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881 Sutardi Introduction To Turbulent Flows
881 Sutardi Introduction To Turbulent Flows
Turbulent Flows
u and U
Mass diffussion and concentration statistics
Details of turbulent motion and how they interact
Characteristics of turbulence
-
Lim
1
T T
t 0 T
t0
~ dt
u
i
ui
~ (t),
u
m/s
Ui
Lim
1
T T
t 0 T
t0
~ U )dt 0
(u
i
i
For time averages to make sense, the integral have to be independent of t0.
U i
0
t
~
u
U i u i
u i
i
0
;
x j
x j
x j
x j
~u
~ (U u )(U u )
u
i
j
i
i
j
j
=0
=0
U iU j U i u j u iU j u i u j
U iU j u i u j
~
p
P
p = P + p.
if ~
x i
xi
t
x j
xi
x j x j
~
u
i
0
xi
(1)
(2)
~
~
u
u
j are the instantaneous velocities.
i and
Uj
U i
u i
2U i
1 P
uj
x j
x j
xi
x j x j
(3)
u j
u i u j
u j
u i
u i
uj
ui
0.
, since u i
x j
x j
x j
x j
x j
Uj
U i
2U i
1 P
ui u j
x j
xi
x j x j x j
Uj
U i
1 P 1 U i
ui u j
x j
xi x j
x j
or
Uj
U i
x j
x j
P ij U i u i u j
x j
(4)
Equation (4) is the momentum equation for the mean flow. For turbulent flows, it is not
enough equations to solve the problem, because of the attendance of the Reynolds stress
tensors u i u j . This leads to a closure problem.
In general, one can write:
ij u i u j
(5)
11 12 13
31 32 33
components, instead of nine. The diagonal components of ij are normal stresses:
u12 ; u 22 ; u 32 .
The off-diagonal components of ij are shear stresses, and they play an important role in the
transport of mean momentum by turbulent motion. One of the methods to solve the closure
problem is the use of turbulence models.
How do we estimate or model
ui u j
U
y
x
L
Fig. 2. Laminar boundary layer over a flat plate.
L
.
U
U UL
1/ 2
1
.
Re1L/ 2
(6)
smallest
eddy size
L
x
~ (u)
and
L
U
u
U
~
turbulent diffusion time scale matches the convective time scale.
U
u
Energy
transfer
among
eddies
Large
scale
smallest
eddies
dissipation
to heat
~ f(,)
(7)
= (3/)1/4
(8)
= (/)1/2
(9)
fK = U/(2)
(10)
(11)
The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate plays an important role in turbulent flow
analysis. In an isotropic turbulence, the dissipation rate, , is given by
15 u / x
(12)
x
U ( y ) t
(13)
1/ 2
Taylor
u2
/ x
(14)
( ) = ( )
(15)
( ) d
(16)
The Taylor microscale (Taylor) and the integral length scale ( ) are far larger than the
Kolmogorov length scale ().
1.0
( )