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A Modified Solution of Radial Subgrade Modulus For A Circular Tunnel in Elastic Ground
A Modified Solution of Radial Subgrade Modulus For A Circular Tunnel in Elastic Ground
Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Minister of Education, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University,
Shanghai, China
b
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk E1A, # 07-03, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
c
Shanghai Institute of Disaster Prevention and Relief, Shanghai, China
Received 16 May 2013; received in revised form 19 August 2013; accepted 2 October 2013
Available online 13 April 2014
Abstract
In models based on Winkler springs for tunnel lining design, designers always face the difculty of selecting appropriate values for the radial
subgrade modulus (kr). The widely used solution kr for a circular tunnel in elastic ground proposed by Wood (1975) was found to be applicable
only when the tunnel radial deformation is oval-shaped. On the basis of the Wood's solution, this note presents a general solution for kr when the
radial deformation of the tunnel is described by a Fourier series. This modied Wood's solution of kr using compatible stress functions is
validated by a numerical example. The modied solution for the example shows good consistency with the original Wood's solution when the
tunnel becomes an oval shape with deformations. The example indicates that the magnitude of kr is signicantly affected by the distribution shape
of the tunnel radial deformation. The value of kr is no longer a constant value around the tunnel when the tunnel deforms into a general shape
described by a Fourier series. It is quite different from the value of kr for a distribution shape described by a single Fourier term, i.e. one involving
a single frequency. The application of a general solution for kr is illustrated by a design case using a bedded beam model.
& 2014 The Japanese Geotechnical Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Tunnel lining; Winkler model; Radial subgrade modulus; Fourier series; Elastic analysis
1. Introduction
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.02.012
0038-0806 & 2014 The Japanese Geotechnical Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
226
Nomenclature
Am, Bm,
am
EC, v
kr, krm
m
the wide range of kr based on their own experience. Unfortunately, the structural behavior of the segmental lining and the
joints have been found to be quite sensitive to the selected
magnitude of kr (Lee et al., 2001). Hence, some analytical
solutions of kr have been put forward as a rational method to
determine the magnitude of this parameter (Arnau and Molins,
2011).
To derive these analytical solutions for kr, the distribution
shape of the radial deformation of the tunnel (hereafter referred
to as the distribution shape) must be prescribed. Usually this
distribution shape is assumed to be either circular (Sagaseta,
1987) or oval (Wood, 1975). However, a single distribution
shape might not be sufcient to describe the actual behavior of
the tunnel lining due to the complex soil-lining interactions.
Hence, a solution of kr based on the single circular or oval
shape would be ideal for tunnel designs. In this note, an
analytical solution for kr for a more general distribution shape
described by a Fourier series (Eq. (1)) is presented.
ur um cos m
2. Problem statement
Fig. 1 shows the problem geometry. A circular tunnel with
radius r0 is embedded in a homogeneous isotropic innite
elastic ground. The tunnel is assumed to deform radially into
the shape described by a Fourier series due to tunneling. With
the prescribed radial displacement and the calculated stress
change, the radial subgrade modulus (kr) can be obtained as
follows:
sr
kr
2
ur r r 0
The assumptions made in this note are the same as those
made by Wood (1975): (a) the plane strain condition is in a
direction perpendicular to the cross section of the tunnel; (b)
r
r=r1
r=r0
ur
Table 1
Parameter kr recommended by standards in China and Japan.
Type of soil
kr (MPa/m)
(kr 2r0)b (MPa)
a
Sandy soils
Very soft
Soft
Medium
Stiff
Very loose
Loose
Medium
Dense
315
04
1530
415
30150
1546
4150
446
315
028
1530
30100
4 100
2855
mZ1
5a
1 vcr 3
2 m2 v4 m2
3EC
9r 2 r 0 2 v 1m2 cos m
5b
1 vcr 3 2
m 16 v16 4m2
3E C m
9r 2 r 0 2 2v 1m2 sin m
5c
ur
u
3m2 1E C
1 v4m2 1 4m2 2vr 0
From Eq. (6), Wood (1975) found that the parameter m has
little effect on the magnitude of kr. As a result, he concluded
that it is reasonable to assume kr is independent of the
distribution shape and the error introduced by this assumption
is acceptable when compared with the uncertainty associated
with other soil parameters.
However, by substituting the Airy stress function (Eq. (4))
into the strain compatibility equation,
2
2
1
1 2
1 1 2
r 2
r r r 2 2
r 2 r r r 2 2
cr 6 cos m2 m2 m16 m2 3m2 r 2 r 0 2 0
7
Eq. (7) cannot be identically satised except in special cases
where m 2. In other words, the Airy stress function adopted
227
228
4. Modied solution
A compatible Airy stress function corresponding to Eq. (3)
is chosen from the general stress function proposed by
Timoshenko and Goodier (1970) as follows:
(
Am r m Bm rm C m r 2 m Dm r 2 m cos m;
1
A1 r 1 C 1 r ln r D1 r 3 cos 2v
1 2v C 1 r sin ;
m Z 2;
m 1;
8
The general case for m Z 2 is rst considered. Corresponding to the Airy stress function for m Z2 in Eq. (8), the
modied solutions of the stress change and the displacement of
the ground are
9a
sr m 1Cm r m r 2 r 0 2 1m 2 cos m
6
Dimensionless k r
k rr0 /E
v=0 (Wood(1975))
v=0 (FEM)
v=0.35 (Wood(1975))
v=0.35(FEM)
v=0.49 (Wood(1975))
v=0.49(FEM)
4
5
Mode parameter m
v=0 (Modified)
v=0 (FEM)
v=0.35 (Modified)
v=0.35 (FEM)
v=0.49 (Modified)
v=0.49 (FEM)
4
3
2
1
0
4
5
Mode parameter m
1 vC m
mm 1r 20 m 1m 41 vr 2
1
m
m 1EC r
sin m
9c
u
2
9b
10
ur r r0 1 v2m1 v 1 2vr 0
ur
1 vC m
mm 1r 20 m 1m 21 2vr 2
1
m
m 1E C r
cos m
Dimensionless k r
k rr0 /E
ur
C 1 1 v 2 2
r 0 r 1 2v ln r8v 6 cos
21 2vE C
11b
C 1 1 v 2 2
r 0 r 1 2v 2 ln r3 4v 1 sin
21 2vE
11c
ur
C
1 2vr 20 r 3 10r 0 3
2v 1
3 2vr 1 10r 0 1 cos
12a
C1 v
1 2vr 20 r 2 10r 0 2
21 2vE
8v 6ln r10r 1 cos
12b
C1 v
1 2vr 20 r 2 10r 0 2
21 2vE
23 4vln r10r 0 1 cos
12c
9411 422vE C
51 v99 600 ln 10 198 800 ln 10vr 0
5. Numerical example
The following distribution shape presented by Bobet (2001)
is adopted to validate the analytical solution presented in
Eq. 16:
ur0 u0 u1 cos u2 cos 2 u3 cos 3
u0
u0
u3
r0
u2
u3
u2
Underformed shape
m=2
u3
u3
m=3
15
By substituting Eqs. (1) and (15) into Eq. (2), it follows that
the solution of kr for any arbitrary distribution shape described
by a Fourier series is
1
krm um cos m
1
sr
kr
am krm
m 10
ur r r 0
m0
um cos m
m=1
u2
16
2.0
Modified solution
Wood(1975)'s solution
FEM (Modified solution)
FEM (Wood (1975)'s solution)
1.5
Dimensionless k r
k rr0/Ec
m0
u1
m=0
u1
u0
13
17
14
kr
ur r r0 1 vr 0
krm um cos m
229
1.0
Modified Solution
0.5
m0
0.0
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0 112.5
The angle
135.0
157.5
180.0
230
p1
q1
q1
pg
r0
Tunnel Lining
q2
q2
Spring
p2
Fig. 7. The bedded beam model (BBM) for the application case.
in the form of Eq. (17), for which the mode weights (u0, u1, u2
and u3) need to be determined.
Fig. 8 shows the iterative process of determining the mode
weights um and the kr in the form of the results against the
angle around the tunnel perimeter. In total, ten iterative steps
are conducted for this case. For each step, the radial displacements ur and the corresponding kr are plotted in the left and
right panels of Fig. 8, respectively. From the left panel of
Fig. 8, it is evident that the trial Fourier series (Eq. (17))
describes the true distribution shape calculated by BBM with
remarkable accuracy. The coefcient of determination (R2) for
the trial Fourier series is 1.00 for each step. The ur and kr
obtained at step 10 are regarded as the object values for this
design case. From a visual inspection, it is found in Fig. 8 that
the difference between the results of step 2 and the object
results (step 10) are not signicant. It implies that error can be
accepted even at step 2 in engineering practice. From the
results of ur shown in step 10, the ellipse mode shape (m 2) is
the dominant mode with 68% in the Fourier series. However, it
is also obvious that this single shape (m 2) does not describe
the true distribution shape accurately. It is possible that the
error may be in the range of 50% when compared with the true
ur at the crown and invert, as shown in Fig. 8. Correspondingly, the kr at step 10 shown in Fig. 8 is quite different from
the kr for the single mode shape (m 2). It is also interesting to
nd that singular points for kr were observed near the location
where ur is close to zero. In that case, calculated negative kr
around a singular point should be set to zero due to the nonnegativity for kr. The effect of the subgrade reaction at these
points on the results is negligible due to the small magnitude
of ur.
The convergence of the error between two successive steps
is analyzed for these ten steps. The relative error for ur and kr
at the tunnel crown are both plotted against the step number N
in Fig. 9. Numerically, it is evident that convergence occurs
rapidly. In this case, the error of the results at the 3rd step is
smaller than 10% and at the 6th step it is smaller than 0.1%.
This proves that the iteration method is very efcient to
determine the values for mode parameters um and the kr.
100
BBM
Fourier (R2=1.00
Object (Step 10)
ur (mm)
50
25
kr
The angle
0
0.0
1.50
krr0/Ec
75
1.00
-25
0.50
-50
-75
u0:u1:u2:u3=2 : -4 : 84 : -10
-100
The angle
0.00
0.0
30
45.0
67.5
kr
Object (Step 10)
The angle
0
22.5 45.0 67.5 90.0 112.5 135.0 157.5 180.0
krr0/Ec
1.50
10
0.0
22.5
2.00
BBM
Fourier
Object (Step 10)
20
ur (mm)
231
1.00
-10
0.50
-20
u0:u1:u2:u3=5 : -9 : 66 : -20
-30
The angle
0.00
0.0
30
45.0
67.5
2.00
BBM
Object (Step 10)
m=2
10
The angle
0
0.0
krr0/Ec
20
ur (mm)
22.5
1.00
m=2
-10
0.50
-20
u0:u1:u2:u3=5 : -9 : 68 : -18
-30
The angle
0.00
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
Fig. 8. The ur and kr during the iterative process for the application case.
1.0E+01
Ur_Error
1.0E+00
kr_Error
Error
1.0E-01
1.0E-02
1.0E-03
1.0E-04
Errorn=(Rn-Rn-1)/Rn
1.0E-05
1.0E-06
0
10
Iterative Step N
Fig. 9. The convergence of the relative error for ur and kr.
7. Conclusion
To determine the analytical solution of kr, it is necessary to
prescribe the distribution shape of tunnel radial deformation. In
this note, a general distribution shape, described by a Fourier
series, is considered for the solution of kr. The Wood (1975)'s
solution of kr is found to be applicable in cases where the
deformation shape is oval only (one special Fourier term).
A modied solution using a compatible Airy stress function is
232
ID
307230
Title
A modified solution of radial subgrade modulus for a circular tunnel in elastic ground
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