IEEE 1451 and Smart Sensor /

Transducer
Sandeep Tamrakar

Typical Smart sensor node

Sensing Unit

Processing Unit

Transducer
I/O
Signal
conditioning

Memory

Data
conversion
(AD/DA)

Processor

Power Unit

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Sensing Unit
Transducer
Device that converts energy from one form into another
May be either a sensor or an actuator
A sensor generates an electrical signal proportional to a physical,
biological or chemical parameter.
An actuator accepts an electrical signal and takes a physical action

Signal Conditioning
Manipulating signal to meet the requirements for further processing

Data Conversion
Analog to digital
Digital to analog

Processing Unit
Processor
8 / 16 bit processor
Small number of instruction sets

Memory
RAM
ROM
External flash memory

I/O
Usually array of programmable I/O

Atmel Raven wireless kit

Atmel AVR Atmega 128L (MCU)
Processor:
8-bit microcontroller
133 instructions most signal Clock Cycle Execution
Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz

Memory

128 Kbytes of In-System self-programmable flash

4 Kbytes internal SRAM
4 Kbytes EEPROM

I/O
53 programmable I/O lines

Transceiver
Allows the transmission and reception of data
Typically communicates using:
Optical device
Require less energy
However, requires line of sight

Radio Frequency (RF) device

Uses ISM band radio

ZigBee
MiWi
802.15.4 standard
uIP IPv6

Power Unit
Stored power
Batteries

Power scavenging components

Solar cells
Typically used to recharge stored power

IEEE 1451
A set of smart transducer interface standards
Defines a set of open, common, network-independent
communication interfaces for connecting transducers
Set of protocols for wired and wireless distributed monitoring
and control applications
Allow transducers to be replaced/moved with minimum
effort
Eliminate error prone, manual system configuration steps
Support a general transducer data, control, timing,
configuration and calibration model

IEEE 1451 partition

Network Interface (NI)

Transducer Independent Interface (TII)

Transducer Interface Module (TIM)

Transducer
Signal
conditioning

I/O
Memory

Data
conversion
(AD/DA)
Transducer
Electronic
Data Sheet
(TEDS)

Processor

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Network Capable Application Processor

(NCAP)

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IEEE 1451 Family of Standards

IEEE Std. 1451.0-2007, Common Functions, Communication Protocols, and Transducer

Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) Formats

IEEE Std. 1451.1-1999, Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP) Information Model
for smart transducer

IEEE Std. 1451.2-1997, Transducer to Microprocessor Communication Protocols &

Transducer Electronic Data Sheet TEDS Formats

IEEE Std. 1451.3-2003, Digital Communication & TEDS Formats for Distributed Multidrop
Systems

IEEE Std. 1451.4-2004, Mixed-Mode Communication Protocols & TEDS Formats

IEEE Std. 1451.5-2007, Wireless Communication Protocols & Transducer Electronic Data
Sheet (TEDS) Formats

IEEE Std. 1451.7-2010, Transducers to Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems

Communication Protocols and Transducer Electronic Data Sheet Formats

IEEE 1451 Standards Architecture

Network Capable Application Processor
(NCAP)

Transducer Interface Module

(TIM)

1451.4
TEDS

1451.2
1451.3

1451.5
1451.6
1451.7

IEEE 1451.X

1451.0
TEDS

IEEE 1451.X

1451.4
transducer

Signal Conditioning & Conversion

1451.0
1451.0
TEDS
Sensor
TEDS

IEEE

1451.0
TEDS

IEEE 1451.0
Common
Functionality & TEDS

IEEE 1451.1 Smart

Transducer Object
Model

IEEE 1451.0 : Common Functionality

Defines a set of common functionality, commands and Transducer
Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS)
Independent of the physical communication media between
transducer and NCAP.
Makes it easy to add other proposed IEEE 1451.X physical layers
Functionality includes:

Read
Write
Control
Configuration
Operation Commands

Data-level interoperability when multiple wired and wireless sensor

networks are connected together

IEEE 1451.1 : Information Model

A common Object model and interface specification for the
components of a networked smart transducer
Application-specific behavior
High degree of interoperability between sensors/actuators and
networks
Simplification of the support of multiple sensor/actuator control
network protocol

Object Model
Specifies the software component types used to design and
implement application system

IEEE 1451.2: Transducer-to-Microprocessor

Interface
Defines transducer-to-NCAP interface , data format and
communication channel
TEDS for Point-to-point configuration
Helps transducer to self-describe when integrated to the
system or network

Types
Attributes
Operation
Calibration

IEEE 1451.3 Distributed Multi-drop Systems

Defines a transducer-to-NCAP interface and TEDS
using a multi-drop communication protocol
Allows transducers to be arrayed as nodes
Allows transducers to share a common pair of wires

IEEE 1451.4: Mixed-Mode Transducer

Interface
Defines a mixed-mode interface for analog transducer with
analog and digital operation modes
Focuses on incorporating legacy analog sensors.
Digital interface to read and write the TEDS or control the
transducer. E.g. adjust pre-amplifier gain, change filter setting
Analog interface to make measurements in normal manner

IEEE 1451.5 : Wireless Transducer Interface

Defines interface and TEDS for wireless transducer
Specifies radio-specific protocols
Supported wireless standards

802.11 (WiFi)
802.15.1 (bluetooth)
802.15.4 (ZigBee)
Ultra wideband

IEEE 1451.6 & IEEE 1451.7

IEEE 1451.6
Defines interface and TEDS using the high-speed CANopen protocol
Mapping of 1451 TEDS to the CANopen entries

IEEE 1451.7
Defines interface and communication protocol between transducers
and RFID systems

Benefits
Sensor manufacturers
Single standard physical interface
Standard calibration specification & data format

Application software developers

Standard interface and transducer control

System integrators
Easier to install, maintain, and modify
Plug and play

End Users
Easy to use by simple plug and play model

Summary
Allows interoperability between different transducers
Allows standard way of exchanging data
Allows to integrate transducers with different communication
interface
Plug and play model

Resources

ATmega128/L Datasheet
http://www.iestcfa.org/books/iit_lee.htm
http://ieee1451.nist.gov/Workshop_04Oct01/1451_overview.pdf\
E. Y Sang and K. Lee, Understanding IEEE 1451 Networked Smart
transducer interface standard, April 2008.