101 2015 3 B

MAT3701/101/3/2015
Tutorial Letter 101/3/2015
Linear Algebra
MAT3701
Semesters 1 & 2
Department of Mathematical Sciences
IMPORTANT INFORMATION:
This tutorial letter contains important
information about your module.
BAR CODE
Learn without limits.
university
of south africa
CONTENTS
Page
1
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................4
1.1
Tutorial matter.......................................................................................................................4
PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE ..........................................................4
2.1
Purpose ...............................................................................................................................4
2.2
Outcomes.............................................................................................................................5
LECTURERS AND CONTACT DETAILS ...............................................................................6
3.1
Lecturer(s)............................................................................................................................6
3.2
Department ..........................................................................................................................6
3.3
University (contact details) .....................................................................................................7
MODULE RELATED RESOURCES .......................................................................................7
4.1
Prescribed book....................................................................................................................7
4.2
Recommended books ...........................................................................................................7
4.3
Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves) ..........................................................................................7
STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE ..........................................................7
5.1
Study groups ........................................................................................................................8
5.2
myUnisa ...............................................................................................................................8
5.3
Group Discussions ................................................................................................................8
MODULE SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN .......................................................................................8
MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK INTEGRATED LEARNING .................................8
ASSESSMENT .....................................................................................................................9
8.1
Assessment plan ..................................................................................................................9
8.2
General assignment numbers ................................................................................................9
8.2.1
Unique assignment numbers .................................................................................................9
8.2.2
Due dates of assignments ...................................................................................................10
8.3
Submission of assignments .................................................................................................10
8.4
Assignments.......................................................................................................................10
EXAMINATIONS ................................................................................................................11
9.1
Examination admission .......................................................................................................11
9.2
Examination period .............................................................................................................11
MAT3701/101
9.3
Examination paper ..............................................................................................................11
10
OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS.....................................................................................11
11
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ..................................................................................11
12
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................12
ADDENDUM A: ASSIGNMENTS FOR SEMESTER 1 ......................................................................13

A.1
Assignment 01 ....................................................................................................................13
A.2
Assignment 02 ....................................................................................................................16
ADDENDUM B: ASSIGNMENTS FOR SEMESTER 2 ......................................................................20

B.1
Assignment 01 ....................................................................................................................20
B.2
Assignment 02 ....................................................................................................................23
INTRODUCTION
Dear Student
Welcome to module MAT3701 on Linear Algebra. We hope you will find it both interesting and
rewarding. This module is offered as a semester module. You will be well on your way to success
if you start studying early in the semester and resolve to do the assignments properly.
We hope you will enjoy this module, and wish you success with your studies.
1.1
Tutorial matter
Tutorial Letter 101 contains important information about the scheme of work, resources and assignments for this module. We urge you to read it carefully and to keep it at hand when working
through the study material, preparing the assignments, preparing for the examination and addressing questions to your lecturers.
In this tutorial letter you will find the assignments as well as instructions on the preparation and
submission of the assignments. This tutorial letter also provides information with regard to other
resources and where to obtain them. Please study this information carefully.
Certain general and administrative information about this module has also been included. Please
study this section of the tutorial letter carefully.
You must read all the tutorial letters you receive during the semester immediately and carefully, as they always contain important and, sometimes, urgent information.
Some of this tutorial matter may not be available when you register. Tutorial matter that is not
available when you register will be posted to you as soon as possible, but is also available on
myUnisa.
We hope you will enjoy this module and wish you all the best!
PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE
2.1
Purpose
The purpose of this module is to equip students with an integrated knowledge of the main concepts, theory and techniques of linear algebra over the real or complex field as it applies to inner
product spaces, invariant subspaces, operators and their canonical forms. This will contribute to
a knowledge base for further studies in mathematics and for application in other disciplines.
MAT3701/101
2.2
Outcomes
Outcome
Demonstrate an
understanding of and
ability to work with:
Theoretical concepts
Real or complex matrix

theory
Real or complex vector

and inner product
spaces
Linear operators on real

or complex vector and
inner product spaces
Assessment Criteria
State definitions and results in own words

Reproduce the proofs of a selection of theorems
Do exercises of a theoretical nature that require deductive
reasoning
Verify whether definitions and results are satisfied in certain
situations
Construct counter examples
Check and (if possible) diagonalise a matrix
Calculate the spectral decomposition of a normal or self-adjoint
matrix.
Use the adjoint of a matrix to solve least squares problems
Use orthogonal matrices to eliminate the cross term in a conic
section
Use orthogonal matrices to describe rigid motions in the plane
Test and (if possible) find the limit of a sequence of matrices
Use Gerschgorins Disk Theorem to locate the eigenvalues of
a matrix
Apply matrix theory to Markov chains
Find the matrix representation and invariants of a bilinear form
Compute condition numbers and use it for error estimates
Construct Lagrange polynomials and use it for interpolation
Construct and use direct sum decompositions
Construct invariant (including cyclic) subspaces
Construct orthogonal bases, projections and complements
Use inner products to find coordinate vectors and transition
matrices
Check and (if possible) find a diagonalising basis of a linear
operator
Find the adjoint of a linear operator
Find the orthogonal projection on an inner product subspace
Find the vector defining the action of a linear functional
Find the spectral decomposition of a normal or self-adjoint
operator
Solve equations involving linear operators
Find orthonormal eigenvector bases of unitary and normal
operators
LECTURERS AND CONTACT DETAILS
3.1
Lecturer(s)
The lecturers responsible for MAT3701 are:

Name
Office
Telephone
Prof JD Botha* Department of Mathematical 011-670-9167 (RSA)
Sciences
GJ Gerwel Building
27-11-670-9167
C-Block 6-30
Florida Campus
(International)
E-mail
bothajd@unisa.ac.za
Prof Y. Hardy
hardyy@unisa.ac.za
Department of Mathematical 011-471-3671 (RSA)

Sciences
GJ Gerwel Building
27-11-471-3671
C-Block 6-36
Florida Campus
(International)
Please note that Prof Botha will only be available from the second semester.
All queries that are not of a purely administrative nature but are about the content of this module
should be directed to us. Email is the preferred form of communication to use. If you phone us
please have your study material with you when you contact us. If you cannot get hold of us, leave
a message with the Departmental Secretary. Please clearly state your name, time of call and how
we can get back to you.
You are always welcome to come and discuss your work with us, but please make an appointment before coming to see us. Please come to these appointments well prepared with specific
questions that indicate your own efforts to have understood the basic concepts involved.
You are also free to write to us about any of the difficulties you encounter with your work for this
module. If these difficulties concern exercises which you are unable to solve, you must send your
attempts so we can see where you are going wrong, or what concepts you do not understand. Mail
should be sent to one of us at:
Department of Mathematical Sciences
PO Box 392
UNISA
0003
PLEASE NOTE: Letters to lecturers may not be enclosed with or inserted into assignments.
3.2
Department
Fax number: 011 670 9171 (RSA)
Departmental Secretary: 011 670 9147 (RSA)
+27 11 670 9171 (International)

+27 11 670 9147 (International)
MAT3701/101
3.3
University (contact details)

If you need to contact the University about matters not related to the content of this
module, please consult the publication My studies @ Unisa that you received with
your study material. This brochure contains information on how to contact the University
(e.g. to whom you can write for different queries, important telephone and fax numbers,
addresses and details of the times certain facilities are open).
Always have your student number at hand when you contact the University.
MODULE RELATED RESOURCES
4.1
Prescribed book
The prescribed textbook is

Stephen H. Friedberg, Arnold J. Insel and Lawrence E. Spencer:
Linear Algebra, 2nd (1992), 3rd (1997) or 4th (2003) edition,
Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Please refer to the list of official booksellers and their addresses in the my Studies @ Unisa
brochure. Prescribed books can be obtained from the Universitys official booksellers. If you have
difficulty in locating your book(s) at these booksellers, please contact the Prescribed Book Section
at Tel: 012 429-4152 or e-mail vospresc@unisa.ac.za.
4.2
Recommended books
There are NO recommended books for this module.

4.3
Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves)
There are NO e-Reserves for this module.
STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE
For information on the various student support systems and services available at Unisa (e.g. student counselling, tutorial classes, language support), please consult the publication My studies @
Unisa that you received with your study material.
5.1
Study groups
It is advisable to have contact with fellow students. One way to do this is to form study groups. The
addresses of students in your area may be obtained from the following department:
Directorate: Student Administration and Registration
PO Box 392
UNISA
0003
5.2
myUnisa
If you have access to a computer that is linked to the internet, you can quickly access resources
and information at the University. The myUnisa learning management system is Unisas online
campus that will help you to communicate with your lecturers, with other students and with the
administrative departments of Unisa all through the computer and the internet.
To go to the myUnisa website, start at the main Unisa website, www.unisa.ac.za, and then click
on the myUnisa link below the orange tab labelled Current students. This should take you to
the myUnisa website. You can also go there directly by typing my.unisa.ac.za in the address bar of
your browser.
Please consult the publication My studies @ Unisa which you received with your study material for
more information on myUnisa.
5.3
Group Discussions
There will be no group discussion class during the first semester. Arrangements for a group discussion class during the second semester will be communicated at a later stage. Videos of a group
discussion class held during 2014 is available on myUnisa under Additional Resources.
MODULE SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN

Study plan
Study units 1 - 9
Study units 10 - 17
Work through previous exam papers
Revision
Semester 2
17 August
14 September
27 September
Until exam
MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK INTEGRATED LEARNING
There are no practicals for this module.
Semester 1
9 March
7 April
20 April
Until exam
MAT3701/101
ASSESSMENT
8.1
Assessment plan
In each semester there are two assignments for MAT3701. The questions for the assignments for
both semesters are given at the end of this tutorial letter. Both assignments count towards your
semester mark. Please make sure that you answer the questions for the semester for which
you are registered. If you answer questions from the wrong semester, your solutions will not be
marked and you will get zero marks for the assignments.
It is not necessary to write out the questions with your answers. However, you must explain carefully
the reasoning for your answer. Labelled diagrams should be included when necessary.
The assignments are designed to cover all of the course work. Please note that we will only mark
a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to do all the questions.
The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important than one
that is marked. Worked solutions to all the questions will be provided. When marking the
assignments, constructive comments will be made on your work, which will then be returned to you.
The assignments and the comments on these assignments constitute an important part of your
learning and should help you to be better prepared for the next assignment and the examination.
If you need help with problems you must include your attempt at a solution so that we may see
where you are going wrong. You need to specify your problem clearly. For example, it is no good
saying you dont understand Chapter 4; all we can then do is to repeat what is in the study guide
or reference books.
To be admitted to the examination you need to submit the first assignment by its due date.
Your semester mark for MAT3701 counts 20% and your exam mark 80% of your final mark. Both
assignments carry the same weight.
Your final mark will therefore be calculated according to the formula
Final mark = 0:8PE + 0:1P1 + 0:1P2
where PE ; P1 and P2 denote your percentage in the exam, Assignment 01 and Assignment 02
respectively.
8.2
General assignment numbers
The assignments are numbered as 01 and 02 for each semester.

8.2.1 Unique assignment numbers
Please note that each assignment has its own unique assignment number which has to be written
on the cover of your assignment upon submission.
8.2.2 Due dates of assignments

The due dates for the submission of the assignments in 2014 are:
Assignment number Semester 1 Semester 2
1
9 March
17 August
2
7 April
14 September
8.3
Submission of assignments
You may submit written assignments and assignments completed on mark-reading sheets either
by post or electronically via myUnisa. Assignments may not be submitted by fax or e-mail.
For detailed information on assignments, please refer to the myStudies @ Unisa brochure,
which you received with your study package.
To submit an assignment via myUnisa:
Go to myUnisa.
Log in with your student number and password.
Select the module.
Click on assignments in the menu on the left-hand side of the screen.
Click on the assignment number you wish to submit.
Follow the instructions.
PLEASE NOTE: Although students may work together when preparing assignments, each student
must write and submit his or her own individual assignment. In other words, you must submit your
own calculations in your own words. It is unacceptable for students to submit identical assignments on the basis that they worked together. That is copying (a form of plagiarism) and none of
these assignments will be marked. Furthermore, you may be penalised or subjected to disciplinary
proceedings by the University.
8.4
Assignments
The assignment questions for Semester 1 are contained in Addendum A.

Assignment 1, pages 1315
The assignment questions for Semester 2 are contained in Addendum B.
10
MAT3701/101
EXAMINATIONS
9.1
Examination admission
To be admitted to the examination you must submit the compulsory assignment, i.e. Assignment
01, by the due date (9 March 2015 for Semester 1, and 17 August 2015 for Semester 2).
9.2
Examination period
This module is offered in a semester period of fifteen weeks. This means that if you are registered
for the first semester, you will write the examination in May/June 2015 and the supplementary examination will be written in October/November 2015. If you are registered for the second semester
you will write the examination in October/November 2015 and the supplementary examination will
be written in May/June 2016.
During the semester, the Examination Section will provide you with information regarding the examination in general, examination venues, examination dates and examination times.
9.3
Examination paper
The textbook and Study Guide forms the basis of this course. The relevant topics that you need to
study are listed in the Study Guide. The examination will be a single written paper of two hours
duration.
Refer to the myStudies @ Unisa brochure for general examination guidelines and examination
preparation guidelines.
You are not allowed to use a calculator in the exam. A previous examination paper will be available
to students with a memorandum.
If you are not successful in the May/June or October/November exam (i.e. if you have less than
50%) you may write the supplementary exam in October/November or May/June respectively, provided that you obtained at least 40% for the previous exam. Supplementary examination dates
will be provided by the Examination Section.
10
OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS
There are no other assessment methods for this module.
11
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
The my Studies @ Unisa brochure contains an A-Z guide of the most relevant study information.
Please refer to this brochure for any other questions.
11
12
CONCLUSION
We trust that you will have a very successful academic year. Remember, you are important to us
and we are very willing and available to assist you with your course content related problems.
Our best wishes
Your MAT3701 lecturers.
12
MAT3701/101
ADDENDUM A: ASSIGNMENTS FOR SEMESTER 1

A.1
Assignment 01
ONLY FOR SEMESTER 1 STUDENTS
ASSIGNMENT 01
Based on Study Units 1 - 9
FIXED CLOSING DATE: 9 MARCH 2015
UNIQUE NUMBER: 601473
Please note that we will only mark a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to do all the questions. The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less
important than one that is marked. We try to cover the whole syllabus over the two semesters
(4 assignments) and to use these assignments to help you prepare for the exam. It is therefore
good practice to work through a complete set of four assignments for a given year, and for this
reason the assignments and worked solutions of previous years are made available under Additional Resources on myUnisa see also the letter MAT3701 Exam Guidelines under Additional
Resources.
Worked solutions to all the questions for this assignment will be sent to all students and made
available on myUnisa shortly after the due date. Your answers to the assignment questions showed
will be fully motivated.
QUESTION 1
Given that
B= 5
3t + 2t2 ;
2 + t2 ;
1 + 2t; 2t + 7t2 ; 2 + t + 10t2
is a generating set for P2 (C) ; find a basis for P2 (C) from among the vectors of B:
QUESTION 2
Let f0 (x) ; f1 (x) ; f2 (x) denote the Lagrange polynomials over R associated with 0; 1 and 2; respectively.
(a) Calculate f0 (x) ; f1 (x) and f2 (x) :
(b) Use the Lagrange interpolation formula to express, 1; x; and x2 as linear combinations of
f0 (x) ; f1 (x) ; and f2 (x) :
(c) Without any further calculations, explain why
= ff0 ; f1 ; f2 g
is a basis for P2 (R) :
(d) Let
= 1; x; x2
and write down the change of coordinate matrix Q which changes
coordinates.
coordinates into
13
(e) Use Q to express

p (x) = 1 + x + x2
is a linear combination of :
(f) Check your answer in (e) by using the Lagrange interpolation formula to express p (x) as a
linear combination of :
QUESTION 3
Let A =
1
i
i
1
; and let T : M2
(C) ! M2
(C) be defined by T (X) = XA:
(a) Show that T is a linear transformation over C:

(b) Find a basis for R (T ) :
(c) Find a basis for N (T ) :
(d) Determine whether or not M2
(C) = R (T )
N (T ) :
QUESTION 4
Let V be a vector space over F with basis
= fv1 ; :::; vn g, and let T : V ! V be a linear operator.
(a) Show that T 2 = IV , [T ]2 = In :

(b) Let V = M2 2 (C) ; considered as a vector space over C; and let T : M2
the linear operator defined by
T (X) = AX;
where A =
1
1
i i
i i
(C) ! M2
(C) be
Determine whether or not T is diagonalizable. If it is, find a basis

[T ] is diagonal, and write down [T ] :
for M2
(C) such that
QUESTION 5
Let T : V be a linear operator on a vector space V over F:
(a) Show that T 2 = 0 , R (T )
(b) Suppose
82 that
3
1
>
>
<6 7
1 7
span 6
;
4
0 5
>
>
:
0
14
N (T ).
V
C 4 and F = C: Find a formula for T such that T 2 = 0; N (T ) =
2 =39
0 >
>
6 0 7=
6 7 , and rank (T ) = 2:
4 1 5>
>
;
0
MAT3701/101
QUESTION 6
(Friedberg: Exercise 5.1.11, p. 258.)
A scalar matrix is a square matrix of the form I for some scalar ; that is, a scalar matrix is a
diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal entries are equal.
(a) Prove that if a square matrix A is similar to a scalar matrix I, then A = I:
(b) Show that a diagonalizable matrix having only one eigenvalue is a scalar matrix.
QUESTION 7
If A 2 Mn
(R) is a symmetric regular matrix, show that lim Am =

m!1
n (R) is equal to 1:
2
3
0:5 0 1
(a) Let A = 4 0:5 0 0 5 :
0 1 0
E 2 Mn
1
E; where each entry of
n
(i) Show that A is a regular transition matrix.
(ii) Find lim Am :

m!1
QUESTION 8
Let T : M4
(C) ! M4
(C) be the linear operator over C defined by T (X) = AX; where

2
3
0 0 0 0
6 1 0 1 0 7
7
A=6
4 0 1 0 0 5;
0 0 0 1
and let W be the T cyclic subspace of M4
(C) generated by A:
(a) Find the T cyclic basis for W:

(b) Find the characteristic polynomial of TW :
15
A.2
Assignment 02
ASSIGNMENT 02
FIXED CLOSING DATE: 7 APRIL 2015
Resources.
QUESTION 1
Let V be a real or complex vector space (possibly infinitedimensional), and let

V: For x; y 2 V there exist v1 ; :::; vn 2 such that
x=
n
X
ai vi and y =
i=1
Define
hx; yi =
n
X
be a basis for
bi vi :
i=1
n
X
ai b i :
i=1
(a) Prove that h ; i is an inner product on V and that is an orthonormal basis for V: Thus every
real or complex vector space may be regarded as an inner product space.
(b) Prove that if V = Rn or V = C n and is the standard ordered basis, then the inner product
defined above is the standard inner product.
QUESTION 2
Let V = M2 2 (C) denote the inner product space over C with respect to the Frobenius inner
product, that is,
z1 z2
y1 y2
;
= z1 y1 + z2 y2 + z3 y3 + z4 y4 :
z3 z4
y3 y4
16
MAT3701/101
Let T : V ! V denote the orthogonal projection on

W = span (S) ; where S =
1
2
i i
1 1
1
2
1
i
1
i
(a) Show that S is an orthonormal subset of V:

(b) Find the formula for T
z4 :
(c) Use T to express A =
(d) Verify that kT (A)k
z1 z2
z3 z4
1 1
1 1
; expressed as a single matrix in terms of z1 ; z2 ; z3 and
as A = B + C where B 2 W where B 2 W and C 2 W ? :
kAk for all A 2 V:
QUESTION 3
Consider the system
x y+z = 1
x+y
= 2
of linear equations in R3 :
(a) Show that the system has infinitely many solutions.
(b) Find the minimal solution u 2 R3 to the system.
(c) Verify your answer in (b) by finding a parametric representation.
S = fav + w j a 2 Rg
of the solution set S; where v and w are fixed vectors in R3 ; and showing directly that
kuk
kav + wk
for all a 2 R:
QUESTION 4
(a) (cf. Friedberg: Exercise 6.4.5, p. 375.)

Let V be an inner product space over F; and let T be a normal operator on V:
(i) Show that T
(ii) Show that T
cI is normal for every c 2 F:
cI is normal iff c is real.
17
(b) (This exercise illustrates Friedberg:

2
1+i
i
0
0
6 i
1+i
0
0
Let A = 6
4 0
0
1+i
i
0
0
i 1+i
(i) Show that A is normal.
Theorem 6.15, p. 371.)

3
2
i
7
6
i
7 ; and let w1 = 6
5
4 1 i
1+i
3
2 i
7
6
7
7 and w2 = 6 2 + i 7 :
5
4
5
0
0
(ii) Show that kAw1 k = kA w1 k :
(iii) Show that w1 and w2 are eigenvectors of A and find their corresponding eigenvalues
and 2 ; respectively.
(iv) Show that A w1 =
1 w1 :
(v) Show that w1 and w2 are orthogonal.

QUESTION 5
Eliminate the xyterm in
p
5x2 + 2 3xy + 7y 2 = 1
... ( )
by a rotation of the axes, that is, find a rotation matrix P 2 M2

terms of x0 ; y 0 defined by
x
x0
=P
;
y
y0
(R) such that ( ), expressed in
contains no cross term. Express x; y in terms of x0 ; y 0 , and state the (counterclockwise) angle of
rotation.
QUESTION 6
(Friedberg: Exercise 22, p. 395.)
Let V be a real inner product space.

(a) Prove that any translation on V is a rigid notation.
(b) Prove that the composition of any two rigid motions on V is a rigid motion on V:
QUESTION 7
Find the spectral decomposition of
2
3
1+i
i
0
i 1+i
0 5:
A=4
0
0
1 + 2i
18
MAT3701/101
QUESTION 8
Let A =
2
1
1
2
and suppose k k denotes the Euclidean norm.
(a) Find kAk ; kA 1 k and cond (A) :

(b) Suppose that we have vectors x and x
e such that Ax = b; kbk = 1, and kb
(a) to determine upper bounds for ke
x A 1 bk (the absolute error) and ke
x
relative error).
Ae
xk 0:001: Use
A 1 bk = kA 1 bk (the
19
ADDENDUM B: ASSIGNMENTS FOR SEMESTER 2

B.1
Assignment 01
ASSIGNMENT 01
FIXED CLOSING DATE: 17 AUGUST 2015
Resources.
QUESTION 1
Represent the vectors in V = R2 as columns, with the ordinary addition of column vectors, and let
scalar multiplication over C be defined by
(a + ib)
c
d
a b
b a
c
d
where a; b; c; d 2 R:
(a) Show that V is a vector space over C:

(b) Find a basis for V:
QUESTION 2
Let A =
1
i
i
1
; and let T : M2
(C) ! M2
(C) be defined by T (X) = AX:
(a) Show that T is a linear operator over C:

(b) Find a basis for R (T ) :
(c) Find a basis for N (T ) :
(d) Determine whether or not M2
20
(C) = R (T )
N (T )
MAT3701/101
QUESTION 3
Let V be a vector space over F with basis
= fv1 ; :::; vn g ; and let T : V ! V be a linear operator.
(a) Show that T 2 = 0V , [T ]2 = 0:

(b) Let V = M2 2 (C) ; considered as a vector space over C, and let T : M2
the linear operator defined by
1
i
T (X = AX; where A =
i
1
(C) ! M2
(C) be
Determine whether or not T is diagonalizable. If it is, find a basis

[T ] is diagonal, and write down [T ] :
QUESTION 4
for M2
(C) such that
For
A=
1 4
2 3
2 M2
(R)
and an expression for An ; where n is an arbitrary positive integer.

QUESTION 5
Let T : V ! V be a linear operator on a vector space V over F:
(a) Show that V = R (T )
N (T ) , R (T ) \ N (T ) = f0g
(b) Show that R (T ) \ N (T ) = f0g if T is a projection.

(c) Give and example of an operator T : C 2 ! C 2 such that R (T ) \ N (T ) = f0g but T is not a
projection.
(d) Find a formula for a linear operator T : C 3 ! C 3 over C such that T is a projection with
R (T ) = span f(1; 1; 1)g
and
N (T ) = span f(1; 1; 0) ; (0; 1; 1)g :
QUESTION 6
Prove that if a 1dimensional subspace W of Rn contains a nonzero vector with all nonnegative
entries, then W contains a unique probability vector.
21
QUESTION 7
2
1p 1
4
(a) Let B = 1 + i 3 2
3 + 4i 0
3
1
1 5:
1
(i) Describe the Gerschgorin discs in which the eigenvalues of B lie.

(ii) Calculate the row and column sums of B:
(b) Let A =
0:4 0:6
0:7 0:3
(i) Find the smallest disc centered at the origin of the complex plane in which the eigenvalues of A lie.
(ii) Find an eigenvalue of A on the circumference of your disc in (i), and a corresponding
eigenvalue.
(iii) Find lim Am :
m!1
QUESTION 8
Let T : M4
(C) ! M4
(C) be the linear operator over C

2
0
6 1
T (X) = AX; where A = 6
4 0
0
and let W be the T cyclic subspace of M4
(C) generated by A:
(a) Find the T cyclic basis for W:

(b) Find the characteristic polynomial of TW :
22
defined by
3
0 0 0
0 0 0 7
7;
1 1 0 5
0 0 1
MAT3701/101
B.2
Assignment 02
ASSIGNMENT 02
FIXED CLOSING DATE: 14 SEPTEMBER 2015
Resources.
QUESTION 1
Let V be an inner product space. Prove that

(a) kx yk2 = kxk2 R hx; yi + kyk2 for all x; y 2 V; where R hx; yi denotes the real part of the
complex number hx; yi :
(b) jkxk
kykj
QUESTION 2
kx
yk for all x; y 2 V:
Prove that if fw1 ; w2 ; :::; wn g is an orthogonal set of nonzero vectors, then the vectors v1 ; v2 ; :::; vn
derived from the GramSchmidt process satisfy vi = wi for i = 1; 2; :::; n: Hint: Use mathematical
induction.
QUESTION 3
Consider the system
x
x
y+z = 1
y+z = 2
of linear equation in R3 :
(a) Show that the system has no solutions.
23
(b) Find the least squares approximate solution u 2 R3 to the system (See SG: Section 12.6.).
(c) Verify your answer in (b) by showing directly that
x
x
QUESTION 4
y+z
y+z
1
2
1
2
for all x; y; z 2 R:
(cf. Friedberg: Section 6.4, Example 4, p. 374.)
Let
z1 z2
z2 z3
A=
2 M2
(C) :
(a) Show that A is normal iff z1 z2 + z2 z3 is real.

(b) Show from (a) that A is normal if z1 = z3 :
(c) Suppose that z1 = z3 and z1 6= z2 . Find the eigenvalues
eigenvectors v1 and v2 , respectively.
(d) Show that A v1 =
and
of A with corresponding
1 v1 :
(e) Show that v1 and v2 are orthogonal.

(f) Show that kAv1 k = kA v1 k :
QUESTION 5
Prove that if T is a unitary operator on a finitedimensional inner product space V; then T has a
unitary square root; that is, there exists a unitary operator U such that T = U 2 :
QUESTION 6
(Freidberg: Exercise 6.5.24, p. 395.)
Let T and U be orthogonal operators on R2 : Use Theorem 6.23 to prove the following results.
(a) If T and U are both reflections about lines through the origin, then U T is a rotation.
(b) If T is a rotation and U is a reflection about a line through the origin, then both U T and T U
are reflections about lines through the origin.
QUESTION 7
It is given that A 2 M3
eigenspaces
(C) is a normal matrix with eigenvalues 1 and i and corresponding

E1 = span
p
p
1
1
1; 1; 2 ;
1; 1;
2
2
2
and
Ei = span
24
1
p ( 1; 1; 0) :
2
MAT3701/101
(a) Find the spectral decomposition of A:

(b) Find A.
QUESTION 8
Let A =
3
1
1
3
and suppose k k denotes the Euclidean norm.
(a) Find kAk ; kA 1 k and cond (A) :

(b) Suppose that we have vectors x and x
e such that Ax = b; kbk = 1, and kb
(a) to determine upper bounds for ke
x A 1 bk (the absolute error) and ke
x
relative error).
Ae
xk 0:001: Use
A 1 bk = kA 1 bk (the
25

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MAT3701/101/3/2015

Tutorial Letter 101/3/2015

Learn without limits.

PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE ..........................................................4

LECTURERS AND CONTACT DETAILS ...............................................................................6

University (contact details) .....................................................................................................7

MODULE RELATED RESOURCES .......................................................................................7

Recommended books ...........................................................................................................7

Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves) ..........................................................................................7

STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE ..........................................................7

Study groups ........................................................................................................................8

Group Discussions ................................................................................................................8

MODULE SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN .......................................................................................8

MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK INTEGRATED LEARNING .................................8

Assessment plan ..................................................................................................................9

General assignment numbers ................................................................................................9

Unique assignment numbers .................................................................................................9

Due dates of assignments ...................................................................................................10

Submission of assignments .................................................................................................10

Examination admission .......................................................................................................11

Examination period .............................................................................................................11

Examination paper ..............................................................................................................11

OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS.....................................................................................11

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ..................................................................................11

ADDENDUM A: ASSIGNMENTS FOR SEMESTER 1 ......................................................................13

ADDENDUM B: ASSIGNMENTS FOR SEMESTER 2 ......................................................................20

PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE

Real or complex matrix

Real or complex vector

Linear operators on real

State definitions and results in own words

LECTURERS AND CONTACT DETAILS

The lecturers responsible for MAT3701 are:

Department of Mathematical 011-471-3671 (RSA)

+27 11 670 9171 (International)

University (contact details)

MODULE RELATED RESOURCES

The prescribed textbook is

There are NO recommended books for this module.

Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves)

There are NO e-Reserves for this module.

STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE

MODULE SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN

MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK INTEGRATED LEARNING

There are no practicals for this module.

General assignment numbers

The assignments are numbered as 01 and 02 for each semester.

8.2.2 Due dates of assignments

The assignment questions for Semester 1 are contained in Addendum A.

OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS

There are no other assessment methods for this module.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

ADDENDUM A: ASSIGNMENTS FOR SEMESTER 1

1 + 2t; 2t + 7t2 ; 2 + t + 10t2

(e) Use Q to express

(C) be defined by T (X) = XA:

(a) Show that T is a linear transformation over C:

= fv1 ; :::; vn g, and let T : V ! V be a linear operator.

(a) Show that T 2 = IV , [T ]2 = In :

Determine whether or not T is diagonalizable. If it is, find a basis

(C) such that

(Friedberg: Exercise 5.1.11, p. 258.)

(R) is a symmetric regular matrix, show that lim Am =