MIMO Radar

-- Diversity Means Superiority

Jian Li

Petre Stoica

Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida, USA

Department of Information
Technology,
Uppsala University,
Uppsala, Sweden

Collaborators: William Roberts, Yao Xie, Luzhou Xu

SAL, Dept. of ECE

Outline

Introduction
Parameter Identifiability
z Generic sufficient conditions
z Cramer-Rao bounds
z Least-squares estimator

Adaptive MIMO Techniques

z Capon
z Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test

Flexible Transmit Beampattern Designs

z Beampattern matching Design
z Minimum Sidelobe Beampattern Design
z Comparison with Phased-Array Counterpart
z Applications

Summary

SAL, Dept. of ECE

Introduction

MIMO Radar
z Multiple Different
Transmitted Waveforms
;

Either correlated or
uncorrelated

Phased-Array Radar
z Single Waveform Scaled and
Transmitted
z Can be MIMO
z Special Case:
;

SAL, Dept. of ECE

SIMO: Single-Input MultipleOutput

Outline

Introduction
Parameter Identifiability
z Generic sufficient conditions
z Cramer-Rao bounds
z Least-squares estimator

Adaptive MIMO Techniques

z Capon
z Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test

Flexible Transmit Beampattern Designs

z Beampattern matching Design
z Minimum Sidelobe Beampattern Design
z Comparison with Phased-Array Counterpart
z Applications

Summary

SAL, Dept. of ECE

Generic Sufficient Conditions

Parameter Identifiability: Maximum number of targets

that can be uniquely identified
z High SNR
z Large Snapshot Number

Phased-Array:

MIMO Radar:

z Depending on array geometry and the number of shared antennas

between transmit and receive arrays.
SAL, Dept. of ECE

Superior Parameter Identifiability

The maximum number of targets that can

be uniquely identified by a MIMO radar is
up to
times of its phased-array
counterpart.

= Transmit Antenna Number

SAL, Dept. of ECE

Example 1

10

: Transmitting antenna,

ULA
: Receiving antenna.
Half-wavelength spacing
Omnidirectional probing (orthogonal waveforms)

SAL, Dept. of ECE

Example 1: Cramer Rao Bound

Consistent

with
theoretical analysis:
- Phased-array:

- MIMO radar:

CRB of first target location

vs. target number.
SAL, Dept. of ECE

Example 1: LS Estimator

All 12 target locations can be approximately

determined from peak locations.
SAL, Dept. of ECE

Example 2

: Transmitting antenna,

: Receiving antenna.
Receiving ULA: 0.5-wavelength spacing
Transmitting ULA: 2.5-wavelenth spacing
Orthogonal waveforms

SAL, Dept. of ECE

10

Example 2: Cramer-Rao Bound

Consistent

with
theoretical analysis:
- Phased-array:

- MIMO radar:

CRB of first target location

vs. target number.
SAL, Dept. of ECE

11

Example 2: Least Squares Estimator

All 16 target locations can be approximately

determined from peak locations.
SAL, Dept. of ECE

12

Outline

Introduction
Parameter Identifiability
z Generic sufficient conditions
z Cramer-Rao bounds
z Least-squares estimator

Adaptive MIMO Techniques

z Capon
z Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test

Flexible Transmit Beampattern Designs

z Beampattern matching Design
z Minimum Sidelobe Beampattern Design
z Comparison with Phased-Array Counterpart
z Applications

Summary

SAL, Dept. of ECE

13

Adaptive MIMO Radar

MIMO Radar
z Different Targets Reflect
Different Waveforms
z Adaptive techniques directly
applicable

= covariance matrix of reflected waveforms

Phased-Array
z Different Targets Reflect
Identical Waveform
z Adaptive Techniques Not
Directly Applicable

SAL, Dept. of ECE

14

Example 3

10

: Transmitting antenna,
: Receiving antenna.

Three Targets at -40, 0, 40 degrees

One Strong Jammer at 25 degrees
Jammer Waveform Uncorrelated with Radar
Transmitted Waveforms
Uncorrelated Radar Transmitted Waveforms
z Omnidirectional Probing

ULA
z Half-wavelength spacing

SAL, Dept. of ECE

15

Example 3: Capon and GLRT

GLRT Pseudo-Spectrum

Capon Spatial Spectrum

2

No false peak
1.5

GLRT

Capon Spectrum

1.5

0.5

0.5

50

SAL, Dept. of ECE

0
Angle (degree)

50

50

0
Angle (degree)

50

16

Outline

Introduction
Parameter Identifiability
z Generic sufficient conditions
z Cramer-Rao bounds
z Least-squares estimator

Adaptive MIMO Techniques

z Capon
z Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test

Flexible Transmit Beampattern Designs

z Beampattern matching Design
z Minimum Sidelobe Beampattern Design
z Comparison with Phased-Array Counterpart
z Applications

Summary

SAL, Dept. of ECE

17

Transmit Beampattern

Covariance Matrix of Transmitted Waveforms

Transmit Beampattern

Uniform Elemental Power Constraint

SAL, Dept. of ECE

18

Beampattern Matching Design

Design Goals
z Minimize difference between
synthesized and desired
beampatterns
z Minimize cross-correlations
among target reflected
waveforms
z Constraint
;

Total power or
(Equal) elemental power

Can be formulated as
Semi-definite Quadratic
Program (SQP)

1.5
3

2.5
Beampattern
Beampattern

21

1.5
0.5
1

0.5
0
0

SAL, Dept. of ECE

50
50

0
0
Angle (degree)
Angle (degree)

50
50

19

Several Examples
3
2.5

Beampattern

M=10
Equal Elemental
Power
Total Power = 1
ULA
Half-wavelength
spacing

1.5
1

0.5
0

-80

-60

-40

-20
0
20
Angle (degree)

40

60

4.5

4
Magnitude of Beampattern

4.5

Beampattern

3.5

3.5

2.5

2.5

1.5

1.5

1
0.5
0

80

0.5

-80

SAL, Dept. of ECE

-60

-40

-20
0
20
Angle (degree)

40

60

80

-80

-60

-40

-20
0
20
DOA (Degree)

40

60

80

20

Example 3: Further Probing

Blockdiagram

Initial probing

Initial
Omnidirectional
Probing
Angle/Amplitude Estimation

GLRT

Beampattern
Matching

Capon

Optimal Probing

Enhanced Angle/Amplitude Estimation

AML
SAL, Dept. of ECE

Capon
21

Example 3: MSE Improvement

Angle MSE vs.
Reciprocal of Noise Power

10+ dB

Amplitude MSE vs.

Reciprocal of Noise Power

10+ dB

M=10, ULA, Half-wavelength spacing

Equal Elemental Power, Total Power = 1
Targets at -40, 0, 40 degrees; Jammer at 25 degrees
SAL, Dept. of ECE

22

1.5

1.5

0.5

-80

-60

-40

-20
0
20
Angle (degree)

40

60

Targets
now at
-40, 0, 3
degrees

SAL, Dept. of ECE

-80

1.5

1.5

-60

-40

-20
0
20
Angle (degree)

40

60

80

40

60

80

GLRT
0.5

0.5

80

GLRT

GLRT

Capon Spectrum

Capon

Capon Spectrum

Example 3: Resolution

0.5

-80

-60

-40

-20
0
20
Angle (degree)

40

60

Omnidirectional

80

-80

-60

-40

-20
0
20
Angle (degree)

Beampattern Matching
23

Beampattern Matching

MIMO vs. Phased-Array

2.5

2.5

Beampattern

M=10
Equal
Elemental
Power
Total
Power = 1
ULA
Halfwavelength
spacing

Beampattern

z Phased-Array counterpart no longer convex optimization problem

z MIMO design is Semi-Definite Relaxation (SDR) of Phased-Array
design
; Can be used as initial condition of Newton-type search).

1.5
1

50

0
Angle (degree)

MIMO
DOF = 90
SAL, Dept. of ECE

1
0.5

0.5
0

1.5

50

50

0
Angle (degree)

50

Phased-array
DOF = 9
24

Minimum Sidelobe Beampattern

Design

Design Goal
z Minimize peak sidelobe level
z Achieve prescribed 3 dB mainbeam width
z Subject to either total power or
(equal) elemental power
constraint

Can be formulated as
Semi-Definite Program (SDP)
MIMO Design is SDR of
Phased-Array Design
z MIMO design is used as initial
condition for Newton-type search to
obtain phased-array design

SAL, Dept. of ECE

25

Minimum Sidelobe Design Example

M=10 (uniform elemental power constraint, 0.1 per element)

Mainbeam pointing at 0 = 0D
3 dB Mainbeam width = 20 degrees
Sidelobe region 90 D , 20 D 20 D , 90 D
ULA, Half-wavelength spacing
20

20

10
Beampattern (dB)

Beampattern (dB)

10

10

10

20

30

20

50

0
Angle (degree)

MIMO
SAL, Dept. of ECE

50

30

50

0
Angle (degree)

50

Phased-array
26

Minimum Sidelobe Design Example

Relaxed Elemental Power Constraint

20

20

10

10
Beampattern (dB)

Beampattern (dB)

z Within 20% of 0.1 for each elemental power

z Total transmitted power = 1

10

20

30

10

20

50

0
Angle (degree)

MIMO

SAL, Dept. of ECE

50

30

50

0
Angle (degree)

50

Phased-array

27

Applications

Directed Energy
System for
Homeland
Defense
z All antennas
transmit at
their
maximum
power
z Large
aperture
z Sufficient
mainbeam
width since
target is
moving
z No impact on
friendly
targets

SAL, Dept. of ECE

28

Thermal Therapy

Thermal Therapy
System in
Medicine
z Ultrasound has
good penetration
z All transducers
transmit at a low
power to avoid
harming healthy
tissue
z Large aperture
needed to deliver
sufficient energy
z Sufficient
mainbeam width
needed

SAL, Dept. of ECE

29

Drowning in Sound
Whale stranded
during a military
sonar exercise
near Canary
Islands in July
2004 [1]

Its clear that the ocean is under siege from a

lot of different sources.
[1] Jean Kumagai, Drowning in Sound, IEEE Spectrum, April 2006.

SAL, Dept. of ECE

30

Reduce Ocean Noise

Currently, 220
dB pulses
generated by
active sonar and
air-gun arrays
[1]

Distributed Sensor Network?

z Large Aperture to Deliver Sufficient Energy At Focal Point
z Low Power Transmitted by Each Sensor
z Waveform Diversity to Achieve Desired Mainbeam Width

SAL, Dept. of ECE

31

Outline

Introduction
Parameter Identifiability
z Generic sufficient conditions
z Cramer-Rao bounds
z Least-squares estimator

Adaptive MIMO Techniques

z Capon
z Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test

Flexible Transmit Beampattern Designs

z Beampattern matching Design
z Minimum Sidelobe Beampattern Design
z Comparison with Phased-Array Counterpart
z Applications

Summary

SAL, Dept. of ECE

32

Summary

Waveform Diversity Offered by MIMO Radar Enables

Significant Superiority Over Its Phased-Array
Counterpart
z Parameter Identifiability
z Direct Applicability of Adaptive Techniques
z Flexible Transmit Beampattern Designs

MIMO Applications are Diverse

z Defense
z Medicine

Probing Further
z Many fundamental issues need to be addressed on MIMO
z Your thoughts?

SAL, Dept. of ECE

33