Matijašić, Instrumentum Varvarionum

INSTRUMENTUM VARVARINUM:
IZBOR IZ POHARANOG DEPOA

INSTRUMENTUM VARVARINUM.
A SELECTION FROM A RAVAGED STOREROOM
Robert Matijai
Dr. sc. Robert Matijai, red. prof.
Odjel za humanistike znanosti
Sveuilite Jurja Dobrile u Puli
52100 Pula
robert.matijasic@unipu.hr
Original....
UDC
UDC
Datum 1
Datum 2
Prikazani su razliiti predmeti svakodnevne uporabe iz antikoga razdoblja (instrumentum domesticum) naeni na
Bribirskoj glavici: 28 ulomaka tegula sa igom, 3 ulomka amfora s igom, 22 poklopca, 26 utega, 14 prljena, 29 ulomaka
stup te 2 ploe za igru. Inventar je tipian za provincijalno naselje rimskoga doba. igovi na tegulama pokazuju jak promet
sa sjevernoitalskim ciglanama.
Kljune rijei: instrumentum domesticum, tegula, amfora, ig, poklopac, uteg, stupa, ploa za igru, Bribirska glavica, Varvaria
The paper presents various objects of everyday use (instrumentum domesticum) found on Bribirska glavica: 28 fragments of roof-tiles with stamps, 3 fragments of amphorae with stamps, 22 amphora stoppers, 26 weights, 14 whorls, 29
fragments of mortars and 2 game-boards. The material is typical of a roman period provincial settlement. Stamped roof-tiles
show the importance of commercial traffic with northern Italian workshops.
Keywords: instrumentum domesticum, roof-tile, amphora, stamp, stopper, weight, whorl, mortar, game-board, Bribirska
glavica, Varvaria
Meu mnogobrojnim arheolokim nalazima s Bribirske

glavice posebno mjesto zauzimaju predmeti koji se mogu
svrstati pod uopeni naziv instrumentum domesticum. Taj,
pomalo neadekvatan, pa i djelomino pogrean termin
konvencionalno oznaava sasvim odreene skupine predmeta koji su se koristili u svakodnevnom ivotu, ali se njime obino ne podrazumijevaju, primjerice, keramike i
staklene posude za svakodnevnu upotrebu (vasa), metalna
orua i pribor (utensilia).
Definicija i uporabno znaenje termina instrumentum
domesticum bili bi orue, pribor, sprava za kuansku uporabu, te bi logino bilo u ovu kategoriju materijala ukljuiti prvenstveno one predmete (od keramike, stakla, metala
i kamena) koji su se koristili u svakodnevnom ivotu i radu
u kuanstvu: posude, recipijente za uvanje hrane i za ku-
The objects that are usually considered under a general

heading of instrumentum domesticum have an important
place among the numerous archaeological artefacts from
Bribirska glavica. This slightly inadequate and partly incorrect term conventionally denotes a number of categories
of objects which were used in everyday life, but does not
usually cover, e. g., pottery and glass vessels (vasa), or metal
tools, implements and equipment (utensilia).
A definition of the term instrumentum domesticum
would be implement, tool for household use, and so it
should include primarily those objects (made of clay, glass,
metal or stone) which were used in everyday life: vessels,
containers for keeping food and for cooking, metal (iron
and bronze) implements and tools for various uses.
Nevertheless, the term is used in the archaeological
bibliography in a somewhat different sense, under the in1
hanje, metalna (eljezna i bronana) orua i pribor, sprave

najrazliitije namjene.
Meutim, termin se u arheolokoj literaturi rabi s poneto izmijenjenim sadrajem, i to pod utjecajem klasinoga prirunika Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum (Dressel
1891): cijeli je svezak XV. posveen natpisima u obliku igova na opekama, amforama i uljanicama, te natpisima na
uporabnim predmetima iz Rima. Osim toga, i u drugim
svescima tomova ove serije nailazimo na odjeljke pod naslovom Instrumentum domesticum gdje su opisani igovi na
opekama, amforama i uljanicama, te natpisi (najee grafiti) na najrazliitijim uporabnim predmetima (keramike
posude, olovne cijevi i sl.). Instrumentum postaje sinonim za
natpise na takvom materijalu (instrumentum epigraphicum).1
Ovaj rad obuhvaa samo nekoliko vrsta predmeta koji
se mogu ubrojiti u instrumentum domesticum. U prvome
su tu redu igovi na krovnim opekama i na amforama.
igovi na ovim vrstama keramike u literaturi se obrauju
odvojeno od klasine epigrafije, jer zbog svojeg karaktera pruaju niz podataka za ekonomske analize karaktera,
smjera i opsega trgovakih veza meu gradovima, regijama
i podrujima. Zatim su ovdje dvije vrste utilitarnih predmeta koji, iako izraeni od gline, ne pripadaju kategoriji keramikih posuda, a koristili su se u kuanstvu: to su
najprije poklopci amfora, koji se naalost rijetko obrauju
zajedno s amforama s kojim su izvorno inili cjelinu, utezi
u obliku krnjih piramida i obini utezi, te mali kotani i
keramiki prljeni. Ovoj skupini pripadaju i mnogobrojni
ulomci kamenih stupa, koje su imale vrlo vanu ulogu u
svakodnevnom ivotu, naroito u kuhinji (mortaria). Posljednja vrsta predmeta jesu tzv. tabulae lusoriae, ukljuene
ovamo uglavnom zato to ih je vrlo teko smjestiti u druge
kategorije nalaza.
Predlaemo stoga ovakvu organizaciju materijala:
1. Instrumentum epigraphicum (A) tegulae, B) amphorae),
2. Instrumentum domesticum (C) opercula, D) pondera,
E) mortaria),
3. Instrumentum lusorium (F) tabulae lusoriae).
fluence of the classical reference work Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum (Dressel 1891): the whole volume XV is
dedicated to stamped and painted inscriptions on bricks,
amphorae and oil-lamps, as well as on other functional objects from Rome. In the other volumes of this series we also
find chapters dedicated to Instrumentum domesticum, with
descriptions of stamps on bricks, amphorae and oil-lamps,
but also inscriptions, mostly engraved, on various utilitarian objects such as pottery, lead pipes etc. Instrumentum
becomes a synonym for inscriptions on such material (instrumentum epigraphicum).1
This paper takes into consideration only some categories of objects that can be included in the instrumentum
domesticum, in first place the stamps on roof-tiles and amphorae. The manufacturers stamps on these objects are
regularly published apart from classical epigraphy, because for their character they present a whole series of data
important for the economic analysis of the character, directions and volume of commercial traffic between towns,
regions and areas. Then there are two types of utilitarian
objects which, although made of clay, do not belong to
vessels, but were used in households: amphora stoppers,
unfortunately rarely considered together with amphorae to
which they were functionally attached, weights and simple
loom weights, as well as small bone and clay whorls. We
include here also the numerous fragments of stone mortars, which had a very important function in everyday life,
particularly in the kitchen. Finally, there are the so-called
tabulae lusoriae, put here mostly because it is not possible
to assign them to other categories of finds.
We therefore propose the following scheme:
1. Instrumentum epigraphicum (A) tegulae, B) amphorae),
2. Instrumentum domesticum (C) opercula, D) pondera,
E) mortaria),
3. Instrumentum lusorium (F) tabulae lusoriae).
1. INSTRUMENTUM EPIGRAPHICUM
A) Tegulae
1. INSTRUMENTUM EPIGRAPHICUM
A) Tegulae
A 1. Ulomak tegule od crvene keramike s dijelom iga unutar udubljene kartue, slova u reljefu, nedostaje drugi
dio iga: PANSIA... (Sl. 1).

Usp. Matijai 2002, 164 - 168. Materijal iz Hrvatske obraen je

u CIL III i V. Iz aspekta Bribirske glavice relevantni su prvenstveno
spomenici iz Istre i Dalmacije, CIL III, 3213 - 3219, 6434, 10181
- 10184, 14334 - 14340, 15110 - 15117; CIL V, 8110 - 8112, Pais
1888, 1075.
A 1. Fragment of a roof-tile, reddish clay, with part of a

stamp within a concave cartouche with convex letters,
final part of the stamp is missing: PANSIA (Fig. 1).
17 x 15 cm
stamp 10 x 3 cm
Cf. Matijai 2002, 164 - 168. The material from Croatia is to be

found in CIL III and V. As regards Bribirska glavica the most important are examples from Istria and Dalmatia, CIL III, 3213 - 3219,
6434, 10181 - 10184, 14334 - 14340, 15110 - 15117; CIL V, 8110
- 8112, Pais 1888, 1075.
R. Matijai
Inv. no. 905, Bribirska glavica, 160, 30. 7. 1975.

(Pedii, Podrug 2008, 109 i 132, No. 14 i T l.14)
A 1.

stamp within a concave cartouche with convex letters,
NSI.A.NA (Fig. 2).
14 x 15 cm
Inv. no. 913, Bribirska glavica, no details on the context
of the find, 18. 10. 1979.
(Pedii, Podrug 2008, 110 i 132, No. 16 i T l.16)
17 x 15 cm
ig 10 x 3 cm
Inv. br. 905, Bribirska glavica, 160, 30. 7. 1975.
(Pedii, Podrug 2008, 109 i 132, Br. 14 i T l.14)
A 2. Ulomak tegule od crvene keramike s dijelom iga unutar
udubljene kartue, slova u reljefu: ...NSI.A.NA (Sl. 2).
14 x 15 cm
Inv. br. 913, Bribirska glavica, bez poblieg podatka o
mjestu nalaza, 18. 10. 1979.
(Pedii, Podrug 2008, 110 i 132, Br. 16 i T l.16)
A 3. Ulomak tegule od crvene keramike s dijelom iga unutar udubljene kartue, sauvan je samo krajnji dio iga
koji se sastoji od vrha slova A i simbola zavinutog augurskog tapa (lituus) u reljefu (Sl. 3).
14 x 13 cm
(Pedii, Podrug 2008, 112 i 133, Br. 29 i T 2.29)
A 2.
stamp within a concave cartouche, only the final part
of the stamp is preserved, and it consist of the apex of
the letter A, and the symbol of the lituus in relief (Fig.
3).
14 x 13 cm
(Pedii, Podrug 2008, 112 i 133, No. 29 i T 2.29)
stamp within a concave cartouche, damaged and broken, with convex letters: SIANA (Fig. 4).
A 3.
A 4. Ulomak tegule od crvene keramike s dijelom iga unutar udubljene kartue, oteeno i prelomljeno, slova u
reljefu: ...SIANA (Sl. 4).
14 x 17 cm
A 5. Ulomak tegule od crvene keramike s dijelom iga unutar udubljene kartue, prelomljeno na oba kraja, slova
u reljefu: ...ANA... (Sl. 5).
Instrumentum Varvarinum...
A 4.
3
14 x 17 cm
A 5.
10,5 x 7 cm
A 6. Ulomak tegule od crvene keramike s dijelom iga
unutar udubljene kartue, prelomljeno, slova u reljefu:
...NSIANA (Sl. 6).
10 x 9 cm
Inv. br. 629, Bribirska glavica, 185 - 209, bez datuma
nalaza

stamp within a concave cartouche, broken at both
ends: ANA (Fig. 5).
10,5 x 7 cm
stamp within a concave cartouche, broken, with convex letters: NSIANA (Fig.6).
10 x 9 cm
Inv. no. 629, Bribirska glavica, 185 - 209, no date of find

unutar udubljene kartue, prelomjeno, slova u reljefu:
PANS... (Sl. 7).
9 x 8 cm
(Pedii, Podrug 2008, 110 i 132, Br. 15 i T l. 15)
A 6.
A 7.
A 8. Ulomak tegule od crvene keramike s dijelom iga unutar udubljene kartue, slova u reljefu, djelomino oteeno: PANSIANA.
23 x 24 cm
Inv. br. 643, Bribirska glavica, 185, bez datuma nalaza
...ANSI...; sauvan je donji rub tegule s dvije simetrine zavinute udubljene crte odozgo prema dolje (Sl. 8).
22 x 16 cm
(Pedii, Podrug 2008, 114 - 115 i 133, Br. 40 i T 2.40)
unutar udubljene kartue, slova u reljefu, prelomljeno
na oba kraja: ...ANSIA... (Sl. 9).
4

stamp within a concave cartouche, broken, with convex letters: PANS (Fig. 7).
9 x 8 cm
(Pedii, Podrug 2008, 110 i 132, No. 15 i T l. 15)
stamp within a concave cartouche, partly damaged:
PANSIANA
23 x 24 cm
Inv. no. 643, Bribirska glavica, 185, no date of find
stamp within a concave cartouche, broken, with convex letters: ANSI; on the preserved lower edge of
the roof-tile there are two symmetrical concave lines
(Fig. 8).
R. Matijai
A 9.
A 10.
6,5 x 11,5 cm
Inv. br. 902, Bribir, pod tjemenom Glavice, 1980.
22 x 16 cm
(Pedii, Podrug 2008, 114 - 115 i 133, No. 40 i T
2.40)

unutar udubljene kartue, slova u reljefu, sauvano
samo jedno slovo, prelomljeno desno i lijevo: ...N...
9 x 6 cm
mjestu i datumu nalaza

stamp within a concave cartouche, broken, with convex letters, broken on both ends: ANSIA (Fig. 9).
6,5 x 11,5 cm
Inv. no. 902, Bribir, below the top of Glavica, 1980.

unutar udubljene kartue: TICLAVDIP... (Sl. 10).
17, 5 x 16 cm, ig 9,5 x 3 cm
(Pedii, Podrug 2008, 111 i 132, Br. 14 i T l. 14

stamp within a concave cartouche, broken, with convex letters, broken on both ends: N
9 x 6 cm
Inv. no. 983, Bribirska glavica, no details on place and
date of find
A 12. Fragment of a roof-tile, reddish clay, with part of
a stamp within a concave cartouche: TICLAVDIP
(Fig. 10).
17, 5 x 16 cm, ig 9,5 x 3 cm
(Pedii, Podrug 2008, 111 i 132, No. 14 i T l. 14
A 12.
unutar udubljene kartue, oteeno i prelomljeno, slova
u reljefu: ...ACLAVDIPANSI (Sl. 11).
26 x 20 cm, ig 11 x 3 cm
unutar udubljene kartue, prelomljeno, donji dio iga
nedostaje, slova u reljefu: SOLON... (Sl. 12).

stamp within a concave cartouche, damaged and broken, with convex letters: ...ACLAVDIPANSI (Fig. 11).
26 x 20 cm, stamp 11 x 3 cm
date of find
A 13.

stamp within a concave cartouche, broken, lower part
of the stamp is missing, with convex letters: SOLON
(Fig. 12).
19 x 13 cm
date of find
A 14.
19 x 13 cm
koji je slabo utisnut unutar udubljene kartue, slova u
reljefu: SOLON...
21 x 13 cm
Bez inv. br., Bribirska glavica, bez poblieg podatka o
...ONAS (Sl. 13).
16 x 14 cm
unutar udubljene kartue, prelomljen na oba kraja, slova u reljefu: ...OLON...
9 x 14 cm
A 18. Ulomak tegule od
crvene keramike s
dijelom iga unutar
udubljene
kartue,
prelomljeno, slova u
reljefu: SO... (Sl. 14).
8 x 10 cm
Inv. br. 914, Bribirska
glavica, 201 - 202,
bez datuma nalaza
(Pedii,
Podrug
2008, 115 i 133, Br.
44 i T 2.44)
6
A 18.

a stamp lightly impressed within a concave cartouche,
with convex letter: SOLON
21 x 13 cm
Without inv. no., Bribirska glavica, no details on place
and date of find
stamp within a concave cartouche, broken, with convex letters: ONAS (Fig. 13).
16 x 14 cm
A 16.

a stamp within a concave cartouche, broken at both
ends, with convex letters: ...OLON...
9 x 14 cm
date of find
stamp within a concave cartouche, broken, with convex letters: SO (Fig. 14).
8 x 10 cm
Inv. no. 914, Bribirska glavica, 201 - 202, without
date of find
stamp within a concave cartouche, broken, with convex letters: NAS.
6 x 14 cm
R. Matijai

...NAS.
6 x 14 cm
unutar udubljene etvrtaste kartue, sauvan je poetni
dio iga, slova u reljefu: CINNI... (Sl. 15).
17 x 16 cm
Bez inv. br., Bribirska glavica, 327, 31. 07. 1978.
unutar udubljene kartue, prelomljen, slova u reljefu:
...NIANA.C...
15,5 x 12 cm
A 22. Ulomak tegule
od ute keramike s
crvenom jezgrom u
prijelomu, s dijelom
iga utisnutih slova
bez kartue: QC...
(Sl. 16).
10 x 17 cm
Inv. br. 916, Bribirska
glavica, bez poblieg podatka o mjestu i datumu nalaza
(Pedii,
Podrug
2008, 116 i 133,
Br. 51 i T 2.51)

stamp within a concave cartouche, with convex letters:
CINNI... (Fig. 15).
17 x 16 cm
A 20.

stamp within a concave cartouche, broken, with convex letters: NIANA.C
15,5 x 12 cm
Inv. br. 984, Bribirska glavica, no details on place and
date of find
A 22. Fragment of a roof-tile, yellowish clay, with a red
core visible in fracture, with part of a stamp with letters
directly impressed without cartouche: QC (Fig.16).
10 x 17 cm
date of find
A 22.
A 23. Ulomak tegule od ute keramike s dijelom iga utisnutih slova bez kartue, prelomljeno desno i lijevo,
mnogobrojne ligature: ...HERMER...
7 x 9 cm
A 24. Ulomak tegule od ute keramike s dijelom iga utisnutih slova bez kartue, prelomljen kraj, mnogobrojne
ligature: C.TITI.HERME... (Sl. 17).
14,5 x 19 cm
A 23. Fragment of a roof-tile, yellowish clay, with part of

a stamp whose letters are directly impressed without
cartouche, broken at right and left, numerous ligatures:
...HERMER...
7 x 9 cm
Without inv. no., Bribirska glavica, no details on place
and date of find
A 24. Fragment of a
roof-tile, yellowish
clay, with part of a
stamp whose letters
are directly impressed without cartouche, broken at the
end, several ligatures: C.TITI.HERME... (Fig. 17).
14,5 x 19 cm
A 24.
7
A 25. Ulomak tegule od ute keramike s plitko utisnutim

igom unutar lagano zaobljene etvrtaste kartue, slova
u reljefu: T.COELI (Sl. 18).
13 x 18 cm
A 25.
A 26. Ulomak tegule od ute keramike s dijelom iga utisnutih slova bez kartue, sauvano samo nekoliko sredinjih slova, oteeni njihovi donji dijelovi: ...BIMA...
(Sl. 19).
7 x 8 cm
A 27. Ulomak tegule od ute keramike s dijelom iga unutar udubljene kartue, slova u reljefu, nedostaje poetak
iga (?): ...PRIMI (Sl. 20).
14 x 8 cm
Bez inv. br., Bribirska glavica, bez poblieg mjesta nalaza, X. mjesec 1985.
A 27.
A 28. Ulomak tegule od ute keramike s dijelom iga unutar udubljene kartue, slova u reljefu, sauvan samo kraj
iga: ...MI (Sl. 21).
4 x 8 cm
Bez inv. br., Bribirska glavica bez poblieg mjesta nalaza, VII. mjesec 1985.
Od ukupnog broja tegula sa igovima (28), gotovo polovica pripada onoj velikoj tvornici koju poznajemo pod
uobiajenim nazivom Pansiana2. Radilo se o kompleksu (ili
vie takvih cjelina) za proizvodnju krovnih opeka kojemu
se tona ubikacija ne zna, ali se obino smjeta nekamo izmeu Ravene i ua rijeke Pada (Uggeri 1975, 136 - 137).

Gregorutti 1886; Matijai 1983, gdje je navedena ostala bibliografija.
A 25. Fragment of a roof-tile, yellowish clay, with a lightly

impressed stamp within a slightly rounded cartouche,
with convex letters: T.COELI (Fig. 18).
13 x 18 cm
a stamp whose letters are directly impressed without
cartouche, only some central letters are preserved, with
damaged inferior parts: BIMA (Fig. 19).
7 x 8 cm
A 26.
a stamp impressed within a cartouche, with convex
letters, first part of the stamp is missing: PRIMI (Fig.
20).
14 x 8 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, no details, October 1985.
A 28. Fragment of a roof-tile, yellowish clay, with part of a
stamp impressed within a cartouche, with convex letters,
only the final part of the stamp is preserved: MI
(Fig. 21).
4 x 8 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, no details, July 1985.
A 28.
Of the total of roof-tiles with stamps (29), almost half
belong to the big factory usually known as the Pansiana2.
2
Gregorutti 1886; Matijai 1983, with the pertinent bibliography.
R. Matijai
Koliko se moe zakljuiti upravo iz slijeda raznih oblika

grafije igova, izvorno je pripadala Gaju Vibiju Pansi, konzulu 43. g. pr. Kr., a zatim je prela u Augustovo vlasnitvo
i do druge polovice 1. st. n. e ostala u okviru carskog patrimonija (Matijai 1983, 962 - 963). Golem broj nalaza
ovoga iga na svim obalama Jadrana - od Albanije, preko
Dalmacije, Istre, Veneta i Picena gotovo do Apulije - svjedoi o veliini radionice, ali i o njezinom trajanju: na igovima se razlikuju onomastike formule pojedinih careva od
Augusta do Vespazijana, no uvijek zadravaju karakteristian element Pansiana.
Zbog vrlo raznolikih kombinacija imenskih formula na
igovima ove tvornice, vrlo je teko, zbog fragmentarnosti,
tonije atribuirati veinu od 13 bribirskih igova Pansijane. Sa sigurnou se moe rei da su igovi tipa Pansiana s
najjednostavnijom imenskom formulom (A 1, 7 i 8, Matijai 1983, 963 - 969) vjerojatno pripadali Augustovom
vremenu, nakon prijenosa vlasnitva (prvotni je vlasnik
oznaavao proizvode igom PANSAE VIBI; Matijai
1983, 962 - 963). Fragment ...NSI.A.NA (A 2) se moe
restituirati (Pa)NSI.A.NA, te bi takoer pripadao Augustovom vremenu (Matijai 1983, 969). Posljednja dva iga
(A 12 i 13) moemo sa sigurnou itati TI(beri) CLAVDI
P(ansiana), to znai da pripadaju vremenu cara Klaudija
(Matijai 1983, 976 - 980). Ostalih sedam ulomaka ne
daje dovoljno elemenata za uu dataciju (A 3 - 6, 9 - 11),
ali se u svakom sluaju s dovoljno sigurnosti mogu pripisati
radionici3 Pansiana.
Imena imperatora na igovima omoguuju da se tegule iz Pansijane relativno tono datiraju, to je jedinstveno
meu jadranskim igovima na krovnim opekama (Matijai 1983, 989). Dok igovi na graevinskoj keramici
(opekama, tegulama i sl.) iz radionica oko Rima u 1. i 2.
st. n. e. gotovo redovito donose i konzularnu dataciju (Helen 1975; Setl 1977) igovi koji se javljaju na Jadranu
i oko njega nemaju tu pogodnost, te su kriteriji za dataciju
zbog nedovoljne istraenosti jo uvijek u velikoj mjeri
nerazraeni.
Skupina igova s natpisom SOLONAS ili SOLONA4
TE koji se takoer javljaju u znatnome broju na irem
podruju Jadrana5 pokazuje neke slinosti s proizvodima
Pansijane. Pripadaju joj bribirski igovi A 14 19. S Pansijanom ih povezuju istovrsna faktura keramike (crvenkaste boje, sline kvalitete peenja i tvrdoe), slini grafijski
elementi (iroka razvedena slova, koja u detaljnoj analizi
pokazuju i neke izrazite slinosti u oblikovanju detalja),

Iako ulomak iga N (A 11) moe pripadati i igovima iz skupine Solonas/Solonate.

CIL III, 3213, 13; CIL V, 8110, 136; CIL IX, 6078, 152; CIL XI,
6684, 4; Uggeri 1975, 150; Wilkes 1979, 69.
Brojne igove ovoga tipa objavila je nedavno Boek 1999-2000.
It was a workshop (or more than one workshop) for the production of roof-tiles, whose precise location is not known,
but is usually placed between Ravenna and the mouth of
the Po River (Uggeri 1975, 136 - 137). As can be inferred
from the sequence of the various variants of the stamp, it
belonged originally to Gaius Vibius Pansa, consul in 43 B.
C., then it came into the hands of Augustus and remained
within the imperial patrimonium until the 2nd century AD
(Matijai 1983, 962 - 963). The immense number of
finds of these stamps on all shores of the Adriatic, from Albani through Dalmatia, Istria, Veneto and Picenum almost
to Apulia, confirms the importance of the workshop and of
its longevity. The stamps bear the onomastic formulae of
almost all emperors from Augustus to Vespasianus, always
retaining the characteristic element Pansiana.
It is very difficult to attempt an exact attribution of
almost all of the 13 Pansiana stamps from Bribirska glavica:
the numerous combinations of onomastic details and the
fragmentary state of many of them frustrate all such efforts.
The Pansiana stamps with the simplest onomastic formula
(A 1, 7 i 8, Matijai 1983, 963 - 969) probably belong to
Augustus time after the transfer of property (the original
owner signed his products with the stamp PANSAE VIBI;
Matijai 1983, 962 - 963). The fragment ...NSI.A.NA (A
2) can be restituted into (Pa)NSI.A.NA, so that it would
also belong to the time of Augustus (Matijai 1983,
969). The last two stamps (A 12 i 13) can certainly be read
TI(beri) CLAVDI P(ansiana), so that they belong to the
period of the Emperor Claudius (Matijai 1983, 976 980). The remaining seven fragments cannot be precisely
dated (A 3 - 6, 9 - 11), but they certainly belong to the
Pansiana workshop3.
The names of other emperors on the stamps of Pansiana
make the datation of its stamps possible, and it is a unique
situation among the Adriatic roof-tile stamps (Matijai
1983, 989). While the stamps on bricks and tiles from the
workshops around Rome in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD
regularly bear a consular date (Helen 1975; Setl 1977),
the stamps along the Adriatic do not give us this advantage:
the criteria for their datation are still mostly not elaborated.
The group of stamps with the inscription SOLONAS
or SOLONATE4, which also appear in great numbers in
the Adriatic area5, is very similar to the Pansiana products.
On Bribirska glavica they are A 14 19 in the catalogue.
The similarities are the qualities of the clay (reddish colour,
3
Although the stamp N (A 11) could belong to the group Solonas/Solonate (see infra).
CIL III, 3213, 13; CIL V, 8110, 136; CIL IX, 6078, 152; CIL XI,
6684, 4; Uggeri 1975, 150; Wilkes 1979, 69.
Numerous roof-tile stamps were published recently in Boek 19992000.
slina rasprostranjenost na obalama Jadrana (iako s mnogo

manjim udjelom broja primjeraka sa igom SOLONAS).
Stoga se radionica ovih krovnih opeka takoer smjeta izmeu ua rijeke Pada i Ravene, u obalnom podruju, gdje
se obino trai i radionica Pansijane (Uggeri 1975, 136 137). Plinije neke municipije Osme italske regije (izmeu
Riminija, Pada i Apenina) naziva imenom njihovih graana
u mnoini, a meu njima navodi i stanovite Solonates. To
bi znailo da ig na tegulama ima komunitarni, drutveni
karakter i oznaava moda zajedniko vlasnitvo sredstava
za proizvodnju (moda pei ?) ili zajedniku centraliziranu
distribuciju proizvoda (Plin. NH III, 116; Biordi 1980,
257).
igovi CINNI... i ...NIANA.C..(A 20 i A 21) vjerojatno pripadaju manjoj skupini koja moda vue porijeklo od
prvobitnog vlasnika Cine (ig CINNAE) a pod nasljednicima je zadrala dio tog imena u pridjevskom obliku CINNIANA. Ovi se igovi javljaju u razliitim oblicima u Akvileji,
na Krku, u Istri, u Saloni, u Picenu,6 a treba napomenuti
da su i faktura keramike i oblik slova slini gore opisanim
igovima.
Samo jednim primjerkom zastupljen je ig A 22
(Q.C...). Zbog ute keramike karakteristine fakture i zbog
oblika prvih dvaju sauvanih slova, moe se sigurno restituirati kao Q. Clodi Ambrosi, tj. kao primjerak tegule koja se
proizvodila u Akvileji ili blioj okolici, a izvozila se na iroko podruje du obala Jadrana: rasprostranjenost je slina
Pansijani, ali se vjerojatno javlja neto kasnije i obino se
datira u kraj 1. ili poetak 2. st. n. e.7
Na podruju sjeveroistone Italije (Aquileia, Concordia), Istre, Dalmacije i Picena relativno je est ig C.TITI
HERMEROTIS (A 23 24),8 karakteristian kako po urezanim slovima (metalna matrica za otiskivanje), tako i po
mnogobrojnim ligaturama slova. Italski prenomen i gentilicij povezani su s orijentalnim kognomenom, to naravno nije rijedak sluaj, ponajmanje u trgovakoj i zanatskoj
sredini kao to je proizvodnja i distribucija krovnih opeka,
odnosno keramike grae openito. Zbog karakteristinih
elemenata onomastike formule nastanak iga moramo
smjestiti u drugu polovicu 1. st. n. e. ili kasnije.
Integralno sauvani ig T. COELI (A 25) pokazuje,
prema naim saznanjima, slinu distribuciju kao prethodni
ig.9 Za oba iga ne znamo pouzdano gdje su bile radionice,

8

7
10
CIL III, 10183, 15 i 59; Gregorutti 1886, Br. 83; CIL V, 8110,
67; CIL IX, 6078, 17.
Vrlo detaljnu analizu rasprostranjenosti v. Slapak 1974.
CIL III, 10183, 49; CIL V, 8110, 144; CIL IX, 6078, 158; Gregorutti 1886, Br. 128 i 85.
CIL V, 15112 (Asseria); CIL V, 8110, 68, (Piran, Trst, Akvileja,
Monfalcone, Zuglio); CIL IX, 6078, 63; CIL XI, 6689, 17; v. i Gregorutti 1886, Br. 94.
similar hardness and consistency), similar palaeographical

features (broad lines) and a similar distribution around
the Adriatic (although Solonas is no present in such great
quantities). Its workshop must be sought in the coastal belt
between the mouth of the Po River and Ravenna, where
also the Pansiana workshop is supposed to have been located (Uggeri 1975, 136 - 137). Plinius the Elder gives
the names of some municipia in the Eight Italic Region
(between Rimini, the Po River and the Appenine) in the
form of the community name in the plural form, and so he
mentions the Solonates. It has been supposed that the stamp
on roof-tiles denotes a communal nature of the brand, and
maybe a collective property of the kilns, or a communal
centralized distribution of its products (Plin. NH III, 116;
Biordi 1980, 257).
The stamps CINNI and NIANA.C. (A 20 and A
21) probably belong to a small group which owns its name
to Cinna, whose heirs maintained the adjectival form CINNIANA. They appear in various forms in Aquileia, on the
Island of Krk, in Istria, in Salona, in Picenum6, while it
is important to stress that the quality of the clay and the
palaeography are similar to the examples described above.
The stamp A 22 (Q.C) is present in our catalogue
with only one example, but for its characteristic yellow colour, and the form of the letters it can be attributed to the
production of Quintus Clodius Ambrosius, whose workshop
must have been somewhere around Aquileia. It was exported all around the Adriatic, similarly to the Pansiana type,
but it belonged to the end of the 1st or beginning of the 2nd
century AD. 7
The stamp C. TITI HERMEROTIS (A 23 24) is relatively frequent in north-eastern Italy (Aquileia, Concordia),
Istria, Dalmatia and Picenum8. Its letters are impressed into
the clay, probably by a metal stamp, and there are many
ligatures in its composition. The italic praenomen and gentilitum is followed by an oriental cognomen, which is not
unusual, especially in the commercial and artisan environment such as the production and distribution of pottery. It
must be dated to the second half of the 1st century AD or
later, because of the characteristic onomastic features.
The completely preserved stamp T.COELI (A 25) has a
similar distribution as the previous one.9 For both the ager
of Aquileia is the likely location, mainly because of the yel6
CIL III, 10183, 15 i 59; Gregorutti 1886, Br. 83; CIL V, 8110,
67; CIL IX, 6078, 17.
For a detailed analysis of its distribution see Slapak 1974.
CIL III, 10183, 49; CIL V, 8110, 144; CIL IX, 6078, 158; Gregorutti 1886, Br. 128 i 85.
CIL V, 15112 (Asseria); CIL V, 8110, 68, (Pirano, Trieste, Aquileia,
Monfalcone, Zuglio); CIL IX, 6078, 63; CIL XI, 6689, 17; see also
Gregorutti 1886, Br. 94.
R. Matijai
ali je akvilejski ager najvjerojatnija mogunost: na to ukazuje prvenstveno faktura keramike koja je ukaste boje, a to
je karakteristika posnih glina iz sjeveroistonog ugla Italije
(Aquileia, Concordia, Forum Iulii; Bertozzi 1987, 14 - 18).
Mali ulomak tegule, ponovno ute boje, sa sredinjim
dijelom iga: ...BIMA...(A 26), takoer upuuje traiti
porijeklo u akvilejskom ageru. ig se sa sigurnou moe
restituirati kao M. ALBI MACRI, a dosada je bio poznat
samo u Akvileji i blioj okolici,10 te je ovo koliko nam je
poznato prvi nalaz ovoga iga u Dalmaciji, odnosno izvan
metropole Desete regije uope. U Dalmaciji, Istri, Picenu
i naravno u Akvileji susreemo slian ig M. ALBI RVFI:11
identina faktura i identina tehnika izrade slova navode
na pomisao da se radilo o dva brata, ili o dva pripadnika
istoga roda (Albii), no rekonstrukcija vlasnikih (suvlasnikih) odnosa i naina nasljeivanja radionice prema dosad
poznatim podatcima nije mogua.
Posebnu pozornost skreemo na ig, sauvan u jednom
integralnom primjerku i jednom fragmentarnom (PRIMI,
...MI, A 27 i A 28), kojemu jedinu analogiju nalazimo u Picenu (Aeclanum). To je zasad jedini dokumentirani izravni
doticaj u trgovini krovnih opeka izmeu Dalmacije i Picena
(CIL IX, 6078, 136). Posve je nasno da igovi na tegulama
vrlo bjelodano dokumentiraju doticaje izmeu jadranskih
regija12. Radionice s jednog kraja opskrbljivale su trite
drugoga kraja, pod uvjetom da je potroa, kupac, bio dovoljno blizu morske obale: Bribir je vjerojatno bio blizu te
imaginarne granice, preko koje je prijevoz bio preskup da bi
se transakcija isplatila. Ako takvih igova ima na kninskome podruju (Radi 1990), to je vie zbog blizine legijskog
logora u Burnumu, i zbog koritenja doline rijeke Krke kao
prometnog pravca.
low clay, which is characteristic of the lean clays of that area

(Aquileia, Concordia, Forum Iulii; Bertozzi 1987, 14 - 18).
Another small fragment of a yellow roof-tile, with the
central part of a stamp BIMA, also comes from the
aquileian ager. It can be certainly reconstructed as M. ALBI
MACRI, a stamp that was known only from the area around
Aquileia10, and is now for the first time attested in Dalmatia
and outside the Tenth Region. In Dalmatia, Istria, Picenum
and Aquileia there is a similar stamp M. ALBI RVFI11: the
identical structure and palaeography make us suppose that
they were somehow connected, probably as relatives.
One wholly preserved roof-tile stamp and one fragment (PRIMI, MI, A 27 and A 28) are very rare: an only
analogy is known from Picenum (Aeclanum). This is for the
moment the only proof of direct commercial contacts between Dalmatia and that region (CIL IX, 6067, 136). The
stamps on roof-tiles clearly prove contacts between Adriatic
regions.12 Workshops from one region supplied the markets
in another, if the end consumer was sufficiently near the
coast. Bribir (Varvaria) was probably within this limit, beyond which the transport weighted too much on the final
cost of the tiles. If there are such stamps in the Knin area
(Radi 1990), it is because of the influence of the legionary
camp in Burnum and the use of the river Krka (Titius) as a
means of transport.
B) Amphorae
B 1. Fragment of the rim of an amphora, yellow-grey clay,

with a stamp with letters in relief, made with thin lines:
HERMA, broken below the rim (Fig. 22).
B) Amphorae
B 1. Ulomak ruba amfore od sivo ute keramike, unutranja povrina oteena, na vanjskoj strani utisnuti ig sa
slovima u reljefu, izveden tankim linijama: HERMA,
prelomljeno na prijelazu u vrat
(Sl. 22).
6 x 6,5 x 1,5 cm
ig 4,5 x 1,6 cm
Bez inv. br., Bribirska glavica bez poblieg mjesta nalaza
B 1.
B 2. Ulomak zadebljalog ruba i dijela vrata amfore od ute

keramike: sam rub je otro zadebljan i na vanjskoj stra Aquileia, CIL V, 8110, 35.
CIL III, 10183, 7; CIL V, 1880, 36; CIL IX, 6078, 30, CIL XI,
6689, 15; Aquileia, Trieste, Pula, Salona, Narona, Karlobag, Fermo,
Rimini.
12
See Zaccaria 1993, where all texts deal with roman roof-tile and
brick stamps from the Adriatic basin.
10
10
11
11
Akvileja, CIL V, 8110, 35.

CIL III, 10183, 7; CIL V, 1880, 36; CIL IX, 6078, 30, CIL XI,
6689, 15; rasprostranjenost: Akvileja, Trst, Pula, Salona, Narona,
Karlobag, Fermo, Rimini.
12
U zborniku Zaccaria 1993 svi su tekstovi posveeni rimskodobnim
igovima na opekama s podruja sjevernog Jadrana.
11
ni je horizontalno utisnut ig unutar kartue, slova u

reljefu: SIND, kod kojega je kosa linija slova N obrnuto okrenuta, slova su debela i dobro naznaena (Sl. 23).
13 x 6,5 cm
ig 5,2 x 1,8 cm
B 3. Ulomak vrata i gornjeg ua drke amfore od ute keramike; drka je lagano elipsoidnog profila; na gornjem
horizontalnom dijelu prije koljena nalazi se duboko
utisnuti ig unutar kartue i s linijom u reljefu koja
omeuje slova takoer u reljefu: ARTEMOS, zavretak
je malo oteen (Sl. 24).
7,2 x 5 cm
ig 4 x 1,2 cm
6 x 6,5 x 1,5 cm
stamp 4,5 x 1,6 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, without details
B 2. Fragment of a rim and part of the neck of an amphora of yellow clay, with a horizontally impressed stamp
within a cartouche with letters in relief: SIND; the perpendicular line of the letter N is placed in the wrong
position; the letters are well modelled and preserved
(Fig. 23).
13 x 6,5 cm
stamp 5,2 x 1,8 cm
B 2.
B 3.
U literaturi postoje analogije za ig HERMA (B 1), koji

Callender smatra italskim i datira ga u razdoblje prije 50.
g. n. e.13 Slian ig, HERMAL, poznat je iz Brindisija,14 to
bi u svakom sluaju moglo upuivati na italsko porijeklo
amfore, a time i njezinog sadraja. Na amforama Dressel
6B iz faanske radionice Gaja Lekanija Basa ig H, HER,
HERME je ime radnika.15 Meutim, tip amfore i oblik slova ne odgovaraju bribirskome igu.
2. INSTRUMENTUM DOMESTICUM
C) Opercula
C 1. Poklopac amfore od ute keramike sa sivom povrinom, bradaviasti drak od kojeg se ravaju dvije plastine trakice (Sl. 25).
8,7 cm
Debljina 1,6 cm
Bez inv. br., Bribirska glavica, bez poblieg mjesta nalaza,
25 - 26. 8. 1978.
Callender 1965, Br. 698; usp. i CIL XI, 6695, 50 b.
14
Callender 1965, Br. 699, usp. i CIL IX, 6079, 32.
15
Bezeczky 1998, 172-178, gdje je i starija literatura.
13
12
B 3. Fragment of the neck and the upper part of the handle

of an amphora of yellow clay; the handle is elliptical in
section, with a well impressed stamp in a cartouche and
a line in relief which also encloses the letters within the
cartouche: ARTERMOS (Fig. 24).
7,2 x 5 cm
ig 4 x 1,2 cm
There are analogies for the stamp HERMA (B 1), considered italic by Callender, who dates him before 50 AD.13
A similar stamp, HERMAL, is known from Brindisi14, a
fact that could indicate an italic origin of the amphora and
of its contents. The stamp H, HER, HERME is known
from the Faana workshop of Caius Laecanius Bassus on numerous Dressel 6B amphorae: it is the name an officinator, a
worker in the workshop15. But the type of amphora and the
palaeographic traits do not correspond to the stamp from
Bribirska glavica.
2. INSTRUMENTUM DOMESTICUM
C) Opercula
C 1. Amphora stopper of yellow clay with a grey surface:

wart-like handle from which two lines diverge (Fig. 25).

15

13
14
Callender 1965, No. 698; see also CIL XI, 6695, 50 b.

Callender 1965, No. 699, see also CIL IX, 6079, 32.
Bezeczky 1998, 172-178, with bibliography.
R. Matijai
C 2. Poklopac amfore od ute keramike, okrugli drak, uokolo su plastini potkoviasti ukrasi
9,2 cm
Debljina 1,8 cm
Bez inv. br., Bribirska glavica, bez poblieg mjesta i datuma nalaza
C 3. Poklopac amfore od
ute keramike, na sredini okrugli drak od
kojega se ravaju etiri
plastine trakice koje se
naglo sputaju do povrine poklopca, oteeno
(Sl. 26).
9,5 cm
Debljina 1,2 cm
Bez inv. br., Bribirska
glavica, bez poblieg
mjesta i datuma nalaza
C 3.
C 4. Oteeni poklopac amfore od uto sive keramike, nedostaje gotovo polovica, na sredini je bradaviasti drak, bez ukrasa (Sl. 27).
8,8 cm
Debljina 1,5 cm
C 5. Poklopac amfore od
ute keramike, masivni
okrugli drak na sredini
gornje strane, plosnato
tijelo s kosim rubom,
udubljeni kanal oko
drka (Sl. 28).
9 cm
Debljina 1,6 cm
mjesta i datuma nalaza
C 5.
C 6. Poklopac amfore od crvenkaste keramike, ravne povrine bez ukrasa i oteenog drka na sredini (Sl. 29).
8,9 cm
Debljina 1,1 cm
C 7. Poklopac amfore izraen od komada krovne opeke crvene boje, s grubim otkresivanjem u obliku krunice.
8 cm
8,7 cm
Thickness 1,6 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska
glavica, no details, 25 26. 8. 1978.
C 2. Amhpora stopper of yellow clay, with a round
handle and semicircular
relief lines around it.
9,2 cm
Thickness 1,8 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, no details on location and date of find
C 1.
C 3. Amphora stopper of yellow clay, with a button shaped

handle from which four lines diverge; damaged (Fig. 26).
9,5 cm
Thickness 1,2 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, no details on location and
date of find
C 4. Damaged amphora
stopper of yellow-grey
clay, almost one half is
missing; with a wart-like
handle in the middle, no
decoration (Fig. 27).
8,8 cm
Thickness 1,5 cm
C 4.
C 5. Amphora stopper of yellow clay, with a massive round

handle in the middle of the upper surface, flat body
with an obliwue rim (Fig. 28).
9 cm
Thickness 1,6 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, no details on location and
date of find
C 6. Amphora stopper of
reddish clay, flat and undecorated, with a damaged handle in the middle
(Fig. 29).
8,9 cm
Thickness 1,1 cm
C 6.
13
Debljina 2,7 cm
C 7. Amphora stopper made of a piece of a reddish clay

roof-tile, with a coarse rim.
8 cm
Thickness 2,7 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, 178, 10. 9. 1979
C 8. Isto (Sl. 30).

8 cm
Debljina 3 cm
mjesta nalaza, 24. 8.
1978.
C 9. Isto
7 cm
Debljina 2,4 cm
glavica, 160, 30. 7. 1975.
C 8.
C 10. Isto
6 cm
Debljina 2,9 cm
C 11. Isto
5,4 cm
Debljina 2,2 cm
Bez inv. br., Bribirska glavica, 327
C 12. Isto
6 cm
Debljina 3,4 cm
C 13. Poklopac amfore izraen od komada krovne opeke
ute boje, grubim otkresivanjem u obliku krunice.
7 cm
Debljina 2,5 cm
Bez inv. br., Bribirska glavica, 201 - 202, bez datuma
nalaza
C 14. Isto
8 cm
Debljina 2,6 cm
Bez inv. br., Bribirska glavica, 327, bez datuma nalaza
C 15. Poklopac amfore izraen grubim otkresivanjem komada ploastog kamena bijele boje, nepravilno obraeno.
8,9 cm
Debljina 2,7 cm
14
C 8. Same (Fig. 30).

8 cm
Thickness 3 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, no details on the location
of find, 24. 8. 1978
C 9. Same
8 cm
Thickness 3 cm
of find, 24. 8. 1978
C 10. Same
6 cm
Thickness 2,9 cm
or date of find
C 11. Same
5,4 cm
Thickness 2,2 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, 327
C 12. Same
6 cm
Thickness 3,4cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, 178, 10. 9. 1979.
C 13. Amphora stopper made of a piece of a reddish clay
roof-tile, with a coarse rim.
7 cm
Thickness 2,5 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, 201 - 202, no date of
find
C 14. Same
8 cm
Thickness 2,6 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, 327, no date of find
C 15. Amphora stopper made of a piece of a stone slab,
with a coarse rim.
8,9 cm
Thickness 2,7 cm
R. Matijai
C 16. Isto
8,5 cm
Debljina 3 cm
nalaza
C 16. Same
8,5 cm
Thickness 3 cm
find
C 17. Isto
10,8 cm
Debljina 3 cm
C 17. Same
10,8 cm
Thickness 3 cm
C 18. Isto
9,2 cm
Debljina 2,4 cm
C 18. Same
9,2 cm
Thickness 2,4 cm
C 19. Isto
12 cm
Debljina 4 cm
C 19. Same
12 cm
Thickness 4 cm
C 20. Poklopac amfore izraen grubim otkresivanjem

komada ploastog kamena uto sive boje, nepravilno
obraen.
6,5 cm
Debljina 1,8 cm
C 20. Amphora stopper made of a piece of a yellow-grey

stone slab, with a coarse rim.
6,5 cm
Thickness 1,8 cm
C 21. Poklopac amfore kao gore, sive boje.

5,9 cm
Debljina 1 cm
nalaza
C 22. Poklopac amfore kao gore, ute boje
5,2 cm
Debljina 1 cm
nalaza
Poklopci amfora (C 1 6) pripadaju kategoriji nalaza
vrlo uobiajenih na lokalitetima stambenog karaktera, ali se
relativno rijetko spominju u literaturi,16 djelomino i zato
to sami po sebi ne pruaju neke tipoloke posebnosti po
kojima bi se mogla determinirati razvojna linija ili kronologija. Izrazito utilitarna, svakodnevna funkcija poklopaca
ini ih ipak zanimljivim elementom u razmatranju kuanskog pribora i kuanskih predmeta (instrumentum domesticum). Od 22 poklopca, samo bi se est moglo nazvati
16
Beltran Lloris 1970; Vrsalovi 1979, 404, Tab. 117, 1-6; Orli
1986, 22 - 23.
C 21. Amphora stopper, same, grey colour

5,9 cm
Thickness 1 cm
find
C 22. Amphora stopper, same, yellow colour
5,2 cm
Thickness 1 cm
find
Amphora stoppers (C 1 6) belong to the category
of finds usually found in settlement sites, but are not so
often referred to in published works,16 partly also because
they do not present particular typological features on the
basis of which one could determine a development line or
the chronology. The utilitarian, everyday function of stoppers makes them nevertheless interesting in the analysis of
tools and implements (instrumentum domesticum). Of the
22 stoppers from Bribirska glavica, only six are authentic,
i. e. made on purpose, while all the others are improvised
16
Beltran Lloris 1970; Vrsalovi 1979, 404, Tab. 117, 1-6; Orli
1986, 22 - 23.
15
izvornima, tj. samo su oni raeni namjenski za zatvaranje

amfora, dok su ostali improvizirani poklopci dobiveni od
odbaenih komada krovnih opeka (tegulae) ili od ploastog
plosnatog kamenja (to predstavlja regionalnu posebnost
sjeverne Dalmacije). Najvei broj poklopaca varira u promjeru izmeu 7 i 10 cm, s nekoliko izuzetaka manjih (do
5,4 cm) ili veih promjera (do 12 cm). Originalni poklopci redovito su debeli izmeu 1 i 1,6 cm, promjera oko
9 cm, dok su oni improvizirani mnogo deblji, jer su raeni od opeka debljine 2 - 3 cm. Kameni poklopci ponovno
su neto tanji i njihova debljina se kree oko 1 cm.
Poklopci amfora izraeni od gline, s dugmetastom drkom i raznolikim ukrasima i ukrasima poznati su iz arheoloke literature gotovo u jednakom broju kao amfore.
Sluili su kako bi se hermetiki zatvorili vratovi amfora kojima se prevozilo ulje i vino: odozgo su se zalijevali voskom,
smolom ili slinim vodonepropusnim materijalom. Dok su
amfore esto koritene u druge svrhe (graevinska izolacija
od vlage, u grobovima),17 poklopci su se jednostavno odbacivali.
Veliko je pitanje emu su sluili predmeti evidentirani
kao poklopci izraeni od komada krovne opeke i od ploastog kamena: nije uope sigurno da su to bili poklopci. U
odjeljku o utezima (pondera) vidjet emo petnaestak slinih
primjeraka kruno oblikovanih komada krovnih opeka, ali
s rupom u sredini. Kod nekih su rupe tek djelomino naznaene, odnosno buenje nije dovreno. Stoga se oito na
ove poklopce moe gledati i kao na neprobuene utege.
D) Pondera
D1 Kruni utezi
D1 1. Uteg izraen grubim

oblikovanjem komada
krovne opeke crvene
boje, s rupom bikoninog oblika na sredini
(Sl. 31).
11 cm, debljina 3 cm
rupe 0,8 cm
glavica, prostorija C 1,
1996.
D1 1.
Cambi 1969; za grobove u amforama usp. Matijai, Uji 1985.
16
D) Pondera
D1 Round weights
D1 1. Weight formed roughly from a piece of a red roof-tile,

with a biconical hole perforated in the middle (Fig. 31).
11 cm, thickness 3 cm
of the hole 0,8 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, room C 1, 1996
D1 2. Same
11 cm, thickness 3,3 cm
of the hole 0,8 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, 160, 7. 6. 1975
D1 2. Isto
11 cm, debljina 3,3 cm
rupe 0,8 cm
17
from recycled roof-tiles (tegulae) or stone slabs. This latter

form is a peculiarity of Northern Dalmatia, which abounds
in stone which geologically comes in thin layers. The diameter of most stoppers is between 7 and 10 cm, although
they vary from 5,4 to 12 cm. The original stoppers are
between 1 and 1,6 cm thick, while those improvised are
much thicker. The stone stoppers are again thinner (around
1 cm).
The amphora stoppers made of clay, with a handle and
various decorations and decorations are known from the
archaeological literature almost as plentiful as amphorae.
They were used to seal the necks of amphorae which were
used for transporting oil and wine: it was done with wax,
pitch or similar watertight material. Amphorae were sometimes used for secondary purposes (isolation in building, as
tombs)17, while stoppers were simply discarded.
It is doubtful whether the objects classified as amphora
stoppers, made of tiles or stone, were really used as stoppers: In the section dealing with weights (pondera) we shall
see a dozen similar round objects made of roof-tiles, but
with a hole in the centre. As in some of them the hole is
only marked, i. e. the hole was not drilled through, one can
consider these stoppers to be unperforated weights.
D1 3. Same
of the hole 1 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, 700, no date of find.
D1 4. Same
of the hole 1,2 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, 162, no date of find.
D1 5. Same

17
Cambi 1969; for tombs in amphorae see Matijai, Uji 1985.
R. Matijai
D1 3. Isto
rupe 1 cm
Bez inv. br., Bribirska glavica, 700, bez datuma nalaza.
D1 4. Isto
rupe 1,2 cm
Bez inv. br., Bribirska glavica, 162, bez datuma nalaza.
D1 5. Isto
rupe 1,5 cm
D1 6. Isto
8,8 cm, debljina 2,8 cm
rupe 1,5 cm
D1 7. Isto
rupe 0,8 cm
D1 8. Isto
rupe 1,5 cm
D1 9. Isto
rupe 0,8 cm
D1 10. Isto
rupe 1 cm
D1 11. Isto
rupe 0,7 cm
D1 12. Isto
rupe 0,8 cm
Bez inv. br., Bribirska glavica, 303 - 307, 6. 8. 1979.
of the hole 1,5 cm

No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, without details on the
spot and date
D1 6. Same
8,8 cm, thickness 2,8 cm
of the hole 1,5 cm
spot and date
D1 7. Same
of the hole 0,8 cm
D1 8. Same
of the hole 1,5 cm
spot and date
D1 9. Same
of the hole 0,8 cm
D1 10. Same
of the hole 1 cm
D1 11. Same
of the hole 0,7 cm
spot and date
D1 12. Same
of the hole 0,8 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, 303 - 307, 6. 8. 1979
D1 13. Same
of the hole 1,1 cm
spot and date
D1 14. Weight formed roughly from a piece of a yellow roof-tile, with unperforated biconical depressions in the
middle on both surfaces
spot and date, 1969
17
D1 13. Isto
rupe 1,1 cm
D1 14. Uteg izraen grubim oblikovanjem komada krovne
opeke ute boje, s djelomino probuenom rupom, s
obje strane je udubljeni krug nastao nedovrenim buenjem.
mjestu nalaza, 1969.
D1 15. Isto
D1 16. Isto
D1 17. Isto
mjestu nalaza, 8. 9. 1977.
Ne znamo tono emu su sluili utezi izraeni od komada krovne opeke, s rupom u sredini. Kad bi Varvaria
bila blie morskoj obali, odnosno da su se njezini stanovnici
mogli baviti ribarstvom, moglo bi se pomiljati na utege
za ribarske mree. Ovako se moramo ograniiti na drugu
aktivnost koja dolazi u obzir u pogledu upotrebe utega, a
to je tkanje na primitivnom tkalakom stanu gdje su se niti
osnove vertikalno zatezale uz pomo utega. Nai su se utezi
oito izraivali od prirunog, primarno odbaenog materijala, od komada krovnih opeka, to se jasno vidi iz njihove
fakture i debljine, koja varira izmeu 2,5 i 3,5 cm. Izuzetak
je D1 16 (5,8 cm), koji je izraen od komada cigle (later), a
ne opeke (tegula). Opeke ove debljine mogle su se koristiti
za zidanje (lateres sesquipedales, lateres bipedales) ili kao elementi za graenje hipokausta.
D1 15. Same
spot and date
D1 16. Same
spot and date
D1 17. Same
spot and date, 8. 9. 1977
The function and scope of these weights made out of
roof-tiles, with a hole in the middle, is not at all clear. Were
Varvaria nearer to the sea, and could its inhabitants engage
in fishing, one could think of them as weights for fishing
nets. Another function remains, that of a primitive loom
in which the threads are stretched by means of weights.
Our examples were evidently made of handy pieces of rooftiles, clearly recognizable by their thickness and structure.
There is an exception: D1 16 (5,8 cm), made of a piece of
brick (later), not tile (tegula). Bricks that correspond to this
thickness were used for building walls (lateres sesquipedales,
lateres bipedales) or as elements for building columns.
D2 Weights in the form of a truncated pyramid
D2 1. Fragmented flat weight of red clay, in the form of a

truncated pyramid, with two trapezoidal surfaces. The
lower quarter of its height is missing. Near the top is a
narrow hole. On one trapezoidal surface there is a relief
of three crossed pointed sticks, similar to the depiction
of lightning on legionary shields (Fig. 32).
D2 Utezi u obliku krnje piramide
D2 1. Oteeni plosnati keramiki uteg crvene boje, oblik

krnje piramide, dvije trapezoidne povrine. Dolje nedostaje oko visine. Pri vrhu je uska rupa. Na jednoj
trapezoidnoj povrini je reljefni prikaz triju ukrtenih
palica sa iljcima prema gore (ali su vjerojatno imale
18
D2 1.
R. Matijai
iljke i prema dolje, tako da podsjeaju na shemu snopova munja na legionarskim titovima). U visini sjecita su dvije horizontalne crte takoer u reljefu (Sl. 32).
v. 13 cm; . gore 4,5 cm, dolje 8 cm; d. 4 cm
rupe 0,7 cm
D2 2. Ulomak plosnatog keramikog utega crvene boje,
oblik krnje piramide, prelomljen gore i dolje, sauvan
samo sredinji dio: na jednoj trapezoidnoj povrini dio
reljefnog prikaza triju ukrtenih palica, vjerojatno motiv identian prethodnom, ali bez kratke horizontalne
trake preko sjecita: naziru se iljci prema dolje, dok su
gornji zavretci palica posve izgubljeni (Sl. 33).
v. 6,5 cm; . gore 5,5 cm, dolje 8,5 cm; d. 4 cm
Inv. br. 921, Bribirska glavica, 184 -160, 2. 8. 1975.
D2 2.
D2 3. Ulomak plosnatog keramikog utega crvene boje,

oblik krnje piramide, nedostaje donja polovica. Sauvan gornji dio s rupom, te s gornjim dijelom reljefnog
prikaza identinog prethodnima: tri ukrtene palice sa
iljcima prema gore, na gornjoj maloj etvrtastoj povrini je precizno urezan kri od dvije jednostavne linije
paralelne sa stranicama paralelograma.
v. 5,2 cm; . gore 4,5 cm, dolje 5,6 cm; d. 4 cm
Inv. br. 922, Bribirska glavica, Prostorija F, 1977.
D2 4. Ulomak keramikog utega uto sive boje, oblik krnje
piramide, nedostaje donja polovica, sauvana je rupa,
bez reljefnih ukrasa.
v. 11,5 cm; . gore 5,6 cm, dolje 7 cm; d. 4 cm
rupe 0,9 cm
D2 5. Keramiki uteg naranaste boje sa zrncima kvarcita u
fakturi, oblik krnje piramide, bez ukrasa, rupa na gornjem dijelu.
v. 14,1 cm; . gore 4,6 cm, dolje 8,8 cm; d. 4,3 cm
rupe 0,7 cm
Inv. br. 919, Bribirska glavica, 184 - 160, 2. 8. 1975.
height 13 cm; upper width 4,5 cm, lower width 8 cm;

thickness 4 cm
of the hole 0,7 cm
Inv. no. 920, Bribirska glavica, 184, 5. 8. 1975
D2 2. Fragment of a flat weight of red clay, in the form of a
truncated pyramid, with two trapezoidal surfaces. It is
broken both up and down. On one trapezoidal surface
there is part of a relief of three crossed pointed sticks,
similar to the depiction of lightning on legionary shields (Fig. 33).
height. 6,5 cm; upper width 5,5 cm, lower width 8,5
cm; thickness 4 cm
Inv. no. 921, Bribirska glavica, 184 -160, 2. 8. 1975
D2 3. Fragment of a flat weight of red clay, in the form of a
truncated pyramid, with two trapezoidal surfaces. The
lower half is missing. On one trapezoidal surface there
is part of a relief of three crossed pointed sticks, similar
to the depiction of lightning on legionary shields. On
the small upper surface a small cross is neatly incised.
height. 5,2 cm; upper width 4,5 cm, lower width 5,6
cm; thickness 4 cm
Inv. no. 922, Bribirska glavica, Room F, 1977
D2 4. Fragment of a flat weight of yellow-grey clay, in the
form of a truncated pyramid. The lower half is missing.
The hole is preserved, no decoration is.
height 11,5 cm; upper width 5,6 cm, lower width 7 cm;
thickness 4 cm
of the hole 0,9 cm
Inv. no. 927, Bribirska glavica, without details on precise
location and date of find
D2 5. Flat weight of orange coloured clay with a lot of quartz grains, in the form of a truncated pyramid. Undecorated, a hole in the upper part.
height 14,1 cm; upper width 4,6 cm, lower width 8,8
cm; thickness 4,3 cm
of the hole 0,7 cm
Inv. no. 919, Bribirska glavica, 184 - 160, 2. 8. 1975
D2 6. Flat weight of orange coloured clay with quartz grains, in the form of a truncated pyramid. Undecorated,
a hole in the upper part.
height 13 cm; upper width 4 cm, lower width 9 cm;
thickness 3,6 cm
of the hole 0,9 cm
Inv. no. 918, Bribirska glavica, 160, 13. 8. 1974
19
D2 6. Keramiki uteg naranaste boje sa zrncima kvarcita u

fakturi, oblik krnje piramide, bez ukrasa, rupa na gornjem dijelu.
v. 13 cm; . gore 4 cm, dolje 9 cm; d. 3,6 cm
rupe 0,9 cm
D2 7. Uteg od bijelog mramora, oblik krnje piramide, zaobljenih rubova, bez ukrasa, s rupom na gornjem dijelu
(Sl. 34).
v. 11,5 cm; . gore 5,2 cm, dolje 7 cm; d. 3,8 cm
rupe 0,5 cm
Inv. br. 925, Bribirska glavica, 201 - 225 - 226
D2 7.
D2 7. Flat weight of white marble, in the form of a truncated pyramid, with rounded edges. Undecorated, a hole
in the upper part (Fig. 34).
height 11,5 cm; upper width 5,2 cm, lower width 7 cm;
thickness 3,8 cm
of the hole 0,5 cm
Inv. br. 925, Bribirska glavica, 201 - 225 - 226
D2 8. Weight of brown clay with a lot of quartz grains, in
the form of a truncated pyramid. In the upper part there are two perpendicular intersecting holes.
height 12 cm; upper width 4,2 cm, lower width 6,4 cm
of the hole 0,4 cm
Inv. no. 923, Bribirska glavica, without details on place
of find, 1977
D2 9. Weight of red-brown clay with a lot of quartz grains, in the form of a truncated pyramid, with rounded
edges. Broken at the height oif the holes, undecorated
(Fig. 35).
height 10,5 cm; upper width 4,3 cm, lower width 6,8
cm, thickness 3,6 cm
of the hole 0,9 cm
Inv. no. 924, Bribirska glavica, without details on place
of find, 1971
D2 8. Uteg od smee keramike s mnogo kvarcita u fakturi,

oblik istostrane krnje piramide, na svakoj gornjoj strani
rupa iji se kanali ortogonalno presijecaju; bez ukrasa.
v. 12 cm; . gore 4,2 cm; dolje 6,4 cm;
rupe 0,4 cm
Inv. br. 923, Bribirska glavica, bez poblie naznake mjesta, 1977.
D2 9. Uteg od smee crvene keramike s mnogo kvarcita
u fakturi, oblik krnje piramide, rubovi zaobljeni, gore
prelomljen u visini rupe, bez ukrasa (Sl. 35).
v. 10,5 cm; . gore 4,3 cm, dolje 6,8 cm, d. 3,6 cm
rupe 0,9 cm
Inv. br. 924, Bribirska glavica, bez poblie naznake mjesta, 1971.
Keramiki utezi u obliku nepravilne krnje piramide
vrlo su zanimljiva skupina nalaza. Oblikom i ukrasom obogauju grupu slinih dosad poznatih predmeta ija namjena
do danas, objektivno gledajui, nije definitivno rijeena. Iz
literature je poznat relativno velik broj takvih predmeta,
20
Clay weights in the form of a truncated pyramid are

very interesting, although their function has not yet been
satisfactorily explained. Many examples are known in the
archaeological literature, mostly in prehistoric context18.
All of them have the same shape and they have a hole
through the upper part, probably for hanging them on a
rope. They are decorated with incised or relief symbols,
so that they could also have had a emblematic or magical
function. Several interpretations are possible: weights for
the loom19, oscilla betilia (in the cult of trees; Pace 1946,
460 - 461, Lucatuorto 1980), objects used for heating
water (Truhelka 1904), rattles (tintinnabula, Pigorini
1890), while most authors see in them some indefinable
symbolic and sacred meanings20.
Of these pyramidal weights from Varvaria most are
flat, with one hole for the rope; only one has a customary pyramidal shape, and it is special also because it has
Stipevi 1981, 30 - 32, Tab. 15; see also De Vita 1956, who dates
them up to the 2nd century AD.
19
Blegen 1964, 70 - 71; Salinas 1863; Stipevi 1991, 134; Davidson 1943, 65 - 73; Trampu Orel, 1987, 61 - 64.
20
Marconi 1931; Rellini 1934; Orlandini 1935; Marconi Bosio
1938.
18
R. Matijai
D2 2.
D2 4.
D2 5.
D2 6.
D2 9.
21
uglavnom s prapovijesnim kontekstom.18 Svi su u osnovi

istog oblika, s etiri jednake trapezoidne strane ili pak s dvije trapezoidne i dvije pravokutne (plosnata krnja piramida).
Pri vrhu su probueni tako da se kroz rupu moe provui
konop ili sl., pomou kojega su se vjeali. esto su ukraeni
graviranim ili reljefnim simbolima, te su pored utilitarne,
mogli imati i nekakvu simbolinu, maginu funkciju. U
literaturi se moe naii na sljedee interpretacije njihove
funkcije: utezi za tkalaki stan,19 oscilla betilia (u kultu stabala; Pace 1946, 460 - 461, Lucatuorto 1980), predmeti
za zagrijavanje vode (Truhelka 1904), zveke (tintinnabula, Pigorini 1890), dok veina autora vidi u njima stanovite, ali nedefinirane simbolike i svete vrijednosti.20
Meu piramidalnim utezima (neka nam bude doputena ova pojednostavljena definicija) iz Varvarije najvei je
broj plosnatih primjeraka s jednim uzdunim kanalom za
provlaenje konopa paralelno s trapezoidnim povrinama,
dok imamo samo jedan primjer pravilne piramide s etiri
jednake strane. Taj uteg je istovremeno poseban i po tome
to ima etiri ortogonalno probuene rupe, to znai da ima
kanale u oba smjera. To bi omoguilo pretpostaviti da su se
plosnati utezi mogli vjeati u nizovima koji su mogli biti i
ortogonalno kombinirani, pri emu su istostrane piramide
(s dvije rupe) bile kutni elementi. S druge strane, njihova
teina i oblik teko mogu poduprijeti tezu o vjeanju u nizovima, no i to je mogue.
Tri piramidalna utega imaju na jednoj iroj strani (koju
onda smijemo nazvati prednjom) reljefni prikaz triju ukrtenih palica sa iljcima, dok su ostali (est komada) neukraeni.21 Motiv bi mogao predstavljati stilizirani atribut
Zeusa Jupitera, munje u obliku strelica, ali pitanje pravog
znaenja simbola mora naravno ostati otvoreno. Ako je i
postojao neki funkcionalni odnos izmeu upotrebe predmeta kao utega za tkalaki stan i njegova magijskog, apotropejskog znaenja, to e biti vrlo teko uvjerljivo doka-
Stipevi 1981, 30 - 32, Tab. 15; usp. i De Vita 1956, koji ih datira
do 2. st. n. e.
19
Blegen 1964, 70 - 71; Salinas 1863; Stipevi 1991, 134; Davidson 1943, 65 - 73; Trampu Orel, 1987, 61 - 64.
20
Marconi 1931; Rellini 1934; Orlandini 1935; Marconi Bosio
1938.
21
Na primjercima koji su objavljeni u dostupnoj literaturi ukras je
izveden utiskivanjem (D Andria et al. 1980, 106 i Tab. 46 - 14:
utiskivanje metalnog predmeta; Trampu Orel 1987, utiskivanje
zailjenim instrumentom) ili urezivanjem, usp. Stipevi 1981,
Tab. 15. Poznati su i primjerci s natpisima, usp. Santoro 1979, 45
- 60. Nai su primjerci ukraeni prikazom u reljefu. Teko je rei radi
li se ovdje o kasnijoj dataciji, iako to nije nemogue: ova kategorija
predmeta nestaje tek u 2. st. n. e., kad se prestao koristiti uspravni
tkalaki stan. Usp. De Vita 1956, 44 i tab. 15, 1; za rekonstrukciju
ovakvog tkalakog stana usp. Trampu Orel 1987, 62.
two perpendicular holes, i. e. channels in both directions.

It may be supposed that flat weights were hanged in a line,
while the pyramidal ones were angular elements. On the
other hand, their weight can hardly support the thesis that
sees them hanging on ropes, but it is possible.
Three pyramidal weights have on one large surface,
which can be considered frontal, the relief of three crossed
pointed sticks, while six others are not decorated21. The
motif lightning formed as arrows could be seen as the
symbol of Zeus, i. e. Juppiter. If there was a functional relationship between the use of the weight for the loom and
its magical, apotropaic meaning, it will be very difficult to
prove22.
D3 Whorls
D3 1. Circular bone whorl, lentil-formed section, with incised concentric lines on the flat surface (Fig. 36).
of the hole 0,6 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, no data on place and date
of find
D3 1.
D3 2. Circular bone whorl, slightly conical in section (Fig.
37).
of the hole 0,7 cm
18
22
On the examples found in the bibliography, the decoration is made

by impression (D Andria et al. 1980, 106 i Tab. 46 - 14: impression with a metal tool; Trampu Orel 1987, impression with a
pointed instrument or by incision) see Stipevi 1981, Tab. 15.
There are also examples with inscriptions, see Santoro 1979, 45 60. Our examples are decorated with the motif in relief. It is difficult
to say whether they belong to later centuries, but it is possible: this
form appears only in the 2nd century, when the vertical loom fell out
of use. See De Vita 1956, 44 i tab. 15, 1; for the reconstruction of
such a loom see Trampu Orel 1987, 62.
22
Analogies are known also from Greek painted vases, see De Vita
1956, 15, 1, and from them it is clear that pyramidal objects with a
hole in the upper section were used as loom weights, but finds of the
same objects in tombs and around fireplaces indicate maybe also a
ritual function, see Stipevi 1991, 135; Trampu Orel 1987, 64.
21
R. Matijai
zati, te u svakom sluaju ostavljamo za sada ovaj problem

otvorenim.22
D3 Prljeni
D3 1. Kruni kotani prljen leastog presjeka, koncentrino profiliran na ravnoj strani (Sl. 36).
3,5 cm, d. 0,9 cm
rupe 0,6 cm
Bez inv. br., Bribirska glavica, bez poblie naznake o mjestu i datumu nalaza
D3 2. Kruni kotani prljen, lagano koninog presjeka (Sl.
37).
3,5 cm, d. 0,9 cm
rupe 0,7 cm
D3 3. Mali kruni keramiki prljen zaobljenog presjeka s
rupom na sredini (Sl. 38).
2 cm, d. 0,9 cm
rupe 0,6 cm
D3 3.
D3 4. Kruni keramiki prljen plosnatog presjeka sa zailjenim rubovima, s jedne strane profiliran s dvije grubo
urezane koncentrine krunice (Sl. 39).
2,6 cm, d. 0,55 cm
rupe 0,6 cm
D3 5. Kruni plosnati keramiki prljen etvrtastog presjeka s rupom na sredini (Sl. 40).
2,6 cm, d. 0,38 cm
22
S obzirom na analogije s grkih slikanih posuda, usp. De Vita 1956,

15, 1, oito je da su se predmeti piramidalnog oblika s rupom na
gornjem dijelu koristili kao utezi na tkalakom stanu, ali nalazi istih
predmeta u grobovima te u naseljima, u ognjitima i oko njih, moda ukazuje i na ritualnu funkciju, usp. Stipevi 1991, 135; Trampu Orel 1987, 64.

glavica, no data on
place and date of find
D3 3. Small circular clay
whorl, lentil shaped in
section with a hole in
the middle (Fig. 38).
of the hole 0,6 cm
glavica, no data on
D3 4. Circular clay whorl,
flat section with sharp
rim, decorated with two
coarse incised concentric lines (Fig. 39).
2,6 cm, thickness 0,55
cm
of the hole 0,6 cm
glavica, no data on
D3 2.
D3 4.
D3 5. Circular flat clay

whorl,
quadrangular
section with a hole in
cm
of the hole 0,5 cm
glavica, no data on
D3 5.
D3 6. Ellipsoidal clay whorl,
rounded section with a
big hole in the middle (Fig. 41).
3,1 cm, thickness 1 cm
of the hole 0,95 cm
of find
D3 7. Circular clay whorl, rounded section with a hole in
of the hole 0,8 cm
23
rupe 0,5 cm

of find
D3 6. Elipsoidni keramiki prljen zaobljenog presjeka s velikom rupom na sredini (Sl. 41).
3,1 cm, d. 1 cm
rupe 0,95 cm
D3 7.
D3 8. Ellipsoidal clay whorl, rounded flat section, with a
hole in the middle (Fig. 43).
of the hole 0,7 cm
of find
D3 6.
D3 7. Kruni keramiki prljen zaobljenog presjeka s rupom u sredini (Sl. 42).
2,5 cm, d. 1,25 cm
rupe 0,8 cm
D3 8. Elipsoidni keramiki prljen zaobljenog plosnatog
presjeka, s rupom na sredini (Sl. 43).
2,9 cm, d. 0,55 cm
rupe 0,7 cm
D3 8.
D3 9. Kruni plosnati keramiki prljen ovalnog presjeka s
rupom na sredini (Sl. 44).
3 cm, d. 0,65 cm
rupe 0,6 cm
24

whorl, oval section
with a hole in the
middle (Fig. 44).
3 cm, thickness 0,65
cm
of the hole 0,6 cm
glavica, no data on
place and date of
find
D3 9.

whorl, quadrangular
section with rounded
edges, with a hole in
2,8 cm, thickness
0,7 cm
of the hole 0,7 cm
glavica, no data on
place and date of
find
D3 10.
D3 11. Circular clay whorl, biconical in section with a hole

in the middle, damaged on one side (Fig. 46).
of the hole 0,72 cm
of find
R. Matijai
D3 10. Kruni plosnati keramiki prljen etvrtastog presjeka sa zaobljenim rubovima, s rupom na sredini (Sl. 45).
2,8 cm, d. 0,7 cm
rupe 0,7 cm
D3 11. Kruni keramiki prljen bikoninog
presjeka s rupom na
sredini, oteen s jedne
strane (Sl. 46).
3,7 cm, d. 3,2 cm
rupe 0,72 cm
glavica, bez poblie
naznake o mjestu i datumu nalaza
D3 12. Kruni keramiki prljen bikoninog
presjeka, neprobuen: s
D3 11.
obje strane u osi profila
udubljeni su mali konini utori (Sl. 47).
2,8 cm, d. 1,7 cm
D3 13. Kruni keramiki
prljen bikoninog presjeka s rupom na sredini (Sl. 48).
2,85 cm, d. 1,55 cm
rupe 0,37 cm
glavica, bez poblie
D3 14. Kruni keramiki
prljen bikoninog profila s rupom na sredini
(Sl. 49).
D3 13.
2,6 cm, d. 1,85 cm
rupe 0,4 cm
D3 12. Circular clay whorl, biconical in section, not perforated: on both surfaces there are traces of unfinished
drilling (Fig. 47).
of find
D3 12.
D3 13. Circular clay whorl, biconical in section, with a hole
in the middle (Fig. 48).
of the hole 0,37 cm
of find
D3 14. Circular clay whorl,
biconical in section,
with a hole in the middle (Fig. 49).
cm
of the hole 0,4 cm
glavica, no data on
This group of objects
can be divided into several
D3 14.
smaller entities: two are
made of bone and lentil-shaped (D3 1 2), eight are clay,
flat in section (D3 3 10), while four are clay and biconical in section (D3 11 14). The whorls of this latter group
could have been used with the spindle, and are essential
in the process of the production of filament for use in the
loom. We are no sure in the case of flat whorls, while the
doubt is even bigger in the case of the two bone objects (D3
1 2), which could have been used also for other purposes
(such as tokens in various forms of board games).
Ova skupina predmeta, koju smo nazvali prljenima,

mogla bi se podijeliti u nekoliko manjih cjelina: dva su
kotana i leastog presjeka (D3 1 2), osam je keramiInstrumentum Varvarinum...
25
kih, plosnatog presjeka (D3 3 10), a etiri su keramika i

bikoninog presjeka (D3 11 14). Prljeni ove posljednje
skupine mogli su biti utezi za vreteno, neophodni u procesu
izrade niti za pletivo od kojega se zatim na tkalakom stanu
izraivala tkanina. Za plosnate prljene u to nismo sigurni,
dok se takva sumnja posebno odnosi na dva kotana predmeta (D3 1 2), koji su mogli sluiti i za druge namjene
(poput etona za igru).
E) Mortaria
E) Mortaria
E 1. Half of mortar made of white limestone, shaped as a

plate; the container is hollowed, the rim wide and not
decorated; on both sides of the fracture there are the
remains of lead (?) clamps. Two protuberances on the
rim: one is the handle, the other a drain. The bottom
is on the outside shaped into a low rim: in its grooves
there are traces of two lead clamps. The external surface
is coarsely treated with a dented hammer, while the internal surface is accurately polished (Fig. 50).
E 1. Polovica sauvane stupe od bijelog vapnenca, tanjurastog oblika; recipijent je udubljen, rub irok i bez profilacije, na obje strane prijeloma uz rub su ljebovi s
ostacima olovnih (?) spona. Izvan linije ruba recipijenta
stre pod kutom od 90 dva istaka. Jedno je puna drka
(kojoj nasuprot treba na izgubljenome dijelu pretpostaviti drugu), a drugo je probueni izljev. Dno je s vanjske
strane oblikovano u nisku neprofiliranu noicu. U utorima u noici vide se ostaci dvije olovne spone. Vanjska
povrina je grubo obraena nazubljenim ekiem, unutarnja povrina recipijenta je fino zaglaena (Sl. 50).
Stupi pripada i tuak od istog bijelog kamena, u obliku
stilizirane noge sa zaobljenom udarnom povrinom
(Sl. 51).
Stupa: v. 7,5 cm, oko 29 cm, d. ruba 2,5 cm, d. stijenke 4 cm, d. dna 2,2 cm
ansa 4,5 x 3 cm
izljev 6 x 4,5 cm
E 1.
Tuak: v. 8,2 cm, najvea . 4,5 cm, duina 9,1 cm

Inv. br. 1270, Bribirska glavica, bez poblie naznake o
E 2. Ulomak tijela stupe od bijeloga kamena, rub je ravan i
probuen rupom u izljevu (Sl. 52).
10 x16 cm, d. stijenke 3,2 cm
Bez inv. br., Bribirska glavica, staro grobite, 1972.
A pestle of the same material, in the shape of a stylized

foot wit a rounded head (Fig. 51).
E 1.
E 2.
26
Mortar: height 7,5 cm, circa 29 cm, width of rim

2,5 cm, thickness of the wall 4 cm, thickness of the
bottom 2,2 cm
R. Matijai
E 3. Donji dio stupe od bijelog vapnenca, sa irokom visokom nogom.

v. 10 cm, 18 cm
handle 4,5 x 3 cm
drain 6 x 4,5 cm
Pestle: height 8,2 cm, max. width 4,5 cm, length 9,1 cm
Inv. no. 1270, Bribirska glavica, no details about the site
and date of find
E 4. Donji dio stupe od bijelog vapnenca, sa irokom visokom nogom, jedan dio opsega je otkrhnut.
v. 14 cm, 22 cm
v. noge 6 cm
E 2. Fragment of a mortar made of white stone, with flat

rim and with a hole in it (Fig. 52).
10 x16 cm, thickness of the wall 3,2 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, Old Cemetery, 1972
E 5. Ulomak stupe od bijelog kamena: visoka noga, konino tijelo, rub nedostaje, iznutra je recipijent u udubljen
s rupom na dnu.
v. 22 cm, 21,5 cm, d.stijenke 3,5 cm
v. dna 5,5 cm
E 6. Ulomak donjeg dijela tijela stupe od bijeloga kamena
na masivnoj visokoj nozi
v. 18,5 cm, 18 cm, v. noge 7 cm, d. stijenke 3 cm
E 7. Ulomak ruba i tijela stupe od kamena bijele boje, s
ansom, zadebljanjem na rubu, iznutra je povrina kamena zaglaena.
18 x16 cm, d. stijenke 3,3 cm
ansa 5,5 x 5,5 x 6 cm
Inv. br.628, Bribirska glavica bez poblie naznake o mjestu i datumu nalaza
E 8. Ulomak ruba i tijela stupe od bijelog kamena, grube
izrade, anse prelomljene.
19,5 x 18,5 cm, d. stijenke 3,5 cm
ansa 4 x 5 cm
E 9. Ulomak ruba i tijela stupe od kamena bijele boje s jednim izljevom, vanjska povrina obraena nazubljenim
ekiem.
17 x 18 cm, d. stijenke 4,5 cm
izljev 5 x 5 x 3,5 cm
kanali izljeva 7 x 2 cm
E 3. Fragment of the lower part of a mortar made of white

limestone, with a wide and high base.
height. 10 cm, 18 cm
No inv. no., Bribirska glavica, no details about the site
and date of find
limestone, with a high base.
height 14 cm, 22 cm
height of the base 6 cm
and date of find
limestone: high base, conical body, the rim is missing;
the container has a hole in the bottom.
height 22 cm, 21,5 cm, thickness of the wall 3,5 cm
height if the bottom dna 5,5 cm
and date of find
limestone, on a high massive base.
height 18,5 cm, 18 cm, height of the base 7 cm, thickness of the wall 3 cm
and date of find
E 7. Fragment of the rim and body of a mortar made of
white stone, with a handle, a thickening on the rim; the
interior surface is polished.
18 x16 cm, thickness of the wall 3,3 cm
handle 5,5 x 5,5 x 6 cm
and date of find
white stone, coarsely made, handles broken
19,5 x 18,5 cm, thickness of the wall 3,5 cm
handle 4 x 5 cm
and date of find
27
E 10. Donji dio stupe od bijelog kamena na irokoj

masivnoj
prstenastoj
nozi (Sl. 53).
v. 14 cm; 19 cm, v.
noge 5,5 cm, d. stijenke 4,8 cm
glavica, bez poblie
E 11. Donji dio stupe od
bijelog kamena, mala
masivna noga je oteeE 10.
na (Sl. 54).
v. 12 cm, 14 cm, v. noge 4 cm, d. stijenke 4 cm
E 12. Ulomak donjeg dijela stupe od bijelog kamena na
irokoj nozi, tijelo je koninog oblika.
13 x 13 cm, v. noge 5 cm, d. stijenke 4 cm
E 13. Ulomak tijela i dna male stupe od bijelog kamena s
jednom ansom: jednolini neprofilirani presjek.
9,5 x 15,5 cm, d. stijenke 2,5 cm
ansa 3,5 x 4 x 2,5 cm
E 14. Ulomak tijela stupe od bijelog kamena, s jednom
oteenom ansom.
ansa 4,5 x 2 x 4 cm
oteenom ansom.
16 x 23 cm, d. stijenke 3 cm
ansa 4,5 x 4 cm
E 16. Ulomak stijenke stupe od bijelog kamena s jednom
ansom, koja je izrazito izduena.
16 x 15,5 cm, d. stijenke 4 cm
ansa 5 x 1,4 x 3,5 cm
28

white stone with a vent; the interior surface is worked
with a dented hammer
17 x 18 cm, thickness of the wall 4,5 cm
vent 5 x 5 x 3,5 cm
and date of find
E 10. Lower part of a mortar made of white stone on a wide
massive ring-shaped base (Fig. 53).
height 14 cm; 19 cm, height of the base 5,5 cm, thickness of the wall 4,8 cm
and date of find
E 11. Lower part of a mortar made of white stone,
small massive damaged
base (Fig. 54).
height 12 cm, 14 cm,
height of the base 4
cm, thickness of the
wall 4 cm
Inv. no. 641, Bribirska
glavica, no details about the site and date of
find
E 11.
E 12. Lower part of a mortar made of white stone, on a
wide base; the body is conical in shape
13 x 13 cm, height of the base 5 cm, thickness of the
wall 4 cm
and date of find
E 13. Fragment of the body and bottom of a small mortar
made of white stone with one handle: uniform section
9,5 x 15,5 cm, thickness of the wall 2,5 cm
handle 3,5 x 4 x 2,5 cm
and date of find
E 14. Fragment of the body of a mortar made of white
stone, with one damaged handle
handle 4,5 x 2 x 4 cm
and date of find
stone, with one damaged handle
R. Matijai

E 17. Ulomak stijenke stupe od bijelog kamena, sauvana
jedna ansa.
14,5 x 14 cm, d. stijenke 4 cm
ansa 4,5 x 3 x 3 cm
E 18. Ulomak stupe od bijelog kamena s ansom koja izrazito stri izvan ruba recipijenta, unutranja povrina fino
obraena.
ansa 7 x 5,5 x 4,5 cm
E 19. Ulomak stupe od bijelog kamena, izljev je izduen, s
jednim uskim kanalom.
9 x 14,5 cm, d. stijenke 3,5 cm
ansa 5 x 8 x 2,5 cm
kanal 5 x 0,5 cm
E 20. Ulomak donjeg dijela stupe od bijelog kamena, poiva na niskoj prstenastoj noici i ima rupu na sredini,
nepravilno prelomljeno, tijelo je bilo koninog profila.
v. 19 cm, 18,5 cm, v. noge 4 cm, d. stijenke 4 cm
E 21. Ulomak donjeg dijela i tijela stupe od kamena bijelo
sive boje, noga je prstenasta, izraena, na sredini dna
je rupa.
v.17 cm, 17 cm, v. noge 5 cm, d. stijenke 4 cm
E 22. Ulomak stijenke stupe od bijelog kamena, s ansom.
ansa 4 x 4 x 2 cm
E 23. Dio itavog profila stupe od bijelog kamena, s jednom sauvanom ansom: rub je etvrtastog profila i ravan, tijelo konino, dno ravno i tanko.
11,5 x 16,5 cm, d. stijenke 4 cm, d. dna 1 cm
ansa 4,5 x 4 x 2,5 cm
16 x 23 cm, thickness of the wall 3 cm

handle 4,5 x 4 cm
and date of find
E 16. Fragment of the wall of a mortar made of white stone, with one distinctly elongated handle.
16 x 15,5 cm, thickness of the wall 4 cm
handle 5 x 1,4 x 3,5 cm
and date of find
E 17. Fragment of the wall of a mortar made of white stone, only one handle is preserved.
14,5 x 14 cm, thickness of the wall 4 cm
handle 4,5 x 3 x 3 cm
and date of find
E 18. Fragment of a mortar made of white stone with a
handle distinctly protruding from the rim; the interior
surface is skilfully polished.
and date of find
E 19. Fragment of a mortar made of white stone with an
elongated handle with a narrow channel.
9 x 14,5 cm, thickness of the wall 3,5 cm
handle 5 x 8 x 2,5 cm
channel 5 x 0,5 cm
and date of find
stone, on a low base and with a hole in the middle; the
body was biconical in profile, but is unevenly broken.
height 19 cm, 18,5 cm, height of the base 4 cm, thickness of the wall 4 cm
and date of find
E 21. Fragment of the lower part and body of a mortar
made of white-grey stone, with a pronounced ring
base, a hole in the middle.
height 17 cm, 17 cm, height of the base 5 cm, thickness of the wall 4 cm
and date of find
29

E 24. Dio itavog profila stupe od bijelog kamena: rub je
ravan i neprofiliran, tijelo malo zaobljeno, dno je tanko
i ravno, odvojeno malim profilom od tijela.
6 x 9 cm, d. stijenke 2,5 cm, d. dna 1,5 cm
sauvanom ansom.
9 x 12,5 cm, d. stijenke 3,5 cm
ansa 4,5 x 5 x 2,8 cm
sauvanom ansom, malo oteeno.
ansa 6 x 3,5 x 3,5 cm
E 27. Ulomak masivne stupe od bijelog kamena, clindrinog tijela: potpuno je sauvana jedna izduena ansa s
utorom na rubu, te donji dio druge anse.
v. 18 cm, oko 20 cm, d. stijenke 4,5 cm
ansa 6,5 x 14,5 x 4 cm
E 28. Ulomak male stupe od bijelog kamena, s jednom sauvanom ansom, rub je ravan, zaobljeni profil tijela,
ravno dno.
ansa 3,5 x 4 x 1,5 cm
E 29. Ulomak itavog profila male plitke stupe od ukastog kamena, sauvan je profil tijela i dna s plosnatom
jeziastom ansom polukrunog oblika na kojoj je tankim linijama urezan kristogram
(Sl 53).
3,5 x 6,5 x 5,5 cm, d. stijenke 1,6 cm
ansa 4 x 1,8 x 2 cm
Kako se vidi, kamene stupe (mortaria) su vrlo esta
kategorija nalaza. Zasigurno su imale iroku primjenu u
30
E 22. Fragment of the wall of a mortar made of white stone, with a handle
handle 4 x 4 x 2 cm
and date of find
E 23. Part of a whole shape of a mortar made of white stone, with one preserved handle: the rim is quadrangular
in section, the body is conical, the bottom is flat and
thin.
11,5 x 16,5 cm, thickness of the wall 4 cm, thickness of
the bottom 1 cm
and date of find
E 24. Part of a whole shape of a mortar made of white
stone, the rim is flat, the body slightly rounded, the
bottom thin and flat, divided of the body with a ring.
6 x 9 cm, thickness of the wall 2,5 cm, thickness of the
bottom 1,5 cm
and date of find
stone with one preserved handle.
9 x 12,5 cm, thickness of the wall 3,5 cm
and date of find
E 26. Fragment of the body of a mortar made of white stone with one preserved handle, slightly damaged.
and date of find
E 27. Fragment of a massive mortar made of white stone,
cylindrical body: one protruding handle preserved with
a slot on the edge, and with the lower part of another
handle.
v. 18 cm, around 20 cm, thickness of the wall 4,5 cm
handle 6,5 x 14,5 x 4 cm
and date of find
E 28. Fragment of a small mortar made of white stone,
with one preserved handle, flat rim, rounded body profile, flat bottom.
R. Matijai
onim aspektima svakodnevnog ivota koje zbog stanja

sauvanosti arheolokih slojeva i naina istraivanja vrlo
rijetko imamo prilike tono rekonstruirati. Iako se u literaturi ovi predmeti ponekad nazivaju apotekarskim stupama,23 imali su i druge namjene u svakodnevnom ivotu. Neprijeporno su se redovito koristili u kuhinji, gdje je
dokumentirana u tradicionalnom nainu pripremanja jela
perimediteranskih krajeva do vremena industrijske revolucije: priprema jela kombinacijom raznih sastojaka, naroito
zaina koji se obradom u stupi uz dodatak ulja ili slinog
veziva amalgamiraju do te mjere da nastaje umak koji se posluuje kao prilog.24 Osim toga, stupa se koristila i u zanatstvu, posebice u pripremi pigmenata za boje u umjetnosti
i umjetnikom obrtu. Nedostaju, naalost, barem u nama
dostupnoj literaturi, detaljniji podaci o kamenim stupama.
One pripadaju vrstama nalaza koji su zbog prividne neatraktivnosti uglavnom zanemareni.
U radovima na Bribirskoj glavici pronaena je itava
zbirka ulomaka stupa: na ih katalog evidentira 29. Veina
je uobiajenog tipa, koninog tijela, udubljenog recipijenta
s izraenom visokom nogom, dok su na rubu istaci koje
smo nazvali drkama (ansae). Obino je jedan istak preuzeo funkciju izljeva, te je na njemu izduben ljevkasti kanal
za istjecanje pripremljenog sadraja. Nekoliko primjera s
probuenim dnom upozorava na mogunost da su se stupe
mogle sekundarno koristiti kao posude za cvijee ili za rtve
ljevanice na grobu25 koristiti kao posude za svijee.
Tipoloki se izrazito izdvaja djelomino sauvana stupa E 1: izrazito je tanjurastog oblika, izraena od finoga i
zaglaenog bijeloga kamena. Izljev je izduben kao tunel, za
razliku od uobiajenog izljeva koji je samo naznaen kao
Primjerice Jurki-Girardi 1977, 35 i Tab. 5, Br. 6.
Usp. npr. recepte u Apicijevom kulinarskom priruniku, Sanader
1985. esto je propisano prelijevanje osnovnog sastojka mjeavinom zaina; usp. i Verg. Bucol. II, 10 - 11: Thestylis et rapido fessis
messoribus aestu / alia serpyllumque herbas contundit olentis = Vergilije 1932, 7: njetvarom umornim ve od estoke pripeke gnjei
/ Majinu duicu i luk Testilida, mirisne trave. Glagol contundere
oznaava proces gnjeenja u stupi. Stupa (mortarium) je preko etrdeset puta spomenut kuharev pribor u Apic. Coqu. II, 1, 2; 3; 5;
III, 2, 5; 4, 1; 15, 2; IV, 1, 2; 2, 4 i 5; 15; 31; 33; V, 2, 1 i 2; 3, 2; 4,
5; VI, 8, 1; VIII, 6, 11; 7, 7 - 9; 11; 8, 7 i 9; X, 1, 4; 2, 11; Excerpt.
Vinid. 24 - 26; 28 = Apicije 1989, 41, 51, 57, 61, 63, 67, 71, 83,
85, 87, 99, 131, 133, 135, 139, 151, 155, 165, 167. Glagol kojim
se izrie drobljenje sastojaka (tero 3, sa sloenicama poput contero i
subtero) meu najeim je Apicijevim rijeima. ini se da se prvenstveno odnosi na suhe tvari, dok je izraz za sonije sastojke koji se u
stupama gnjee frico 1 (sa sloenicama, poput perfrico).
25
Slina karakteristika, probueno dno, moe se ponekad vidjeti na
keramikim posudama: u sklopu kasnoantike nekropole na lokalitetu Burle kod Medulina pronaeno je na hrpi izvan grobova mnogo
ulomaka posuda s rupom na dnu (sve odreda oblika lonca jajolikog
tijela); poblii podaci zasada su neobjavljeni (istraivanja V. Girardi
Jurki). Postoji i mogunost da je dno kamenih stupa bilo oteeno
prilikom izrade, te da se radi o proizvodnom otpadu.
23
24

and date of find
E 29. Fragment of the whole profile of a small shallow
mortar made of yellowish stone, the whole profile and
bottom is preserved, with a round tongue-shaped handle on which the Christogram is engraved (Fig. 54).
3,5 x 6,5 x 5,5 cm, thickness of the wall 1,6 cm
handle 4 x 1,8 x 2 cm
and date of find
The stone mortars (mortaria) are very frequently found.
They were widely used in those everyday contexts which are
very difficult to precisely reconstruct because of the state
in which the archaeological strata are preserved. Although
these objects are sometimes called pharmacists mortars,23
they also had other functions in everyday life. They were
certainly regularly used in the kitchen, where they are documented in the traditional ways food was prepared in perimediterranean lands up to the Industrial Revolution: combining various ingredients, particularly spices which are
treated in the mortar with the addition of oil, so that they
produce sauces used as side dishes.24 The mortar was also
used in the arts and crafts, particularly in the preparation of
colours in art. Unfortunately, we lack detailed data on ancient mortars in literature: they belong to those categories
which are usually neglected due to apparent lack of appeal.
During archaeological work on Bribirska glavica many
mortars were found: our catalogue lists 29 of them. Most
of them are of the usual form: conical body, hollow container with a pronounced base, while on the rim they have
protrusions we call handles (ansae). One is usually used for
draining the liquid, and it has a channel along it. Some
examples with a hole in the bottom make us think some of
23
24
E. g. Jurki-Girardi 1977, 35 and Tab. 5, No. 6.

See the recipes in Apicius culinary handbook, Sanader 1985. Often the combination of the base ingredient with a mixture of spices
is prescribed, see Verg. Bucol. II, 10 - 11: Thestylis et rapido fessis
messoribus aestu / alia serpyllumque herbas contundit olentis = Vergilije
1932, 7. The verb contundere denotes the process of crushing in a
mortar. The mortar (mortarium) is mentioned forty times as a cooks
tool in Apic. Coqu. II, 1, 2; 3; 5; III, 2, 5; 4, 1; 15, 2; IV, 1, 2; 2, 4
i 5; 15; 31; 33; V, 2, 1 i 2; 3, 2; 4, 5; VI, 8, 1; VIII, 6, 11; 7, 7 - 9;
11; 8, 7 i 9; X, 1, 4; 2, 11; Excerpt. Vinid. 24 - 26; 28 = Apicije 1989,
41, 51, 57, 61, 63, 67, 71, 83, 85, 87, 99, 131, 133, 135, 139, 151,
155, 165, 167. The verb which expresses the crushing of ingredients
(tero 3, with compounds such as contero i subtero) is among the most
used in Apicius texts. It seems that it refers primarily to dry matter,
while the frico 1 (with compounds such as perfrico) is used for juicier
ingredients.
31
otvoreni kanal na povrini ruba. Na rubu i na nozi su na

prijelomima ostaci utora dvaju parova spona: oito je da je
stupa bila razbijena i popravljena olovnim draima. Istome
tipu pripada i ulomak ruba s tunelastim izljevom E 2.
3. INSTRUMENTUM LUSORIUM
F) Tabulae lusoriae
F 1. Ulomak bijelog ploastog kamena neobraene povrine, odlomljen sa svih strana, s urezanim linijama koje
tvore tri nepravilna koncentrina etverokuta. etiri
linije simetralno sijeku stranice etverokuta i dolaze do
najmanjeg, unutranjeg etverokuta ali ne prelaze u nj i
ne kriaju se, tako da u sredini ostaje prazan etverokut
(Sl. 55).
11,5 x 12 x 3 cm
mjestu nalaza 1980.
them were secondarily used as flower pots or for libations

on the grave.25
The most interesting is the example described in E 1: it
has the form of a plate, made of a fine and polished white
stone. The drain is hollowed-out through it, not on the surface as usual. The lead clamps indicate that the mortar was
broken and repaired in antiquity. The mortar E 2 belongs
to the same type.
3. INSTRUMENTUM LUSORIUM
F) Tabulae lusoriae
F 1. Fragment of a white stone slab, with a rough surface,

with incised lines which form three irregular concentric quadrangles. Four lines connect the middle of each
side, so as to leave empty the innermost square (Fig.
55).
11,5 x 12 x 3 cm
Inv. no. 1279, Bribirska glavica, no details on the site of
find, 1980.
F 2. Fragment of a white stone slab, with a rough surface,
with incised lines which form three irregular concentric quadrangles. Four lines connect the middle of each
side, so as to leave empty the innermost square
13,5 x 7 x 4,5 cm
Inv. no. 179, Bribirska glavica, on the stone wall belonging to Vaso Steveli
F 1.
F 2. Ulomak bijelog ploastog kamena, neobraene povrine, odlomljen sa svih strana, s urezanim linijama
koje ine shemu identinu prethodno opisanoj, ali je
sauvan samo ugao dva pravokutnika i jedna poprena
linija koja je simetralno sjekla pravokutnike.
13,5 x 7 x 4,5 cm
Inv. br. 179, Bribirska glavica, na ogradi Vase Stevelia
Ova dva ulomka predstavljaju podlogu, shemu za drutvenu igru koja je bila vrlo rairena u antici26, a i do danas s
brojnim inaicama. Dva igraa su imala po tri, est, devet ili
dvanaest ploica, koje su naizmjence postavljali na uglove
kvadrata i kriita crta koje ih povezuju, nastojei ostvariti
niz od tri ploice u ravnim linijama u oba smjera, pri emu
su i nastojali sprijeiti protivnika da to postigne. Sheme ove
igre pronaene su na cijelom prostoru Rimskog Carstva,
urezane u plonike, stepenice, kamene blokove na javnim
Purcell 1995, 24; Habinek 2009, 125.
26
32
These two fragments were used for a social game very

popular in antiquity26, but also today with many variants. Two players had three, six, nine or twelve tablets each,
which they placed alternately on the main points of the
scheme, trying to position three of them in a line in spite of
the opposition of the adversary. This design has been found
in the whole Roman Empire, engraved in pavements, steps,
stone blocks in public places, as well as on clay bricks27 and
stone slabs: the latter were portable gaming-boards.
After Antiquity the game was played n the Middle Ages
and it has remained very popular until today.28 Many exam A similar feature is sometimes found on clay vessels: in the Late
Roman necropolis of Burle near Medulin a whole heap of such pots
was found, all of an ovoid shape; more details are still unpublished
(excavation by V. Girardi Jurki). A possibility exists that the bottom of stone mortaria was damaged during fabrication, so that they
would be a sort of workshop waste.
26
Purcell 1995, 24; Habinek 2009, 125.
27
In Leptis Magna: Caputo 1987, 121-122, in the Basilica iulia in
Rome: Coarelli 1984; in the amphitheatre in Carthage: Bomgardner
2000, 138; on a brick in Kln: Hanel 1997, 317-320.
28
Engl. Merils ili Nine Mens Morris, ital. mulino ili tria,
germ. Mhlespiel, croatian mlin, etc.
25
R. Matijai
mjestima, pa tako i na keramikim opekama27 i ploastom

kamenju: ovi posljednji primjeri predstavljali su prijenosne podloge za igranje.
Poslije antike se u srednjem vijeku igra i dalje odrala,
pa je ostala vrlo popularnom do danas28. U jadranskom je
priobalju zabiljeeno puno primjera ove sheme urezane na
plonicima i klupama oko srednjovjekovnih i ranonovovjekovnih crkava i na trgovima gradova i gradia, tako da, s
obzirom na karakter nalazita, a bez stratigrafskih podataka
o mjestu nalaza, nije iskljueno da se u bribirskom sluaju
radi o srednjovjekovnim ulomcima, iako je antika datacija
vjerojatnija.
Bribirski instrumentum domesticum otkriva nam niz injenica iz svakodnevnog ivota antikoga naselja: krovne
opeke, poklopci amfora, prljeni, stupe i pribor za igranje
dio su civilizacije koja nam je u naslijee ostavila i brojne
druge civilizacijske dosege koji moda rjeitije i izravnije
govore o antici. U arheologiji je donedavno bilo gotovo uobiajeno pojedine kategorije predmeta smatrati manje vanima i manje vrijednima, ali se njihovom revalorizacijom
mogu takoer rekonstruirati vani podaci za interpretaciju
svakodnevlja. Osim toga, predmeti o kojima je ovdje bilo
rijei tipini su za antike naseobinske lokalitete openito,
iako su pojedini elementi naslijeeni iz prapovijesti (prljeni), a drugi su se nastavili koristiti i u srednjem vijeku (stupe, tabulae lusoriae). Stoga instrumentum predstavlja vanu
kariku i u dijakronijskom prouavanju materijalne kulture. U svakome je sluaju vano to je sasvim jasno od
zaborava sauvati sve informacije koje mogu biti korisne
za daljnja istraivanja antikih lokaliteta openito, ali i za
istraivanje povijesti naselja na uem ili irem prostoru.
ples are known in towns along the Adriatic coast, engraved

in side-walks an benches around medieval an modern
churches, on squares of towns and cities, so that we cannot
exclude that our two examples from Bribirska glavica are
post-antique, as there are no stratigraphic data explaining
the finds.
The instrumentum domesticum from Bribirska glavica
reveals a lot of details from everyday life of an antique urban settlement: roof-tiles, amphora covers, whorls, mortars
and gaming-boards are part of a civilization that has left
us many other cultural elements which speak maybe more
eloquently about antiquity. However, it was customary in
archaeology to consider some classes of objects less important and less valuable, but they can also be used to reconstruct important facts for the interpretation of everyday
life. Besides, these objects are typical of ancient settlements
generally, although some features were inherited from prehistory (whorls), while others continued to be used in the
Middle Ages (mortars, tabulae lusoriae). For that reason the
instrumentum represents an important link in the diacronical study of material culture. In any case, it is very important to preserve all information that can be useful for future
studies of ancient sites generally, but also for the study of
the history of settlements in the wider and narrower regional context.
Npr. u Leptis Magni: Caputo 1987, 121-122, u Julijevskoj bazilici u Rimu: Coarelli 1984; u amfiteatru u Kartagi: Bomgardner
2000, 138; na opeci u Klnu: Hanel 1997, 317-320.
28
Hrv. joj je naziv mlin, tal. mulino ili tria, njem. Mhlespiel,
engl. Merils ili Nine Mens Morris itd.
27
33
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Matijašić, Instrumentum Varvarionum

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INSTRUMENTUM VARVARINUM:

IZBOR IZ POHARANOG DEPOA

Meu mnogobrojnim arheolokim nalazima s Bribirske

The objects that are usually considered under a general

hanje, metalna (eljezna i bronana) orua i pribor, sprave

Usp. Matijai 2002, 164 - 168. Materijal iz Hrvatske obraen je

A 1. Fragment of a roof-tile, reddish clay, with part of a

Cf. Matijai 2002, 164 - 168. The material from Croatia is to be

Inv. no. 905, Bribirska glavica, 160, 30. 7. 1975.

A 2. Fragment of a roof-tile, reddish clay, with part of a

A 5. Fragment of a roof-tile, reddish clay, with part of a

A 7. Ulomak tegule od crvene keramike s dijelom iga

A 7. Fragment of a roof-tile, reddish clay, with part of a

A 11. Ulomak tegule od crvene keramike s dijelom iga

A 10. Fragment of a roof-tile, reddish clay, with part of a

A 12. Ulomak tegule od crvene keramike s dijelom iga

A 11. Fragment of a roof-tile, reddish clay, with part of a

A 13. Fragment of a roof-tile, reddish clay, with part of a

A 14. Fragment of a roof-tile, reddish clay, with part of a

A 15. Fragment of a roof-tile, reddish clay, with part of

A 17. Fragment of a roof-tile, reddish clay, with part of

A 19. Ulomak tegule od crvene keramike s dijelom iga

A 20. Fragment of a roof-tile, reddish clay, with part of a

A 21. Fragment of a roof-tile, reddish clay, with part of a

A 23. Fragment of a roof-tile, yellowish clay, with part of

A 25. Ulomak tegule od ute keramike s plitko utisnutim

Gregorutti 1886; Matijai 1983, gdje je navedena ostala bibliografija.

A 25. Fragment of a roof-tile, yellowish clay, with a lightly

Gregorutti 1886; Matijai 1983, with the pertinent bibliography.

Koliko se moe zakljuiti upravo iz slijeda raznih oblika

Iako ulomak iga N (A 11) moe pripadati i igovima iz skupine Solonas/Solonate.

slina rasprostranjenost na obalama Jadrana (iako s mnogo

similar hardness and consistency), similar palaeographical

low clay, which is characteristic of the lean clays of that area

B 1. Fragment of the rim of an amphora, yellow-grey clay,

B 2. Ulomak zadebljalog ruba i dijela vrata amfore od ute

Akvileja, CIL V, 8110, 35.

ni je horizontalno utisnut ig unutar kartue, slova u

U literaturi postoje analogije za ig HERMA (B 1), koji

B 3. Fragment of the neck and the upper part of the handle

C 1. Amphora stopper of yellow clay with a grey surface:

Callender 1965, No. 698; see also CIL XI, 6695, 50 b.

C 3. Amphora stopper of yellow clay, with a button shaped

C 5. Amphora stopper of yellow clay, with a massive round

C 7. Amphora stopper made of a piece of a reddish clay

C 8. Isto (Sl. 30).

C 8. Same (Fig. 30).

C 20. Poklopac amfore izraen grubim otkresivanjem

C 20. Amphora stopper made of a piece of a yellow-grey

C 21. Poklopac amfore kao gore, sive boje.

C 21. Amphora stopper, same, grey colour

izvornima, tj. samo su oni raeni namjenski za zatvaranje

D1 1. Uteg izraen grubim

Cambi 1969; za grobove u amforama usp. Matijai, Uji 1985.

D1 1. Weight formed roughly from a piece of a red roof-tile,

from recycled roof-tiles (tegulae) or stone slabs. This latter

Cambi 1969; for tombs in amphorae see Matijai, Uji 1985.

of the hole 1,5 cm

D2 1. Fragmented flat weight of red clay, in the form of a

D2 Utezi u obliku krnje piramide

D2 1. Oteeni plosnati keramiki uteg crvene boje, oblik

D2 3. Ulomak plosnatog keramikog utega crvene boje,

height 13 cm; upper width 4,5 cm, lower width 8 cm;

D2 6. Keramiki uteg naranaste boje sa zrncima kvarcita u