Thelayoutdiagramoftheexperimentalkitisshownonthenextpage:

Thekitcontainsthecircuitsforthefollowingfivesections:

1.SamplingFrequencySelectorSection:
Bydefault,thesamplingfrequencyissetto32KHz.Butpushingsuccessivelythesamplingfrequency
selectorswitchcanchangeitandthevalueoftheselectedfrequencyisonetenthofthefrequency
indicatedbythecorrespondingglowingLED.Forexample,iftheLEDcorrespondingto20KHzisglowing,
thentheselectedvalueofthesamplingfrequencyis2KHz.

2.Dutycyclecontrolsection:
Herethedutycycleofthesamplingpulsescanbevariedfrom10%to90%.

3.SamplingSection:
Itprovides:SampledoutputatTP37andthesampleandholdoutputatTP39.Theinputsampling
pulsesarealsoselectedinthissectionbytheINTERNAL/EXTERNALsamplingselectorswitch.
NB:Theinternalpulsesareusuallyselected;becausetheexternalpulsesneedtobesynchronizedwith
theinformationsignal(1KHzinternallygeneratedsinusoidalsignalavailableatTP12onthesampling
frequencyselectioncircuitboard)togetthestabletraceontheCROscreen.
4.TwoLowpassFiltersections:
The2ndorderand4thorderLPFs,whichprovidethereconstructedsignalattheiroutputs,TP42andTP46
respectively.
The4thorderandthe2ndorderLowPassFilters:
Thenthorderfilterhasarateoffalloffof6ndB/Octaveor20ndB/decadeandonecapacitororinductoris
requiredforeachpole(order).Thefollowingtablesummarizestheeffectoffalloffgradientonasignal
suchassquarewave:

PROCEDURE:
1.SettheINTERNAL/EXTERNALsamplingselectorswitchinINTERNALposition.
2.PuttheDUTYCYCLESELECTORswitchinposition5(toset50%dutycycle).
3.Connect1KHzinternallygeneratedsinusoidalsignalavailableattp12toSIGNALINPUTontheSampling
Circuitboard.
4.Now,turntheON/OFFswitchofthekittoON.
5.Observetheinformationsignal(1KHzattp12)ononechannelandtheSampleoutput(atTP37)onthe
otherchanneloftheCRO.
6.ConnecttheSampleOutput(TP37)totheinputof4thorderLPF.
7.TracetheSampledoutputatTP37.Notethat32samplesareappearinginonecycleoftheinformation
signal,asthedefaultvalueofthesamplingfrequencyis32KHz.
8.Now,keeponreducingthesamplingfrequencyinstepsandtracethesampledoutputatanyothertwo
valuesofthesamplingfrequencies.
9.Observethereconstructedsignalattheoutputofthe4thorderLPFattp46onsettingthesampling
frequencyequalto2KHz.Notethatitisdistortedasfs=2fm
(Ref:Nyquistcriteria).

ErM.HadiAliKhan

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10.Now,ConnecttheSampleOutput(TP37)totheinputof2ndorderLPF,andobservethereconstructed
signalattheoutputofthe2ndorderLPF(TP42)atdifferentvaluesofsamplingfrequencies.Comparethe
outputsofboththeLPFsforthesamevalueofsamplingfrequency.Whichoneisbetterandwhy?This
completesthefirstpartoftheexperiment.
11.Forthesecondpart,keepthesamplingrateconstantatsomeappropriatevalue(say8or16KHz),and
varythepositionofDUTYCYCLESELECTORswitch,andobservetheSampledsignal(TP37)andthe
reconstructedsignalattheoutputofthe4thorderLPF(TP46)andalsoattheoutputofthe2ndorderLPF
(TP42)atdifferentvaluesofthedutycyclevaryingfrom40%(position4)to90%(position9ofdutycycle
selectorswitch).Recordyourobservations.Howdoestheamplitudeofthereconstructedsignalvarywith
thevariationofthedutycycle?
12.Now,disconnectthesampleoutput(TP37)fromtheinputoftheLPFandconnectSampleandHold
output(TP39)totheinputsoftheLPFs,andobservethereconstructedsignalsattheiroutputsonebyone.
13.Varythedutycycleagainandobservethatthereconstructedsignalhasnowbecomeindependentof
dutycyclevariation.Measuretheamplitudeofthereconstructedsignalat(TP46)andat(TP42)oneby
one.
14.Commentontheresultsobtainedbyusingthe4thorderLPFandthe2ndorderLPF.

OBSERVATIONS:
Fora1KHzsinewave(internalinformationsignalatTP12)andfor50%dutycyclepulses,
Minimumsamplingrateforundistortedreconstructedsignalusing4thorderLPF=
Minimumsamplingrateforundistortedreconstructedsignalusing2ndorderLPF=
Tabulateyourobservationsforthesecondpartoftheexperiment:

RESULTs&Comments:
References:
1)B.P.Lathi:CommunicationSystems
2)ScientechTechnologiesPvt.Ltd.:WORKBOOKofSamplingandReconstructionTrainerST2101WB
3)ScientechTechnologiesPvt.Ltd.:OperatingManualofSamplingandReconstructionTrainerST2101OM

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Thelayoutdiagramoftheexperimentalkit,modelST2101isshownonthefollowingpage:

ErM.HadiAliKhan
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ErM.HadiAliKhan

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