study)
- 3L(STP)/min(This study)
4L(STP)/min(This study)

c2

90

85

80

al

.
'.

UJ

75

.\
......

~ ~

--

--

70

300

600

900

1200

1500

Time(s)

6atm

95

2 3

2L(STP)/min

6atm

23.47%

43.88% 543.7K

7.5atm

0 .4 1% 1.33%

(JF)

.&-. ...
-

100

95

:;:::

1-A

S85

a:::

80

UJ

75

~I

20 10 10 20

latm' O.latm

200cm

99.13%

87.6% '

LRC

82.85% 99.14% '

30030L(STP)/min

2L(STP)/min

105

100

94

Kim et aU15]

200cm' 70cm'

(Effluent

AC5-KS;

gas)

0 .4 1% H20

1.3 3% CO 4 1.1 6% CO 2 57.10%

1500

Time (s)

--A

1200

900

600

300

10 10 7.5atm '

70

AC5-KS

6atm (Kim et al.)

11atm (Kim et al.)
16atm (Kim et al.)
- 6atm (This study)
11atm (This study)
16atm (This study)

4 1.1 6% 57.10%

l. 02% 3 l. 63%

105

2L(STP)/min(Kim et al.)
3L(STP)/min(Kim et al.)
.t.
4L(STP)/min(Kim et al.)
_ 2L(STP)/min(This study)
- 3L(STP)/min(This study)
4L(STP)/min(This study)

c2

90

85

80

al

.
'.

UJ

75

.\
......

~ ~

--

--

70

300

600

900

1200

1500

Time(s)

6atm

95

Product
(1 atm)

Product
(1 atm)

HP purity : 0.001 % : recovery : 0.13%

CO purity: 0.4%
; recovery
CO 2 purity : 0.011 % ; recovery

Feed

Vent
(0.1atm)
Step 1

Feed

Vent
(0.1atm)
Step 2

Feed

Feed
Step 3

purity :

: 14.98%
: 0.013%
99.59% ; recovery : 86.17%

30087[L(STP)/min)

HP : 0.4 1%

Step 4

Product
(1 atm)

Product
(1 atm)

14866[L(STP)/min)

I:

Product
(1 atm)

Product
(1 atm)

CO : 1.33%
CO 2 : 41.16%
H2

57.10%

A
3
:

15113[L(STP)/min)

HP purity : 0.78% ; recovery : 96.12%

CO purity
CO 2 purity

Vent
(0.1atm)

Feed

Vent
(0.1atm)

Feed
Step 7
4

H2

Feed

Feed
Step 8

298.15K ' 7.5atm'

3. Huang , Q.; Malekian , A.; Ei M. ,

Optimization of PSA process for

producing enriched hydrogen from

0 . 1atm '

96

: 1.93% ; recovery : 72.86%

: 81.31 % ; recovery : 99.23%
purity: 15.97% ; recovery : 14.05%

plasma reactor gas" , Sep. Purif.

20s' 4

40s ' f~ 10s '

10s ' 120s

1. Yang , R. T. , Adsorbents : fundamentals

4. Ko , D; Siriwardane , R.; Biegler, L. T. ,

and application" , John Wiely & Sons

Optimization of a pressure-swmg

99.59% 86.17%'

(2003).

8 1. 31 %

2 . Yang , R. Gas separation by

99 . 23% 5

adsorption processes" , Imperial College

Press (1997).

Technol., 62 , 22-31 (2008).

adsorption process using zeolite 13X for

CO 2 sequestration" , Ind. Eng. Chem.
Res. , 42 , 339-348 (2003).
5. Santos , J. C.; Cruz , P.; Regala , T.;

97

Product
(1 atm)

Product
(1 atm)

HP purity : 0.001 % : recovery : 0.13%

CO purity: 0.4%
; recovery
CO 2 purity : 0.011 % ; recovery

Feed

Vent
(0.1atm)
Step 1

Feed

Vent
(0.1atm)
Step 2

Feed

Feed
Step 3

purity :

: 14.98%
: 0.013%
99.59% ; recovery : 86.17%

30087[L(STP)/min)

HP : 0.4 1%

Step 4

Product
(1 atm)

Product
(1 atm)

14866[L(STP)/min)

I:

Product
(1 atm)

Product
(1 atm)

CO : 1.33%
CO 2 : 41.16%
H2

57.10%

A
3
:

15113[L(STP)/min)

HP purity : 0.78% ; recovery : 96.12%

CO purity
CO 2 purity

Vent
(0.1atm)

Feed

Vent
(0.1atm)

Feed
Step 7
4

H2

Feed

Feed
Step 8

298.15K ' 7.5atm'

3. Huang , Q.; Malekian , A.; Ei M. ,

Optimization of PSA process for

producing enriched hydrogen from

0 . 1atm '

96

: 1.93% ; recovery : 72.86%

: 81.31 % ; recovery : 99.23%
purity: 15.97% ; recovery : 14.05%

plasma reactor gas" , Sep. Purif.

20s' 4

40s ' f~ 10s '

10s ' 120s

1. Yang , R. T. , Adsorbents : fundamentals

4. Ko , D; Siriwardane , R.; Biegler, L. T. ,

and application" , John Wiely & Sons

Optimization of a pressure-swmg

99.59% 86.17%'

(2003).

8 1. 31 %

2 . Yang , R. Gas separation by

99 . 23% 5

adsorption processes" , Imperial College

Press (1997).

Technol., 62 , 22-31 (2008).

adsorption process using zeolite 13X for

CO 2 sequestration" , Ind. Eng. Chem.
Res. , 42 , 339-348 (2003).
5. Santos , J. C.; Cruz , P.; Regala , T.;

97

Maga1hes , F. D.; Mendes , A. , High-

K. Pressure swing adsorption" ,

Purity Oxygen Production by Pressure

VCH Publishers (1 994).

Swing Adsorption" , Ind. Eng. Chem.

Res. , 46 , 591-599 (2007).

13. Sircar , S. , Pressure swing

adsorption" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. ,

6. Chou , C. T.; Chen , F. H.; Huang , Y. J.;

Yang , H. S. , Carbon dioxide capture

41 , 1389-1392 (2002).
14.

and hydrogen purification from synthesis

gas by pressure swing adsorption" ,

'

Chemica1 engineering transactions , 32 ,

1855-1860 (2013)

(2012)

7. Ruthven, D. M. , Princip1e of adsorption

103

& Sons (1 984).

theoretica1 study on H/C0 2 separation

by a five-step one-co1umn PSA

comparison of linear driving force and

process" , Korean J. of Chem. Eng. ,

pore diffusion mode1s for a pressure

12 , 503-511 (1995).

...

swing adsorption bulk separation

process"

Lee, C. H.; Lee , H., Experimenta1 and

15. Kim, W. G.; Yang , J.; Han , S.; Cho , C.;

and adstion processes" , John Wie1y

8. Farooq , S.; Ruthven , D. 1. A

'"

?J

107-115 (1990).
-

NT$350

J. Chem. Eng. Sci. , 45 ,

99

9. Bird , R. B.; Stewart, W. E.; Lightfoot , E.

N. , Transport phenomena"

2nd Ed. ,

Wiley (2007).

KSB

10.

McCa

W. L.; Smith , J.C.; Harriott,

P. , Unit operations of chemical

engineering" , 6th Ed , McGraw-Hill
(2001).
11. Chou, C. T.; Huar W.C. Incoration
of a valve equation into the simu1ation of
a pressure swing adsorption process" ,
Chem. Eng. Sci., 49 , 75-84 (1994).

Aktiengesellschaft

"Centrifugal

Pump

Lexicon"

&

KSB

12. Ruthven , D. M.; Farooq , S.; Knaebel ,

()

5... www.mmmpc.com .tw ' TEL:

98

02-8712-5539 (686

688)

Maga1hes , F. D.; Mendes , A. , High-

K. Pressure swing adsorption" ,

Purity Oxygen Production by Pressure

VCH Publishers (1 994).

Swing Adsorption" , Ind. Eng. Chem.

Res. , 46 , 591-599 (2007).

13. Sircar , S. , Pressure swing

adsorption" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. ,

6. Chou , C. T.; Chen , F. H.; Huang , Y. J.;

Yang , H. S. , Carbon dioxide capture

41 , 1389-1392 (2002).
14.

and hydrogen purification from synthesis

gas by pressure swing adsorption" ,

'

Chemica1 engineering transactions , 32 ,

1855-1860 (2013)

(2012)

7. Ruthven, D. M. , Princip1e of adsorption

103

& Sons (1 984).

theoretica1 study on H/C0 2 separation

by a five-step one-co1umn PSA

comparison of linear driving force and

process" , Korean J. of Chem. Eng. ,

pore diffusion mode1s for a pressure

12 , 503-511 (1995).

...

swing adsorption bulk separation

process"

Lee, C. H.; Lee , H., Experimenta1 and

15. Kim, W. G.; Yang , J.; Han , S.; Cho , C.;

and adstion processes" , John Wie1y

8. Farooq , S.; Ruthven , D. 1. A

'"

?J

107-115 (1990).
-

NT$350

J. Chem. Eng. Sci. , 45 ,

99

9. Bird , R. B.; Stewart, W. E.; Lightfoot , E.

N. , Transport phenomena"

2nd Ed. ,

Wiley (2007).

KSB

10.

McCa

W. L.; Smith , J.C.; Harriott,

P. , Unit operations of chemical

engineering" , 6th Ed , McGraw-Hill
(2001).
11. Chou, C. T.; Huar W.C. Incoration
of a valve equation into the simu1ation of
a pressure swing adsorption process" ,
Chem. Eng. Sci., 49 , 75-84 (1994).

Aktiengesellschaft

"Centrifugal

Pump

Lexicon"

&

KSB

12. Ruthven , D. M.; Farooq , S.; Knaebel ,

()

5... www.mmmpc.com .tw ' TEL:

98

02-8712-5539 (686

688)

Chemical Process Simulation

(diethyl carbonate ' DEC)

DEC

DEC
DEC

DEC

DEC

DEC

DEC

100

Chemical Process Simulation

(diethyl carbonate ' DEC)

DEC

DEC
DEC

DEC

DEC

DEC

DEC

100

(diethyl carbonate '

(AC )

DEC)

DEC

DEC

30%[

DEC

102

DEC

2a (fully

thermally coupled) Petlyuk

2b 2c

D anovic (9)
I

Yildirim

20 70

DEC

Schultz

30

50

50% [1)

28% '

20%

DEC

DohertyBuzad(2 )

DEC DEC

60%

Taylor

Krishna(3)

Almeida-Rivera

(4)

()

Doherty

(12)[1 ]

Malone(5) SundmacherKienle(6)

2008

Luyben Yu [7]

(rectification)

(stripping)

DEC

(thermally coupled)

( equilibrium

'

(10)

103

(diethyl carbonate '

(AC )

DEC)

DEC

DEC

30%[

DEC

102

DEC

2a (fully

thermally coupled) Petlyuk

2b 2c

D anovic (9)
I

Yildirim

20 70

DEC

Schultz

30

50

50% [1)

28% '

20%

DEC

DohertyBuzad(2 )

DEC DEC

60%

Taylor

Krishna(3)

Almeida-Rivera

(4)

()

Doherty

(12)[1 ]

Malone(5) SundmacherKienle(6)

2008

Luyben Yu [7]

(rectification)

(stripping)

DEC

(thermally coupled)

( equilibrium

'

(10)

103

[2

(b)

(a)

c
= 1.9 104
). C'pr~ -9.7868.10 8 )
4'<'
.~
., RT
. , RT
CErOH

(c)

(2)

rpc PC (mol/(L.min)) cii (mol/L)

1 wt%

ChemCad
ABC

UNIQUAC
616UNIQUAC

EtOH-PG UNIQUAC ChemCad PC-PGEtOH-DEC UNIQUAC

Mathuni 6JRodriguez [27J

(PC-EtOH PC-DECDEC-PG)
2

ChemCad

DECPG

limited)

ChemCad

DECPG

(total annual cost ' TAC) TAC

(total annual cost)

DEC

(propylene carbonate '

PC)(ethanol ' EtOH)

DEC

DEC (propylene glycol ' PG)

PC+2EtOH

PC EtOH

DEC PG

DEC + PG...............(l)

UNIQUAC

PC

EtOH

367 .49

184.29

PC

DEC

-172 .09

216.21

PC

PG

79.09

292.94

35.26

287.93

U;rU

Uj,-U n

20 50

16.8 kJ

EtOH

DEC

mol- J

EtOH

PG

181 .02

-57.82

DEC

PG

485.28

-36.54

104

TAC= +... . ...... . ...... ... ...... ...... . ... . ... . .. . .. ... .. ... . . . . .. . . . ... ... ... ... .. . ....... .. .

105

[2

(b)

(a)

c
= 1.9 104
). C'pr~ -9.7868.10 8 )
4'<'
.~
., RT
. , RT
CErOH

(c)

(2)

rpc PC (mol/(L.min)) cii (mol/L)

1 wt%

ChemCad
ABC

UNIQUAC
616UNIQUAC

EtOH-PG UNIQUAC ChemCad PC-PGEtOH-DEC UNIQUAC

Mathuni 6JRodriguez [27J

(PC-EtOH PC-DECDEC-PG)
2

ChemCad

DECPG

limited)

ChemCad

DECPG

(total annual cost ' TAC) TAC

(total annual cost)

DEC

(propylene carbonate '

PC)(ethanol ' EtOH)

DEC

DEC (propylene glycol ' PG)

PC+2EtOH

PC EtOH

DEC PG

DEC + PG...............(l)

UNIQUAC

PC

EtOH

367 .49

184.29

PC

DEC

-172 .09

216.21

PC

PG

79.09

292.94

35.26

287.93

U;rU

Uj,-U n

20 50

16.8 kJ

EtOH

DEC

mol- J

EtOH

PG

181 .02

-57.82

DEC

PG

485.28

-36.54

104

TAC= +... . ...... . ...... ... ...... ...... . ... . ... . .. . .. ... .. ... . . . . .. . . . ... ... ... ... .. . ....... .. .

105

PC 25 kmo 1l1

EtOH

EtO

(49.953

kmo l/hr) , DEC PG

PC

99.9% PG

PG

4740(

EtOH

106

mol%)DEC

(99.9

mo1%)

(99.97

JE
O oo

17 4 14

EtOH

OEdOO

PC EtOH

JO-oEFO
OO

DEC EtOH

OE 0 ZOH

(99.9 mol%)

PG

-oE
oa

-OEt
N

PC

OF
O
JF-OE

TAC

h
h

EtOH

N@Fuhb
H'
Z~

()

NOa

PC

OH

JF-oEOOOOa

("')

-oEt
0.

PC PC

FHa-
-F

vt
AEFr
e

G
-

5.OO
JF

EO -ho

JF

JP-oEO0.N
OZO

TAC

EH Funk

E
Fua

()

OEU
A
NO

OES F

FHO
OK

EtOH

()

(A)

O
nMW

}(SN
(
2

PC

EF.OO

PC

E
.O O
JF-o

EtOH

N
-oEX.

Jb-oEOoooa

L
Z FH

j PC

JSOEO

PC

.,

EFOOO

N
OESoo

3a

-O
N"
Z~

JF

-OO

3a

N
z=oEXh
h
.

.OO
0
-oEh

107

PC 25 kmo 1l1

EtOH

EtO

(49.953

kmo l/hr) , DEC PG

PC

99.9% PG

PG

4740(

EtOH

106

mol%)DEC

(99.9

mo1%)

(99.97

JE
O oo

17 4 14

EtOH

OEdOO

PC EtOH

JO-oEFO
OO

DEC EtOH

OE 0 ZOH

(99.9 mol%)

PG

-oE
oa

-OEt
N

PC

OF
O
JF-OE

TAC

h
h

EtOH

N@Fuhb
H'
Z~

()

NOa

PC

OH

JF-oEOOOOa

("')

-oEt
0.

PC PC

FHa-
-F

vt
AEFr
e

G
-

5.OO
JF

EO -ho

JF

JP-oEO0.N
OZO

TAC

EH Funk

E
Fua

()

OEU
A
NO

OES F

FHO
OK

EtOH

()

(A)

O
nMW

}(SN
(
2

PC

EF.OO

PC

E
.O O
JF-o

EtOH

N
-oEX.

Jb-oEOoooa

L
Z FH

j PC

JSOEO

PC

.,

EFOOO

N
OESoo

3a

-O
N"
Z~

JF

-OO

3a

N
z=oEXh
h
.

.OO
0
-oEh

107

TAC($2.645x10 6/)

TAC

EtOH DEC PG'

$9.208x10 5 / $1. 724x 10 6/

16.23 GJ/h 35.26 GJ/h

PG DEC EtOH

0 . 185 2 . 14 '

LSR

3a

LSR 9 . 12

(a)

16 . 36 GJ/h20.66 GJ/

h ' 2.146 '

(35.26 GJ/h)

3a

28.1% 3b

3b

108

(I iquid

LSR

nu

-5

nu

-1
q4

12

23

34

45

56

EB

41

,7

(c)

2
-

-0.01% I

-0.01%

1[- +0.01%

|
/j

011111111111

11111

,.,

I"I~

1111

2f -

+0.01% I

nu

-2

split ratio ' LSR) ,

5 - +0.001%

1 +0.001%

-0.001%

-0.001% I

10

DE C( 99.9 mo1%)

multip1icity)

234

DEC'

56

(input

45

34

(O
a)

23

-10

EtOH

12

(b)

EtOH(99.97 mo1%)

3b

-4

mo1 % PG

nun4

-2

t 99 . 9

-+0.0025%

2f

)
o

se
)

- -0 . 0025%

-0.0025%

+0.0025%

2r

-4

-2

12

23

34

45

56

(a) (b)
(c)

109

TAC($2.645x10 6/)

TAC

EtOH DEC PG'

$9.208x10 5 / $1. 724x 10 6/

16.23 GJ/h 35.26 GJ/h

PG DEC EtOH

0 . 185 2 . 14 '

LSR

3a

LSR 9 . 12

(a)

16 . 36 GJ/h20.66 GJ/

h ' 2.146 '

(35.26 GJ/h)

3a

28.1% 3b

3b

108

(I iquid

LSR

nu

-5

nu

-1
q4

12

23

34

45

56

EB

41

,7

(c)

2
-

-0.01% I

-0.01%

1[- +0.01%

|
/j

011111111111

11111

,.,

I"I~

1111

2f -

+0.01% I

nu

-2

split ratio ' LSR) ,

5 - +0.001%

1 +0.001%

-0.001%

-0.001% I

10

DE C( 99.9 mo1%)

multip1icity)

234

DEC'

56

(input

45

34

(O
a)

23

-10

EtOH

12

(b)

EtOH(99.97 mo1%)

3b

-4

mo1 % PG

nun4

-2

t 99 . 9

-+0.0025%

2f

)
o

se
)

- -0 . 0025%

-0.0025%

+0.0025%

2r

-4

-2

12

23

34

45

56

(a) (b)
(c)

109

PC EtOH

EtOH

AI-Arfai

Luyben[28 J

-0 . 001%

-1

-3

-5

12

23

34

45

-2

56

0 . 01% I

1E

1lH
H

(b)

-10

34

45

56

45

56

+0.01% I

1~

0.0
-0.5
-1.0

12

23

34

(1I

(a) (b)

-6
4

0.5 - +0.005% EtOH

+0.005% EtOH

-3

1.0

--0.005% EtOH

45

56

(I

(a)PC (b)EtOH

110

34

6
3

O
-2

23

23

12

-0 .4
12

-5

0.0
-0.2

-0.01% iI

- -0.01% PC
- +0.01% PC

-6
2

4
--0 . 01% I

EE

+0.01% PC

(b) 10

0.2

RE

- -0.01% PC

H_ +0.001%

0.4

-0.001%I

5 +0.001%

-10

(a)

(a) 10

111

PC EtOH

EtOH

AI-Arfai

Luyben[28 J

-0 . 001%

-1

-3

-5

12

23

34

45

-2

56

0 . 01% I

1E

1lH
H

(b)

-10

34

45

56

45

56

+0.01% I

1~

0.0
-0.5
-1.0

12

23

34

(1I

(a) (b)

-6
4

0.5 - +0.005% EtOH

+0.005% EtOH

-3

1.0

--0.005% EtOH

45

56

(I

(a)PC (b)EtOH

110

34

6
3

O
-2

23

23

12

-0 .4
12

-5

0.0
-0.2

-0.01% iI

- -0.01% PC
- +0.01% PC

-6
2

4
--0 . 01% I

EE

+0.01% PC

(b) 10

0.2

RE

- -0.01% PC

H_ +0.001%

0.4

-0.001%I

5 +0.001%

-10

(a)

(a) 10

111

PC

47 544

2 7

EtOH

(sequential design

approach[30 J )

EtOH

(relay feedback)

[3'J (ultimate gain)

(ultimate frequency)
PI

Kc

5 6

Kc T

SVD

KcuPu

47 (T 47 ) 54 (T S4 )

Kcul 3.....................................(4)

,= Pul 0.5......................................(5)

RGA(relative

(inventory control)

gain a)m m2 m 3

(quality control)

EtOH

RGA

EtOH

RGA

lim--+15%PC
50

I'1A/'" '-

10

12

24

! 2.1 \

{'.;

11 J

1.8

36

12

24

36

24

36

24

36

(h)

(h)

-J\i

EMUVVV

90

12

24

12

36

(h)

(h)

3315
144

|U

24

I '.

12

36

(h)

|tt

1/'-.

80

(!)

120

l1OO I' J

(h)

PC

0.999

12

IlIlL 1\/'

12

24

36

(h)

112

87

1. -15% PC

164

4 (T z)2

2 .4

90

93

);
(00

SVD(singular value decomposition[2)

(
E)
O
E

PC EtOH

1'1

309985L

/"

36
(h)

PC+ EtOH

113

PC

47 544

2 7

EtOH

(sequential design

approach[30 J )

EtOH

(relay feedback)

[3'J (ultimate gain)

(ultimate frequency)
PI

Kc

5 6

Kc T

SVD

KcuPu

47 (T 47 ) 54 (T S4 )

Kcul 3.....................................(4)

,= Pul 0.5......................................(5)

RGA(relative

(inventory control)

gain a)m m2 m 3

(quality control)

EtOH

RGA

EtOH

RGA

lim--+15%PC
50

I'1A/'" '-

10

12

24

! 2.1 \

{'.;

11 J

1.8

36

12

24

36

24

36

24

36

(h)

(h)

-J\i

EMUVVV

90

12

24

12

36

(h)

(h)

3315
144

|U

24

I '.

12

36

(h)

|tt

1/'-.

80

(!)

120

l1OO I' J

(h)

PC

0.999

12

IlIlL 1\/'

12

24

36

(h)

112

87

1. -15% PC

164

4 (T z)2

2 .4

90

93

);
(00

SVD(singular value decomposition[2)

(
E)
O
E

PC EtOH

1'1

309985L

/"

36
(h)

PC+ EtOH

113

PC ::1: 15%

EtOH

EtOH

149-154(2007).
14. Delgado-Delgado , R.; Hernndez ,
Barroso-1uoz

Thermally Coupled Disti11ation Schemes

S.;

for Ternary Mixture" , App 1. Therm.

Hernndez , J. G.; Castro-Montoya , _

Eng. , 21 , 1299-1317(2001).

A. J. , From Simulation Studies to

O1 ujic' , Z". ,

F. 0.; Segovia-

Experimental Tests in a Reactive

Wall Column

Dividing Wall Distillation Column" ,

- A Breakthrough towards Sustainable

Chem. Eng. Res. Des. , 90 ,

With Projections to 2035. In: US EIA ,

Distilling" , Chem. Eng. Process. , 49 ,

855-862(2012).

ed. Beman Associates , 292(2011).

559-580(2010).

' Dividing

15. Lee , H. Y.; Lai , 1. K.; Huang , H. P.;

2. Doher M. F.; Buzad , G. , Reactive

10. Yildirim , 0.; Kiss , A. A.; Kenig , E.

Chien , 1. L. , Design and Control

Distillation by Design" , Chem. Eng.

Y. , Dividing Wall Columns in

of Thermally Coupled Reactive

Res. Des. , 70 , 448-458 (1 992).

Chemical Process Industry: A Review

Distillation for the Production of

on Current Activities" , Sep. Puri f.

Isopropyl Acetate" , Ind. Eng. Chem.

Techno l., 80, 403-417(2011).

Res. , 51 , 11753-11763(2012).

PC EtOH
DEC' PC

3. Taylor, R.; Krishna , R. , "Modelling

DEC'

Reactive Distillation" , Chem. Eng. Sci. ,

55 , 5183-5229(2000).

11. Schultz, M. A.; Stewart, D. G.; Harris ,

16. Wang , S. J.; Yu , C. C.; Huang , H. P. ,

DEC

4. Almeida-Rivera , C. P.; Swinkels , P. L.

J. M.; Rosenblum , S. P.; Shakur, M. S.;

J.; Grievink , J. , Designing Reactive

0' Brien, D. E. , Reduce Costs with

DMC Synthesis Process via Reactive

Distillation Processes: Present and

Dividing-Wall Columns" , Chem. Eng.

Distillation and Thermally Coupled

Future" , Compu t. Chem. Eng. , 28 ,

Prog. , 98 , 64-71(2002).

Extractive Distillation" , Compu t.

1997-2020(2004).

12. Wang , S. J.; Lee , H. Y.; Ho , J. H.; Yu,

Plant-Wide

Design and Control of

Chem. Eng. , 34 , 361-373(2010).

DEC PG EtOH

5. Doherty , M. F.; Malone , M. F. ,

C. C.; Huang , H. P.; Lee , M. J., Plant-

Conceptual Design of Distillation

Wide Design of Ideal Reactive

T.; Hu , C. C.; Cheng , S. H. , Optimal

Systems; McGraw-Hill: New

Distillation Processes with Thermal

Design of Reactive Distillation and

York(2001).

Coupling" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 49 ,

Azeotropic Distillation Systems

3262-3274(2010).

with Incorporation of Dividing-

6. Sundmacher, K.; Kienle , A. , Reactive

Distillation; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim ,

SVD RGA

Germany(2003).

114

Simulation of Energy Integrated and

Chem. Eng. Res. Des. , 85 ,

1. EI A. Intemational Energy Outlook 2011 :

8.Emt" M.; Rev, E.; Fonyo , Z. ,Rigorous

9. D anovic' ,I.; Matijasevic' ,L.;

PGDEC

VCH , New York, U.S.A.(2008).

7.

Luyb

13. Sander, S.; Flisch , C.; Geissler, E.;

Schoenmakers , H.; Ryll , 0.; Hasse ,

17. Wang , S. J.; Chen , W. Y.;

Char W.

Wall Columns" , submitted for

publication(20 14).

W. L.; Yu , C. C. , Reactive

H. , Methyl Acetate Hydrolysis in

18. Cosso-Vargas , E.; Barroso-Muoz ,

Distillation Design and Contro l. Wiley-

a Reactive Divided Wall Column" ,

F. 0.; Hernandez , S.; Segovia-

115

PC ::1: 15%

EtOH

EtOH

149-154(2007).
14. Delgado-Delgado , R.; Hernndez ,
Barroso-1uoz

Thermally Coupled Disti11ation Schemes

S.;

for Ternary Mixture" , App 1. Therm.

Hernndez , J. G.; Castro-Montoya , _

Eng. , 21 , 1299-1317(2001).

A. J. , From Simulation Studies to

O1 ujic' , Z". ,

F. 0.; Segovia-

Experimental Tests in a Reactive

Wall Column

Dividing Wall Distillation Column" ,

- A Breakthrough towards Sustainable

Chem. Eng. Res. Des. , 90 ,

With Projections to 2035. In: US EIA ,

Distilling" , Chem. Eng. Process. , 49 ,

855-862(2012).

ed. Beman Associates , 292(2011).

559-580(2010).

' Dividing

15. Lee , H. Y.; Lai , 1. K.; Huang , H. P.;

2. Doher M. F.; Buzad , G. , Reactive

10. Yildirim , 0.; Kiss , A. A.; Kenig , E.

Chien , 1. L. , Design and Control

Distillation by Design" , Chem. Eng.

Y. , Dividing Wall Columns in

of Thermally Coupled Reactive

Res. Des. , 70 , 448-458 (1 992).

Chemical Process Industry: A Review

Distillation for the Production of

on Current Activities" , Sep. Puri f.

Isopropyl Acetate" , Ind. Eng. Chem.

Techno l., 80, 403-417(2011).

Res. , 51 , 11753-11763(2012).

PC EtOH
DEC' PC

3. Taylor, R.; Krishna , R. , "Modelling

DEC'

Reactive Distillation" , Chem. Eng. Sci. ,

55 , 5183-5229(2000).

11. Schultz, M. A.; Stewart, D. G.; Harris ,

16. Wang , S. J.; Yu , C. C.; Huang , H. P. ,

DEC

4. Almeida-Rivera , C. P.; Swinkels , P. L.

J. M.; Rosenblum , S. P.; Shakur, M. S.;

J.; Grievink , J. , Designing Reactive

0' Brien, D. E. , Reduce Costs with

DMC Synthesis Process via Reactive

Distillation Processes: Present and

Dividing-Wall Columns" , Chem. Eng.

Distillation and Thermally Coupled

Future" , Compu t. Chem. Eng. , 28 ,

Prog. , 98 , 64-71(2002).

Extractive Distillation" , Compu t.

1997-2020(2004).

12. Wang , S. J.; Lee , H. Y.; Ho , J. H.; Yu,

Plant-Wide

Design and Control of

Chem. Eng. , 34 , 361-373(2010).

DEC PG EtOH

5. Doherty , M. F.; Malone , M. F. ,

C. C.; Huang , H. P.; Lee , M. J., Plant-

Conceptual Design of Distillation

Wide Design of Ideal Reactive

T.; Hu , C. C.; Cheng , S. H. , Optimal

Systems; McGraw-Hill: New

Distillation Processes with Thermal

Design of Reactive Distillation and

York(2001).

Coupling" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 49 ,

Azeotropic Distillation Systems

3262-3274(2010).

with Incorporation of Dividing-

6. Sundmacher, K.; Kienle , A. , Reactive

Distillation; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim ,

SVD RGA

Germany(2003).

114

Simulation of Energy Integrated and

Chem. Eng. Res. Des. , 85 ,

1. EI A. Intemational Energy Outlook 2011 :

8.Emt" M.; Rev, E.; Fonyo , Z. ,Rigorous

9. D anovic' ,I.; Matijasevic' ,L.;

PGDEC

VCH , New York, U.S.A.(2008).

7.

Luyb

13. Sander, S.; Flisch , C.; Geissler, E.;

Schoenmakers , H.; Ryll , 0.; Hasse ,

17. Wang , S. J.; Chen , W. Y.;

Char W.

Wall Columns" , submitted for

publication(20 14).

W. L.; Yu , C. C. , Reactive

H. , Methyl Acetate Hydrolysis in

18. Cosso-Vargas , E.; Barroso-Muoz ,

Distillation Design and Contro l. Wiley-

a Reactive Divided Wall Column" ,

F. 0.; Hernandez , S.; Segovia-

115

Hemandez , J. G.; Cano-Rodrguez, M.

Simulation" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. ,

1.,Thermally Coupled Distillation

46 , 3709~3719(2007).

and Manipulated Variables. In Practical

Distillation Control; Van Nostrand

Sequences: Steady State Simulation

24. Mueller , 1.; Pech , C.; Bhatia ,

of the Esterification of Fatty Organic

D.; Kenig , E. Y. , Rate-Based

Acids" , Chem. Eng. Process. , 62 ,

Analysis of Reactive Distillation

30. Shen, S. H.; Yu, C. Use of Relay-

176~ 182(2012).

Sequences with Different Degrees of

Feedback Test for Automatic Tuning

Integration" , Chem. Eng. Sci. , 62,

of Multivariable Systems" , AIChE J. ,

7327~7335(2007).

40 , 627~646(1994).

19. Kiss , A. A.; Segovia-Hernndez , J.

G.; Bildea, C. S.; Miranda-Galindo ,

Reinhold: NewYork(1 992).

E. Y.; Hernndez , S. , Reactive

25. Zhang, Y.; Ji, Z.; Xu, R.; Fang, Y.,

31. Luyben, W. L.,Derivation of Transfer

DWC Leading the Way to FAME and

Experimental and Kinetic Studies

Functions for Highly N onlinear

on a Homogeneous System for

Distillation Columns" , Ind. Eng.

20. Wang , S. J.; Huang , H. P.; Yu ,

Diethyl Carbonate Synthesis by

Chem. Res. , 26 , 2490~2495(1987).

C. C. , Plant- Wide Design of

Transesterification" , Chem. Eng.

Transesterification Reactive Distillation

Techno l., 35 , 693~699(2012).

Fortune" , Fuel, 95 , 352~359(2012).

to Co-Generate Ethyl Acetate and

n-Butanol" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. ,
49 750~760(20 1O).

26.

Mathu

T.; Kim, J. 1.; Park, S. J. ,

Phase Equilibrium and Physical

Properties for the Purification of

2 1. Wang , S. J.; Wong , D. S. H.; Yu,

Propylene Carbonate (PC) and

S. \\ Design and Control of

y-Butyrolactone (GBL)" , J. Chem.

Transesterification Reactive Distillation

Eng. Data, 56, 89~96(2011).

with Thermal Coupling" , Comput.

Chem. Eng. , 32 , 3030~3037(2008).

Steady-State Design of Thermally

Five Alcohols at 101.3 kP a" ,J. Chem.

Carbonate" , Comput. Chem. Eng., 52,

262~271(2013).

guez, A.; Tojo, J. ,Isobaric Phase

Equilibria of Diethyl Carbonate with

Process for the Synthesis of Diphenyl

27. Rodriguez , A.; Canosa , J.; Domin-

22. Cheng, K.; Wang, S. J.; Wong, D. S. H.,

Coupled Reactive Distillation

116

29. Moore , C. F. , Selection of Controlled

Eng. Data, 48 , 86~91(2003).

28. AI-Arfaj , M. A.;

L ben

W. L. ,

Comparison of Alternative

Control Structures for an Ideal

23. Mueller, 1.; Kenig, E. Y., Reactive

Two-Product Reactive Distillation

Distillation in a Dividing Wall

Column" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39,

Column: Rate-Based Modeling and

3298~3307(2000).

117

Hemandez , J. G.; Cano-Rodrguez, M.

Simulation" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. ,

1.,Thermally Coupled Distillation

46 , 3709~3719(2007).

and Manipulated Variables. In Practical

Distillation Control; Van Nostrand

Sequences: Steady State Simulation

24. Mueller , 1.; Pech , C.; Bhatia ,

of the Esterification of Fatty Organic

D.; Kenig , E. Y. , Rate-Based

Acids" , Chem. Eng. Process. , 62 ,

Analysis of Reactive Distillation

30. Shen, S. H.; Yu, C. Use of Relay-

176~ 182(2012).

Sequences with Different Degrees of

Feedback Test for Automatic Tuning

Integration" , Chem. Eng. Sci. , 62,

of Multivariable Systems" , AIChE J. ,

7327~7335(2007).

40 , 627~646(1994).

19. Kiss , A. A.; Segovia-Hernndez , J.

G.; Bildea, C. S.; Miranda-Galindo ,

Reinhold: NewYork(1 992).

E. Y.; Hernndez , S. , Reactive

25. Zhang, Y.; Ji, Z.; Xu, R.; Fang, Y.,

31. Luyben, W. L.,Derivation of Transfer

DWC Leading the Way to FAME and

Experimental and Kinetic Studies

Functions for Highly N onlinear

on a Homogeneous System for

Distillation Columns" , Ind. Eng.

20. Wang , S. J.; Huang , H. P.; Yu ,

Diethyl Carbonate Synthesis by

Chem. Res. , 26 , 2490~2495(1987).

C. C. , Plant- Wide Design of

Transesterification" , Chem. Eng.

Transesterification Reactive Distillation

Techno l., 35 , 693~699(2012).

Fortune" , Fuel, 95 , 352~359(2012).

to Co-Generate Ethyl Acetate and

n-Butanol" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. ,
49 750~760(20 1O).

26.

Mathu

T.; Kim, J. 1.; Park, S. J. ,

Phase Equilibrium and Physical

Properties for the Purification of

2 1. Wang , S. J.; Wong , D. S. H.; Yu,

Propylene Carbonate (PC) and

S. \\ Design and Control of

y-Butyrolactone (GBL)" , J. Chem.

Transesterification Reactive Distillation

Eng. Data, 56, 89~96(2011).

with Thermal Coupling" , Comput.

Chem. Eng. , 32 , 3030~3037(2008).

Steady-State Design of Thermally

Five Alcohols at 101.3 kP a" ,J. Chem.

Carbonate" , Comput. Chem. Eng., 52,

262~271(2013).

guez, A.; Tojo, J. ,Isobaric Phase

Equilibria of Diethyl Carbonate with

Process for the Synthesis of Diphenyl

27. Rodriguez , A.; Canosa , J.; Domin-

22. Cheng, K.; Wang, S. J.; Wong, D. S. H.,

Coupled Reactive Distillation

116

29. Moore , C. F. , Selection of Controlled

Eng. Data, 48 , 86~91(2003).

28. AI-Arfaj , M. A.;

L ben

W. L. ,

Comparison of Alternative

Control Structures for an Ideal

23. Mueller, 1.; Kenig, E. Y., Reactive

Two-Product Reactive Distillation

Distillation in a Dividing Wall

Column" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39,

Column: Rate-Based Modeling and

3298~3307(2000).

117

Chemical Process Simulation

99% ()

(Synthetic Natural G SNG)

(Syngas)

()
950(BTU/scf)
l (Energy

Efficiency)
13.28(USD/MMBTU) 15-18(USD/MMBTU)

/
:

118

Conversion

Chemical Process Simulation

99% ()

(Synthetic Natural G SNG)

(Syngas)

()
950(BTU/scf)
l (Energy

Efficiency)
13.28(USD/MMBTU) 15-18(USD/MMBTU)

/
:

118

Conversion

Coal/Biomass

(post-

combustion capture) (pre

combustion capture) (oxy

combustion capture)

(chemical

(International Energy Agency, IEA)

looping process)

2011

(Methanation)

Coal to liquid
(F. T Reaction)
Gasoline
Heavyoil
High order alcohol
Diesel

Electricity

SNG

80%

32%

( 100USD/

barrel) 20

/j

HjCO

>3

>1

99%

(H/CO )

[1-3]

l1

(xyngas)

(SNG)

(Kaltim-Prima Coal , KPC)

120

Chemicals:
Methanol
DME
MTBE
Ammonia/Urea
Olefins

121

Coal/Biomass

(post-

combustion capture) (pre

combustion capture) (oxy

combustion capture)

(chemical

(International Energy Agency, IEA)

looping process)

2011

(Methanation)

Coal to liquid
(F. T Reaction)
Gasoline
Heavyoil
High order alcohol
Diesel

Electricity

SNG

80%

32%

( 100USD/

barrel) 20

/j

HjCO

>3

>1

99%

(H/CO )

[1-3]

l1

(xyngas)

(SNG)

(Kaltim-Prima Coal , KPC)

120

Chemicals:
Methanol
DME
MTBE
Ammonia/Urea
Olefins

121

Kaltim-Prima Coal

(Bl)

Moisl

10.5

Ash

5.26

FC

51.58

75.79

Proximale analysis

VM

43.16

5.21

Ash

5.26

1.52

0.66

13427

98(mol%)

(BTU/lb)

11.56

(ammonia)

(urea)

62116

98(mol%)

(1 bmo 1/ hr) 49495

HHV(DB)

975.6(BTU/sc f)

Ullimale analysis
(DB , wt%)

(Cold

Gas Efficiency, CGE) 75% '

(lbmol/hr)

97.97% ' 59.65% '

Aspen Plus (RadFrac)

13.28(USD/

MMBTU)

Peng-Robinson

Aspen Plus

95(mol%)

2opqLW

))));

l3

N
h

79236 Ibmol/h
CO 10.80(mol%)
H2 24.80(mol%)
HP 36.80(mol%)
C0 2 24.80(mol%)

ra i i 4

66711 Ibmol/h
CO 27.50(mol%)
H2 25.90(mol%)
HP 33.20(mol%)
C0 2 12.20(mol%)

37272

. .

oof-

90.2%
H2S
CO2
Caplure Caplure

99.9%

61nM2.D2

aCHCHCA
uhvmmmm9
hnooooho
H91OOON

34172 Ibmol/h
CO 20.80(mol%)
H2 73.10(mol%)
HP 1.80(mol%)
C0 2 3.50(mol%)

C Conv.=97.97%
2

122

IGCC

(CO) (H 2 ) (C0 2 )

[ 10

(CH 4 )

atm 3

: (pyrolysis)

123

Kaltim-Prima Coal

(Bl)

Moisl

10.5

Ash

5.26

FC

51.58

75.79

Proximale analysis

VM

43.16

5.21

Ash

5.26

1.52

0.66

13427

98(mol%)

(BTU/lb)

11.56

(ammonia)

(urea)

62116

98(mol%)

(1 bmo 1/ hr) 49495

HHV(DB)

975.6(BTU/sc f)

Ullimale analysis
(DB , wt%)

(Cold

Gas Efficiency, CGE) 75% '

(lbmol/hr)

97.97% ' 59.65% '

Aspen Plus (RadFrac)

13.28(USD/

MMBTU)

Peng-Robinson

Aspen Plus

95(mol%)

2opqLW

))));

l3

N
h

79236 Ibmol/h
CO 10.80(mol%)
H2 24.80(mol%)
HP 36.80(mol%)
C0 2 24.80(mol%)

ra i i 4

66711 Ibmol/h
CO 27.50(mol%)
H2 25.90(mol%)
HP 33.20(mol%)
C0 2 12.20(mol%)

37272

. .

oof-

90.2%
H2S
CO2
Caplure Caplure

99.9%

61nM2.D2

aCHCHCA
uhvmmmm9
hnooooho
H91OOON

34172 Ibmol/h
CO 20.80(mol%)
H2 73.10(mol%)
HP 1.80(mol%)
C0 2 3.50(mol%)

C Conv.=97.97%
2

122

IGCC

(CO) (H 2 ) (C0 2 )

[ 10

(CH 4 )

atm 3

: (pyrolysis)

123

(mol%)

O2 Producl
N2 Producl

(alm)

(alm)

98

()

6.25

0.2

98

()

1.3

0.06

( MW)

Main Air
Compressor

I
I

Compsion

I
I

O2
Pump

O2
Compressor

Tolal

53.61

7.07

0.05

9.72

70 .46

Fu r! her

W
Q
OON

(homogeneous)

(heterogeneous)

(slurry feed)

(dry feed)

(water Quench) (radiant

syngas cooling , RS C)

60-65%

(c1 eaning section)

()

(carbon Bed) [1-3.7]

(gasi fier)

(gasifying agent)

[1-3]

M-mz

124

125

(mol%)

O2 Producl
N2 Producl

(alm)

(alm)

98

()

6.25

0.2

98

()

1.3

0.06

( MW)

Main Air
Compressor

I
I

Compsion

I
I

O2
Pump

O2
Compressor

Tolal

53.61

7.07

0.05

9.72

70 .46

Fu r! her

W
Q
OON

(homogeneous)

(heterogeneous)

(slurry feed)

(dry feed)

(water Quench) (radiant

syngas cooling , RS C)

60-65%

(c1 eaning section)

()

(carbon Bed) [1-3.7]

(gasi fier)

(gasifying agent)

[1-3]

M-mz

124

125

GE-

Texaco

Aspen Plus

(scrubber)

[ 12] Aspen Plus

Fortran

Water

CO

41 .61

(Ib/hr)

240000

H2

27.28

(wt%)

63

CO 2

19.90

(atm)

56

HP

9.65

(fJ m)

80

CGE(%)

75.23

(sec)

( % )

98

jE (F)

2389.9

()

0.9213

(mol%)

KPC

\|- Temperature

~.-.-----------

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E
CE
2

2 OOO
1500

500

1--:

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.2

0 .4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.6
o

0.5
0 .4

0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

Normalized Gasifier Length(.)

SCRUBBER
4

126

127

GE-

Texaco

Aspen Plus

(scrubber)

[ 12] Aspen Plus

Fortran

Water

CO

41 .61

(Ib/hr)

240000

H2

27.28

(wt%)

63

CO 2

19.90

(atm)

56

HP

9.65

(fJ m)

80

CGE(%)

75.23

(sec)

( % )

98

jE (F)

2389.9

()

0.9213

(mol%)

KPC

\|- Temperature

~.-.-----------

.3 2500

E
CE
2

2 OOO
1500

500

1--:

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.2

0 .4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.6
o

0.5
0 .4

0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

Normalized Gasifier Length(.)

SCRUBBER
4

126

127

CO H 2

6 63wt% )

CO;

CGE

100
()EZE

2600

~ 98
C

<

2400

90
2300
88
86
84
0.84

0.88

0.90

0.92

0.94

0.84

0.96

0.86

Oxygen to Dry Coal Rat

0.88

0.90

0.92

0.94

0.96

Oxygen to Dry Coal Ratio(-)

.-

- SL=0.59
1.7 -1 1SL=0.60
- SL=0.61

76

74
~72

o
u

u 1.5

(Dimethyl Ether of Polyethylene

Glycol , DEPG)

(SELEXOL)

(Sour WGSR)

CO 2

99.9% H'

Co/

90.2% CO 2 H

Mo [13-14]

(Claus Process)

70

1.4

2200

0.86

E94
U 92

!); 96

cos 7l<H

68

H/CO 3 (

CO

Aspen Plus

1.3

66

1.2
0.84

64
0.86

0.88

0.90

0.92

Oxygen to Dry Coal Ratio(-)

128

0.94

0.96

0.84

0.86

0.88

0.90

0.92

0.94

0.96

3_2)

COS

- Peng-Robinson

DEPG

CH 3 0(C 4 0 )x CH =2~9)

Oxygen to Dry Coal Ratio(-)

CO/H 2

129

CO H 2

6 63wt% )

CO;

CGE

100
()EZE

2600

~ 98
C

<

2400

90
2300
88
86
84
0.84

0.88

0.90

0.92

0.94

0.84

0.96

0.86

Oxygen to Dry Coal Rat

0.88

0.90

0.92

0.94

0.96

Oxygen to Dry Coal Ratio(-)

.-

- SL=0.59
1.7 -1 1SL=0.60
- SL=0.61

76

74
~72

o
u

u 1.5

(Dimethyl Ether of Polyethylene

Glycol , DEPG)

(SELEXOL)

(Sour WGSR)

CO 2

99.9% H'

Co/

90.2% CO 2 H

Mo [13-14]

(Claus Process)

70

1.4

2200

0.86

E94
U 92

!); 96

cos 7l<H

68

H/CO 3 (

CO

Aspen Plus

1.3

66

1.2
0.84

64
0.86

0.88

0.90

0.92

Oxygen to Dry Coal Ratio(-)

128

0.94

0.96

0.84

0.86

0.88

0.90

0.92

0.94

0.96

3_2)

COS

- Peng-Robinson

DEPG

CH 3 0(C 4 0 )x CH =2~9)

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CO/H 2

129

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133

Plains Synfuels Plan t. (http://www.

(USD/MMBTU)

25%

5.

2 20~26(2002)

'

6. Jones, D.; Bhattacharyya, D.; Turton,

R.; Zitney, S., Optimal Design and

Integration of an Air Separation Unit

(ASU)for an Integrated Gasification

KPC

Combined Cycle(IGCC)Power Plant

59.65% ' 58.14%

with CO 2 Capture" , Fuel Processing

(KPC)

Technology, 92 ,

7 (overall

7. DOE/NETL, Cost and Performance

13.28(USD/MMBTU)

efficiency)

Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants

Volume 2: Coal to Synthetic Natural Gas

andAmmonia" (2011).

(1 5~18USD/MMBTU)

Overall

E.ciency(%) = ~'/~/~::;::::::;:.

~'~xl00

()

4.2 4 .4 (USD/

30%

MMBTU)

(MMBTU/hr)
(MMBTU/hr)
(MMBTU/hr)
(%)

HHVSNG/HHVcoal(%)

6123
3560
92
59.65
58.14

1685~ 1695(20 11).

8. Jones , W. P.; Lindstedt , R. p" Global

Reaction Schemes for Hydrocarbon

Combustion" , Combustion and Flame ,

73 , 233~249(1988).

1. Fan, L. Chemical Looping Systems

9. Kumar , M.; Ghoniem , A. F. ,

for Fossil Energy Conservations" ,

Multiphysics Simulations of

John-Wiley and sons(2010).

Entrained Flow Gasification. Part

K.; Song , C.; Subramani , v.,

Two: Constructing and Validating the

Hydrogen and Syngas Production and

Overall Model" , Energy Fuels, 26 ,

Purification Technologies" , John-Wiley

464~479(2012).

2.

134

dakotagas.com/)

3.401
0.392
1.544
7.943
13.280

and sons(2010).

10.

\\

Y.; Zhang, J.; Smith, P. J.; Zhang,

3. Bell , D. A.; Towler, B. F.; Fan ,

H.; Reid, C.; Lv, J.; Yue, G.,Three-

M. , Coal Gasification and its

Dimensional Simulation for an

Applications" , ELSEVIER(2011).

Entrained Flow Coal Slurry Gasifier" ,

4. Dakota Gasification Company, Great

Energy Fuels , 24 ,

1156~1163(2010).

135

Plains Synfuels Plan t. (http://www.

(USD/MMBTU)

25%

5.

2 20~26(2002)

'

6. Jones, D.; Bhattacharyya, D.; Turton,

R.; Zitney, S., Optimal Design and

Integration of an Air Separation Unit

(ASU)for an Integrated Gasification

KPC

Combined Cycle(IGCC)Power Plant

59.65% ' 58.14%

with CO 2 Capture" , Fuel Processing

(KPC)

Technology, 92 ,

7 (overall

7. DOE/NETL, Cost and Performance

13.28(USD/MMBTU)

efficiency)

Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants

Volume 2: Coal to Synthetic Natural Gas

andAmmonia" (2011).

(1 5~18USD/MMBTU)

Overall

E.ciency(%) = ~'/~/~::;::::::;:.

~'~xl00

()

4.2 4 .4 (USD/

30%

MMBTU)

(MMBTU/hr)
(MMBTU/hr)
(MMBTU/hr)
(%)

HHVSNG/HHVcoal(%)

6123
3560
92
59.65
58.14

1685~ 1695(20 11).

8. Jones , W. P.; Lindstedt , R. p" Global

Reaction Schemes for Hydrocarbon

Combustion" , Combustion and Flame ,

73 , 233~249(1988).

1. Fan, L. Chemical Looping Systems

9. Kumar , M.; Ghoniem , A. F. ,

for Fossil Energy Conservations" ,

Multiphysics Simulations of

John-Wiley and sons(2010).

Entrained Flow Gasification. Part

K.; Song , C.; Subramani , v.,

Two: Constructing and Validating the

Hydrogen and Syngas Production and

Overall Model" , Energy Fuels, 26 ,

Purification Technologies" , John-Wiley

464~479(2012).

2.

134

dakotagas.com/)

3.401
0.392
1.544
7.943
13.280

and sons(2010).

10.

\\

Y.; Zhang, J.; Smith, P. J.; Zhang,

3. Bell , D. A.; Towler, B. F.; Fan ,

H.; Reid, C.; Lv, J.; Yue, G.,Three-

M. , Coal Gasification and its

Dimensional Simulation for an

Applications" , ELSEVIER(2011).

Entrained Flow Coal Slurry Gasifier" ,

4. Dakota Gasification Company, Great

Energy Fuels , 24 ,

1156~1163(2010).

135

Chemical Process

1 1. Mongahan , R. F. D.; Ghoniem , A.

Assessment of CO 2 capture Technology

F. , A Dynamic Reduced Order

for IGCC Power Plants" , Ph.D.

Model for Simulating Entrained Flow

Thesis , Camegie Mellon University.

Gasifiers. Part 1: Model Development

18. Douglas , 1.

I\

Conceptual Design of

and Description" , Fuel , 91 ,

Chemical Processes , McGraw-Hill ,

61~80(2012).

NewYork, 1988.

12. Mongahan , R. F. D.; Ghoniem , A.

19. National Energy Technology

A Dynamic Reduced Order

Laboratory, Cost and Performance

Model for Simulating Entrained Flow

Baseline for Fossil Energy Power

Gasifiers. Part 11: Model Variation and

Plants Study. Volume 1: Bituminous

Sensitivity Analysis" , Fuel , 94 , 280-

Coal and Natural Gas to electricity" ,

297(2012).

2007.

13. Svoronos , P. D. N.; Bruno , T. J.

Carbonyl Sulfide: A Review of It s

Chemistry and Properties" , Ind. Eng.
Chem. Res , 41 , 5321(2002).
14. Lund C. R. F. , Microkinetics of
Water-Gas Shift over Sulfided Mo/

AIP3 Catalysts" , Ind. Eng. Chem.

Res , 35 , 2531 (1 996).
15. Robinson , P. J.; Luyben "
Integrated Gasification Combined
Cycle Dynamic Model: H 2 S

Absorption/Stripping , Water-Gas
Shift Reactors , and CO 2 Absorption/
Stripping" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 49 ,
4766(2010).
16. Xu , W.; Tomita A. , Effect of Coal
Type on the Flash Pyrolysis of Various
Coals , 66 , 627~631 (1 987).

17. ChenA Techmocal and Economic

136

137

Chemical Process

1 1. Mongahan , R. F. D.; Ghoniem , A.

Assessment of CO 2 capture Technology

F. , A Dynamic Reduced Order

for IGCC Power Plants" , Ph.D.

Model for Simulating Entrained Flow

Thesis , Camegie Mellon University.

Gasifiers. Part 1: Model Development

18. Douglas , 1.

I\

Conceptual Design of

and Description" , Fuel , 91 ,

Chemical Processes , McGraw-Hill ,

61~80(2012).

NewYork, 1988.

12. Mongahan , R. F. D.; Ghoniem , A.

19. National Energy Technology

A Dynamic Reduced Order

Laboratory, Cost and Performance

Model for Simulating Entrained Flow

Baseline for Fossil Energy Power

Gasifiers. Part 11: Model Variation and

Plants Study. Volume 1: Bituminous

Sensitivity Analysis" , Fuel , 94 , 280-

Coal and Natural Gas to electricity" ,

297(2012).

2007.

13. Svoronos , P. D. N.; Bruno , T. J.

Carbonyl Sulfide: A Review of It s

Chemistry and Properties" , Ind. Eng.
Chem. Res , 41 , 5321(2002).
14. Lund C. R. F. , Microkinetics of
Water-Gas Shift over Sulfided Mo/

AIP3 Catalysts" , Ind. Eng. Chem.

Res , 35 , 2531 (1 996).
15. Robinson , P. J.; Luyben "
Integrated Gasification Combined
Cycle Dynamic Model: H 2 S

Absorption/Stripping , Water-Gas
Shift Reactors , and CO 2 Absorption/
Stripping" , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 49 ,
4766(2010).
16. Xu , W.; Tomita A. , Effect of Coal
Type on the Flash Pyrolysis of Various
Coals , 66 , 627~631 (1 987).

17. ChenA Techmocal and Economic

136

137

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-0.8

'

t TC

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

25

Reb.

Theoretical Plate No.

142

T-2

- '" -

p .

-0.4

Distillate Rate -5%

m
c

! |

>

ji

143

140

130

...... -

120

~ 110

8. 1
E

90

1--Base Case

Distillate Rate +5%

- - - Distillate Rate -5%

/
tt

T-l

#9

~f.'

80

nu

--..

TE

11

13

Theoreti I

15
17
Plate No .

19

21

23

25

Reb.

1.2

0.8

~
0 .4
>
<1>
(/)

j - .

,_

..

'

c.
-0.8

'

t TC

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

25

Reb.

Theoretical Plate No.

142

T-2

- '" -

p .

-0.4

Distillate Rate -5%

m
c

! |

>

ji

143

 CO

'

CO

CO

'

140

130

CO

120

CO

11

(tlash

drum)

Q.

100

(a)(

CO

1-

CO

..,..t.---

E
,_
3

2 6

80

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

25 Reb.

Theore cal Pla No.

(b)
7

5.0

100

()

--

90

j CO

80

C0 2 VENT

70

_..
J

4.0

__c

50

40

30
20

10

__A -8

60

-
0

3.0

I--i

- ()- E

2.0

\'

1.0

'&

/ .:T
3

().

-_.
11

13

15

17

--

T
19

21

23

25

Reb

Theoretical Plate No.

6

144

CO ( I)

145

 CO

'

CO

CO

'

140

130

CO

120

CO

11

(tlash

drum)

Q.

100

(a)(

CO

1-

CO

..,..t.---

E
,_
3

2 6

80

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

25 Reb.

Theore cal Pla No.

(b)
7

5.0

100

()

--

90

j CO

80

C0 2 VENT

70

_..
J

4.0

__c

50

40

30
20

10

__A -8

60

-
0

3.0

I--i

- ()- E

2.0

\'

1.0

'&

/ .:T
3

().

-_.
11

13

15

17

--

T
19

21

23

25

Reb

Theoretical Plate No.

6

144

CO ( I)

145

100
90

......--

.
.
.

80

RORUA

,.,.--

v
/'

nvnunU

___A -B

8.0

__c - -

<)-

6.0

30

ro
O

4.0 <f!.

~'i-' a

20

1'-..

' Y
' Q.

10

v--

c
:.:::i
..c

232-o)40

70

10.0

2.0

.........

ECH ECA

99.99wt%20

1. 30torr

......

11
13
15
17
Theoretical Plate No

19

21

23

25 Reb.

2. 3 2

"

D:

ECH ECA (ECH

:
E:

ECA

(flooding)

:7 9

140

ECA

(hydraulic calculation)

(rating)

(gamma ray)

300kg

11

(c)

(film boiling)

146

150torr

. ;;

:
I

C: A'

MT/h

MT/h

60.3
400

ppm(vol)

10

60.3

93.6

670

10

147

100
90

......--

.
.
.

80

RORUA

,.,.--

v
/'

nvnunU

___A -B

8.0

__c - -

<)-

6.0

30

ro
O

4.0 <f!.

~'i-' a

20

1'-..

' Y
' Q.

10

v--

c
:.:::i
..c

232-o)40

70

10.0

2.0

.........

ECH ECA

99.99wt%20

1. 30torr

......

11
13
15
17
Theoretical Plate No

19

21

23

25 Reb.

2. 3 2

"

D:

ECH ECA (ECH

:
E:

ECA

(flooding)

:7 9

140

ECA

(hydraulic calculation)

(rating)

(gamma ray)

300kg

11

(c)

(film boiling)

146

150torr

. ;;

:
I

C: A'

MT/h

MT/h

60.3
400

ppm(vol)

10

60.3

93.6

670

10

147

VACUUM

l PUMP

ECH

ECA

/'

H-113

kcal/hr

R.R.

=2.24

104

-
-F
mu-

T - 111

O.B.
-

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

11

10

ECH ECA

(3 00~1500&

21 OO~3300) 5

F: NH) CO 2

CO 2:

HP

NH)+HP NH/+OH- ................(1)

NH) CO 2 '

CO2+HP

NH)

HCO)-'"CO)2-+H+ .......................(3)

CO

HCO)-+NH)

148

NH)-C0 2 -H 2 0 NH)

HCO)-+H+................(2)

+O F

'J

RO

NH)

: NH) CO 2 &HP'

NH) ;

: NH) CO 2

CO 2 ( A

H 0 H)O+ cot OH- HCO)-

CO 2

NH / NH 2 COO- ; NH)

CO( B )

CO 2

(boundary

CO

line) 12

CO 2

NH)

NH)(carbamate)

~C02 '

) ,

NH2COO-+Hp....(4)

149

VACUUM

l PUMP

ECH

ECA

/'

H-113

kcal/hr

R.R.

=2.24

104

-
-F
mu-

T - 111

O.B.
-

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

11

10

ECH ECA

(3 00~1500&

21 OO~3300) 5

F: NH) CO 2

CO 2:

HP

NH)+HP NH/+OH- ................(1)

NH) CO 2 '

CO2+HP

NH)

HCO)-'"CO)2-+H+ .......................(3)

CO

HCO)-+NH)

148

NH)-C0 2 -H 2 0 NH)

HCO)-+H+................(2)

+O F

'J

RO

NH)

: NH) CO 2 &HP'

NH) ;

: NH) CO 2

CO 2 ( A

H 0 H)O+ cot OH- HCO)-

CO 2

NH / NH 2 COO- ; NH)

CO( B )

CO 2

(boundary

CO

line) 12

CO 2

NH)

NH)(carbamate)

~C02 '

) ,

NH2COO-+Hp....(4)

149

NH 3

: 2

(fixed-valve tray)

13

(structured packing)

(sieve tray)

T-511

H20

90

30

20

CO 2

#1-#16

#17-#6 0

kg/cm 2G

0.91

1.4 1

.c

85.0

170.0

kg/h

43 ,534

44 ,750

15,074

15 ,325

2.888

2.920
0.013

m3/h

12

NH 3 -C0 2 -HP

24 ,258

77 ,562

m3 /h

29.922

85.093

kg/m 3

810.7

911 .5

cP

0.292

0.316

dyne/cm

44 .4

40.9

50%

#1

#16

#17

#60

kg/cm 2G

0.91

1.06

1.08

1.4 1

.c

86.8

105.6

108.3

143.1

kg/h

41 ,586

34 ,042

40 ,869

31 ,813

m3 /h

14,510

13 ,292

16 ,743

13 ,217

kg/m 3

2.866

2.561

2.441

2 .407

cP

0.011

0.011

0.012

0.013

H: 20

0.011

cP
kg/h

()

150

kg/m

kg/h

22 ,387

14 ,843

71 ,910

65 ,734

m3/h

28.001

17.477

81.623

69 .479

kg/m 3

799.5

849.3

881.0

946.1

cP

0.282

0.270

0.322

0.321

dyne/cm

42 .2

51 .5

39.3

43.6

151

NH 3

: 2

(fixed-valve tray)

13

(structured packing)

(sieve tray)

T-511

H20

90

30

20

CO 2

#1-#16

#17-#6 0

kg/cm 2G

0.91

1.4 1

.c

85.0

170.0

kg/h

43 ,534

44 ,750

15,074

15 ,325

2.888

2.920
0.013

m3/h

12

NH 3 -C0 2 -HP

24 ,258

77 ,562

m3 /h

29.922

85.093

kg/m 3

810.7

911 .5

cP

0.292

0.316

dyne/cm

44 .4

40.9

50%

#1

#16

#17

#60

kg/cm 2G

0.91

1.06

1.08

1.4 1

.c

86.8

105.6

108.3

143.1

kg/h

41 ,586

34 ,042

40 ,869

31 ,813

m3 /h

14,510

13 ,292

16 ,743

13 ,217

kg/m 3

2.866

2.561

2.441

2 .407

cP

0.011

0.011

0.012

0.013

H: 20

0.011

cP
kg/h

()

150

kg/m

kg/h

22 ,387

14 ,843

71 ,910

65 ,734

m3/h

28.001

17.477

81.623

69 .479

kg/m 3

799.5

849.3

881.0

946.1

cP

0.282

0.270

0.322

0.321

dyne/cm

42 .2

51 .5

39.3

43.6

151

(b) 10

10

(a)

(~&O
)

)O
(F
C

no

14T-2

T- 3

()

3 A

nb

#n

234

QL(GPM/in)

234

4 m

QL(GPM/in)

T-1

T-2

T-3

13

#,

(a) (b)

- --@

-~

LJ

30/

14

152

45% '

:(

100%()

100%( )

( )

80%

( )

A B

MT-steam/MT-A

MT-steam/MT-B

74%

73%

70%

40%

63%

153

(b) 10

10

(a)

(~&O
)

)O
(F
C

no

14T-2

T- 3

()

3 A

nb

#n

234

QL(GPM/in)

234

4 m

QL(GPM/in)

T-1

T-2

T-3

13

#,

(a) (b)

- --@

-~

LJ

30/

14

152

45% '

:(

100%()

100%( )

( )

80%

( )

A B

MT-steam/MT-A

MT-steam/MT-B

74%

73%

70%

40%

63%

153

A :

G:

1 948ppm'

lppm

Uj'l

'ft

2.

5
6.

B. :

7.

15

1.

z:E
jJ i

WASTE WATER

o ; TEMPERATURE
o : PRESSURE
,

STRIPPER
BOTTOMS COOLER

'c

Q=00337Mk
5 0

kg/cm'G

STRIPPER
CONDENSER

STRIPPER
FEED PREH ATER

:.

(6):

(6)

'P xtY i

i Y i i

Yi P = XiPt

154

15

af

PI i

Antoine

l (6)

Know-

155

A :

G:

1 948ppm'

lppm

Uj'l

'ft

2.

5
6.

B. :

7.

15

1.

z:E
jJ i

WASTE WATER

o ; TEMPERATURE
o : PRESSURE
,

STRIPPER
BOTTOMS COOLER

'c

Q=00337Mk
5 0

kg/cm'G

STRIPPER
CONDENSER

STRIPPER
FEED PREH ATER

:.

(6):

(6)

'P xtY i

i Y i i

Yi P = XiPt

154

15

af

PI i

Antoine

l (6)

Know-

155

(19:1JT|
i

how' !

1. Car1 son , E. C. , Do'nt Gamble with

Physical Properties for Simulations ,
Chem. Eng. Progress , 92 (1 0) ,

35~46

(1996).
2. Eden , M. R. , Lab Lecture No. 4 -

Selection of Property Models" , Depart.

Chemical Engineering Auburn Univ.
(2012).
3.

'
200

(2006)

(POPs) ;

(RO)

()

(ED)

(
)

(1 ) (2) (3)

RO (4)

156

157

(19:1JT|
i

how' !

1. Car1 son , E. C. , Do'nt Gamble with

Physical Properties for Simulations ,
Chem. Eng. Progress , 92 (1 0) ,

35~46

(1996).
2. Eden , M. R. , Lab Lecture No. 4 -

Selection of Property Models" , Depart.

Chemical Engineering Auburn Univ.
(2012).
3.

'
200

(2006)

(POPs) ;

(RO)

()

(ED)

(
)

(1 ) (2) (3)

RO (4)

156

157

1970

(4) (5)

(6)

) .

NELHA

3.

(;

(Deep Sea Water, DSW)

95

1110-1 /1 00

1980

200

(POPs)

) .

[IJ.

POPs

94

95% .

[2 J (1)

1.

30 ;

[3[

2.

(1-)

( )

()

10%

(O 'C 1 . S'C)

6-9 C)

: (1) (2) (3)

158

159

1970

(4) (5)

(6)

) .

NELHA

3.

(;

(Deep Sea Water, DSW)

95

1110-1 /1 00

1980

200

(POPs)

) .

[IJ.

POPs

94

95% .

[2 J (1)

1.

30 ;

[3[

2.

(1-)

( )

()

10%

(O 'C 1 . S'C)

6-9 C)

: (1) (2) (3)

158

159

RO

1.

2 '

RO

RO

( 3)

l. O~ 1. 5%

( 1) :

j..

'

()

1996

(+)

()

160

(3)

(3)

161

RO

1.

2 '

RO

RO

( 3)

l. O~ 1. 5%

( 1) :

j..

'

()

1996

(+)

()

160

(3)

(3)

161

(isoamyl acetate)

2.

1,000

acid phosphatase

( 4) 25% 50%

) (

glucoamylase alpha-amylase

5%

acid phosphatase

}RM
W

glucoamylase alpha-amylase

-RM
W

800
600

200

0.5%

1.0%

3.0%

3.0%

5.0%

Alpha-amylase

200

1,200

(5)

6.7
7.7

17 .4
16.9

(1/t)

(%)

278

31.6

268

32 .4

(ml)

2.75
2.75

(ml)

OD 260

2.66

0.640

2.60

~
2
N

162

1.0%

[5[

Glucoamylase
3

0.5%

5.0%

120
80

7.7

16.9

264

32 .4

2.75

2.51

0.636

+0.5%

7.2

17.5

279

31.6

2.76

2.51

0.612

+1.0%

-6.7

17.5

286

30 .4

2.70

2.30

0.604

+2.5%

7.1

17.5

285

31.7

(%)

(X

(ppm)

(ppm)

7.4

1.86

66.2

11.2

2.23

+0.2%

5.8

+0.5%

17.9

293

30.6

2.68

800

600

400

+0.2%

6.2

0.652
40

+1.5%

1 ,000

160

200

25%

50%

75%

2.25

0.580

2.78

2.16

0.567

3 ,000

(ppm)

(ppm)

2 ,500

3.29

141.8

1.65

2 ,000

50.0

2.75

136.6

1.68

1,500

2 .46

48.1

2.98

144.2

1.72

1,000

5.5

2.36

56.0

3 .43

159.6

1.76

500

+1.0%

6.5

2.85

64 .4

3.85

172.0

1.77

+1.5%

3.9

2.68

80.0

4.90

176.3

1.81

+2.5%

6.3

2.56

78.7

4.91

159.9

1.88

25%

50%

75%

3 ,500

Acid phosphatase

25%

50%

75%

(5)

163

(isoamyl acetate)

2.

1,000

acid phosphatase

( 4) 25% 50%

) (

glucoamylase alpha-amylase

5%

acid phosphatase

}RM
W

glucoamylase alpha-amylase

-RM
W

800
600

200

0.5%

1.0%

3.0%

3.0%

5.0%

Alpha-amylase

200

1,200

(5)

6.7
7.7

17 .4
16.9

(1/t)

(%)

278

31.6

268

32 .4

(ml)

2.75
2.75

(ml)

OD 260

2.66

0.640

2.60

~
2
N

162

1.0%

[5[

Glucoamylase
3

0.5%

5.0%

120
80

7.7

16.9

264

32 .4

2.75

2.51

0.636

+0.5%

7.2

17.5

279

31.6

2.76

2.51

0.612

+1.0%

-6.7

17.5

286

30 .4

2.70

2.30

0.604

+2.5%

7.1

17.5

285

31.7

(%)

(X

(ppm)

(ppm)

7.4

1.86

66.2

11.2

2.23

+0.2%

5.8

+0.5%

17.9

293

30.6

2.68

800

600

400

+0.2%

6.2

0.652
40

+1.5%

1 ,000

160

200

25%

50%

75%

2.25

0.580

2.78

2.16

0.567

3 ,000

(ppm)

(ppm)

2 ,500

3.29

141.8

1.65

2 ,000

50.0

2.75

136.6

1.68

1,500

2 .46

48.1

2.98

144.2

1.72

1,000

5.5

2.36

56.0

3 .43

159.6

1.76

500

+1.0%

6.5

2.85

64 .4

3.85

172.0

1.77

+1.5%

3.9

2.68

80.0

4.90

176.3

1.81

+2.5%

6.3

2.56

78.7

4.91

159.9

1.88

25%

50%

75%

3 ,500

Acid phosphatase

25%

50%

75%

(5)

163

ILV2

200

(ethyl caproate)

(5)

CCl

100

[1 5]

[5]

() .

(isoamyl acetate) (ethyl

100 150

RO

ED

ED

2007

2013

DNA (DNA

( 5) .

RO

chip)

ED 150 350

4'4

RO

100300

(taste) (overall) .

(6)

350

Wl (RO

100)

RO ED 100

;(

(-EFO
X
)
F

caproate)

40

13

30

11

20

9
7

10

10

(J
F
)

(EE
)

8
6

4
2
10

20

20

30
4

164

30

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
O.

(6)

10

20

30

(5)

Sensory atlributes
Aroma 2

Taste

overall

3.71"3

3.79"

4.04"

RO

4.00"

4.36"

4.26"

150

4.00"

4.43"

4.33"

350

4.28"

3.50"

3.30.

'Ranking Test; 30 panalists.

2Mean score from 1 to 7(7=like extremely; 1=dislike extremely)
3Means bearing the same letlers in the same column are significantly different(p>0.05)

165

ILV2

200

(ethyl caproate)

(5)

CCl

100

[1 5]

[5]

() .

(isoamyl acetate) (ethyl

100 150

RO

ED

ED

2007

2013

DNA (DNA

( 5) .

RO

chip)

ED 150 350

4'4

RO

100300

(taste) (overall) .

(6)

350

Wl (RO

100)

RO ED 100

;(

(-EFO
X
)
F

caproate)

40

13

30

11

20

9
7

10

10

(J
F
)

(EE
)

8
6

4
2
10

20

20

30
4

164

30

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
O.

(6)

10

20

30

(5)

Sensory atlributes
Aroma 2

Taste

overall

3.71"3

3.79"

4.04"

RO

4.00"

4.36"

4.26"

150

4.00"

4.43"

4.33"

350

4.28"

3.50"

3.30.

'Ranking Test; 30 panalists.

2Mean score from 1 to 7(7=like extremely; 1=dislike extremely)
3Means bearing the same letlers in the same column are significantly different(p>0.05)

165

 S2 (SO)

;---?

SO*

S1

[5]

6.43"b**

6.28b

6.80"

6.42"b

6.18b

6.74"

( 6)

6.35"

6.22"

6.60"

6 .4 1"

6 .42"

6.70"

2012

6 .4 3"

6.48"

6.84"

Sl

S2

SO: ; S1: 100; S2 300 .

Mean values wilh differenl letlers are significan tJ y dierenl(p<0.05)

( 7) 100%
5

[6J

Sensory atlribules
Sample1

3.03 a

2 .29b4

overall

Preference

2.39 b

2.42b

2 .42 b
2.73 ab

Tasle

Aroma

Colo r3

3.10 a

2.60 a

2.80"b

2.73ab

100

2.50 a

2.75 a

3.09 a

3.19"

3.16 a

200

2.23b

1.61 b

1.71 C

1.74C

1.77C

RO

2.5

2.0

1.5
1.0

( 8)

0.5

100%

0.0

2Preference Test(ranking test); 31 panalists.

1S a mple were wilhoul carbonalion.

[5J

3Mean score from 1 to 4(4=like extremely; 1=dislike exlremely)

4Means bearing the same letlers in the same column are significan tJ y erent(p>0.05)

2.5

;----gU

WO*

W1

W2

W3

6.86a**

6.29 b

6.72 ab

7.03 a

6.76 a

6.53 a

6.38 a

6.52 a
6.37 a

6.57"

6.62 a

6.35 a

6.51 ab

6.90"

6.29b

6.34b

6.73 a

6.76 a

6.66a

6.39 a

0.5

......OSW7.7%

.&.

-6.v

_~":J

~-r

W3: RO 100

a-d Mean values with different letlers are significantly di'erent(p<0.05)

oppppp

*WO: W1: 100; W2:300 ;

166

4~

........--

.~

."_ OSW23.1%
OSW

100%

167

 S2 (SO)

;---?

SO*

S1

[5]

6.43"b**

6.28b

6.80"

6.42"b

6.18b

6.74"

( 6)

6.35"

6.22"

6.60"

6 .4 1"

6 .42"

6.70"

2012

6 .4 3"

6.48"

6.84"

Sl

S2

SO: ; S1: 100; S2 300 .

Mean values wilh differenl letlers are significan tJ y dierenl(p<0.05)

( 7) 100%
5

[6J

Sensory atlribules
Sample1

3.03 a

2 .29b4

overall

Preference

2.39 b

2.42b

2 .42 b
2.73 ab

Tasle

Aroma

Colo r3

3.10 a

2.60 a

2.80"b

2.73ab

100

2.50 a

2.75 a

3.09 a

3.19"

3.16 a

200

2.23b

1.61 b

1.71 C

1.74C

1.77C

RO

2.5

2.0

1.5
1.0

( 8)

0.5

100%

0.0

2Preference Test(ranking test); 31 panalists.

1S a mple were wilhoul carbonalion.

[5J

3Mean score from 1 to 4(4=like extremely; 1=dislike exlremely)

4Means bearing the same letlers in the same column are significan tJ y erent(p>0.05)

2.5

;----gU

WO*

W1

W2

W3

6.86a**

6.29 b

6.72 ab

7.03 a

6.76 a

6.53 a

6.38 a

6.52 a
6.37 a

6.57"

6.62 a

6.35 a

6.51 ab

6.90"

6.29b

6.34b

6.73 a

6.76 a

6.66a

6.39 a

0.5

......OSW7.7%

.&.

-6.v

_~":J

~-r

W3: RO 100

a-d Mean values with different letlers are significantly di'erent(p<0.05)

oppppp

*WO: W1: 100; W2:300 ;

166

4~

........--

.~

."_ OSW23.1%
OSW

100%

167

120

11

Kim [7]

Tomoyuki [8]

( 10)

(9 B c D)

15-1 1/26-3

15-1 1126-3

-20T

15-1

1126-3 48 1]

5800
5600
=' 5400

80000

E
(A
Z 70OOO
60000

30000

DSW
7.7%

DSW
23.1%

(D)

I; (A)control ; (B)distilled water+deep seawater salt ;

1550+deep seawater salt

4800
4600
4400
4200

DSW
7.7%

DSW
23.1%

DSW
100%

(D)

1600
~ 1400
~ 1200
E; 1000
rt> 800

E580
560

540

600

lll1I 400

520

DSW
7.7%

DSW
23.1%
8

168

(C)

DSW
100%

620
600

50

(8)

(A)

:5OOO

(C)
~

(C)deep seawater of hardness 1550+commercial salt ; (D)deep seawater of hardness

20000
10000

[9] 0 2013

50000
40000

(8)

(A)

DSW
100%

200
O

DSW
7.7%

DSW
23.1%

DSW
100%
10

[81

169

120

11

Kim [7]

Tomoyuki [8]

( 10)

(9 B c D)

15-1 1/26-3

15-1 1126-3

-20T

15-1

1126-3 48 1]

5800
5600
=' 5400

80000

E
(A
Z 70OOO
60000

30000

DSW
7.7%

DSW
23.1%

(D)

I; (A)control ; (B)distilled water+deep seawater salt ;

1550+deep seawater salt

4800
4600
4400
4200

DSW
7.7%

DSW
23.1%

DSW
100%

(D)

1600
~ 1400
~ 1200
E; 1000
rt> 800

E580
560

540

600

lll1I 400

520

DSW
7.7%

DSW
23.1%
8

168

(C)

DSW
100%

620
600

50

(8)

(A)

:5OOO

(C)
~

(C)deep seawater of hardness 1550+commercial salt ; (D)deep seawater of hardness

20000
10000

[9] 0 2013

50000
40000

(8)

(A)

DSW
100%

200
O

DSW
7.7%

DSW
23.1%

DSW
100%
10

[81

169

)()

10T

[I O] ;

(NELHA)

[2]

THALASSOPIA

AQUASYAIZU

170

SEARESTMUROTOUTOCO

98

[9)

[2]

(C)

'

171

)()

10T

[I O] ;

(NELHA)

[2]

THALASSOPIA

AQUASYAIZU

170

SEARESTMUROTOUTOCO

98

[9)

[2]

(C)

'

171

Isolation of yeasts (Saccharomyces

cerevisiae) from Toyama Bay deep 200

1.

19 ' (2007)( )

2.

' 5 ' 17-

characteristics" , Deep Ocean Water

Reasearch , 14 (201 ().
9.

' 11 ' 59-61 ' (2000)

()

3.

sea water and their fermentation

' 'No.22 '

(2000)

http://www.ecaa.ntu.edu.

tw/weifangIDOW/%E6%87%89%E7%9
r 7'j:

4%A8%E6%B7%B 1%E5%B 1%A4%E

'*~/~

6%B5%B7%E6%BO%B4%E6%96%BC

y L>. ' 10 pp. 11-37 '

%E8%B 1%86%E8%85%90%E4%B9%

(2010)

8B%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%AO.pdf

4.

r J

107 ' 42-47 ' (2011)

5.

10.

'

84 ' 1922 ' (2013)

pp. 105-151 ' (2006)

'

6.

'

'

(2007)

7. Kim , M. L., Jeong , J.S , Lee f. H. Lee ,

G.D. Eects of deep seawater and salt

on the quality charcteristics of breads" ,

Korean Joumal ofFood Preservation, 10,

326-332 , (2003)().

8. Tomoyuki , S. , Kato , T. , Nakagawa , H.

173

Isolation of yeasts (Saccharomyces

cerevisiae) from Toyama Bay deep 200

1.

19 ' (2007)( )

2.

' 5 ' 17-

characteristics" , Deep Ocean Water

Reasearch , 14 (201 ().
9.

' 11 ' 59-61 ' (2000)

()

3.

sea water and their fermentation

' 'No.22 '

(2000)

http://www.ecaa.ntu.edu.

tw/weifangIDOW/%E6%87%89%E7%9
r 7'j:

4%A8%E6%B7%B 1%E5%B 1%A4%E

'*~/~

6%B5%B7%E6%BO%B4%E6%96%BC

y L>. ' 10 pp. 11-37 '

%E8%B 1%86%E8%85%90%E4%B9%

(2010)

8B%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%AO.pdf

4.

r J

107 ' 42-47 ' (2011)

5.

10.

'

84 ' 1922 ' (2013)

pp. 105-151 ' (2006)

'

6.

'

'

(2007)

7. Kim , M. L., Jeong , J.S , Lee f. H. Lee ,

G.D. Eects of deep seawater and salt

on the quality charcteristics of breads" ,

Korean Joumal ofFood Preservation, 10,

326-332 , (2003)().

8. Tomoyuki , S. , Kato , T. , Nakagawa , H.

173

. . I Environmental Monitoring and Analysis

1. 5 1

1 2-

[1) ; 99

99 8 6

()

1. :

101 5

99 101

GIS

1025 2

[2)

101 5

174

[2]

2. :

( 1) ;

992 101 10 34

22 l

175

. . I Environmental Monitoring and Analysis

1. 5 1

1 2-

[1) ; 99

99 8 6

()

1. :

101 5

99 101

GIS

1025 2

[2)

101 5

174

[2]

2. :

( 1) ;

992 101 10 34

22 l

175


|
. . I Environmenlal Moniloring and Analysis
(1) :

1.

()
;

3 2

(2) :

1. :

()

()

30

SOz NO z NO NO CO 0

Canister

HC PM10 TSP

176

[21

2. :

177


|
. . I Environmenlal Moniloring and Analysis
(1) :

1.

()
;

3 2

(2) :

1. :

()

()

30

SOz NO z NO NO CO 0

Canister

HC PM10 TSP

176

[21

2. :

177

 IHm

. I Environmental Monitoring and Analysis

(OX) (PX)

(/)

62

SM

70

PTA

23

E PA

[3)

102 5 2 35

()

8 55

[4)

37 kg/cm 2

102 5 2 8 35

145 C ( 75% C9 )

100

8 48

( 2)

()
102 5 2 8

2 3

37 kg/cm 2 , 145 C (

8 48

3 5

75% C9 )

( 1 2-)

8 52

9 28 941 9 52

3 2 1

[( 3)

.....

......................

178

(3J

6 13

(2)

20

100

6 13

15

179

 IHm

. I Environmental Monitoring and Analysis

(OX) (PX)

(/)

62

SM

70

PTA

23

E PA

[3)

102 5 2 35

()

8 55

[4)

37 kg/cm 2

102 5 2 8 35

145 C ( 75% C9 )

100

8 48

( 2)

()
102 5 2 8

2 3

37 kg/cm 2 , 145 C (

8 48

3 5

75% C9 )

( 1 2-)

8 52

9 28 941 9 52

3 2 1

[( 3)

.....

......................

178

(3J

6 13

(2)

20

100

6 13

15

179

|
. I Environmental Monitoring and Analysis

THC PM10

TSP NMHC

13 13

17 3(

(3)

) 2(

1 2

) 1(

)( 4) -

(2 .4 ppb) (2.1

3() 37

ppb) (97 ppb) (4.3 ppb)

48

(1. 6 ppb) 2- (1. 3 ppb)

50 ' 2(;

(2 .4 ppb) (2.1 ppb) (1. 2

ppb)(1. 5 ppb)

48 '

50 '(7) [

1(

) 24 '

'

42 ' 50 ;
2(;

) 78 '
' 50 '

(4)2 78

[]

THC PM IO

42

102 5 2

1025 2

102 5 2 6 13
:CMH

180

CMH

=/

TSP NMHC

()

0.21-1

ppm '

(5 6) 5 6

181

|
. I Environmental Monitoring and Analysis

THC PM10

TSP NMHC

13 13

17 3(

(3)

) 2(

1 2

) 1(

)( 4) -

(2 .4 ppb) (2.1

3() 37

ppb) (97 ppb) (4.3 ppb)

48

(1. 6 ppb) 2- (1. 3 ppb)

50 ' 2(;

(2 .4 ppb) (2.1 ppb) (1. 2

ppb)(1. 5 ppb)

48 '

50 '(7) [

1(

) 24 '

'

42 ' 50 ;
2(;

) 78 '
' 50 '

(4)2 78

[]

THC PM IO

42

102 5 2

1025 2

102 5 2 6 13
:CMH

180

CMH

=/

TSP NMHC

()

0.21-1

ppm '

(5 6) 5 6

181

.... ...........
.........
.........
))U

. . . I Environmental Monitoring and Analysis

3

1025 2 6 13

250

35

120

06:00

4.25

19.79

0.52

10.32

07:00

4.71

21.6

0.51

08:00

4 .45

21.55

09:00

4.73

10:00

125

--

250

250

2.63

42.33

4.71

15.08

73.07

0.27

10.7

2.77

45.94

6 .4 6

15.14

73.09

0.31

0.6

14.59

2.68

46.19

5.86

15.69

76.08

0.32

17.34

0.55

26.76

2.44

52.35

4.95

12.39

78.09

0.26

4.64

17.01

0.53

36.44

2.41

54.8

5 .4 8

11.53

82.09

0.25

11 :00

4 .42

13.77

0 .48

41.82

2.35

56.32

4.43

9.33

85.09

0.25

12:00

3.75

11.14

0 .43

45.24

2.17

63.53

4.11

7.03

92.08

0.19

13:00

2.14

62.26

91 .06

0.23

3.39

9.82

0.38

47.08

250

06:00

3.31

07:00

THC

THC

PM 10

PM 1

3.69

6.13

fI

125

TSP

37.13

0.27

39.14

3.01

18.12

40.74

0.2

2.4 9

40 .4 2

3.67

18.79

38.61

0.16

28.87

2 .42

44.09

3.16

15.94

45 .4 1

0.18

0.53

42 .42

2.25

45.37

2.72

12.13

85.39

0.16

0.52

44.1

2.17

49.11

1.35

12.57

233.8

0.15

12.92

2.61

40.37

3.75

21.12

0.62

11.6

2.69

08 :00

4.7

22 .4 6

0.69

15.67

09:00

4.92

19.1

0.64

10:00

4.37

14.85

11 :00

3.94

13.92

( 2)

24

50

NIEA A201 .14A

6D

78

()

42

(//)

()
-

16.91

0.57

( 1)

1.72

18.63

NMHC

250

120

NMHC

TSP

250

35

10252

12:00

3.54

9.64

0 .49

48.98

2.17

49.06

1.37

8.27

366.59

0.11

13:00

3.51

7.7

0 .45

53.79

2.07

45.39

1.05

6.65

203.35

0.1

PM 10

HG

TSP

NMHC

250

35

120

06:00

3 .42

21.77

0 .4 6

7.34

07:00

3.55

23.41

0.5

10.11

()

(PVAC)

()

125

--

250

250

2.98

30.85

5 .44

16.32

39.67

0.27

3.16

34 .4 1

7.66

15.74

40.54

0 .4

1 4-

08:00

3.6

21 .4 5

0.55

14 .49

3.04

35.55

6 .4 6

14.99

48.94

0 .4 6

09:00

3.81

20.31

0 .4 8

26.64

2 .4 1

34.84

5.55

14.75

49.83

0.27

10:00

3.32

14.34

0.38

39.83

2.26

35.5

4.16

10.18

41 .33

11 :00

2.82

\ 13.66

0.37

39.48

2.3

32.49

4.8

8.86

45.68

12:00

2.55

11.75

0.31

40.68

2.33

1 25.17

4.85

6.9

30.7

13:00

2.35

0.23

46.64

2.17

24 .4

4.66

5.56

18.77

(PVAC)

0.18

1
:

(THF)

1 4

(IBA)
1 4-

1 4- -T

-2- -1 3 4-6

()

: TSP= ; THC= ; NMHC =

182

183

.... ...........
.........
.........
))U

. . . I Environmental Monitoring and Analysis

3

1025 2 6 13

250

35

120

06:00

4.25

19.79

0.52

10.32

07:00

4.71

21.6

0.51

08:00

4 .45

21.55

09:00

4.73

10:00

125

--

250

250

2.63

42.33

4.71

15.08

73.07

0.27

10.7

2.77

45.94

6 .4 6

15.14

73.09

0.31

0.6

14.59

2.68

46.19

5.86

15.69

76.08

0.32

17.34

0.55

26.76

2.44

52.35

4.95

12.39

78.09

0.26

4.64

17.01

0.53

36.44

2.41

54.8

5 .4 8

11.53

82.09

0.25

11 :00

4 .42

13.77

0 .48

41.82

2.35

56.32

4.43

9.33

85.09

0.25

12:00

3.75

11.14

0 .43

45.24

2.17

63.53

4.11

7.03

92.08

0.19

13:00

2.14

62.26

91 .06

0.23

3.39

9.82

0.38

47.08

250

06:00

3.31

07:00

THC

THC

PM 10

PM 1

3.69

6.13

fI

125

TSP

37.13

0.27

39.14

3.01

18.12

40.74

0.2

2.4 9

40 .4 2

3.67

18.79

38.61

0.16

28.87

2 .42

44.09

3.16

15.94

45 .4 1

0.18

0.53

42 .42

2.25

45.37

2.72

12.13

85.39

0.16

0.52

44.1

2.17

49.11

1.35

12.57

233.8

0.15

12.92

2.61

40.37

3.75

21.12

0.62

11.6

2.69

08 :00

4.7

22 .4 6

0.69

15.67

09:00

4.92

19.1

0.64

10:00

4.37

14.85

11 :00

3.94

13.92

( 2)

24

50

NIEA A201 .14A

6D

78

()

42

(//)

()
-

16.91

0.57

( 1)

1.72

18.63

NMHC

250

120

NMHC

TSP

250

35

10252

12:00

3.54

9.64

0 .49

48.98

2.17

49.06

1.37

8.27

366.59

0.11

13:00

3.51

7.7

0 .45

53.79

2.07

45.39

1.05

6.65

203.35

0.1

PM 10

HG

TSP

NMHC

250

35

120

06:00

3 .42

21.77

0 .4 6

7.34

07:00

3.55

23.41

0.5

10.11

()

(PVAC)

()

125

--

250

250

2.98

30.85

5 .44

16.32

39.67

0.27

3.16

34 .4 1

7.66

15.74

40.54

0 .4

1 4-

08:00

3.6

21 .4 5

0.55

14 .49

3.04

35.55

6 .4 6

14.99

48.94

0 .4 6

09:00

3.81

20.31

0 .4 8

26.64

2 .4 1

34.84

5.55

14.75

49.83

0.27

10:00

3.32

14.34

0.38

39.83

2.26

35.5

4.16

10.18

41 .33

11 :00

2.82

\ 13.66

0.37

39.48

2.3

32.49

4.8

8.86

45.68

12:00

2.55

11.75

0.31

40.68

2.33

1 25.17

4.85

6.9

30.7

13:00

2.35

0.23

46.64

2.17

24 .4

4.66

5.56

18.77

(PVAC)

0.18

1
:

(THF)

1 4

(IBA)
1 4-

1 4- -T

-2- -1 3 4-6

()

: TSP= ; THC= ; NMHC =

182

183

. . . . . . . . . . . I Environmental Monitoring and Analysis

""

1 2

lZ

" :201 31~ 1:Q; =20130 31YYUUoonhmm

-~'"

;
103

2 5

SEES+lIls--

1025 6

BIl--ATEE--

1025 6

2849

(2014)

[2]

I 101

'

(2012)

[3]

44

[1]

'(2013)

[4]

(AROMA-2)

'(2013)

[5]

I 102

(2013)

'

184

()

( 1 )

24

37

( 2)

59

50

NIEAA201.14A

[6]

'(2013)

102 9 20

185

. . . . . . . . . . . I Environmental Monitoring and Analysis

""

1 2

lZ

" :201 31~ 1:Q; =20130 31YYUUoonhmm

-~'"

;
103

2 5

SEES+lIls--

1025 6

BIl--ATEE--

1025 6

2849

(2014)

[2]

I 101

'

(2012)

[3]

44

[1]

'(2013)

[4]

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2014 9 258

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