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Ac Bridge
Ac Bridge
A.C. Bridges
Note A: Alternating voltage: An alternating
voltage can be written as complex number. It is
also known as phaser voltage.
Magnitude of Z = R 2 + X 2
.P
an
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y
V = V0 e jt
V = V0 (cos t + j sin t)
V = V0 cos t + j V0 sin t
Real part V = V0 cos t
Img. part V = V0 sin t
Here V0 =maximum or peak value of voltage
Z = Z 0Cos + jZ 0 sin
Z = R + jX
Thus impedance is represented as a complex quantity. An
impedance vector consists of a real part resistance, R and
an imaginary part (reactance) X as shown in the Figure.
R=Z0 cos
X=Z0 sin
.K
I = I 0 e jt
I = I 0 (cos t + j sin t)
I = I 0 cos t + j I 0 sin t
Real part I = I 0 cos t
Img. part I = I 0 sin t
Here I 0 =maximum or peak value of current
Note C: Impedance: Impedance is an important
parameter used to characterize electronic circuits,
components, and the materials used to make
components.
Impedance (Z) is generally defined as the total
opposition a device or circuit offers to the flow of
an alternating current at a given frequency. It is
ratio of phaser voltage and phaser current. i.e.
Z=V/I
Let the phaser voltage leads the phaser current by
an angle . Then the equation for voltage and
current will be:
V = V0 e
j( t + )
Figure A
The unit of impedance is the ohm (). Impedance is a
commonly used parameter and is especially useful for
representing a series connection of resistance and
reactance.
Note D: Admittance: Admittance is ratio of phaser
current and voltage or is equal to reciprocal of
impedance. i.e. Y = 1 / Z = I/V
If phaser voltage and current are :
V = V0 e j( t + ) , I = I 0 e jt
Then, Y =
I = I 0 e jt
Thus, Z =
V0 e j( t + )
I0 e
jt
I 0 e j t
I
1
=
= 0 e - j
Z V0 e j( t + ) V0
Y = Y0 e -j = Y0
V
= 0 e j
I0
Z = Z 0 e j = Z 0 : In polar co-ordinates
Do not publish it. Copy righted material.
Dr. D. K. Pandey
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an
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1
1 = 2
2
R3 + jX 3 R4 + jX 4
(R1 + jX 1 )(R4 + jX 4 ) = (R2 + jX 2 )(R3 + jX 3 )
R1R4 X 1 X 4 + j ( R1 X 4 + R1 X 4 )
= R2 R3 X 2 X 3 + j ( R2 X 3 + R3 X 2 ) (4)
Z1I1 Z 3 I 3 = 0
Z1I1 = Z 3 I 3
(1)
And applying KVL for loop BCDB, we have
Z2I2 Z4I4 = 0
Z 2 I1 Z 4 I 3 = 0
Z 2 I1 = Z 4 I 3
(2)
R1R4 X 1 X 4 = R2 R3 X 2 X 3
If
X1 X 4 = X 2 X 3
(5)
(6)
Under the condition given by eq.(6), the eq.(5)
becomes as,
(7a)
R1R4 = R2 R3
.K
Z1I1 Z 3 I 3
=
Z 2 I1 Z 4 I 3
Z1 Z 3
=
Z2 Z4
Z1 Z 2
=
Z3 Z4
Or
(3a)
R1 R2
=
R3 R4
(3b)
(7b)
R1 X 4 + R4 X 1 R2 X 3 + R3 X 2
=
R1R4
R2 R3
X 4 X1 X 3 X 2
+
=
+
R4 R1 R3 R2
Dr. D. K. Pandey
X1 X 4 X 2 X 3
+
=
+
R1 R4 R2 R3
1 + 4 = 2 + 3
(9)
Here is phase angle. The eqs. (6), (7) and (9)
suggests that a.c. bridge balance condition has
two type of balance condition. i.e.(i) magnitude
and (ii) phase angle balance condition.
VB = VD
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an
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(1)
Z1 = (Z 0 )1 1 , Z 2 = (Z 0 )2 2
Z 3 = (Z 0 )3 3 , Z 4 = (Z 0 )4 4
Putting values of impedances in eq.(1),
.K
(Z 0 )1 1 (Z 0 )3 3
=
(Z 0 )2 2 (Z 0 )1 4
(Z 0 )3
(Z 0 )1
(1 2 ) =
( )
(Z 0 )1 3 4
(Z 0 )2
(Z 0 )3
(Z 0 )1
(1 + 4 ) =
( + ) (2)
(Z 0 )2
(Z 0 )1 2 3
(Z 0 )1 (Z 0 )3
=
(Z 0 )2 (Z 0 )1
(3a)
(1 + 4 ) = ( 2 + 3 )
(3b)
Eqs. (3a) and (3b) suggests that a.c. bridge
balance condition has two type of balance
condition. i.e.(i) magnitude and (ii) phase angle
balance condition.
Do not publish it. Copy righted material.
f =
1
2 C1C3 R1R3
Dr. D. K. Pandey
1
1
R3 +
jC0
jC X
=
R4
R2
R
1
1
+
= 3+
jC X R2 R4 jC0 R4
R1 +
R1
R2
R1 R3
=
R2 R4
(3)
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(2)
1
C X R2 C0 R4
C X R2 = C0 R4
R
C X = C0 4
R2
=
(4)
.K
cos = C x R1
(5)
By knowing the value of R1 and C X , the power
factor can be determined with eq.(5). If power
factor is small then quality of capacitor is good
otherwise not.
Advantage
This bridge is most suitable for comparing capacitances
of capacitors.
Disadvantage
In this bridge, final balance condition is obtained by
alternate variation in R3 and R4. Thus both the
balance conditions are dependent on each other. Thus
sensitivity of bridge is low and is high for equal value
of R2 and R4.
1
; Z 2 = R2
Z1 = R1 +
jC X
1
; Z 4 = R4
Z 3 = R3 +
jC0
R12 + (1 / C x )2
If R1 (1/C x ) then,
Figure(X)
Working: The variable resistances R3 and R4
are varied at fixed value of R2 , till no sound is
heard in head phone. At no sound, bridge
becomes balanced.
Let Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 are the impedances of the
four arms of the bridge. Then,
Z1 Z 3
=
Z2 Z4
R1
Dr. D. K. Pandey
jC X
1 1
=
+ jC 4
R2
jC0 R4
R1
C
1
1
+
= 4+
R2 jC X R2 C0 jC0 R4
R1 +
(2)
(3)
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an
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1
C X R2 C0 R4
R
C X = C0 4
R2
.K
R
cos = 1 =
Z
R1
(5)
R12 + (1 / C x )2
Power factor of unknown capacitor can be determined
with eq.(5) by knowing the value of R1 and C X .
Since the Both C4 and R4 are required for
determination R1 and C X , thus power factor require
both the variable quantity. If power factor is small
then quality of capacitor is good otherwise not.
1
; Z 2 = R2
jC X
1
1
1
;
=
+ jC4
Z3 =
jC0 Z 4 R4
Z1 = R1 +
(4)
Figure (Y)
Working: The variable capacitor C4 and
resistance R4 are varied at fixed value of R2 , till
no sound is heard in head phone. At no sound,
bridge becomes balanced.
Let Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 are the impedances of the
four arms of the bridge. Then,
Z1 Z 3
=
Z2 Z4
C X R2 = C0 R4
Dr. D. K. Pandey
L
R
R1
L
+ j X = 3 + j 0
R4
R2
R2 R4
(2)
(3)
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R
L X = L0 2
R4
(4)
.K
Figure(XX)
Working: The variable inductance L0 and
resistance R4 are varied at fixed value of R2 ,
till no sound is heard in head phone. At no
sound, bridge becomes balanced.
(5)
Disadvantage
The disadvantage of this bridge is that the both
balance condition can not be satisfied
independently because any change in L0 causes
change in R3. Thus process of getting balance is
not easy.
(1)
Dr. D. K. Pandey
Z1 Z 3
=
Z2 Z4
Z2 Z4
=
Z1 Z 3
(1)
1
R + jL X
R2 + jC1 = 4
R3
R1
R2
R
L
+ jC1R2 = 4 + j X (2)
R1
R3
R3
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an
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(3)
L X = C1R2 R3
(4)
The equation (4) is the formula for the
determination of unknown inductance. On the
knowledge of C1 , R2 and R3 in balance
condition, the unknown inductance is calculated.
.K
Figure(yy)
Working: The variable inductance C1 and
resistance R4 are varied at fixed value of
R1 , R2 and R3 , till no sound or minimum sound
is heard in head phone. At this situation, bridge
becomes balanced.
Advantage
Both the balance conditions are independent to
each other. Initially, R4 is varied then C1 is varied
to obtain final balance condition. Thus process of
getting the balance condition is easy. In view of
getting the balance condition, this bridge is better
than the Maxwells inductance bridge.
1
1
=
+ jC1 ; Z 2 = R2
Z1 R1
; Z 4 = R4 + jL X
Z 3 = R3
Disadvantage
The perfect balance can never be obtained in this
bridge due to stray capacitance (self capacitance
of coil) and presence of harmonics in ac source.
Dr. D. K. Pandey